Costing of Steelwork From Feasibility Through To Completion 1996 - Australian Institute of Steel Construction
Costing of Steelwork From Feasibility Through To Completion 1996 - Australian Institute of Steel Construction
Costing of Steelwork From Feasibility Through To Completion 1996 - Australian Institute of Steel Construction
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
COSTING OF STEELWORK FROM FEASIBILITY THROUGH TO COMPLETION
$7.00
AISC MEMBERS
THE BEST IN STEEL FABRICATION
AISC disseminates information on up-to-date steel design and fabrication technology, and this information flows to its detailer and fabricator members. When considering fabricated steelwork it makes sense to deal with those detailers and fabricators who share the institutes resources. Their names, addresses and telephone numbers are listed below.
VICTORIA
Bayside B W E Pty Ltd 7 Bowen Crescent, Melbourne 3004 . . (03) 9867 6066 Bayside Drafting (Aust) Pty Ltd Cnr Skye Road & Farrell Street, Frankston 3199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9781 4011 BDS Technical Services Level 1, 240 Bay Street, Brighton 3186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9596 6500
QUEENSLAND
BDS Technical Services 80 Tribune Street, South Brisbane 4101 . (07) 3844 8093 G & D Drafting Pty Ltd PO Box 928, Cleveland 4163 . . . . . . . . (07) 3252 5124 QEI Pty Ltd 361-363 Montague Road, West End 4101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3844 2772 Steelcad Drafting Pty Ltd 4/27 Birubi Street, Coorparoo 4151 . . . (07) 3847 3799 Steeltech Steel Detailers Pty Ltd 24 Curzon Street, Tennyson 4105 . . . . (07) 3848 6464
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Perth Drafting Company (WA) 48 Kishorn Road, Applecross 6153 . . . . (09) 364 8288 Steelplan Drafting Services 15/885 Albany Highway, East Victoria Park 6101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 362 2599
While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein the Authors, Editors and Publishers of this Publication shall not be held to be liable or responsible in any way whatsoever and expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage costs or expenses howsoever incurred by any person whether the purchaser of this work or otherwise including but without in any way limiting any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the reliance whether whole or partial by any person as aforesaid upon any part of the contents of this publication. Should expert assistance be required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.
EDITORIAL
It has long been recognised that the costing of structural steelwork cannot be accurately determined by rates based on $/tonne, weight/square metre, etc i.e. by weight concepts alone. The costs associated with various connection types, materials procurement and the value adding processes of detailing, fabrication, coating, transportation and erection are essentially process dependent. Current design optimization techniques generally utilise the steel weight criterion which does not necessarily produce minimum cost solutions. However, rational methods of costing have not been readily available. The paper contained in this issue of Steel Construction entitled Costing of Steelwork from Feasibility through to Completion considers a new method of costing steelwork. The method examines costs associated with each process and breaks it up into costs related to steel supply, fabrication, surface treatment and erection. The paper also illustrates the methodology by several case studies. As the new costing method is published in the journal for further industry comment, the authors would welcome any feedback on its details and application. Additionally, readers should note that the regular Steel Construction Current Cost Indicators which was generally based on a $/tonne method has been withdrawn. This has been due to various reasons the primary one being its inconsistency with the preferred new costing method.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION is published quarterly by the Australian Institute of Steel Construction a national body whose purpose is to promote the use of fabricated steel through engineering, research and the dissemination of knowledge. Its services, which are available free of charge to corporate members, include technical information and advice and a library which contains local and overseas publications. For details regarding AISC services, readers may contact the Institutes offices:
ILLAWARRA
Mr Ken Wilyman Telephone (042) 28 4133
BRISBANE
State Manager Queensland Telephone (07) 3371 3633
NEWCASTLE & NORTHERN NSW Mr Jos Zaragoza Telephone (02) 9929 6666 SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Mr Les Nash Telephone (08) 302 3330
MELBOURNE
State Manager Victoria Telephone (03) 9699 8138
PERTH
State Manager Western Australia Telephone (09) 367 0617
TASMANIA
Mr Graham OByrne Telephone (003) 31 7044
AISC MEMBERS
THE BEST IN STEEL FABRICATION
AISC disseminates information on up-to-date steel design and fabrication technology, and this information flows to its detailer and fabricator members. When considering fabricated steelwork it makes sense to deal with those detailers and fabricators who share the institutes resources. Their names, addresses and telephone numbers are listed below.
VICTORIA
Bayside B W E Pty Ltd 7 Bowen Crescent, Melbourne 3004 . . (03) 9867 6066 Bayside Drafting (Aust) Pty Ltd Cnr Skye Road & Farrell Street, Frankston 3199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9781 4011 BDS Technical Services Level 1, 240 Bay Street, Brighton 3186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9596 6500
QUEENSLAND
BDS Technical Services 80 Tribune Street, South Brisbane 4101 . (07) 3844 8093 G & D Drafting Pty Ltd PO Box 928, Cleveland 4163 . . . . . . . . (07) 3252 5124 QEI Pty Ltd 361-363 Montague Road, West End 4101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3844 2772 Steelcad Drafting Pty Ltd 4/27 Birubi Street, Coorparoo 4151 . . . (07) 3847 3799 Steeltech Steel Detailers Pty Ltd 24 Curzon Street, Tennyson 4105 . . . . (07) 3848 6464
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Perth Drafting Company (WA) 48 Kishorn Road, Applecross 6153 . . . . (09) 364 8288 Steelplan Drafting Services 15/885 Albany Highway, East Victoria Park 6101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 362 2599
While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein the Authors, Editors and Publishers of this Publication shall not be held to be liable or responsible in any way whatsoever and expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage costs or expenses howsoever incurred by any person whether the purchaser of this work or otherwise including but without in any way limiting any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the reliance whether whole or partial by any person as aforesaid upon any part of the contents of this publication. Should expert assistance be required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.
1. INTRODUCTION
A considerable amount of effort is devoted during the design process to optimizing the design to achieve a minimum cost solution. The measure traditionally used to judge the economy of the design is the quantity of steel in the structure expressed as a weight per square metre of floor area or per cubic metre of cubic content (Hart Henn & Sontag (1)). Therefore, the optimization of a design has meant the minimization of the quantity of material in a project. This has permeated all facets of design, construction and research. For steel structures, the current method of costing steelwork on the basis of a rate per tonne has lead to this concentration on minimum mass solutions. Yet Girardier (2) indicates that the material cost represents only 40% of the total cost of the steel frame. The remaining 60% of the cost represents the value added in fabrication and erection which has been very difficult to accurately quantify. This latter component has often been neglected in design. For example, the cost of stiffening a penetration can add considerably to the cost a beam, yet it is often not considered worthwhile to carry out a design to determine the level of stiffening required. By comparison, a considerable time is typically spent minimizing the size of the member. Various proposals (Australian Institute of Steel Construction (3), Hogan and Firkins (4)) have been made to remedy this situation and some worthwhile general principles have been developed. These have included advice such as: weld in the fabrication shop, bolt on site; adopt simply supported connections not continuous. Whilst these qualitative principles will generally apply, they do not allow the particular situation to be adequately investigated. There has also been some industry skepticism on whether the benefits of adopting good design principles were being passed on to the client in the form of lower prices. In fact, it was frequently perceived that good design was costing more, as the design was often heavier and hence on a rate per tonne basis it would cost more. Firkins and Hemphill (5) advised on work hours per tonne for various types of work and whilst this was a refinement, it translated into a rate per tonne. It was an average rate and did not allow details to be costed with sufficient accuracy to allow comparisons to be undertaken. This method has the additional disadvantage that it is very dependent on the experience of the estimator in the particular type of work. To help give a better understanding of the total cost of 2
steelwork, Watson and Buchhorn (6) developed concepts for costing steelwork in which components of the cost were taken into account. The concepts proposed were similar to those practices adopted by the professional fabricators. The method was further developed (Watson, Dallas & Main (7); Main, Watson & Dallas (8) and Watson & Dallas (9)) into a practical and rational method of costing steelwork. During this period extensive consultations were undertaken with all sections of the Australian construction industry which lead to the method being refined and extended to cover most types of steel construction. The steel construction industry has been very supportive of these developments as the system reduces the contractual risks to the fabricator and also reduces the cost of tendering by providing a format consistent with the fabricators method of estimating. Tizani, Davies, Nethercot and Smith (10) have been developing knowledge based engineering systems to carry out comparative costing on different space frame systems. Their approach is similar to that discussed in this paper. This paper explains the method and uses case studies to illustrate the insight that can be achieved into factors influencing costs. Extensive tables of indicative unit rates are given so that most structures can be costed. The application of the method at various stages of the design and construction process is demonstrated with particular attention being given to extending the method to cover early stages of design. Indicative sizes and costing are given for portal frame industrial buildings, carpark, office and retail floors to assist with costing at the early stages of design. The proposed method presented has not yet been fully extended to cover all plate structures such as bins and silos. However the principles can readily be applied to such structures.
