Eye Models
Eye Models
Eye Models
Curvatures, spacings and indices of the ocular components lead us to raytracing the surfaces to determine the imaging properties of the eye. Many schematic eye models exist of varying complexity. Cardinal points are a first priority, aberration analysis is a more sophisticated analysis.
Posterior Cornea Anterior Lens Posterior Lens Retina 6.5 10.2 -6 -13.4 0.006108 -0.0081 -0.014 3.05 4 16.59655 1.3374 1.42 1.336 2.280544 2.816901 12.42257 0.980691 0.884095 0.744614 0 -0.04236 -0.04952 -0.05994 -0.25796 0 0.31862 1.668325 0.11311 0.11311 0.108649
Principal Planes
P P
Similarly, the front principal plane P is located 1.595 mm from corneal vertex.
Total Power
Total Power = n / PF = 1.336 / 22.28896 mm = 0.05994 mm-1= 59.94 D Total Power = 1 / PF PF = -16.683 mm or the front focal point is 15.089 mm from corneal vertex (about where your spectacles sit).
Pupils
V E E
0.31862
VE = 3.682 mm
Nodal Points
PN = PN= (nvit nair) / = 0.336 / 0.05994 = 5.605 mm Front Nodal Point N is 7.200 mm from corneal vertex Rear Nodal Point N is 7.513 mm from corneal vertex
N N
Angular Subtense
y N N F
y = 16.684 tan Typically, 1 minute of arc is stated as the eyes limit of resolution. This leads to y ~ 5 microns (two points separated by 5 microns on the retina can just be resolved.
Accommodation
Constrict ciliary muscle releases tension on zonules and crystalline lens bulges.
Presbyopia
Your ability to accommodate reduces steadily with age. Typically, you dont notice the effects until it affects your ability to read comfortably. This is presbyopia.
Hyperopia far-sightedness. F is behind retina because eye is too short or power is too low.
F
Definitions
Far Point point conjugate to the retina when eye is unaccommodated. Myopia Hyperopia
Near point point conjugate to the retina when the eye is fully accommodated.
Rant = 12.0 0.4A Kant = -7.518749 + 1.285720A Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2A Kpost = -1.353971 0.431762A tlens = 3.767 + 0.04A taq = 2.97 0.04A nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256A 0.00022A2
z=
r /R r2 1 + 1 (K + 1) 2 R
K < -1 K = -1 -1 < K < 0 K=0 K>0
Conic Section
z = sag of surface r2 = x2 + y2 R = radius of curvature K = conic constant
Hyperboloid Paraboloid Prolate Spheroid (Ellipsoid) Sphere Oblate Spheroid (Ellipsoid)
Ellipsoids
Prolate Cornea is prolate meaning that it flattens towards the periphery. By adjusting the conic constant, the spherical aberration can be controlled without changing paraxial properties.
R Spherical Oblate
; K -1
z=
; K = -1
480
680
780
Stiles-Crawford Effect
1933 - Stiles and Crawford found an effect where light striking photoreceptors with a low angle of incidence has a higher efficiency than light striking at a high angle of incidence. Full Effect
Reduced Effect Retinal Photoreceptors
Minimal Effect
Stiles-Crawford Effect
The Stiles-Crawford effect acts like an apodizing filter. Most raytracing problems allow for apodization. Efficiency of peripheral ray fall to about 20% for 8 mm pupil. L(r) = exp(-0.105r2)
Relative Efficiency
Apodization
Apodization is routinely used in microscopy and astronomy to reduce diffractive halos.
Astronomical Apodization
No Apodization Sonine Apodization
A hexagonal apodizing filter is used in this case to shift the location of the diffracted light to reveal a stellar companion.
Stiles-Crawford Effect
The Stiles-Crawford effect is phototropic (i.e. the retinal photoreceptors realign themselves with the light source.
Eye Axes
Since the eye is not rotationally symmetric (i.e. the centers of curvature of each surface do not lie on a common axis), several axes can be defined which all collapse to the optical axis in rotationally symmetric systems.
Visual Axis
The visual axis connects the fixation point to the front nodal and the rear nodal to the fovea. Usually denoted by angle measured from optical axis. Typically 4 8 The fovea is usually displaced temporally and slightly inferior. Fovea N N
Pupillary Axis
The pupillary axis strikes the cornea at right angles and passes through the center of the entrance pupil. It is equivalent to the chief ray.
Pupillary Axis
Line of Sight
The LOS connects the fixation point to the center of the entrance pupil and the center of the exit pupil to the fovea. Usually denoted by angle measured from pupillary axis. Typically .
Fovea E E