TITLE: FORCED CONVECTION

OBJECTIVE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

To improved the heat transfer in forced convection by using pinned plate

To improved the heat transfer in forced convection by using finned plate
To defined the heat of transfer rate by using newtons law.
To make comparison temperature fin and pin plate
To determined advantgaes and limitation for forced convection

THEORY:
Heat transfer from an object can be improve by increasing the suface area in contact will
thhe air by adding fins or pins normal to the surface. This can be seen in NewtonS law of
cooling, which defines the convection hear transfer rate. The effect of the suface can be
demostrated by comparing finned and infinned surface with a flat plate under the same condition
of power flow.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Convection is mechanism of heat transfer through fluid in the presence of bulk fluid
motion. The types of convection is natural convection (on free) and forced convection depending
on fluid motion is initiated. In natural convection , any fluid motion is caused by natural such as
buoyancy effect. Example when the rise of warmer fluid and fall the cooler fluid. Then, in forced
convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external such as pump or fan.
Mechanism of Forced Convection
In case convection heat transfer is complicated since fluid motion as well as well as heat
conduction.when higher in velocity, heat transfer rate also higher it is for fluid motion enhances
heat transfer. The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by newtons law of cooling:

qcon = h (Ts - T)
Qcon = hA (Ts - T)

(W/m2)
(W)

The convection heat transfer coefficient strongly depends on the fluid properties and roughness
of the solid surface and type of fluid flow like laminar or turbulent. To determine fluid flow in
laminar or turbulent using reynold number. For laminar less than 5000, and for turbulent is 5000
and above.
Flow across cylinder and spheres

The characteristic length for a circular tube or sphere is the external diameter, D, and the
Reynolds number is defined:

Typical flow patterns over sphere and streamlined body and drag forces

The approaching fluid to the cylinder (a sphere) will branch out and encircle the body,
forming a boundary layer. At higher Re numbers, the fluid is too fast to remain attached to the
surface as it approaches the top of cylinder. Thus, the boundary layer detaches from the surface,
forming a wake behind the body. This point is called the separation point.
Then, the drag force acting on a body is caused by two effects such as friction drag and
pressure drag which is due to pressure differential between the front and rear side of the body. As
a result of transition to turbulent flow, which moves the seperation point further to the rear of the
body, a large reduction in the drag coefficient occurs.

Roughness

Fin Heat Transfer

The fin is cooled along its surface by a fluid temperature T. the temperature
distribution relation through the fin can be developed by performing an energy balance.

Rate of heat flow by

conduction into
element x

Rate of heat flow by

conduction out of
element X + dx

Rate of heat flow by

convection from
surface between x
and x + dx

Fin Performance

Convection is seldom uniform over the entire surface, as commonly assumed. For severe
non-uniform behavior, it is more appropriate to solve the problem by numerical finite
difference techniques.
In practical applications, fins may have varying cross sectional areas and may be attached
to circular surfaces and solution of the basic deferential equation and mathematical
techniques become tedious.

APPARATUS:-

DIGITAL STOP
WATCH

FINNED PLATE

MACHINE FREE & FORCE

CONVECTION HEAT
EXCHANGER

PINNED PLATE

PROCEDURE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Heat exchanger will be placed into the test duct

Next, ambient temperature T was taken or record.
270W was set for heater power control parameter.
Temperature must rise until 800C and then the heater power control was adjust until 20 W
to steady reading.
The heated plate surface temperature Ts was recorded by referring the monitor parameter.
After that, reading of 1.0 m/s was set on the thermal anemometer for fan speed control.
5 minutes will take to stabilize and Ts will record.
Step 6 was repeated to adjust fan speed to 2.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s and Ts will recorded.