Table 1. Typical range of tonnage rates. Item Steel supply Shop detailing Fabrication Surface treatment Transport to site Erection TOTAL Cost ($) / tonne 900 50 200 050 150 1,300 500 2,000 750 200 700 Variation (times lowest cost) 1.4 10.0 10.0 4.0 4.7 4.0
1,350 - 5,450
ing projects and the Institute of Quantity Surveyors and Master Builders Construction and Housing Associations (12) Standard Method of Measurement (SMM5) for building projects. Table 1 shows that there is a great variation in cost of steelwork on a dollars per tonne basis. The variation reflects the complexity of the work to fabricate and erect. To overcome this wide spread, rates have been developed and published (Cordell (13), Rawlinsons (14)) for various types of work. Poulos (15) investigated the costs of three different portal frame designs for a 2,000 square metre building with a span of 30 metres. The results are summarised in Table 2 and show a 36% variation in tonnage rates over the three designs. This illustrates that even for standard structures the current method cannot give accurate and reliable costing of projects. Whilst the conservative design increased the tonnage by 12% over that required for the good design, the total cost of the frames increased by only 6%. This was because only the steel supply component of the cost increased as there was no difference in the cost of the shop drawings, fabrication, transport and erection. However, for the skinny design a corresponding decrease in the mass of steel from the good design increased the cost of the frame by 15%. This increase was caused by more complicated knee connections, additional fly bracing and additional costs in erecting flimsy members. Therefore the current method, which leads to minimising weight can result in more costly designs.
give a more reliable and accurate method provide a continuity of approach from initial project costing through to fabricators detailed costing provide a clearer focus on the elements that will have a significant effect on the final cost allow reliable determination of cost of contract variations provide a methodology which is simple to understand. In order to achieve these goals, the costs are divided into four components: steel supply, fabrication, surface treatment and erection. Costs represent rates received from fabricators and as such, they do not include the builders margin. The indicative costs given in Appendix A are applicable for projects where the steelwork cost (supply, fabrication and erection) is greater than $150,000. The current hourly labour rate adopted for the tables is $40.00.
Table 2. Comparison of costs for different designs for 2,000 square metre portal frame building (span 30m). Design Description Frame Mass (tonnes) Cost ($) $ / tonne
Fig 1. Steel Supply Plate Pricing there is often the opportunity to eliminate wastage, or at least minimise it, by designing with standard lengths in mind (Refer Appendix B and BHP Steel (16) for details of standard lengths), or by providing sufficient time in the project programme for the steel to be supplied cut to the specified length by the manufacturer. Wastage is typically 2-5% for a project. By combining the requirements for a number of smaller projects the wastage level can be minimised to similar levels to that of larger projects.
included in Appendix A2.3. These costs may need to be supplemented with advice from fabricators. The costs given in Appendix A2.1 and A2.2 are complete costs for the fabrication of the item and hence already include the costs given in Appendix A2.3.
3.4 Erection
The key determinant in the cost of erecting steelwork is the number of lifts that are required. Once the crane size is determined based on the dual requirements of lifting radius and mass of component, it costs virtually the same to lift a very light member as a heavy member. The cost of erecting bigger sections has been increased to allow for the extra time for the end connections and to plumb the steelwork. Appendix A4 gives typical costs per member for portal frames and multi-storey buildings. For other types of projects it is recommended that the costs be derived using the same methodology. This is illustrated by the bridge example in section 3.5.2.
3.2.7 Transport
The cost of transport is directly related to the number of truck loads of steel, the size of the loads and time taken to load, transport and unload the steel. Hence the cost is related to both the weight and volume of steel and to a lesser extent the distance from the site. Table A2.5.1 gives the rate per member to transport beam and stick type steelwork. The total typical travel time for a city delivery is 9 hours per load which is composed of the following components: time from depot to fabrication shop (1.0 hour); time to load steelwork on truck ( 2.5 hours); fabrication shop to site (1.5 hours); waiting time at site and the time to unload steelwork (3 hours); travel time back to depot (1 hour). This highlights the significant time and subsequent cost savings that could be made by palletising fabricated steelwork. Transport costs for other types of work can be calculated using the above principles. When transporting bulky items such as three dimensional trusses, the volume will determine the number of items that can be carried on a truck. If the steel is galvanised or painted at an external shop, the cost of transport is almost doubled as the steel is transported twice, once to the galvanisers or paint shop and then to site. It is recommended that this additional cost be STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 30 NUMBER 2, JUNE 1996
A ten level office building with a floor plate of 1000 square metres net per floor was chosen to investigate the costing method (refer Figure 2). A conventional layout with beams spanning from the perimeter to the core was prepared (refer Figure D2.1). A 120mm deep slab on 1.0mm Bondek II spanned 2.8 metres between the steel beams. The floor structure was required to accommodate a major air conditioning (A/C) duct around the reinforced concrete core. A steel depth limit of 300mm was adopted in this area to maintain a reasonable plenum height (the height from underside of ceiling to the top of slab above). Also, the A/C duct layout and flexibility requirements indicated web penetrations at third points in the typical secondary beams B1 and B7. Other internal beams were specified to have small circular penetrations at third points for services. The floor beams were designed in accordance with the soon to be released composite beam standard AS2327.1-1996 (17). Beams were cambered for their self weight and the concrete slab weight. The initial design, referred to as Design A, had an overall steel beam intensity of 31kg/sq.m. This scheme involved stiffened web penetrations in B1 and B7 which were 460UB67.1 beams. Alternatively, adopting 530UB82.0 beams in these locations eliminated the need for stiffening at the web penetrations. This scheme had a beam steel intensity of 35kg/sq.m and is referred to as Design B. Appendix D2 gives a full costing of beams for Design A and the varied beams in Design B, using the proposed method
of costing. The results are summarised in Table 3. When costing according to the proposed method, the steel frame cost of Design B is slightly lower even though it is heavier than Design A. However traditional methods of costing based on a constant dollars per tonne rate would have quickly ruled out Design B, as it was heavier. For Design A, the stiffener supply and fabrication costs at the penetrations totalled $190 per penetration compared to $32 for Design B with its unstiffened penetrations. When the extra beam supply and firespray costs associated with a 530UB82.0 were also included, a similar overall cost resulted. Steel cost includes supply, shop detailing, fabrication, fire-spray, transport and erection of structural steelwork. The fire spray cost for both schemes represented about 20% of the total steel-frame cost. Bennetts and Thomas (18) showed that on the 40 storey, 140 William Street, office building in Melbourne that if a reliable fire sprinkler system was installed and the passive fire protection removed, the building would be safer than a building meeting the building regulations. The fire spray on this building was subsequently not reapplied during the refurbishment. The shop detailing was costed by estimating the number of drawings. It was decided that each beam type would be kept identical throughout the 10 floors. Consequently, the shop detailing cost represented less than 1% of the total steelwork cost. However if changes were made such as having different end connection on some members, changing penetration sizes throughout the floor and between floors, the cost of shop details could increase to about 5% of the total steel cost. The plenum height is influenced by a variety of factors such as the depth and layout of the mechanical services, the depth of the beam/slab at beam notches and the depth of the lights. Even though some beams were increased in depth in Design B, it would not generally require a greater plenum height than Design A. Therefore facade costs were not included in the cost comparison. Also, crane costs have not been included since for this type of project the crane is normally provided by the builder.
