Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

Grade 7
Mathew Grover
Science Methods
December 3, 2007
Lesson Schedule
Objective:
Day 1:
-Notes on Cell Cycle
*Four stages (S stage, G1, M, G2)
*Function and process
-Notes on Mitosis
*Prophase
*Metaphase
*Anaphase
*Telophase
Day 2:
-Finish up Mitosis notes
-Introduce Meiosis
*Function and process
-Short video
*Worksheet to go along with video
Day 3:
-Lab activity
-Replicate Mitosis/meiosis with string and chromosomes (beads)
-Look at prepared slides under microscope
-Using an onion root, find and draw the different stages on mitosis
*Worksheet
Day 4:
-Break kids into groups
-Have each group make a poster board of one of the phases in mitosis or meioses
*String = Cell Wall
*Macaroni noodles = Chromosomes
*Licorice Strings = Spindle Fibers
*Beads and other objects = Other Organelles
Day5:
-Play Mitosis/meiosis Jeopardy
*Prizes awarded to winning team
Grading
Grading will be based on mainly participations. Students will also be graded on
the video worksheet, Onion root worksheet, and Mitosis/meiosis poster boards.
Video Worksheet
__-,/5
Onion Root DrawinglMitosis __~ / 5
Poster board __---'/15
5 pts Creativity
10 pts Mitosis phase representation
Participation (2pts per day) __---'/10
__/35
Total
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/celtbio/tutorials/celtcycle/cells2.htJ
THE BfOlOGYIllROJECr <> Cf.l.L BIOLOGY
The Biology Project> Cell Biology> Intro. to Cell Cycle & Mitosis> Tutorial
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial
The Cell Cycle
Stages of the cell cycle
M
The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating
(mitMl:;)
in cell growth and division into two daughter cells.
G2
{Gap 2)
Non-dividing cells not considered to be in the cell
cycle. The stages, pictured to the left, are
Gl-S-G2-M. The Gl stage stands for "GAP 1". The
S stage stands for "Synthesis". This is the stage when
DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for
"GAP 2". The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is
when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and
Cells that cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur. Mitosis is
d:s:, further divided into 4 phases, which you will read
about on the next page.
ReguJation of the cell cycle
How cell division (and thus tissue growth) is controlled is very complex. The following
terms are some of the features that are important in regulation, and places where errors can
lead to cancer. Cancer is a disease where regulation of the cell cycle goes awry and normal
cell growth and behavior is lost.
Cdk (cyclin dependent kinase, adds phosphate to a protein), along with cyclins, are major
control switches for the cell cycle, causing the cell to move from Gl to S or G2 to M.
MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) includes the CdK and cyclins that triggers progression
through the cell cycle.
p53 is a protein that functions to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage
is severe this protein can cause apoptosis (cell death).
1. p53 levels are increased in damaged cells. This allows time to repair DNA by
blocking the cell cycle.
2. A p53 mutation is the most frequent mutation leading to cancer. An extreme case of
this is Li Fraumeni syndrome, where a genetic a defect in p53 leads to a high
frequency of cancer in affected individuals.
p27 is a protein that binds to cyclin and cdk blocking entry into S phase. Recent research
(Nature Medicine 3, 152 (1997)) suggests that breast cancer prognosis is determined by p27
levels. Reduced levels of p27 predict a poor outcome for breast cancer patients.
Previous INext
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.... U"'" ...... ""'11 ...... J \,,;.1\.... LX.. .1 UlUlli:11 http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bioltutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.!l
THE BIOLOGY PROJECT <} CELL BIOLOGY
The Biology Project> Cell Biology> Intra. to Cell Cycle & Mitosis> Tutorial
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial
Mitosis
What is (and is not) mitosis?
Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Interphase is often included in
discussions of mitosis, but interphase is technically not part of mitosis, but rather
encompasses stages Gl, S, and G2 of the cell cycle.
Interphase & mitosis
Interphase
The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and performing its prepare for
mitosis (the next four phases that lead up to and include nuclear division).
Chromosomes are not clearly discerned in the nucleus, although a dark
spot called the nucleolus may be visible. The cell may contain a pair of
centrioles (or microtubule organizing centers in plants) both of which are
organizational sites for microtubules.
Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the
light microscope as chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles
begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the
centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.
