Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
OF INTERCONNECTIONS
7.10
Chapter 7
Tourists on
the move
Introduction
The World Tourism Organization estimates that by
2030, five million people will move each day. Where will
these people go and what will influence their choices?
What impact will these choices have on the places
they visit?
starter questions
1 Make a list of reasons people might travel.
2 The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides figures for arrivals
and departures from Australian airports. In what other ways
might people travel?
3 aConduct a class survey. Record the last three times you
travelled and stayed away from home for at least one night
where, how, why, how far and for how long did you go?
b Compile your class results and decide on a suitable method
of representing this information visually.
c Are there any places or types of place that have been visited
by more than one member of your class?
d Discuss why this might be a popular place for people to visit.
4 When did you last have a holiday? What places did you visit and
what did you do in each place? What impact do you think your
visit had on these places? Explain.
Inquiry sequence
7.1 What is tourism? 120
7.2 Who goes where? 124
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Summary of terms
Business and
professional 15%
O C E AN
Arctic Circle
Norway
London
Paris
Glaciers of Alaska/Canada
Moscow
Banff
Alps
Vienna
Cote dAzur
Venice
Istanbul
Rome
Rhodes
Athens
Jerusalem
Marrakesh
Giza (Pyramids)
Great Wall
of China
Kashmir
Himalayas
Agra (Taj Mahal)
Benares
Mecca
Canary Islands
Goa
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Serengeti NP
Yellowstone NP
Sapporo
Beijing
Yosemite NP
Disneyland
Tokyo
Kyoto
PAC I FI C
Hong Kong
Hawaii
O C E AN
Bangkok
Acapulco
New York
AT L A N T I C
Bermuda O C EA N
Barbados
Singapore
Equator
Seychelles
IND IAN
OCEAN
Victoria Falls
Bali
Kakadu NP
Machu Picchu
Great Barrier Reef
Mauritius
Uluru
Kruger NP
Queenstown
4000 km
Rio de Janeiro
Tropic of Capricorn
Rotorua
2000
Tahiti
Gold Coast
Sydney
Mexico City
Quebec
Cape Cod
Palenque
Phuket
Penang
Niagara
Falls
Aspen
Grand Canyon
Las Vegas
Tourist destination
Cultural and historical site
Coastal resort
Centre of entertainment
Ecotourist site
Place of pilgrimage
Ski resort
The explorer
The drifter
Least adventurous
Purchases a package with
a fixed itinerary
Does not venture from
the hotel complex alone;
is divorced from the local
community
Makes few decisions about
the holiday
World tourism
Victoria Falls
Million
1000
935 million
800
600
877 million
400
534 million
200
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
Actual
19952010
2015
2020
Tourism 2020
predicted
an
y
Au
str
Ho alia
ng
K
Ho ong
ng
Ko
ng
Tu
rk
ey
rm
Ita
ly
Ge
a
in
Ch
an
ce
Fr
Sp
ai
n
es
1.0 billion
1200
at
1.56 billion
1400
St
1600
US$ billion
Un
ite
d
Country
Medical tourism
Is more
mature and
experienced
Has concern
for safety and
security
Wants value
for money
Benefits
from
increased
competition
Adopts new
technologies
Seeks
experiences
more than
services
Seeks
sustainable
tourism and
development
Percentage saving
80
60
40
20
0
Hip
replacement
Heart
bypass
Thailand
Liposuction and
tummy tuck
India
Figure 8 Cost savings that can be made by having medical procedures carried out in Malaysia versus the United States, Thailand or Singapore
Percentage saving
100
80
60
40
20
0
Heart
bypass
Angioplasty
Heart valve
replacement
Hip
replacement
United States
Thailand
Knee
replacement
Spinal fusion
Liposuction and
tummy tuck
Singapore
REMEMBER
1 What is a tourist?
2 Why do you think tourism is one of the fastest growing
industries?
EXPLAIN
3 Using your atlas as a primary source of information,
select three places from different categories shown in
figure 2 that you might like to visit.
a Calculate the distance between them.
b Explain how you would travel to each.
c Explain what you might expect to see and do in each
place.
d Work out how long it might take to visit each place.
e Describe each location using geographical concepts
such as latitude and longitude, direction and scale.
f Explain why you have chosen each place.