31 kg/sq m
$86.60 /sq m
35 kg/sq m
$85.50 /sq m
* Costs exclude columns, steel decking and the reinforced concrete slab, which would be similar for the two layouts.
(d) Erection A layout of the site was prepared and it was determined that it was necessary to lift 25 tonnes at a radius of 20 metres. A number of crane hire companies were then contacted to determine suitable mobile cranes. A 150 tonne crawler crane was required to enable a single crane lift. For such large cranes the mobilisation and demobilisation costs form a large component of the total cost of the erection where there is a small number of members to be lifted into place. It was determined that the crane would be required to be on site for a total of a week. A rigging crew of 3 was allowed. (e) Accuracy of estimate To confirm the accuracy of the method and rates, a number of fabricators were asked to price the bridge. Detailed pricing by the fabricators was found to be in close agreement with those given in Appendix D3.
7. COMPUTERISATION
During the development of the costing method, spreadsheets have been used extensively to assist in quickly evaluating different options. Spreadsheets have the advantage that they can be simply modified to suit a particular projects requirements. Two different sets of proforma sheets have been used in Appendix D. These may be used as a template for speadsheets or for manual calculations. The first set (Appendix D1 and D2) is suitable where there is a large number of members in the structure and relatively little work per member. The second set (Appendix D3) is suitable where there are relatively few members, but with a significant amount of work on the members. The second proforma sheets may also be used to develop costs for more complicated members and the results then fed into the first set of sheets. At the more sophisticated level a number of database systems (eg. Costcalc, WinEst Pro) are in use in the larger companies. Discussions with the vendors indicate that these systems can be relatively easily changed to accommodate the new method of costing. One interesting development is the linking of design and drafting systems into costing systems. There are a number of instances where the Computer Aided Drafting System has been linked to the costing system. This saves a considerable amount of time, but probably more importantly the number of errors.
5.4 Tender
The new method will greatly assist the fabricator, in comparison to the current method, during the tender process as it is presented in a form that assists preparation of the tender. The time taken for the preparation of the Bill of Quantities is the same as that for the current method, as the new method doesnt significantly change the process of taking off the quantities, instead it changes the way the information is presented. For the full benefit to be obtained from the new method, the Bill of Quantities must form part of the contract. This in the longer term will lead to significant savings for the client as it will substantially reduce the cost of tendering.
8. CONCLUSIONS
A rational new approach has been presented which has been shown to give improved reliability and accuracy in costing steelwork. It provides a common language that can be used by all participants at every stage of the design and construction of the structure. The new approach is based on dividing the costing exercise into four components: Steel supply - cost per metre for sections - cost per square metre for plate Fabrication - cost per item of work Surface treatment - cost per square metre of treatment Erection - cost per lift.
The method has been shown to be simple to apply at all stages of a project from pre-design, design, tendering through to contract administration. It has proven to provide a valuable tool in the economical design and construction of steel structures.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors would like to thank those colleagues who have commented on the previous work which has added considerably to the development of the new method. In particular, special thanks are given to fabricators who have cooperated in supplying rates given in the appendices.
10. REFERENCES
1. HART, F.,W. HENN, H. SONTAG, Multi-Storey Buildings in Steel. 2nd Edition Ed B. Godfrey, University Press, Cambridge. 1985. 2. GIRARDIER, E.V. Design for stabilityof the industry. Structural Stability and Design, Kitipornchai, Hancock & Bradford (eds) 1995 Balkema, Rotterdam. 3. Australian Institute of Steel Construction (1992). Economical Structural Steelwork (Third Edition). 4. HOGAN,T.J. AND A. FIRKINS. (1986). Economical Design and Construction of Medium Rise Commercial Buildings using Structural Steel. Proceedings of the Pacific Structural Steel Conference. New Zealand Heavy Engineering Reasearch Association. Vol 1. pp 243-263. 5. FIRKINS, A. AND R. HEMPHILL (1990). Fabrication Cost of Structural Steelwork. Steel Construction Vol 24 No. 2, Australian Institute of Steel Construction. 6. WATSON, K.B. AND D.P. BUCHHORN (1992). A new approach to costing structural steelwork. Proceedings of the Third Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Japanese Society of Steel Construction. pp 437-444. 7. WATSON, K.B., S. DALLAS AND T. MAIN (1994). Costing of Structural Steelwork The Need for a New Approach. Preprints Of Papers Australasian Structural Engineering Conference 1994. The Institution of Engineers, Australia. Vol 2 pp 1039-1046. 8. MAIN. T., K.B. WATSON AND S. DALLAS (1995). A Rational Approach to Costing Steelwork. Construction Economics The Essential Management Tool. The Australian Institute of Building Surveyors 9. WATSON, K.B. AND S. DALLAS (1995). New Method of Costing Steelwork The Way to Economical Structures. Structural Steel: PSSC 95, 4th Pacific Structural Steel Conference. (N.E. Shanmugan & Y.S. Choo (eds)). Vol 1. pp 651-658.Pergamon. 10. TIZANI, W.M.K, G. DAVIES, D.A. NETHERCOT, AND D.A. SMITH (1994). Construction-led design of tubular trusses using a cost model: Knowledge acquisition and representation. Tubular Structures VI Proceedings Sixth International Symposium on Tubular Structures Melbourne Australia. (P. Grundy, P. A. Holgate & B.Wong (eds)). pp. 411-416. A.A Balkema, Rotterdam. 11. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (1982). AS 1181-1982. Method of measurement of civil engineering works and associated building works. 12. THE INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS AND MASTER BUILDERS CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING ASSOCIATION. Standard Method of
Measurement (SMM5). 13. CORDELL BUILDING INFORMATION SERVICES. Cordell Building Cost Guide, Commercial & Industrial (1996) Vol 26 No. 1. 14. RAWLINSONS (1996). Australian Construction Handbook. (The Rawlinson Group (ed)) 15. POULOS, J.(1993). Costing of Fabricated Structural Steelwork De-Mystified. Notes from AISC Technical Evening Melbourne. 16. BHP STEEL. (1994). Hot Rolled and Structural Steel Products. BHP Steel. 17. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (1996). AS2327.1 Composite construction in structural steel and concrete Simply supported beams. 18. BENNETTS, I.D. AND I.R. THOMAS (1994). Developments in the Design of Buildings for Fire Safety. Preprints Of Papers Australasian Structural Engineering Conference 1994. The Institution of Engineers, Australia. Vol 2 pp 640. 19. RAPATTONI, F. (1996). Steel Road Bridges New Developments and Future Trends. The National Conference of the Institution of Engineers. 20. HAYWOOD, A.C.G. Composite Steel Highway Bridges. British Steel General Steels. 21. PERERA, M.K.M. and D.W. Bennett, Probablistic Regression Models for Construction Cost and Time. Australian Civil Engineering Transactions, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Vol. 35 No. 2 June 1993, pp171-177. 22. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (1994). Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel, Vol 1: Open Sections (Second Edition). 23. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (1992). Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel Hollow Sections. 24. PATRICK, M., P.H. DAYAWANSA, I. EADIE, K.B. WATSON AND N. VAN DER KREEK (1993).Australian Composite Structures Standard AS2327, Part 1: Simply Supported Beams. Steel Construction Vol 29 No. 4, Australian Institute of Steel Construction. 25. WOOLCOCK, S.T., S. KITIPORNCHAI, M.A. BRADFORD (1993). Limit State Design of Portal Frame Buildings. 2nd Edition. Australian Institute of Steel Construction. 26. KITIPORNCHAI, S., L.W. BLINCO, S.E. GRUMMIT (1991). Portal Frame Design Charts. First Edition. Australian Institute of Steel Construction. 27. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION VICTORIAN FABRICATOR SUB COMMITTEE.(1996) Proposed Revision to SMM5. 28. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (1985). Standardized Structural Connection (Third Edition).