RESULTS:
1) FINNED PLATE
T = 250C,

Power input ( Q ) = 270 W, Area = 0.0722 m

Air velocity ( m/s)

0.0
1.5
2.5

Heater temperature
(Ts) 0c
65.8
57.6
55.5

TS T(0C )

h ( W/ (m.0 C )

40.8
32.6
30.5

91.66
114.17
122.61

2) PINNED PLATE
T = 250C,

Power input ( Q ) = 270 W, Area = 0.0346 m

Air velocity ( m/s)

0.0
1.5
2.5

Heater temperature
(Ts) 0c
70.2
55.2
50.1

TS T (0C )

h ( W/ (m.0 C )

45.2
30.2
25.1

172.64
258.39
310.90

1) Graph for Finned plate. Air velocity versus Ts - T

Air Velocity (m/s) versus Surface Temperature (C)
3

Air velocity ( m/s)

2.5
2
1.5

Air velocity ( m/s)

1
0.5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

TS T(C )

2) Graph for Pinned plate. Air velocity versus Ts - T

Air velocity (m/s) versus Surface temperature(C

3

AAir velocity ( m/s)

2.5
2
Air velocity ( m/s)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

20TS T (C )40

60

SAMPLE CALCULATION:1) FINNED PLATE

T = 25 0C , Q = 270 W, Ts = 65.8 0C
Temperature difference = ( Ts - T)
= 65.8 25
= 40.8 0 C

Surface area of the base plate ( Abase )

Abase = L * W
= ( 0.1 * 0.11 )
= 0.011 m2
A = 9 * Lw * Abase
= 9 * ( 0.1 * 0.068 ) + (0.011 )
= 0.0722 m2

Convection heat transfer coefficient ( h )

h = Q / As ( Ts - T )
= 270 / ( 0.0722 * 40.8)
= 91.66 W/m2.C #

2) PINNED PLATE

T = 25 0C , Q = 270 W, Ts = 70.2 0C
Temperature difference = ( Ts - T)
= 70.2 25
= 45.2 0 C

Surface area of the base plate ( Abase )

Abase = L * W
= (0.1 * 0.11 )
= 0.011 m2
A = 17 * (DL / 2) + Abase
= 17 * ( * 0.013 * 0.068 ) + (0.011 )
= 0.0346 m2

Convection heat transfer coefficient ( h )

h = Q / As ( Ts - T )
= 270 / ( 0.0346 * 45.2)
= 172.64 W/m2.C #

NOR SAHLIZA BINTI MUSTAFA( 2013451838)

DISCUSSION
1) Graph air velocity versus surface temperature for finned plate.

Air Velocity (m/s) versus Surface Temperature (C)

3

Air velocity ( m/s)

2.5
2
1.5

Air velocity ( m/s)

1
0.5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

TS T(C )

Based on the analysis for graph below, we can see that pattern of this graph
continuously decreasing. The higher point for surface temperature (Ts - T) for finned
plate is 30.50C at air velocity is 2.5 m/s. The lower value is 40.80C for surface
temperature at zero velocity. From this graph we also know that air velocity is always
inversely proportional with surface temperature.

By referring the result, we also used the data to calculate the convection heat
transfer coefficient (h). The equation for heat transfer coefficient is:-

h = Q / [ As ( Ts - T ) ]
In this case, area can define by using parameter that was given and using the
formula to get the area. For finned plate the value of area is 0.0722 m2 and the value of
heat transfer coefficient at air velocity for 0, 1.5, 2.5 is 91.66, 114.71122.61 (W/m2.C).
The higher value for heat transfer coefficient is 122.61 at surface temperature 30.50C.

2) Graph air velocity versus surface temperature for pinned plate.