Prometaphase
The nuclear membrane dissolves, marking the beginning of prometaphase.
Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. Microtubules
attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving.
Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus.
This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to
ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each
new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.
Anaphase
The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to
opposite sides of the cell. Motion results from a combination of
kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules and through the
physical interaction of polar microtubules.
10f2
1?l1l?nn7 11,10
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/ceILbio!tutorials!celLcycle!cells3.h
Telophase
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form
around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer
visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and
cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage.
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, cytokinesis results when a fiber ring composed of a protein
called actin around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into
two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. In plant cells, the rigid wall
requires that a cell plate be synthesized between the two daughter cells.
Mitosis
Mitosis
animation
OR
animation
(480 k)
Flash
Previous INext
Vocabulary
The Biology Project> Cell Biology> Intro. to Cell Cycle & Mitosis> Tutorial
The Biology Project
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
University of Arizona
April 1997
Revised: October 2004
Contact the Development Team
http://www.biology.arizona.edu
All contents copyright 1997 - 2004. All rights reserved.
1 'JrtrJ{\{\'7 11 ,10
2of2
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edulclasses/lab8/1ab8.h1
Bio Manual 1: Molecules & Cells
Section A: Biology Lesson
a
Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
\J
Grade Level Prospective and Practicing K-8 Teachers; may be adapted for use in elementary
classes.
Exercises 1 & 2 take approximately 2 1/2 hours.
Time
1. How does a human being grow from a single fertilized cell into an individual
To Ponder
containing billions of cells?
2. Do all the cells of the body look like one another? Do they perform the same
jobs?
3. Do all the cells of the body contain the same genetic information?
4. How is the genetic blueprint that makes you who you are transmitted faithfully
from one cell to the next?
5. How long does it take for one parent cell to become two daughter cells?
6. Are cells alive?
7. What is a cell, anyway?
7 !lllfj%
2 sets of white and 2 sets of red plastic knives, forks and spoons per group for
Supplies
chromosomes
1 large (3 ft) length and two smaller lengths (1.5 ft) of yarn for nuclear membrane
white or brown paper per group
scissors
string for spindle fibers
small rubber bands for centromeres
yarn that is longer and a different color to represent cell membrane
12/41200711:23 P
Once you have completed these exercises you should be able to:
Objectives
1. Describe how cells reproduce themselves.
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Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
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2. Explain how chromosomes.. are copied and distributed to each daughter cell
in a precise way.
3. Describe the need for, and the mechanism of, conservation of hereditary
material.
4. Be able to define and correctly use the following terms: allele, anaphase.,
chromosome replication, cytokinesis., diploid, DNA svnthesis., gene
.' homologous chromosome, interphase., life cycle, metaphase.,
mitosis., prometaphase., prophase., replicated chromosomes.,
sister chromatids, spindle fibers, telophase., unreplicated chromosomes
#4$4; : ,;5,)13.' . ~ fl!! ;]ap;tL" :t 4$
Background Cell Division
Information
Your body is composed of more than a billion cells. Cells are continually dying,
and new cells are continually being formed. An identical copy of your hereditary
material is found in the nucleus of each and every somatic cell. A somatic cell is
any cell in the body except for the reproductive cells in the reproductive system.
This genetic blueprint is organized into 46 chapters or parts known as
chromosomes. It is estimated that, on average, each chromosome contains
between one and two thousand genes. A gene contains the infoffilation for
making a single protein or RNA product.
Every time a cell divides, each chromosome must be carefully replicated (copied)
and then distributed to assure that each daughter cell gets a complete and accurate
set of information. Thus, nuclear division includes successive processes of
chromosome replication, separation, and distribution (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Chromosome Replication & Division
Unreplicated
chromosome
Replicated
chromosome
Identical
unreplicated
chromosomes
Adapted from Postlethwait, J. H. & Hopson, J. L. (1995). The Nature ofLVe, Third Edition. San Francisco:
McGraw-Hill, Inc. Figure 7.8, page 173.
DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, producing an exact replica of every chromosome. A chromosome
can be thought of as a very long DNA double helix. During replication, the double helix opens up and
a new complementary strand is synthesized along each parent strand (Figure 2). This results in two
identical DNA helices, each containing one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
12/4/200711:231': 2 of 13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.bio1ogy1essons.sdsu.edu/c1asses/1ab8/1ab8.h
'
Figure 2: DNA Replicating
old
"-..