10
11
Note: Extra for Prime Plate (Abrasive Clean 2 sides and Prime 2 sides) $3.90/sqm
8 10 12 16 20
64 78 93 125 155
Note: Extra for Prime Plate (Abrasive Clean 2 sides and Prime 2 sides) $3.90/sqm
12
13
Note: Coating Class Z200 is used for all section sizes Cost of Bridging $6.05/m Cost of Fascia Purlin BZ350 $21.80/m
14
TABLE A1.21 METRIC COMMERCIAL BOLT (Grade 4.6), NUT & WASHER ASSEMBLY GALVANISED
Diameter Length (mm) 30 50 100 150 300 400 500 M12 $/Assembly 0.35 M16 $/Assembly 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 M20 $/Assembly 1.0 1.8 2.5 4.5 5.2 6.5 M24 $/Assembly 2.6 3.3 4.3 6.4 7.6 9.0 M30 $/Assembly 8.0 9.0 11.7 -
TABLE A1.22 HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLT (Grade 8.8), NUT & WASHER ASSEMBLY GALVANISED
Diameter Length (mm) 50 100 150 M16 $/Assembly 1.2 2.0 M20 $/Assembly 1.5 2.3 3.5 M24 $/Assembly 2.7 4.0 6.2 M30 $/Assembly 8.4 11.0 M36 $/Assembly 15.7 17.3
15
Comments
Doubler plate (200x100x16mm) extra $20ea Cut haunch, beam & end plate, drill/punch holes & weld CPBW to Flange & CFW to Web*
Comments
Cut plates & beams, drill/punch holes Web Splice Plate each side. CFW weld for welded/bolted
Cut plates & beams, drill/punch holes Web Splice Plate each side.
Cut plate & beam drill/punch holes. Single web Splice Plate.
16
Comments
Comments
Comments
Cut bracing member & Gusset CPBW web to gusset & CFW flanges to gusset CFW gusset to other members
Comments
Cut bracing member & Gusset Drill/Punch holes CFW gusset to other members
17
Note: All rates given above are for non overlap except for CHS Profiled joints and may include stiffeners which are added to above costs. Extra for overlap joints 10%. Weld CFW except for the flanges of I-Sections are CPBW in the 60.1 - 120kg/m range only.
Comments
*Note: CPBW costs are based on 10mm thick stiffener. For thicker stiffeners refer to Table A2.3.3 for additional welding costs. CFW are based on 6mm CFW.
18
Note: Stripping, handling, assembly, CFW to web/flanges Longitudinal butt welds if required, refer Table A2.3.2 & A2.3.3.
Note: For lengths up to 12m CPBW used on plate preparation For splice welding of lengths, refer to A2.3.3 for additional costs.
$ 60 80 320
Note: Camber achieved by Heating or Pressing. For heaviour sections ie. >160.1kg/m, it is generally more economical to profile cut the web.
Comments
19
Continuous Fillet Weld Complete Penetration Butt Weld Incomplete Penetration Butt Weld (50% Penetration) General Purpose Structural Purpose
20
Cut & weld 4 to 6 deformed bars Angle seat (150x19EA) & stiffener (130x16Pl) Cut & weld $32 extra.
21
D-Bracket (Slot hole) Turnbuckle ( weld rod to plate, cut & weld gusset plate, & drill 2 holes).
22
17 9
680 360
Note: Above rates include checking of drawings * Drawings with minor changes Marking plans typically required:-Holding Down Bolts, Elevations, Roof & Floor Plans, Intersections & Purlin/Girts. ie. Portal Frame = 3 Drawings @ 15 Hours/Drg & Multi Storey Frame = (5 Drg + Floor Plans @ 15 Hours/Drg) Shop Drawings include connections
23
Note: Alkyd Primer 50microns including hand or power clean, Class 1 Inorganic Zinc Silicate (ZnSi) 75 microns including abrasive blast, Class 2.5 blast. Alkyd Gloss 40microns; MIO 100 microns. For Double Dip Galvanizing, add 30% to above rates (typically required for lengths greater than 12m; check with local galvanizers).
Multiplication factor to Table A3.1 Section size <50mm 2 Dimensional 3 Dimensional COMMENTS 2.0 2.0 If >50mm use Table A3.1 ALL 1.5 2.0
Note: Rates include supply & paint/spray Intumescent Paint inc. ZnSi Class 2.5 blast
24
TABLE A4.1 ERECTION COSTS. Rates are for typical portal frames and multi storey buildings.
PLANT COST CRANE Unload & Erect 23 t $110/hr Section mass (kg/m) <60.5 60.6 to 160 160.1 to 455 Purlins Girts Minutes/ Member 20 20 24 7 3 $ per Member 37 37 44 13 6 Capacity 16 t $85/hr $ per Member 28 28 34 10 4 2 x Mobile Scaffolds 6m $4/hr $ per Member 3 3 3 1 0.4 ACCESS EQUIPMENT 2 x Scissor Lifts 6m $14/hr $ per Member 9 9 11 3 1 12m $30/hr $ per Member 20 20 24 7 3 2 x Booms 18m $50/hr $ per Member 33 33 40 12 5 $40/hr $ per Member 40 40 48 14 6 LABOUR COST
Note: Crane rates allow for 1 hour travel per day Full access of crane is assumed Rates allow for three erectors at all times Tightening of bolts is allowed in the rates as appropriate
25
SECTION 6.0 Universal Sections - AS/NZS 3679.1-300 150UB, 180UB, 100UC All other sections Welded Sections AS/NZS 3679.2-300 All sections Parallel Flange Channels - AS/NZS 3679.1-300 380PFC 300PFC 250PFC All other sections Taper Flange BeamsAS/NZS 3679.1-250 All sections Taper Flange Channels - AS/NZS3679.1-250 125TFC 100TFC 75TFC Equal Angles - AS/NZS3679.1-300 200x200EA 150x150EA 125x125EA Equal Angles AS/NZS3679.1-250 100x100EA 90x90EA 75x75EA All other equal angles Unequal AnglesAS/NZS 3679.1-300 150x100UA 150x90UA Unequal AnglesAS/NZS 3679.1-250 125x75UA 100x75UA 75x50UA 65x50UA Flats, Squares, RoundsAS/NZS 3679.1-250 All sections Circular Hollow Sections -AS1163 Grades 250L0 Grade 350L0 RHS/SHS AS1163 All sections 6.5 7.5 8.0
STANDARD LENGTHS (m) 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0
Note: Other lengths are available subject to lead times and minimum order quantities.