Air velocity (m/s) versus Surface temperature(C

3

AAir velocity ( m/s)

2.5
2
Air velocity ( m/s)

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

20 T (C
30)
TS

40

50

Based on the analysis for graph below, we can see that pattern of this graph
continuously decreasing. The higher point for surface temperature (Ts - T) for finned
plate is 25.10C at air velocity is 2.5 m/s. The lower value is 45.20C for surface
temperature at zero velocity. From this graph we also know that air velocity is always
inversely proportional with surface temperature.
By referring the result, we also used the data to calculate the convection heat
transfer coefficient (h). The equation for heat transfer coefficient is:h = Q / [As ( Ts - T ) ]
In this case, area can define by using parameter that was given and using the
formula to get the area. For finned plate the value of area is 0.0346 m2 and the value of
heat transfer coefficient at air velocity for 0, 1.5,2.5 is 172.64, 258.39310.90 (W/m2.C).
The higher value for heat transfer coefficient is 310.90 at surface temperature 25.10C.
Lastly, we can make comparison between finned plate and pinned plate. In
observation we can see the higher of value for heat transfer coefficient at pinned plate at
310.90 W/m2C compare only 122.61 W/m2C for finned plate. This is will happen because
depending on surface temperature and area of plate. Intersection between finned plate and
pinned plate at 30.00C for surface temperature and air velocity at 1.0 m/s.

3) FORCED CONVECTION FOR COOLING

Forced convection for heat transfer can be effected in two ways. The ways is by
evacuation or pressurization of cabinet. For evacuation, the air distribution inside the cabinet
is flexible. So the cooling ports can placed at any position to ensure proper cooling in desire
locations. Then, heat from pan is not dissipated. However, difficult to filtering the fanon.
After that, for pressuring process, it is preferred method, since air readily filtered. In this
case, any crank or crevices have a small amount of leakage and dust not enter in. reliability
of fan life is increase because ambient temperature is lower.
5 steps designing cooling fan using pressurization by referring figure 1

Locate the fan to pressurize the enclosure for lowest fan operating temperature
When air flow to be vertical through to be cooled. Place fan bottom to get natural
convection.
Place largest heat source toward air exist , to get maximum heating effect on air
cooling low power areas of the system.
After that, considered air mover when air filters.
Avoid obstructions in the packaging at fan outlet and general air path since more
resistance to flow means a larger, consumed more power air moving. Leave a fan
radius between obstruction and the fan inlet and exhaust.

4) ADVANTAGES AND DIADVANTAGES OF CONVECTION HEATERS

Convection heaters is used to warm up the room by blowing heated air. It is used widely
for residential heating, example during winters.

ADVANTAGES:

Can heat the entire room and heat more people, but can heat when people nearby with
heater.

More economic and used for longer period

It is save to used weather at the outside surface.

Convections heaters low cost compared other heaters.

Various design, sizes and models.

DISADVANTAGES

Convection heaters is overheating. So, metal is better to produce this product than plastic.
It is because plastic will burn out when over heating.

It can not placed near window or other areas drafts likely occur to prevent overheating

No objects should be placed near convection heaters as they block the warm air and make
the heater hot. Any objects present near the heater corresponds to energy loss.

Warm air from convection heaters is less dense and remains at the ceiling. So, lesser heat
is present at the bottom and you cannot experience the warmth leading to energy wastage.

CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we can conclude the value of surface area and area of product
can affect the value of the heat transfer coefficient (h). Then, from the graph between air
velocity versus surface temperature for both of product, we can make comparison which
one have the higher value for heat transfer coefficient is 310.90 W/m2C for pinned plate.
After that, from the convection we can define type of convection such as natural
convection and forced convection. From this types we can describe functions and
application for both convection. An example for forced convection, it will can produced
heater and cooler application. In heater convection it will used to heat the surrounding
especially in winter. There are many advantages when used convection product, however
it still have limitation, like material is not suitable to produce convection heater because it
will melt when overheating. Lastly, we can conclude overall this experiment successfully
achieved according the objective in this experiment.

REFERENCES:-

1) Y.A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition,
2007.
2) Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, ,McGrawHill, 6th Edition, 2007.
3) Force Convection, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection
4) Force Convection Heat Transfer,
http://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20388/Notes/Forced%20Convection.pdf
5) Convection Heat Transfer, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/convective-heat-transferd_430.html
6) Advantages and Disadvantages of Convection Heaters,
http://meethomasbrown.blogspot.com/2011/10/convection-heaters.html