PREDICT
5 In 2011, 982 million tourist movements were recorded
globally. How many movements is this per day?
6 a Using information in this section, predict how many
tourists there will be in 2020. What percentage
increase does this represent?
b Which places do you think will be the most popular?
c What impact do you think these increases will have
on the environment?
d Will this result in small-scale or large-scale change?
e Do you think these numbers are sustainable? Explain.
7 Tourism expenditure increased by 93 per cent between
the year 2000 and the year 2010, from $475 billion
to $918 billion. Using these figures as a guide, predict
how much income might be generated through
tourism by 2030.
8 Look back over your responses to the last three
questions. What does this tell you about the
importance of tourism? Explain.
DISCOVER
4 What type of tourist are you? Make a sketch of yourself,
similar to the one shown below.
THINK
9 a Explain what you understand by the term sustainable
tourism.
b Describe an example of tourism that would be
considered sustainable.
c Describe an example of tourism that would not be
considered sustainable. Suggest what changes might
be needed to make it sustainable.
gross domestic product (GDP) a measure of a countrys
wealth; a GDP of $10 000 per capita means that the
country produces $10 000 worth of goods and services in
a year for every citizen
Masai an ethnic group of semi-nomadic people living in
Kenya and Tanzania
national park a park or reserve set aside for
conservation purposes
AR CT IC O C E AN
GERMANY
Arctic Circle
UNITED
KINGDOM
FRANCE
SPAIN
ITALY
TURKEY
CHINA
PAC I FI C
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
MEXICO
MALAYSIA
O C E AN
ATLAN TI C
Tropic of Cancer
International visitors
2011 (millions)
France
USA
China
Spain
Italy
Turkey
United Kingdom
Germany
Malaysia
Mexico
79.5
62.3
57.6
56.7
46.1
29.3
29.2
28.4
24.7
23.4
O C E AN
Equator
IND IAN
OCEAN
Tropic of Capricorn
2000
4000 km
EXPLAIN
1 Carefully study figures 2 and 3 and answer the
following.
a On which continents are the top 10 destinations
located?
b Which continents are generating the most in
tourism spending?
c Describe the interconnection between destinations
and tourism spending.
2 What is the difference between a mature-age tourist
and a backpacker? With the aid of a Venn diagram,
show the differences in the needs of these two
groups of tourists.
80
70
US$ billion
60
50
40
30
20
Country
Russian
Federation
Korea,
Republic of
Canada
Japan
Italy
China
France
United
Kingdom
United States
Germany
10
Total
hotels
Total
rooms
Intercontinental
Hotels Group
UK
4437
647161
Hilton Worldwide
USA
3689
605938
Wyndham
Worldwide
USA
7152
605713
Marriott
International
USA
3446
602056
France
4229
507306
Choice Hotels
USA
6142
495145
Starwood Hotels
and Resorts
USA
1041
308700
Best Western
USA
4015
307155
Carlson Hospitality
USA
1078
165061
Hyatt Hotel
Corporation
USA
423
120031
Company
Accor
DISCOVER
3 The three main types of tourist attraction are
natural, cultural and event attractions. Use a
dictionary to help you write your own definition of
each term. For each of the countries shown in
figure 2, try to find an example of each type of
attraction. Use the map in figure 2, section 7.1, to
help you.
PREDICT
4 a On a blank outline map of the world, locate and
label the capital cities of each of the top 10 tourist
destinations.
b Plot a trip from your nearest capital city to all
10 of these places, covering the shortest possible
distance, and returning to your capital city. Use
the scale on the map to estimate the distance
travelled.
c Calculate the time it might take to complete this
journey.
5 a Describe the pattern of hotel ownership shown in
table 1.
b Construct a bar graph showing both the total
number of hotels and total number of rooms for
the top 10 hotel companies.
c Find out the average cost of a one-week stay in
one of these hotel chains.
d How much income would this room generate if it
was occupied for each night of the year?
e What percentage of your answer to (d) would be
needed to maintain this room, the complex and
other associated costs, such as wages?
f Estimate how much money is left and where you
think it goes. What effect do you think this might
have on local economies?