26
6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 6&9 9 9 9 12 9 12 9 12 9 12 9 12 9 12
NOTE: Standard Plates should be ordered for quantities less than 10 tonnes (in any one thickness).
27
18.3 18.3 Product supplied from Coil Plate 18.3 18.3 min length 2.4 18.3 18.3 max length 9.0 18.3 18.3
18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.6 15.7 14.1 12.8 11.7 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.8 16.0 14.2 12.8 11.6 10.6 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.0 15.4 13.6 12.3 11.1 10.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.4 15.6 13.8 12.5 11.3 10.3
18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.8 15.1 13.4 12.0 10.9 10.0 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.6 15.8 14.2 12.7 11.5 10.5 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.5 14.6 13.2 12.0 10.9 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.4 15.6 13.9 12.5 11.3 10.4 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.6 14.9 13.2 11.8 10.8 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.7 15.8 14.2 12.6 11.2 10.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.6 15.0 13.6 12.0 10.8 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.2 15.8 14.4 13.0 11.4 10.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.4 15.2 13.8 12.4 11.0 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.8 14.7 13.3 11.9 10.5 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.2 16.2 14.1 12.8 11.4 10.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.4 15.6 13.6 12.2 11.0 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.8 15.0 13.2 11.8 10.6 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 16.3 14.6 12.6 11.4 10.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 15.8 14.0 12.2 11.0 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 15.2 13.6 11.9 10.6 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 14.8 13.2 11.5 10.4 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.0 14.2 12.8 11.1 10.0 4.0 Minimum Length 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.0 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.2 7.9 9.8 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.6 7.3 7.1 9.8 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.5 9.8 9.5 8.9 8.5 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.9
Availability:
Grade AS 1594 AS/NZS 3678-200 AS/NZS 3678-250 AS/NZS 3678-250 L15 AS/NZS 3678-350 AS/NZS 3678-350 L15 Thickness (mm) 5-12 5-12 5-100 8-100 5-80 8-80
NOTES: 1. Plate thickness and width may be ordered to required dimensions as follows (extra charge may apply depending on quantity) Thickness (mm) 5 to 25 25 to 60 60 to 100 Increments(mm) 0.05 1 5 Widths: Increments of 10 mm
2. Minimum order for Non Standard Plate ( in any one thickness ) is 10 tonnes.
28
29
30
89 x 89 x 3.5 SHS x 5.0 SHS x 6.0 SHS 100 x 100 x x x x x x x 125 x 125 x x x x 3.0 SHS 3.3 SHS 3.8 SHS 4.0 SHS 5.0 SHS 6.0 SHS 9.0 SHS 4.0 SHS 5.0 SHS 6.0 SHS 9.0 SHS
125 x 75 x 3.0 RHS x 4.0 RHS x 5.0 RHS 150 x 50 x 3.0 RHS x 4.0 RHS x 5.0 RHS 150 x 100 x 4.0 RHS x 5.0 RHS x 6.0 RHS 200 x 100 x x x x 4.0 RHS 5.0 RHS 6.0 RHS 9.0 RHS
150 x 150 x 5.0 SHS x 6.0 SHS x 9.0 SHS 200 x 200 x 5.0 SHS x 6.0 SHS x 9.0 SHS 250 x 250 x 6.0 SHS x 9.0 SHS
31
SUPPLY COSTS
Items per Member Member Mark Section Grade No. of Members No. Column Rafter and Haunch Purlins Fly Braces 460UB67.1 310UB40.4 300 300 2 2 24 11 Steel Member Supply $/m 75 46 10.5 3.3 Finished Waste Type Length m Length m 6.00 12.24 and 2.5 9.90 0.68 1.26 M24 M24 M12 M12 Bolt Supply $/ Bolt 4.00 4.00 0.35 0.35 No. 4 12 6 1 Plates, Flats No. & Type 230x25 pl 0.48 m Long 180x32 pl 0.83 m Long 100 x 8 FL 0.2 m Long 100 x 8 FL 0.1 m Long Total $ 21.24 37.84 1.24 0.62 180x32 pl 0.52 m Long 23.95 Other Items No. & Type Total $ Total per Member $ 487 846 107 3 SubTotal Member Mark Total $ 974 1,692 2,568 33 $5,267
Notches, Total Total Penetrations, Other per Member per Member No. & Type Total Hrs Hrs 2.0 15.4 0.25 $ 80 616 10 Hrs 0.5 3.9 0.1 $ 20 156 2.5
Fly Braces 50 x 50 x 5 EA
Hourly Rate ($/Hr) 40 Detailing Hours / Fabrication Hours 0.25 Notes: 1. Hrs = Workhours. 2. Fabrication costs are associated with the supported member.
32
2 2 11
49 110 1 SubTotal
98 220 11 $329
TRANSPORT COSTS
Transport per Member Member Mark Section Finished No. of Length Members m Column Rafter 460UB67.1 310UB40.4 6.00 12.24 No. 2 2 Transportation to: Paint Shop Site 56 15 Total per Member $ 56 15 SubTotal Member Mark Total $ 112 30 $142
ERECTION COSTS
Items per Member Member Mark Section Finished No. of Crane Length Members m Column Rafter Purlins 460UB67.1 310UB40.4 Z20024 Lapped, 2 rows bridging 6.00 12.24 9.90 No. 2 2 24 $ 37 37 13 Access Labour Equipment $ 9 9 3 $ 40 40 14 Shear Studs No. $ Other $ Erection Member per Mark Member Total $ 86 86 30 SubTotal $ 172 172 720 $1,064
SUMMARY OF COSTS