DNA synthesis occurs during the S phase of interphase. Each cell goes through a regular life cycle,
similar to the cycle of life in humans. Where we might call our stages infancy, childhood, adolescence,
young adult, adult, and senior, the major cell stages are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase
is subdivided into Gl (growth 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (growth 2), and mitosis is divided into P
(prophase), PM (prometaphase), M (metaphase), A (anaphase), and T (telophase). This is shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3: Cell Cycle
T 0 S
p H
Adapted from Postlethwait, J. H. & Hopson, J. L. (1995). The Nature o/Life, Third Edition. San Francisco:
McGraw-Hill, Inc. Figure 7.6, page 171.
Another way to illustrate this cycle is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Cell Division
parent cell growth rep lication/ division daughter cells
12/412007 11 :23 P
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~ - - - . . . . . . , - - - cell membrane
r ~ ~ __~ ~ , . - -
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edu/c1asses/lab8/lab8.h
Adapted from Postlethwait, J. H. & Hopson, J. L. (1995). The Nature ofL((e, Third Edition. San Francisco:
McGraw-Hill, Inc. Figure 7.7, page 172.
a. How many rounds of chromosome replication occur in the cell prior to mitosis?
b. How many times does a cell divide in mitosis?
Exercise 1 Exploring the Process of Mitotic Cell Division
1.1 Introduction
To Do 1. You will study mitosis in the Triffle, a mythical creature with six chromosomes
that look like knives, forks, and spoons. You will work out each step of the
process using paper for cells, yam for membranes, string for spindle fibers,
and plastic knives, forks and spoons for chromosomes.
2. Go through the entire process (1.1 through 1.8) several times, with each group
member taking a tum as the "explainer". Follow along with the procedure
below for the first one or two turns, and perfonn the subsequent repetitions
from memory. Answer the questions about each stage as you go along, and
answer them each time you go through the process. Explain your answers in
your own words and your own way -- don't recite them by rote memory.
3. Take one large piece of paper for your cell, and use one color yarn to show the
nuclear membrane and a different color yam to show the cell membrane.
4. Begin with a cell and nucleus containing six chromosomes represented by two
forks (one red & one white), two knives (one red & one white), and two spoons
(one red & one white). This represents a diploid cell with three pairs of
chromosomes (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Triftle Diploid Chromosome Set
nuclearmembrane
a. What does diploid mean?
b. Are most human cells diploid?
c. How many pairs ofh0111010gous chromosomes are present in the picture of a Triffle cell above?
d. Draw a circle around each homologous pair of chromosomes in the picture above.
e. Are the homologues, (a short name for homologous chromosomes) above paired with one another in the
cell, or are they independent from one another?
f. What is the best description of homologous chromosomes?
12/4/200711:23 P
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Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division http://www.bio1ogylessons.sdsu.edu!c1asses/1ab8/1ab8.ht
(choose the best response)
(1) they are the same size and shape
(2) they contain the same types of genes in the same order
(3) they generally contain different versions (alleles) of many of their genes
(4) all of the above
g. Define homologous chromosome.
h. Contrast gene and allele.
1.2 Interphase and Chromosome Replication
ToDo 1. Throughout interphase, the chromosomes are extended and are not visible in
the light microscope (Figure 6). That is, the DNA is uncoiled. We cannot
simulate this extended condition with the knives, forks, and spoons, so please
imagine it. Replicate each of the chromosomes in your Triffle nucleus,
pretending they are extended at the time. Do this by obtaining six more
chromosomes that match the set you already have. Attach a red fork to your red
fork, a white fork to your white fork, and so on with an elastic band (which
will represent the centromere). In this process, each chromosome has
essentially made an identical copy of itself.
Figure 6: Interphase
cell
extend ed chro mo somes
nucleus
2. Your nucleus initially contained six unreplicated chromosomes, and now it
contains six replicated chromosomes. The two identical copies of each
chromosome, sister chromatids, remain attached at a point called the
centromere (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Chromosome Centromere
Adapted from Postlethwait, J. H. & Hopson, J. L. (1995). The Nature o.fLife, Third Edition. San Francisco:
McGraw-Hill, Inc. Figure 7.4C, page 170.