SkillBuilder
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Business 16%
Visit friends/
relatives 25%
ARCTIC OCEAN
Arctic Circle
PACIFIC
ATLAN T IC
Tropic of Cancer
OC EA N
OCEAN
Equator
INDIA N
OCEA N
Tropic of Capricorn
International visitors to
Australia, 2011
Over 500 000
100 000 to 500 000
50 000 to 100 000
10 000 to 50 000
Under 10 000
500
1000 km
Kakadu
Gr
e
at
Daintree
Rainforest
ier
Cairns
Kimberley
Broome
B arr
Figure 3 Thirty of
Australias most popular
tourist destinations
Darwin
Magnetic Island
Whitsunday
Islands
Re
ef
Ningaloo
Reef
Tropic of C
a
Red C en t r e
pricorn
Fraser
Island
Brisbane
Gold Coast
Perth
Yorke Peninsula
Rottnest
Island
Barossa
Valley
Adelaide
Sydney
Kangaroo
Island
Melbourne
Limestone Coast
0
500
1000 km
Phillip Island
GREAT
OCEAN
ROAD
Cradle Mountain
Hobart
REMEMBER
1 Why might more Australians choose to holiday
overseas rather than in Australia?
EXPLAIN
2 Explain the interconnection between the places most
visited by Australians and our major source of tourists.
DISCOVER
3 Study figure 3.
a Identify the top tourist destinations in your state.
b Suggest other places that you think should be at the
top of every tourists holiday itinerary.
c Identify which are human and which are natural
environments.
d Prepare an annotated visual display that showcases
places of interest within your state. Include
information about the attractions, their location and
why they are a viewing must.
e What strategies are in place to ensure the sustainable
management of tourist facilities in your state?
Wineglass Bay
Port Arthur
SkillBuilderS
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Tourism in Australia
Do the benefits
outweigh the costs?
Tourism generates
excessive waste.
Negative impacts
of tourism
Tourism damages
culture and community,
and exploits locals.
There is growth in
crime rates as rich
tourists interact
with poor locals.
Encourages restoration of
historic sites, such as
Pompeii in Italy and
Port Arthur in Tasmania.
Increases employment
opportunities for women
Positive impacts
of tourism
Preserves Indigenous
cultures and heritage,
because tourist dollars
encourage conservation
of sites and
self-management.
Increases awareness
of the impacts of
actions on the environment
THINK
1 Using figures 1 and 2, explain how tourism can have
both positive and negative effects.
2 a Figure 3 shows how the tourist dollar can flow
from one job to the next. Those jobs in the centre
of the diagram interact directly with the tourist,
while those on the outside do not. Copy the
diagram into your workbook at an enlarged size.
Complete it by adding other jobs. Add to it if you
Figure 3 One view on tourism
Baker
Hotel
Ship
operator
The tourist
dollar
Restaurant
Butcher
Low-impact, non-polluting
transport such as bicycles are
provided for guests.
An information centre
helps visitors understand the
environment. Local indigenous
people are employed to educate
visitors about their culture.
Walking trails
include educational
information boards.
Figure 1 Anatomy of an
ideal ecotourism resort
The natural
bush is retained and
native plants are
used to revegetate or
landscape the area.
Composting toilets
treat human waste,
and worm farms
consume food waste.
Water is treated
with ultraviolet light
rather than chlorine.
Recycling is practised;
for example, grey
water is used in
irrigation and toilet
systems.
Visitors are
encouraged to
improve and maintain
the environment
by using paths or
planting trees.
D
H
Buildings blend
in with the natural
landscape, and
local materials are
used. Buildings
are often raised to
prevent damage
to plant roots.
During construction,
builders prevent
contamination of the
local environment
by having workers
change shoes and
by washing down
equipment to keep out
foreign organisms.
F
E
No boats can
approach head-on.
150 metres
Electricity is generated
through solar panels on the
roofs of eco-cabins.
Trained guides
educate tourists
about coral reefs and
native vegetation, and
show visitors how to
minimise their impact.