Items per Member Member Mark Section Grade No. of Members No. Column Rafter and Haunch Purlins Fly Braces 460UB67.1 310UB40.4 Z20024 Lapped, 2 rows bridging 50 x 50 x 5 EA 300 300 G450 250 2 2 24 11 Supply Fabrication Detailing Surface Transport Erection Treatment $ 487 846 107 3 10 2.5 1 $ 80 616 $ 20 156 $ 49 110 $ 56 15 $ 86 86 30 Total Member per Mark Member Total $ 778 1829 137 17 Total $ 1,556 3,658 3,288 187 $8,689
33
Finished Waste Type $/ Length m Length m Stud 12.00 19 1.80 diam 19 1.80 diam
90x10 FL 4.90 90x10 FL 50.40 (2 @ .35m long, (8 @ .9m long, $7.00/m) $7.00/m) 90x10 FL (.35m long, $7.00/m) 2.45 90x10 FL 75.8 (8 @ .9m long, $7.00/m) and 180x12 FL (1.5m long, $16.90/m)
B7
460 UB 67.1
300
100
75.00
12.00
32
1046
104,600
200x12 FL 11.61 150x19EA, 13.3 (.3m long, (.25m long, $18.70/m) and $44.80/m) and 6 @ 12mm 130x16 FL diam bars, (.13m long, $1.00 each $16.20/m)
25
2,500
200x20 FL 15.36 150x19EA, 13.3 (.3m long, (.25m long, $31.20/m) and $44.80/m) and 6 @ 12mm 130x16 FL diam bars, (.13m long, $1.00 each $16.20/m) B3 410 UB 59.7 300 40 68.00 12.00 19 1.80 diam 0.60 19 1.80 diam 19 1.80 diam 19 1.80 diam 30 M20 1.50 8.8/S M20 1.50 8.8/S M20 1.50 8.8/S M20 1.50 8.8/S 8 90x10 FL 3.92 (2 @ .28m long, $7.00/m) 90x10 FL 4.90 (2 @ .35m long, $7.00/m) 90x10 FL 4.90 (2 @ .35m long, $7.00/m) 90x10 FL (.28m long, $7.00/m) 1.96 180x10 FL (1.5m long, $14.00/m) 21.0
29
1,160
886
35,440
B4
460 UB 67.1
300
80
75.00
8.40
32
10
753
60,240
B5
410 UB 53.7
300
20
62.00
8.40
0.60
26
10
625
12,500
B6
360 UB 44.7
300
40
51.00
10.00
0.50
28
615
24,600
200x12 FL 11.61 150x19EA, 13.3 (.3m long, (.25m long, $18.70/m) and $44.80/m) and 6 @ 12mm 130x16 FL diam bars, (.13m long, $1.00 each) $16.20/m)
25
1,000
$178,900 $409,360
34
Figure D2.1
Finished Waste Type $/ Length m Length m Stud 12.00 19 1.80 diam 19 1.80 diam
90x10 FL 4.90 (2 @ .35m long, $7.00/m) 90x10 FL (.35m long, $7.00/m) 2.45 180x12 FL (1.5m long, $16.90/m) 25.4
B7
530 UB 82.0
300
100
92.00
12.00
32
1200
120,000
200x12 FL 11.61 150x19EA, 13.3 (.3m long, (.25m long, $18.70/m) and $44.80/m) and 6 @ 12mm 130x16 FL diam bars, (.13m long, $1.00 each $16.20/m)
25
2,500
SubTotal B1 and B7 $264,340 SubTotal B2 to B6 As per Design A $178,900 Supply Total Design B $443,240
35
Type - Hrs Type - Hrs Type - Hrs Type - Hrs end 1 end 1 end 2 end 2 end 1 end 1 end 2 end 2 WSP WSP 1.60 WSP 1.60 Web 2x Web 0.4 0.8 2x Web 0.8
SubTotal B1 and B7
B2 530 UB 82.0 40 2.0 WSP 1.60 Cast-in- 2.60 Plate 0.80 1.60 0.80 WSP WSP WSP 0.80 1.60 0.80 Web 0.3 2 slotted holes 0.12 1 Notch and 2 @ Unstiff, Circular 3.3 2 slotted holes 0.24 1 Notch and 2 @ Unstiff, Circular 5.1 11.5
$147,780
462 18,480
B3 B4 B5 B6
40 80 20 40
1.5
WSP WSP
1.5 1.5
WSP WSP
$49,960 $197,740
Type - Hrs Type - Hrs Type - Hrs Type - Hrs end 1 end 1 end 2 end 2 end 1 end 1 end 2 end 2 WSP WSP 1.60 WSP 1.60 Web Web 0.4 0.4 2x Web 0.8
36
B1 B7
12.00 12.00
120 100
B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
530 UB 82.0 410 UB 59.7 460 UB 67.1 410 UB 53.7 360 UB 44.7
40 40 80 20 40
3 3 3 3 3
B1 B7
12.00 12.00
120 100
37
40 40
20 45
40 60
38 @ $0.90
34
94 105
3,760 4,200
40 80 20 40 40
20 20 20 20 45
40 40 40 40 60
27 27 23 20
87 87 83 80 105
Erection Total
$57,100
38
SubTotal B1 and B7 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 530 UB 82.0 410 UB 59.7 460 UB 67.1 410 UB 53.7 360 UB 44.7 300 300 300 300 300 40 40 80 20 40 1128 886 753 625 640 462 124 128 124 345 377 424 278 295 319 56 15 56 15 15 199 87 87 83 185 2,222 1,536 1,302 1,142 1,504
SubTotal B1 and B7
39
Figure D3.1 Bridge Design 40 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 30 NUMBER 2, JUNE 1996
41
42
FABRICATION ITEM Top chord Cut Drill Bottom chord Cut Drill Weld: 6mm CFW Plate Strip Braces (x 2) Cut Drill Weld: 6mm CFW
RATE 10 2 10 2 12 5 10 2 12
COST 20 16 10 16 19 5 20 16 8 $130
UNIT
QUANTITY
RATE
COST 0
ERECTION (Cost of crane hire included in main beams) Labour: 3 x Riggers @ 0.4hrs/bracing
UNIT Hrs.
QUANTITY 1.2
RATE 40
COST 48 $48
UNIT sqm
QUANTITY 5.4
RATE 18
COST 97 $97
43
Portal Frame Span (m) 20 Rafter Section Size Column Section Size Purlin Section Size Colorbond Sheeting 25 30 360UB50.7 530UB82.0 35 410UB53.7 530UB92.4
360UB44.7 360UB50.7 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 Lapped Z20024, 2 rows of bridging Spandek/Longspan, 0.48mm Base Metal Thickness
TOTAL COST, PORTAL FRAME AND CLADDING ($/sq.m of floor plan area) Supply Frame Purlins Sheeting Supply subtotal Fabrication Frame Surface Treatment Frame (Alkyd primer) Erection Frame Purlins Sheeting Erection subtotal 2% 4% 5% 18% 13% 39%
90
83
77
74
44
Table E2.2 Additional Costs of Steel Decking and Reinforced Concrete Slab
Building Use or Floor Type Carpark Office Retail Cost for 1 mm Cost for 120mm Steel Decking Reinforced Concrete Slab (supply and install) (supply and install) ($/sqm) ($/sqm) 31 31 31 35 30 35
Chart E2.1. Carpark with Alklyd Primer to Steelwork STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 30 NUMBER 2, JUNE 1996
APPENDIX E2. STEEL FLOOR BEAM COSTS AT INDICATIVE COSTING STAGE (CONTD)
46
APPENDIX E2. STEEL FLOOR BEAM COSTS AT INDICATIVE COSTING STAGE (CONTD)
Table E2.3 Preliminary design solutions for floor beams. (Shear studs are 19mm dia.)