12/41200711:23 A 5 of 13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edulclasses/lab8/lab8.ht
a. What is a chromatid made of (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and/or DNA)?
b. How do sister chromatids differ from chromosomes?
c. What is the centromere?
d. Contrast extended and condensed chromosomes.
1 J,!2 6
'"
1.3. Prophase of Mitosis
To Do 1. In prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible (Figure
8). This is the first stage of mitosis.
F i g u r ~ 8. Prophase
centromere
Prop h8.1l e
a. Are the two sister chromatids that are connected by a centromere identical to one another or do they contain
difIerent alleles? Explain.
b. As noted above, these structures are called replicated chromosomes (or, in many books, simply
chromosomes). Replicated chromosomes are quite different from the umeplicated chromosomes seen earlier.
Compare replicated chromosomes to unreplicated ones (by filling in the blanks below).
(1) the amount of DNA in a replicated chromosome is__times the anl0unt of DNA in an
unreplicated chomosome
(2) the number of copies of each gene in a replicated chromosome is __times the number of copies
in an unreplicated chromosome
(3) each replicated chromosome contains __ (insert number) complete copies of genetic inf
(4) the copies of genetic information in each chromosome are (identical,
homologous, or complementary)
c. Do you think that the homologous replicated chromosomes (the two pairs of knives, the two pairs of forks,
and the two pairs of spoons) will pair with one another during mitosis? Explain.
d. How many sister chromatids are in your Triffle nucleus in prophase?
e. A diploid human cell contains 46 unreplicated chromosomes in early interphase. How many sister
chromatids will be present in the human cell during prophase of mitosis?
A" 2 tg!!!!! W Wk,,;= d & &2
12/4/2007 11 :23 A 60f13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/1ab8.ht
1.4. Prometaphase of Mitosis
ToDo 1. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane literally "disappears", which allows
the rest of the mitotic events to occur. Remove the nuclear membrane from
around the chromosomes in the nucleus of your cell.
2. Spindle fibers fmm, emanating from two structures called centrioles that have
migrated to opposite poles (ends) of the cell. Spindle fibers are assembled from
protein microtubules. Put spindle fibers in your cell using pieces of string and
draw the centrioles on the paper at the appropriate points.
3. Some of the spindle fibers attach to the replicated chromosomes at their
centromeres (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Prometaphase
_i
/ centriole
Pro me tep hese
1.5. Metaphase of Mitosis
1. In metaphase, replicated chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plane
(across the center of the cell) by the spindle fibers (Figure 10). Homologous
chromosomes are independent of one another. That is, homologous replicated
chromosomes such as the two sets of replicated spoons ARE NOT PAIRED.
Figure 10. Metaphase
Metaphase ~ ~ - - - - " " 1 ~ - - " " - - - - - ~ ~ c e ntriole
To Do 2. Arrange your Triffle chromosomes across the center of the cell. The specific
order of chromosomes and their orientation (right side up, upside down) is
completely random.
12/4/200711:23 A
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Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons. sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/lab8.h
a. How many replicated chromosomes are on the metaphase plane in the Triffle?
b. How many replicated chromosomes would be on the metaphase plane in a
human cell undergoing mitosis?
1.6. Anaphase of Mitosis
ToDo 1. In anaphase, sister chromatids separate to become daughter
chromosomes(Figure 11). Separate your sister chromatids to form daughter
chromosomes.
Figure 11. Anaphase
Anaphase
2. Daughter chromosomes are moved toward opposite poles by the spindle fibers.
Chromatids are flexible. They do not remain rigid, but rather bend on each side
of the centromere as they are dragged through the cytoplasm.
a. Are the daughter chromosomes replicated or unreplicated?
b. Are the two sets of daughter chromosomes, the one moving toward the left and the
other toward the right, identical or non-identical?
c. Are the two sets of daughter chromosomes identical to those in the parent ceIl?
d. What is accomplished by this process?
't?l! .; g:
; ... 4
in
1.7. Telophase of Mitosis
ToDo 1. Daughter chromosomes reach the poles ofthe cell and become extended
(relaxed). The spindle fibers disappear actually, the microtubulin SUbunits are
disassembled. You can remove your spindle fibers from your cells and pretend
your chromosomes are going into the extended state.
2. Two new nuclear membranes form, one around each set of daughter
chromosomes. Use the nuclear membrane yam to create two new nuclear
membranes in your cell (Figure 12). Pinch in the yam representing the cell
membrane.
12/4/200711:23 A 8 of 13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
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Figure 12. Telophase
Telophase
$4\ 4 $$4
1.8. Cytokinesis
ToDo 1. An animal cell pinches in half at the center (Figure 12), from the outside in,
until it has produced two separate daughter cells (Figure 13). Divide your cell
in half in this manner by replacing the long yam representing the parent cell
membrane with two shorter pieces of yarn representing the membranes of the
two daughter cells.
Figure 13. Cytokinesis Completed
cyt okinesis
2. These daughter cells are now entering the early interphase stage. Pretend that
your Triffle chromosomes are becoming extended. The cells will grow to full
size and, if continuing to divide, will replicate their chromosomes, and repeat
the cycle again.
a. Does the parent cell still exist?
b. How are these daughter cells related to one another'?
c. How are these daughter cells related to the parent cell?
d. Overall, what has been accomplished by mitosis?
e. You have used your materials to model mitosis(nuclear division) and cellular
division. Explain some ways in which a model differs from the actual things and
processes it represents.
iT #*;:::,;5
1.9. Practice through Repetition
12/4/2007 11 :23 A 90f13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edulclasses/lab8/lab8.ht
To Do 1. As noted above, you can go through the entire process several times, with each
group member taking a turn as the "explainer". Follow along with the
procedures outlined above for the first one or two turns, and then perfonn the
subsequent repetitions from memory. You may refer to Table 1 for a rough
guide, and your team mates can assist you by asking questions and giving hints.
Table 1. Cell Cycle Summary
Interphase
Gl stage
Growth & development of the cell
Protein synthesis
S-phase
Chromosome replication via
DNA synthesis
G2 stage
Growth & development
Organelle Replication
Mitosis
Prophase
Replicated chromosomes condense
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Spindle fibers form
Metaphase
Replicated chromosomes align at center
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate
Daughter chromosomes move to poles
Telophase
New nuclear membranes fom1
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis
Cell divides into two daughter ceHs
~ ~ .
Exercise 2 Chromosomes in Humans
ToDo 1. Examine the chromosome spread in the top half of Figure 14. How do you
think such a picture is obtained?
12/4/200711:23 A 10 of 13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/1ab8.ht
Figure 14. Human Chromosome Spread and Karyotype
(I O}.) U() ~
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n &I All &to
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Photograph from Goodenough, U. & Levine, R. P. (1974). Genetics. San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Figure 2-16, page 57.
2. Then examine the human karyotype in the bottom half of Figure 14. How do
you think such a picture is obtained?
Describe 3. Relate what you have learned in this lab to:
a. the growth and ditlerentiation of tissues in babies,
b. the use of a somatic cell rather than spem1 and egg to create a new organism
such as a sheep or frog,
c. another related phenomenon of your own choosing.
Supplementary Goodenough, U. & Levine, R. P. (1974). Genetics. San Francisco: Holt,
Rinehart, & Winston. Figure 2-16, page 57.
Resources
Klug, W. S. & Cummings, M. R. (1997). Concepts a/Genetics, Fifth
Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Postlethwait, J. H. & Hopson, J. L. (1995). The Nature a/Life, Third Edition.
San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
12/4/2007 11 :23 A
Interactive Mitosis Tutorial (created with Director)
What The Heck is a Gene'?
Dictionary of Cell Biologv
The Biology .Project, University of Arizona
11 of13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division
http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edulclasses/lab8/1ab8.htr
The Cell Cycle Graphic Illustrations
Related
AAAS
Benchnlarks
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I
Oklahoma State Ulliverity
Access Excellence
University of Texas
Chapter 5: THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Section B: Heredity
Grade 6-8 (Benchmark 1 of3)
In some kinds of organisms, all the genes come from a single parent, whereas
in organisms that have sexes, typically half of the genes come from each
parent.
Section B: Heredity
Grade 9-12 (Benchmark 1 of6)
Some new gene combinations make little difference, some can produce
organisms with new and perhaps enhanced capabilities, and some can be
deleterious.