REMEMBER
1 How does an ecotourism resort differ from a
traditional tourist resort?
EXPLAIN
2 Use a mind map to explore further changes that
could be made to the resort shown in figure 1 to
make it even more environmentally friendly. Would
you describe your changes as small-scale or largescale? Justify how these changes might be more
environmentally sustainable.
DISCOVER
3 Visitors to ecotourism resorts are often attracted
by brochures that emphasise the resorts
environmental policies. These brochures also set
out guidelines to follow in order to minimise visitor
impact.
a Design and produce a brochure for the
ecotourism resort illustrated in figure 1. Use ICT
tools and techniques to maximise the brochures
impact.
b Add another eco-activity to the island and devise
strategies to educate tourists and minimise their
impact on the environment.
THINK
4 One of the most famous examples of wildlife-based
ecotourism in Australia is Monkey Mia in Western
Australia. Here the wild dolphins come into shore
and tourists are able to feed, swim with and touch
them.
a What rules and other techniques are used to
control the interaction between dolphins and
tourists?
b Predict potential problems that might occur
between dolphins and tourists.
c Do you think this is an example of sustainable
ecotourism? Give reasons for your answer.
Sustainable sightseeing
Ningaloo Reef
and ecotourism
39.1 million
automobile
travelers
1.3 million
other travelers
EXPLAIN
1 In your own words, explain what is meant by the
term cultural tourism.
2 Why are Thanksgiving and Chinese New Year
regarded as cultural events?
DISCOVER
3 As a class, brainstorm a list of cultural or celebratory
events that occur in Australia.
4 Use the internet to find out more about either
Chinese New Year or Thanksgiving. Investigate
the history, myths and traditions associated with
your chosen event. Prepare an annotated visual
display comparing your finding with a cultural
or celebratory event in Australia. Make sure you
include references to the scale of your chosen event
and the place in which it occurs.
THINK
5 Copy the table below into your workbook
and fill it in. Use the Thanksgiving
weblink in your eBookPLUS to find out
more and help you complete your table.
CHINA
Thanksgiving
Chinese New
Year
Number
of trips
Most
common
form of
transport
Length
of holiday
period
Purpose
of trip/
activities
Kunming
THAILAND
0
500
1000 km
Bangkok
Key
Flight path
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
on
nd
Lo
er
uv
co
Va
n
20
20
12
10
08
g
ijin
Be
Tu
r
in
20
20
06
04
20
20
ns
he
At
lt
La
ke
dn
Ci
ty
ey
20
02
00
Sa
US$ billion
Sy
Host city
Sport
The FIFA World Cup
REMEMBER
1 a
Is someone who goes to a local football match a
tourist? Explain.
b What if that person travels interstate? Explain.
EXPLAIN
2 Brainstorm a list of sports that might spend money
to attract tourists. Categorise these as hard and
soft sport tourism events.
3 Compile a table that highlights the positives and
negatives of sport tourism. Choose two positives
and two negatives. For each, explain the impact it
has on people and places.
THINK
4 The Phillip Island Grand Prix racing circuit is located
100 kilometres south of Melbourne, Victoria. The
island is linked to the mainland by a bridge. The
area is popular for its beaches and wildlife, but it is
also home to a racing circuit that stages a variety
of motor sports throughout the year. Collectively,
more than $110 million is generated annually from
the circuits car and bike activities. Three events
the Moto GP, V8 Supercars and Superbikes bring
in over $79 million. Each of these events brings
more than 65000 people to the island.
a What facilities would be needed to cater for such
a large influx of people?
b Figure 3 in section 7.4 shows how the tourist
dollar can flow from one job to the next.
Complete a diagram like this for the Phillip Island
Grand Prix circuit.
c With a partner, brainstorm a list of negative
consequences that might result from having a
Grand Prix circuit on Phillip Island. Make sure
you consider the impact on people and the
environment, as well as the scale of such effects.
d Write a paragraph explaining the interconnection
between the location of sporting facilities and
their impact on people and places.
e Do you think this is an example of sustainable
tourism? Justify your point of view.
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