Turbine Governing Syatem in Power Plant
Turbine Governing Syatem in Power Plant
Turbine Governing Syatem in Power Plant
Domain:HYDRO POWER Knowledge Management System Area:Hydropower Keywords:Turbine governing,Hydraulic governing Submitted by:Dr.Suparna Mukhopadhyay
[email protected],9650997786
Turbine governing
Turbinia to Turbine
In 1884, British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons put new steel technology to use. He created a turbine capable of using compounded steam that turned a dynamo at 18,000 revolutions a minute. In 1890, his steam turbine and accompanying electric generator were installed in the Forth Banks power station. The technology soon spread through Europe. Parsons also applied his steam turbine technology to naval purposes, introducing his vessel, Turbinia, at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
steam technology
When water is heated to the point of vaporizing, the vaporized water takes up more space than the liquid water did. the liquid contents will vaporize and eventually expand to the point where the can will explode to release the pressure inside. When this pressure is used to perform a particular task - like turning a turbine or causing a kettle to whistle -steam technology is harnessing steam power. The methods of heating, containing, channeling and using steam have changed A steam turbine is a device that converts the heat energy in captured, pressurized steam, and converts it to mechanical energy
Steam turbine
turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from steam and transfers the mechanical energy to a generator to produce electricity.
Impulse
Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
Reaction
Pelton Crossflow Turgo Turgo Crossflow Multi-jet Multi-jet Pelton Pelton Francis Propeller Pump-asKaplan Turbine
Turbine power
Turbine Power =( M, H, ) Where, M=flow rate of steam (Kg/s) H=Enthalpy drop (KJ/s) = Efficiency of Turbine
INTRODUCTION
Governing system is an important control system in the power plant as it regulates the turbine speed, power and participates in the grid frequency regulation. For starting, loading governing system is the main operator interface. Steady state and dynamic performance of the power system depends on the power plant response capabilities in which governing system plays a key role.
What is Governing?
TO GOVERN MEANS TO CONTROL AND REGULATE CERTAIN PARAMETERS TO ACHIEVE EXPECTED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS .
Speed range is the percentage below rated speed for which the governor speed setting may be adjusted. For example, a turbine with 4000 rpm rated speed and a governor system having a 30% range can be operated at a minimum speed of 2800 rpm:
BYPASS GOVERNING
It is employed in small capacity turbines running on high pressure conditions and with small blading dimensions. Here the loading up to appx 80% ( Economic loading ) is met by normal control valves feeding the First stage. For higher loading , to supply more steam which is not possible due to small blading dimensions ( can lead to operational problems) the extra quantity of the steam is fed to the intermediate section of turbine bypassing the initial high pressure stages.
THROTTLE GOVERNING
NOZZLE GOVERNIMG
All the valves in a set opens or The Valves in a set opens or closes simultaneously / together closes consequentially or in a sequence It is a Full arc Admission Turbine It is a Partial Arc admission turbine except at full Load.
It is most suitable for full load or It is good for Low load or based Load plants variable load turbines. No operational Problems May have operational Problem at partial Loads
TYPES OF GOVERNING-II
Constant Pressure Mode: Here pressure upstream of control valves is kept constant and change is made by changing the position of control valves. Variable Pressure mode:Here control valves are in full open position and pressure upstream of control valves varies proportionately with the load requirement. Response of Constant pressure Mode is much faster than Variable pressure mode, but Constant pressure leads to more losses.
REGULATION
Regulation % of Turbine is defined as (No load Speed - Full Load speed) X 100 % ( Nominal Speed) It varies from 2.5% to 8% Normally it is 4 to 5 % Turbine having less regulation will be more sensitive in the grid and hence will share more load and vice versa Normally base load plant has high regulation and Peak load plant has small regulation.
Turbine Protection
To Protect turbine from in admissible operating conditions It restricts failure to minimum It consists of two type of protections. 1- Hydraulic Protection 2- Electrical Protection
The turbine is a tandem-compound unit consisting of high pressure cylinder (HPC) with a loop train of the steam path, intermediate pressure cylinder (IPC) and 2 low pressure cylinders (LPC). IP and LP cylinders are double-flow. Steam reheat is arranged between the HP and IP cylinders. The turbine is provided with nozzle steam admission system. H.P., I.P. and L.P. rotors are solid forged rotors. Moving blades of the H.P., I.P. and L.P. cylinders have the integrally milled shrouds.
