Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire, 400-1300 Transforming the Roman World Feudalism The Growth

of European Kingdoms The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

Transforming the Roman World

Objectives:
1. Characterize the New European civilization formed by the Germanic peoples, the legacy of the Romans, and the Church 2. Discuss how Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire

The New Germanic Kingdoms Germanic migrations spread through Roman land by the third century *Visigoths occupied Spain Ostrogoths occupied Italy *Ango-Saxons in Britain

The Germanic rulers retained the Roman structure of government By 500, the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by a number of states ruled by German kings

The Kingdoms of the Franks The only Germanic kingdom which would remain standing is the Frankish Kingdom *Clovis, a strong military leader, established the kingdom c. 500, Clovis converted to Christianitythe rst Germanic ruler to do so

Conversion through battle The Catholic Church was eager to obtain the friendship with a major Germanic state The Frankish Kingdom extended from the *Pyrenees in the southwest to the east

Germanic Society Germans and Romans intermarried and began to create a new society Blood feuds and the breaking of the law New system of government: the establishment of a ne called a *wergild money for a man

Ordealthe means of determining guilt in Germanic law re and water were tools of judgement Divine forces would not allow an innocent person to he harmed

The Role of the Church

As the ofcial Roman state fell apart, the Church played an increasingly important role in the growth of the new European civilization

Organization of the Church Parishes local Christian communities A group of parishes headed by a Bishop *Bishopricdiocese Roman provinces under an archbishop

*Popespapa The head of the Roman Catholic Church *Gregory IGregory the Great (590-604), strengthened the power of the papacy He was especially active in converting non-Christian peoples of Germanic Europe to Christianity

The Monks and Their Missions *Monka man who separates himself himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God *monasticismthe practice of living the life of a monk *Saint Benedictfounded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules

He placed an emphasis on prayer and manual labor regulation of sleep, work, eating, and praying An abbot (father) ran each monastery The monastic community came to be seen as the ideal Christian society that could provide a moral example to the wider society

English and Irish monks, for example, were especially enthusiastic missionaries, attempting to spread the gospel to the pagan lands Women also ran monastic communities*an Abbesses ran a monastery

Charlemagne and the Carolingians

During the 600s and 700s, the kings of the Frankish kingdom gradually lost their power to the *mayors of the palace *Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, took control of the Frankish state *CharlemagneCharles the Great, reestablished and expanded the territory of the Frankish kingdom

The Carolingian Empire

Charlemagnes empire which covered much of western and central Europe Missi Dominici (messengers of the lord king)two men who were sent out to local districts to ensure that the lords were carrying out the kings wishes

Charlemagne as Roman Emperor Created what is known as the kingdom of Europe In 800, Charlemagne was crowned Roman emperor The idea of an enduring Roman Empire

An Intellectual Renewal Charlemagne encouraged the education of the clergy and literate ofcials for the government Carolingian Renaissancea renewal of Latin and classical works

By the 800s, the Benedictine monks began copying manuscripts in *scriptoriawriting rooms Most of the ancient Roman works we have today exist because they were copied by Carolingian monks

Objectives:
1. Characterize the New European civilization formed by the Germanic peoples, the legacy of the Romans, and the Church 2. Discuss how Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire

Feudalism

Objectives:
1. Discuss the Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invasions of Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries 2. Summarize how the collapse of central authority in the European world led to a new political system known as feudalism

The Invaders The Carolingian Empire fell apart at the death of Charlemagne in 814 His grandsons divided the empire into three sections: the west, east, and middle Local nobles gained power in what was once a centralized kingdom

In the ninth and tenth centuries, waves of invaders disintegrated the european political structures Muslims attacked from the south, sweeping into Spain, conquering various Mediterranean islands, and parts of southern Italy

*The Magyars, a people from western Asia, moved into central Europe at the end of the ninth century and pressured western Europe Massive decentralization in the Eastern Frankish Kingdom

The most devastating invasions were by the Norsemen of Scandinavia, called *Vikings Throughout the century Vikings sacked villages and towns, destroyed churches, and easily destroyed small armies Population explosion and exploration