CARPARKS Span (m) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Spacing (m) 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Beam, Grade 300 310UB40.4 310UB40.4 360UB44.7 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 360UB44.7 360UB44.7 360UB50.7 410UB53.7 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 410UB53.7 410UB53.7 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 460UB74.6 460UB82.1 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 530UB82.0 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 460UB74.6 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB113 610UB125 700WB115 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB125 700WB115 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 610UB101 610UB101 610UB125 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 800WB146 610UB113 610UB125 700WB115 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 800WB146 900WB175 900WB175 Camber (mm) 25 40 45 45 55 55 50 55 50 15 20 15 15 15 15 0 15 0 20 25 15 15 15 20 20 15 15 20 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 15 30 25 25 25 20 25 20 20 20 35 35 25 30 25 25 25 20 20 30 35 30 30 25 25 20 25 25 40 40 40 30 25 30 30 20 25 No. of Studs per beam 20 22 25 27 30 32 36 40 44 22 22 22 26 26 26 30 30 32 26 26 30 30 32 32 36 36 40 30 30 32 36 36 40 40 44 44 32 36 40 40 44 44 46 50 50 36 40 44 44 50 50 50 52 52 44 44 50 50 52 52 62 62 62 46 50 50 52 62 62 62 74 74 OFFICE BUILDINGS Beam, Grade 300 310UB40.4 310UB40.4 360UB44.7 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 360UB44.7 360UB44.7 360UB50.7 410UB53.7 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 410UB53.7 410UB53.7 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 460UB82.1 530UB82.0 530UB82.0 460UB67.1 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 530UB82.0 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 460UB74.6 460UB82.1 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB101 610UB125 610UB125 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB113 610UB125 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 610UB101 610UB101 610UB113 610UB125 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 610UB113 610UB125 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 800WB146 800WB168 Camber (mm) 25 45 50 45 55 60 50 55 55 15 20 20 15 15 15 0 0 15 20 25 15 20 20 20 20 15 15 20 25 25 20 20 20 20 15 20 35 35 30 25 20 25 25 20 25 35 35 30 30 30 30 25 20 20 30 35 35 35 35 25 30 25 25 40 40 40 30 35 30 30 35 30 No. of Studs per beam 20 22 25 27 30 32 36 37 40 22 22 24 26 26 28 30 30 30 26 26 30 30 30 34 36 36 36 30 30 34 36 36 42 42 46 46 34 36 36 42 46 46 46 52 52 36 42 46 46 46 52 52 54 54 46 46 46 52 52 54 54 64 64 46 52 52 54 54 64 64 64 64 Beam, Grade 300 310UB40.4 360UB44.7 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB125 410UB53.7 410UB59.7 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 460UB82.1 530UB82.0 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 460UB67.1 460UB74.6 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB101 610UB125 610UB125 530UB82.0 530UB92.4 610UB101 610UB101 610UB125 700WB115 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 610UB101 610UB101 700WB115 700WB115 800WB122 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 800WB168 700WB115 700WB115 800WB122 800WB146 800WB146 800WB168 900WB175 900WB175 900WB175 800WB122 800WB122 800WB146 800WB168 900WB175 900WB175 900WB218 900WB218 1000WB215 800WB146 800WB168 900WB175 900WB175 900WB218 900WB218 900WB257 900WB257 1200WB249 RETAIL CENTRES Camber (mm) 30 35 35 45 50 40 50 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No. of Studs per beam 38 42 52 54 60 36 36 37 40 26 28 30 34 38 36 36 42 42 30 34 36 42 46 46 46 48 48 36 42 46 46 52 52 52 54 54 46 46 52 52 56 56 60 60 60 52 52 56 60 60 60 60 60 60 56 56 60 60 60 60 62 62 60 60 60 60 60 62 62 64 64 60
Secondary Beams
Primary Beams
10
11
12
47
Kermac Welding & Engineering Cemetery Street, Goulburn 2580 . . . . . . (048) 21 3877 Leewood Welding 77 Corporation Place, Orange 2800 . . . . (063) 62 8797 Mannesmann Demag Pty Ltd 92 Long Street, Smithfield 2164 . . . . . . . (02) 609 9500 Mecha Engineering Pty Ltd 9A Lucca Road, North Wyong 2259 . . . . (043) 51 1877 Morson Engineering Pty Ltd Lot 3 Lucca Road, Wyong 2259 . . . . . . . (043) 52 2188 National Engineering Pty Ltd 6 Boorowa Street, Young 2594 . . . . . . . . (063) 82 1499 National Engineering Pty Ltd 72-74 Bayldon Road, Queanbeyan 2620 . (06) 299 1844 Nifty Welding Pty Ltd 34 Eddy Crescent, Florey 2615 . . . . . . . (06) 258 9818 Niloc Engineering Pty Ltd Lot 2 Enterprise Drive, Berkeley Vale 2261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (043) 89 2250 Piper & Harvey Steel Fabrications Tasman Road, Wagga Wagga 2650 . . . . (069) 22 7527 Profab Industries 8 Childs Road, Chipping Norton 2170 . . (02) 755 2600 Romac Engineering 288 Manns Street, Armidale 2350 . . . . . (067) 72 3407 Silo Constructions Aust Pty Ltd 36 Victoria Street, Smithfield 2164 . . . . . (02) 604 1865 Steeline Fabrications 9 Mutu Street, Woy Woy 2256 . . . . . . . . (043) 41 9571 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd (Office) PO Box 470, North Sydney 2059 . . . . . (02) 9929 8600 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd (Works) 15-25 Powers Road, Seven Hills 2147 . . (02) 624 4400 Tri-Fab Engineering Pty Ltd Lot 1 Ti-Tree Street, Wilberforce 2756 . . (045) 75 1056 Universal Steel Construction NSW Pty Ltd 50 Newton Road, Wetherill Park 2164 . . (02) 756 2555 Walpett Engineering Pty Ltd 52 Hincksman Street, Queanbeyan 2620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (06) 297 1277 PJ & JD Wayte Structural Engineering 23 Brickfield Avenue, Armidale 2350 . . . (067) 72 7464 Weldcraft Engineering Pty Ltd 79 Thuralilly Street, Queanbeyan 2620 . (06) 297 1453 Wieland Engineering Pty Ltd 1 Victoria Street, Riverstone 2765 . . . . . (02) 627 4400
QUEENSLAND
ABB Engineering Construction Pty Ltd (Works) 19 Formation Street, Wacol 4076 . . . . . (07) 3271 1333 Allterrain Engineering & Fabrication Cnr Ann & James Street, Fortitude Valley 4006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3257 1101 Apex Fabrication & Construction 164 168 Cobalt Street, Carole Park 4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3271 4467 Apple Fabrications Pty Ltd 22-24 Jade Drive, Nerang 4211 . . . . . . (07) 5527 9999 Arcraft Industries Pty Ltd 2 Queensbury Avenue, Currumbin 4223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 5598 1225 Austin Engineering Pty Ltd 173 Cobalt Street, Carole Park 4300 . . (07) 3271 2622 Barmax Steel Fabrication 165A Lavarack Avenue, Eagle Farm 4007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3216 4311 Beenleigh Steel Fabrications Pty Ltd 41 Magnesium Drive, Crestmead 4132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3803 6033 Belconnen Steel Pty Ltd 11 Malton Street, The Gap 4061 . . . . . (07) 3300 2444 Better Garages & Carports 35 Centenary Place, Logan Village 4207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 5546 8654 Boral Structural 97 Robinson Road, Geebung 4034 . . . (07) 3265 7922 Cairns Steel Fabricators Pty Ltd 29 Redden Street, Portsmith 4870 . . . . . (070) 35 1506 Caloundra Engineering 38P Grigor Street, Caloundra 4551 . . . . (074) 91 3198 DA Manufacturing Co Pty Ltd 7 Hilldon Court, Nerang 4211 . . . . . . . . (07) 5596 2222 Darra Welding Works Pty Ltd 53 Station Avenue, Darra 4076 . . . . . . (07) 3375 5841 Evans Deakin Industries Ltd (Office) 451 Sherwood Road, Sherwood 4075 . (07) 3278 2555 Gay Constructions 360 Lytton Road, Morningside 4170 . . . (07) 3370 6555 Jenark Engineering Pty Ltd 10 Mica Street, Carole Park 4300 . . . . (07) 3271 2300 J K Morrow Sales 7-9 William Street, Cairns 4870 . . . . . . . (070) 35 1599 Kawana Engineering Pty Ltd 21 Enterprise Street, Caloundra 4551 . . (074) 917 733 M & S Steel Buildings Pty Ltd Cnr Meringandan & Kinsthorpe Roads, Goombungee 4354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (076) 96 5255 Mining & Metal Pty Ltd 36 Buchan Street, Portsmith 4870 . . . . . (070) 35 2310