The speed droop is about 4%. Provision is made for the electric part to change the droop in the range of 2.5 to 8%. The governing system makes it possible to change the load and to synchronize the generator at any emergency frequency in the power system (47.5 to 51.5 Hz). The rotor maximum speed does not exceed 107 to 108% of the rated value in case of rated load rejection with the generator disconnection from the power grid
The control fluid supply of the governing system should be in operation from the Unit start-up to the shaft turning gear switchingon after the turbine rotor stopping after the turbine shutdown. During the System operation one pump is on and supplies control fluid into the governing system. The second pump is ready for switching-on and is in reserve. Gate valves at pumps' suction side are open, gate valve on connection pipe between first pump discharge side and second pump suction side is closed. One fan for control fluid vapor extraction is also in operation, the second fan is switched off, gate valves at fan suction side are open. One control fluid cooler is in operation, the control fluid cooler cooling water outlet and inlet gate valves are open. The second control fluid cooler is off - cooling water outlet and inlet gate valves are closed. Gate valve on control fluid supply from unstabilized pressure discharge header to fine filter is open. Control fluid transfer pump is switched off; gate valve on control fluid supply line from control fluid transfer pump to fine filter is closed.
System Stopping
The control fluid governing system is stopped by the operator if the Turbine is shutdown - the turbine stop valves are closed and the generator is disconnected from the grid. To stop the control fluid governing system it is necessary to switched off all the working control fluid pumps. Following the governing system pump stopping, the governing system control fluid temperature regulator is switched in use and with 15 minutes time delay the governing system fan stops.
Other abnormalities
1. Level Decrease in Control Fluid Tank control fluid should be added to the tank during turbine operation to reach normal level through the line 2.Governing System Control Fluid Temperature Increase the inching valve opens automatically on the control valve bypass on cooling water line. 3.Filter Fouling the corresponding filter or strainers should be cleaned or replaced by the personnel during the plant operation. 4.Tripping of Governing System Fan the standby fan inlet gate valve should be open and then the standby fan should be switched in use 5. Fire control fluid pump starting automatics are blocked and the working pumps stop automatically when the turbine stop valves are closed and the generator is disconnected from the grid
Governing system controls the steam flow to the turbine in response to the control signals like speed error, power error. It can also be configured to respond to pressure error. It is a closed loop control system in which control action goes on till the power mismatch is reduced to zero. As shown in the basic scheme given in Fig. 1, the inlet steam flow is controlled by the control valve or the governor valve. It is a regulating valve. The stop valve shown in the figure ahead of control valve is used for protection. It is either closed or open. In emergencies steam flow is stopped by closing this valve by the protective devices
The steam flow through the control valve is proportional to the valve opening in the operating range. So when valve position changes, turbine steam flow changes and turbine power output also changes proportionally. Thus governing system changes the turbine mechanical power output. In no load unsynchronized condition, all the power is used to accelerate the rotor only (after meeting rotational losses) and hence the speed changes. The rate of speed change is governed by the inertia of the entire rotor system. In the grid connected condition, only power pumped into the system changes when governing system changes the valve opening
When the turbine generator unit is being started, governing system controls the speed precisely by regulating the steam flow. Once the unit is synchronized to the power system grid, same control system is used to load the machine. As the connected system has very large inertia (infinite bus), one machine cannot change the frequency of the grid. But it can participate in the power system frequency regulation as part of a group of generators that are used for automatic load frequency control. (ALFC). As shown in the block diagram, the valve opening changes either by changing the reference setting or by the change in speed (or frequency). This is called primary regulation. The reference setting can also be changed remotely by power system load frequency control. This is called secondary regulation. Only some generating units in a power system may be used for secondary regulation
PERFORMANCE ASPECTS
Regulation or droop characteristic Whenever there is a mismatch in power, speed changes. As seen earlier, the governing system senses this speed change and adjusts valve opening which in turn changes power output. This action stops once the power mismatch is made zero. But the speed error remains. What should be the change in power output for a change in speed is decided by the regulation. If 4 % change in speed causes 100 % change in power output, then the regulation is said to be 4 % (or in per unit 0.04).
Transient performance
The governing system, as noted earlier is a closed loop control system. Stability is an important parameter in any feedback control system. Stability and speed of response depend on the signal modifications done by various blocks in the loop. The closed loop gain depends on the individual block gains and the adjustable gains provided in the speed controller and load controller. The gain at the steady state and during the transient is important in deciding the performance. If the gain is not proper there can be hunting in the system as shown in Fig
Even when the control valves are closed steam remaining in the steam volumes of reheater piping, turbine cylinders (entrained steam) continue to do the work and increase the speed for few seconds. There is an emergency governor provided to stop the turbine if the speed crosses its setting, usually 112 %. The standards specify that the TSR value should be less than the emergency governor setting. That means when there is a full load throw-off, governing system should act fast so that turbine does not trip. There are other devices provided in the governing system which help in minimizing transient speed rise like load shedding relay (LSR) which cause feed forward action to close governing valves before speed variation is sensed by the speed transducer
The EHG system and MHG system will be continuously generating command signals for the governor valve opening. Normally both will have the same value. There is a minimum logic provided hydraulically (called hydraulic minimum). According to this whichever calls for lesser valve opening will prevail. In this way in case there is a failure in electronic part mechanical governing system will take over. The turbine can be run with MHG alone
converter-adders. Stop valves open but governing valves remain closed until control action from turbine controller is applied to electro-hydraulic converteradder
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