The Vikings were master shipbuilders and sailors fashioning long and narrow ships with arched prows which could sail in shallow waters and was sea worthy in the rough seas of the Atlantic

The Vikings attacked into the deep interior of Europe, including France, Germany, Eastern Europe to the Black Sea, Russia, and too the Caspian sea encountering Muslims in the North of their Empire

The Development of Feudalism The invasions and attacks led to centralization of power in some areas and a breakdown in others For some, the attacks produced a new political and social system called *Feudalism

Knights and Vassals At the heart of feudalism is the idea of vassalage Oath of loyalty *Vassal: A man who served a lord in a military capacity Frankish Arms

For 500 years, warfare in Europe would be dominated by heavily armored cavalry, or *knights Horses, armor, and weapons could only be purchased by the wealthy Land was given to those vassals that would ght for a lord

The Feudal Contract The relationship between lord and vassal was made ofcial by public ceremony Often a grant of land was given called a *ef A lord, who himself was made a vassal of the King, in turn made his own vassals, and they in turn made their own vassals

An obligation toward military service Multiple vassals and multiple lords Familial contracts

The Nobility of the Middle Ages

Like Japan, Middle Ages Europe was dominated by men whose chief concern was warfare Training gave way to tests of knightly strength *Tournamentscontests where knights could show their ghting skillsappeared in the 12th century

The Catholic Church encouraged the notion of *chivalry, that nobility conducted themselves in a civilized and noble way

Objectives:
1. Discuss the Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invasions of Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries 2. Summarize how the collapse of central authority in the European world led to a new political system known as feudalism

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Objectives:
1. Describe how European monarchs began to extend their power and build strong states during the High Middle Ages 2. Identify the three distinct groups formed by the Slavic peoples and locate where they settled in eastern Europe

England in the High Middle Ages Following the invasions of the Vikings, the AngloSaxons unied under kings who led the banded tribes against the Norsman King Alfred the Great

The Norman Conquest

In 1066, an army of heavily armed knights under *William of Normandy landed in England and defeated the English King at *Battle of Hastings French speaking Intermarriage merged the cultures

Existing AngloSaxon institutions: Shire reeve Domesday Book: a census which included people, manors, and farm animals system of taxation feudalism

Henry II
The power of the English Monarchy was enlarged during the reign of Henry II (1154-1189) Created a body of *common law law that was common to the whole kingdom

He imposed royal control over the Church in England Right to punish clergymen However, his friend and appointee *Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury claimed that only Roman Catholic courts could try clerics

Who will free me of this priest?

The Magna Carta and the First Parliament Many resented the ongoing growth of the kings power Rebellion was inevitable 1215, the nobles kidnapped King John and forced him to sign the *Magna Carta (the Great Charter)

The belief that the feudal custom and obligation is mutual Led to a limitation of absolute power In the 13th century *Edward I created the English Parliament, 2 knights from every county and 2 from towns along with all nobles and bishops

The French Kingdom In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three major sections The west Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as the new king, thus establishing the Capetian dynasty of French kings The royal domain centered around *Paris

The reign of King *Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223) Waged war against the rulers of England, who also ruled French territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine Philip took most of these lands

Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, (r. 1285-1314) Strengthened the French monarchy and expanded the royal bureaucracy Formed a French parliament based on the three *estates, or classes, clergy, nobles, and peasants

The Holy Roman Empire In the tenth century, the dukes of the Saxons became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom Germany Otto I, crowned emperor of the Romans in 962

Struggles in Italy
Frederick I planned to get his chief revenue from Italy As the Roman Emperor, he believed he should rule Italy as the Romans had He attempted to conquer the Italian states but was held back by the Papal States and his alliance

Effect on the Empire

By spending their time ghting in Italy, the German empire left the nobles to gather strength and create independent kingdoms No real power in either Germany or Italy

Central and Eastern Europe *Slavic people settled to the north of Constantinople They were divided into three groups: west, south, and east The *Czechs in the West converted to Christianity The *Hungarians in the North all accepted western Christianity

The Southern *Slavs converted to Orthodox Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Methodius The Slavs, Croats, Serbs, Czechs, Hungarians,and Bulgarians all formed different types of Christian communities in Eastern Europe

The Development of Russia In the late eighth century, Swedish Viking moved into the lands of north lands to trade and plunder The natives called them Rus from which is where Russia is derived

Kievan Rus
Oleg, a tenth century viking leader, settled the principality of *Kiev They gradually expanded their territory to the Baltic, Black Sea, the Danube, and the Volga River

Intermarriage between Slavs They eventually converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity through their wives and missionaries Civil wars and new invasions brought an end to the rst Russian state in 1169

Mongol Rule
In the thirteenth century, Mongols conquered Russia They required Russian princes to pay tribute to them

*Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, defeated a German invading army in Russia in 1242 As a reward, he was given the title prince from the Mongols who later became the leaders of Russia

Objectives:
1. Describe how European monarchs began to extend their power and build strong states during the High Middle Ages 2. Identify the three distinct groups formed by the Slavic peoples and locate where they settled in eastern Europe

The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

Objectives:
1. Examine the unique civilization of the Byzantine Empire in the eastern Mediterranean 2. Discuss how the Crusades affected medieval society in both the East and the West

The Reign of Justinian fth century, Germanic invasion led to the collapse of the western Roman Empire The East survived and was stable *Justinian, Eastern Roman Emperor (crowned in 527), sought to reconquer the West

Through several military campaigns, he conquered Italy, parts of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, *Palestine, and *Syria After his death, however, the Lombards took back Italy He codied many Roman laws, creating the *Body of Civil Law

From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire Trouble emerged; too much territory to protect far from *Constantinople plague An Empty Treasury The Rise of Islam

Many enemies to the North, South, and East pressed into their lands By the eighth century, all that remained was the eastern *Balkans and Asia Minor This marked as the transition from Rome to Byzantine Empire

Art, church buildings, ceremonies, and decoration were important features of Byzantine faith The emperor was seen as chosen by God whose power was absolute The emperor appointed the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the *patriarch

Life in Constantinople Riots in Constantinople in 532 caused widespread destruction Afterward, Justinian rebuilt the city Constantinople became the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages

Trade
Constantinople was a medieval center of trade Products from the east: silk from China, spices from SE Asia, wheat and furs from Russia, and ax and honey from the Balkans Monks eventually smuggled silkworms out of China

Building
Immense palace complex, hundreds of churches, Hippodrome Hagia Sophia the Church of Holy Wisdom

New Heights and New Problems A new dynasty emerged known as the *Macedonians who ruled from 867-1081 They helped expand the shrinking empire The Byzantine Empire was troubled by the *Great Schism between the Latin and Greek Church

Threats also came from the new military threats from the East *Seljuk Turks helped expand Islamic territory into Byzantine lands Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for aid

The Crusades
From the 11th to 13th century, European Christians carried out a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land called *Crusades Pope Urban II declared a war of the *indels who were deling Christ

All who die...whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins Motives: religious fervor, adventure, ghting, riches, title, trading opportunities

The Early Crusades

Three organized bands of warriors, most of them French, captured Antioch in 1098 The sacking of Jerusalem Latin Crusader States Trade made Italian merchant cities wealthy

By 1140, Muslim forces struck back *Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, a monastic leader, called for renewed efforts leading to another crusade *In 1187, Saladin sacked Jerusalem

The Later Crusades

The Third Crusade: European kings band together to retake Jerusalem Fourth Crusade: the sacking of Constantinople Childrens Crusade Albeginsian Crusade

Consequences in Europe
Crusader states brought wealth and trade to Italian port cities The return of Greek and Roman Knowledge The breakdown of Feudalism The development of stronger, centralized states

Objectives:
1. Examine the unique civilization of the Byzantine Empire in the eastern Mediterranean 2. Discuss how the Crusades affected medieval society in both the East and the West