Section F: Evolution of Life
Grade 9-12 (Benchmark 4 of9)
Heritable characteristics can be observed at molecular and whole-organism
levels--in structure, chemistry, or behavior. These characteristics strongly
influence what capabilities an organism will have and how it will react, and
therefore influence how likely it is to survive and reproduce.
Section B: Heredity
Grade 9-12 (Benchmark 6 of6)
The many body cells in an individual can be very different from one another,
even though they are all descended from a single cell and thus have
essentially identical genetic instructions. Different parts of the instructions
are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's environment and
past history.
Section C: Cells
Grade 3-5 (Benchmark 2 of2)
Microscopes make it possible to see that living things are made mostly of
cells. Some organisms are made of a collection of similar cells that benefit
from cooperating. Some organisms' cells vary greatly in appearance and
perform very different roles in the organism.
Section C: Cells
12/4/2007 11 :23 A 12 of 13
Lesson 8: Mitosis: Chromosome Replication & Division http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/lab8.htr
Grade 6-8 (Benchmark 1 of4)
All living things are composed of cells, from just one to many millions,
whose details usually are visible only through a microscope. Different body
tissues and organs are made up of different kinds of cells. The cells in similar
tissues and organs in other animals are similar to those in human beings but
differ somewhat from cells found in plants.
Section C: Cells
Grade 9-12 (Benchmark 4 of8)
The genetic information in DNA molecules provides instmctions for
assembling protein molecules. The [genetic] code used is virtually the same
for allli fe fOnTIs.
Chapter 6: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
Section B: Human Development
Grade 9-12 (Benchmark 1 of4)
As successive generations of an embryo's cells form by division, small
differences in their immediate environments cause them to develop slightly
differently, by activating or inactivating different parts of the DNA
information.
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12/4/2007 II :23 A
Online Onion Root Tips http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/celtcycle/assignmt
THE. BIOLOGY PROJECT CELL IHOlOGY
The Biology Project> Cell Biology > Intro to Onion Root Tips Activity> Activity
Online Onion Root Tips
Determining time spent in different phases of the cell cycle
The assignment
In this activity, you will be presented with cells from the tip of an onion root. You will
classify each cell based on what phase it is in. At the end you will count up the cells found
in each phase and use those numbers to predict how much time a dividing cell spends in
each phase. You can base your calculation on a total cell cycle of 24 hours.
Copy this table onto a piece of paper. You can enter data in this table as you go along, or at
the end of the activity.
12/4/2007 11:34 A
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase i Telophase Total
number
of cells 36
percent
of cells 100%
Previous INext
Vocabulary
The Biology Project> Cell Biology > Intro to Onion Root Tips Activity> Activity
The Biology Project
University of Arizona
January 9, 2003
Revised: August 2004
Contact the Development Team
http://www.biology.arizona.edu
All contents copyright 2002. All rights reserved.
1 of 1
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Onion Root Drawings
Prophase Anaphase
Metaphase Telophase
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5C Cells #2
Cells repeatedly divide to make
more cells for growth and repair....
Stages of Mitosis
The Biology Project
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Mitosis
Purpose
To develop an understanding of mitosis.
Context
Students have been taught at an early age that the cell is the building block of life, and have most
likely used a simple microscope to view cells in elementary school. They have been introduced to the
idea that organisms depend on cell division to pass the genetic information from one cell to the next,
but how this is accomplished is still a mystery. They are now ready to understand the concept that
one cell is capable of making an exact copy of itself.
This lesson will introduce students to the step-by-step phases of mitosis in an effort to imprint on the
young mind the idea that each cell is highly organized. Prior to this lesson, students should have
discussed both plant and animal cell structures. If they haven't, focus students solely on animal cells
throughout the lesson.
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Planning Ahead
In this lesson, students will make physical representations of mitosis. Read the actiVity ahead of time
~ Print this lesson
and choose appropriate materials for your class.
Possible materials:
Poster board
Glue
Scissors
Yarn (any color)
Several small beads
Lifesavers or other round candy
Construction paper
Macaroni
Spools of thread
Markers, crayons, or colored pencils
Students will also develop and perform a skit about the phases of mitosis. The props needed for this
activity will depend on your students' ideas as they create the skit.
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