NORTHERN TERRITORY
`TransconTrans Australian Constructions Pty Ltd 1859 Pruen Road, Berrimah 0828 . . . . . (089) 84 4511
Morton Engineering Co 47 Barku Court, Hemmant 4174 . . . . . . (07) 3396 5322 Noosa Engineering & Crane Hire 9 Leo Alley Road, Noosaville 4566 . . . . . (074) 49 7477 Podevin Engineering Co Pty Ltd 298 Musgrave Road, Coopers Plains 4108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (07) 3277 1388 Schmider Steel Fabricators 2 Neon Street, Sumner Park 4074 . . . . (07) 3279 0066 Stewart & Sons 11 Production Street, Bundaberg 4670 . (071) 52 6311 Story Steel Olney Court, Southport 4215 . . . . . . . . (07) 5591 2400 Strathpine Welding Works Pty Ltd Leitchs Road, Strathpine 4500 . . . . . . . (07) 3205 6944 Sun Engineering Pty Ltd 113 Cobalt Street, Carole Park 4300 . . (07) 3271 2988 Swift Engineering Pty Ltd Boundary Road, Mackay 4740 . . . . . . . . (079) 52 1766 Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd 146 Kerry Road, Archerfield 4108 . . . . (07) 3275 8627 Thomas Steel Fabrication 19 Hartley Street, Garbutt 4814 . . . . . . . (077) 75 1266 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd (Office) GPO Box 2238, Brisbane 4001 . . . . . . (07) 3236 3131 Tropical Fabrications 6 Caldwell Street, Garbutt 4814 . . . . . . . (077) 75 4688 W D T Engineering Pty Ltd 124 Ingram Road, Acacia Ridge 4110 . (07) 3345 4000 W T M Projects PO Box 406, Salisbury 4107 . . . . . . . . (07) 3875 1745
Haywards Steel Fabrication & Construction 1 Boral Road, Breadalbane 7258 . . . . . . (003) 918 508 Northern Engineering Lot 30 Thomson Avenue, George Town 7253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (003) 822 099 Specialist Engineering & Construction Services Pty Ltd Mobile Road, Bell Bay 7253 . . . . . . . . . . (003) 82 1689
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
ABB Engineering Construction Pty Ltd (Office) 172 St Georges Terrace, Perth 6000 . . . (09) 322 5933 ABB Engineering Construction Pty Ltd (Works) 441 Beach Street, Kwinana 6167 . . . . . . (09) 419 5000 Cays Engineering & Construction Lot 21 Thornborough Road, Mandurah 6210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 581 6611 C Bellotti & Co Lot 40 Spearwood Avenue, Spearwood 6163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 434 1442 Fremantle Steel Fabrication Co Lot 500 Cutler Road, Jandakot 6164 . . . (09) 417 9111 Highline Building Constructions 9 Felspar Street, Welshpool 6106 . . . . . .(09) 451 5366 Kewdale Engineering & Construction 13 Stott Street, Welshpool 6106 . . . . . . . (09) 458 4322 Mandurah Steel Supplies Lot 96, 16 Hampton Street, Mandurah 6210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 581 6030 Modular Metals (Aust) Pty Ltd 7 Lumsden Road, Wanneroo 6065 . . . . . (09) 409 9044 Pacific Industrial Co (1979) 11 Hopevalley Road, Naval Base 6165 . (09) 410 2566 Park Engineers Pty Ltd 42 Railway Parade, Welshpool 6106 . . . (09) 458 1437 Patten Welding Services 262 Cox Street, Pinjarra 6208 . . . . . . . . (09) 531 2119 Phillips Engineering Pty Ltd 5 Egmont Road, Henderson 6166 . . . . . (09) 410 2422 Picton Steel Pty Ltd 25 Yookson Road, Picton 6229 . . . . . . . . (097) 25 4371 Scenna Constructions 43 Spencer Street, Jandakot 6164 . . . . . (09) 417 4447 SDR Construction (Office) Level 29, 108 St Georges Terrace, Perth 6000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (09) 481 3277 SDR Construction (Works) 174 Thomas Road, Kwinana 6167 . . . . . (09) 419 4844 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd (Office) PO Box 125, West Perth 6005 . . . . . . . . (09) 322 6244 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd (Works) Beard Street, Naval Base 6165 . . . . . . . (09) 410 1066 United Construction Group Pty Ltd Lot 449 Mandurah Road, Kwinana 6167 . (09) 419 2255 Uniweld Structural Co Pty Ltd 61A Coast Road, Beechboro 6063 . . . . . (09) 377 6666 Wenco Pty Ltd 1 Ladner Street, OConnor 6163 . . . . . . (09) 337 7600
VICTORIA
ABB Engineering Construction Pty Ltd 195 Wellington Road, Clayton 3168 . . . (03) 9560 9944 AKZ Engineering Pty Ltd 80 Latrobe Road, Morwell 3840 . . . . . . . (051) 34 3899 Alfasi Constructions Pty Ltd Level 5/434 St Kilda Road, Melbourne 3004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9243 5520 A.M.S. Fabrications Pty Ltd 14 Park Drive, Dandenong 3175 . . . . . (03) 9706 5988 Associated Iron Industries 25-35 Japaddy Street, Mordialloc 3195 . (03) 9580 0744 Bahcon Steel Pty Ltd 549 Princes Highway, Morwell 3840 . . . . (051) 34 2877 Chapple Bros Engineers (Aust) Pty Ltd 80 Albert Street, East Preston 3072 . . . (03) 9478 4244 Fairbairn Steel Pty Ltd 8A Apsley Place, Seaford 3198 . . . . . . (03) 9786 2866 Freelance Engineering Pty Ltd 40 Slough Road, Altona 3018 . . . . . . . . (03) 9398 1790 Geelong Fabrications Pty Ltd 5-19 Madden Avenue, North Shore 3214 . (052) 75 7255 GFC Industries Pty Ltd 42 Glenbarry Road, Campbellfield 3061 (03) 9357 9900 Grinter Manufacturing Pty Ltd 75 Heales Road, Corio 3214 . . . . . . . . . (052) 75 2751 John Beever (Aust) Pty Ltd 78 Berkshire Road, North Sunshine 3020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9312 4811 Metalform Structures Pty Ltd 22 Fowler Road, Dandenong 3175 . . . . (03) 9706 7644 Monks Harper Fabrications Pty Ltd Lot 7 Tatterson Road, Dandenong 3175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (03) 9794 0888 Page Steel Fabrications Pty Ltd 9-11 Sutton Street, Spotswood 3015 . . (03) 9399 1600 P & G Genis Steel Construction 10 Spences Street, Thomastown 3074 . (03) 9465 1287 Stanley Welding Industries Pty Ltd 19 Sullivan Street, Moorabbin 3189 . . . (03) 9555 5611 Vale Engineering Co Pty Ltd 170 Gaffney Street, Coburg 3058 . . . . . (03) 9350 5655
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Adelaide Profile Services 8 Waddikee Road, Lonsdale 5160 . . . . . (08) 384 6449 Ahrens Engineering Pty Ltd William Street, Sheaoak Log 5371 . . . . . (085) 24 9045 R C & M L Johnson Pty Ltd 671 Magill Road, Magill 5072 . . . . . . . . . (08) 333 0188 Samaras Structural Engineers 61-67 Plymouth Road, Wingfield 5013 . . (08) 268 7988 Transfield Construction Pty Ltd Jacobs Street, Whyalla Norrie 5608 . . . . (086) 44 0099
TASMANIA
Crisp Bros Pty Ltd 160 Hobart Road, Kings Meadows 7249 . (003) 44 4144 Dowling Constructions Pty Ltd 46 Formby Road, Devonport 7310 . . . . . (004) 23 1099
A NATIONAL BODY TO PROMOTE THE USE OF STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION SPONSORED AND SUSTAINED BY AUSTRALIAS FABRICATORS, STEELMAKERS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES.