Faculty of Engineering

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department

MR352 Marine Power Plants
Third Year











Prepared By:
Dr. Mohamed Morsy El-Gohary
Eng. Hossam Ahmed El-Sherif
Course Contents

Subject
Page
No.
1. Requirements for marine power plants 1
2. Selection of marine power plants 1
3. Gas turbines 2
4. Steam cycles 10
5. COGAS 27
6. Waste heat recovery systems 30
7. Ship piping systems 33
8. Electric generation 37
9. Renewable energy 47






References
1. Introduction to marine engineering 2
nd
ed., Taylor, 1996
2. Design of propulsion and electric power generation systems, IMarEST, 2002
3. The jet engine, Rolls-Royce, 1996
4. Steam turbines theory and design, P. Shlyakhin
5. Mechanical Engineers data handbook, J ames Carvill, 1993
6. Marine auxiliary machinery 7
th
ed., H D McGeorge, 1995

Marinepowerplants 1

Marine power plants

Requirements for marine power plants

1. To be approved by classification societies
2. Have as minimum as possible volume and weight
3. Have low fuel consumption
4. Easy maintenance and repair
5. Have to work at heavy duty levels for long periods


Selection of marine power plants

1. Good reliability
2. Good maintainability
3. Weight and volume
4. Type of fuel and fuel consumption
5. Cost
6. Vibration and noise
7. Level of experience for personnel


Types of marine power plants

1. Diesel engine driven
2. Gas turbine driven
3. Steam turbine driven
4. Combined power plants (ex. COGAS)


Mar

Int

The
wo
thro
or
pre
hea
form

Wo

The
fou
com
eng


rinepowerp
roductio
e gas tu
rking flu
ough the
kinetic e
essure en
at energy
m of a ro
orking cy
e working
ur-stroke
mbustion
gine it oc
lants
on
rbine eng
id to pro
engine h
nergy of
nergy is
y, before
tating sha
ycle
g cycle o
piston e
occurs
ccurs at a
Ga
gine is e
ovide po
has to be
the air is
first of a
e final co
aft.
of the ga
engine.
at a con
constant

as turb

essentially
ower. To
accelera
s increas
ll increas
onversion
s turbine
However
nstant pr
t volume.
bines
y a heat
achieve
ated; this
sed. To o
sed, follo
n back to
e engine
r, in the
ressure,
.
t engine
e this, th
means th
obtain this
owed by
o kinetic
is similar
e gas tu
whereas
using air
he air pa
hat the ve
s increas
the addit
Energy
r to that
urbine e
s in the

r as a
assing
elocity
se, the
tion of
in the
of the
ngine,
piston

Mar

Ga

1-

In g
typ
turb

















rinepowerp
as turbine
Compres
gas turbin
pes of com
bine and
lants
e compo
ssor
nes, the c
mpressor
are direc
Ce
onents
compress
r; centrifu
ct coupled
entrifugal c
Axia
sion of ai
ugal or ax
d to the t

ompressor
al compres
ir is effec
xial. Both
urbine sh
r
ssor
cted by on
types are
haft.
ne of two
e driven

o basic
by the
Mar

2-

The
qua
rele
acc
con
air
ma
by

Thr

rinepowerp
Combust
e combu
antities o
easing th
celerated
nditions r
will dep
aximum te
the mate
ree types

Multip

lants
tion cham
ustion ch
of fuel,
he heat i
d to give
required
pend upo
emperatu
erials from
s of comb
ple tube c
mber
hamber h
supplied
in such a
a smoot
by the tu
on the te
ure is limi
m which t
bustion ch
combustio

has the
through
a manne
th stream
urbine. T
emperatu
ted to wit
he turbin
hamber e
on chamb
difficult
h the fue
er that th
m of unifo
he amou
re rise r
thin the r
e blades
exist:
ber
task of
el spray
e air is
ormly hea
unt of fue
required.
range of 8
and nozz
burning
nozzles
expande
ated gas
el added
Howeve
850 to 17
zles are m

large
s, and
d and
at all
to the
er, the
700 C
made.
Mar

rinepowerp
Tubo-



Annul

lants
-annular c
lar combu
combusti
ustion ch
ion cham
amber
mber

Mar

3-

The
com
doe
com
tem



rinepowerp
Turbine
e turbine
mpressor
es this by
mbustion
mperature
lants
e has th
r, access
y extract
system
e.
he task
sories and
ing energ
and exp

of prov
d shaft p
gy from t
panding

viding the
power for
the hot g
them to
e power
r a prope
ases rele
a lower
r to driv
eller or ro
eased fro
pressur

ve the
otor. It
om the
e and

Marinepowerplants 7

Performance and heat balance calculations

T-S diagram for Brayton cycle P-V diagram for Brayton cycle













1-2 Compression (in the compressor)

I
2
|
I
1
= _
P
2
P
1
]
y-1
y


p
C
=
I
2
|
-
I
1
I
2
-I
1


w

C
= m
u
C
p u
(I
2
- I
1
)

2-3 Heat addition (in the combustion chamber)

udd
= m
]
CI

udd
= (m
u
+m
]
) C
P gus
(I
3
-I
2
)

3-5 Expansion (in the compressor turbine)
5-4 Expansion (in the power turbine)

I
3
I
4
|
= _
P
3
P
4
]
y
g
-1
y
g

Marinepowerplants 8

p
1
=
I
3
-I
4
I
3
-I
4
|


w

1
= (m
u
+m
]
) C
p gus
(I
3
-I
4
)
w

1
= w

C1
+w

P1
(compressor turbine + power turbine)
w

C1
= w

C

0utput Powcr = Powcr turbinc powcr
w

C1
= (m
u
+m
]
) C
P gus
(I
3
-I
5
)

p
ccIc
=
w

P1

udd


n

=
P
2
P
1
(comprcssion rotio)
work rotio =
w

P1
w

1


Example

A gas turbine unit has a pressure ratio of 10:1 and a maximum
temperature of 700C. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor
and turbine are 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. Calculate the power
output of an electric generator geared to the turbine when the air
enters the compressor at 15C at the rate of 15 kg/sec. Take
Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and = 1.4 for the compression process, and take
Cp=1.11 kJ/kg.K and = 1.333 for the expansion process. Neglect
the fuel mass.

Solution

1
2
|
1
1
= [
P
2
P
1

y-1
y
I
2
| = (1S +27S) (
10
1
)
0.4
1.4
= SS6 K

p
C
=
1
2
|
-
1
1
1
2
-1
1
u.82 =
556-288
1
2
-288
I
2
= 614.8 K

Marinepowerplants 9

1
3
1
4
|
= [
P
3
P
4

y
g
-1
y
g

700+273
1
4
|
= [
10
1

0.33
1.33
I
4
| = S47.16 K
p
1
=
1
3
-1
4
1
3
-1
4
|
u.8S =
1
4
-973
547.16-973
I
4
= 611 K

w

1
-w

C
= m
u
|(C
P gus
(I
3
-I
4
)) -(C
P u
(I
2
-I
1
))]

w

nct
= 1S|(1.11(97S -611)) -(1.uuS(614.8 -288))]

w

nct
= 11uu kW

Marinepowerplants 10

Steam cycles

The steam cycle used is the simplest steam cycle of practical value;
the Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam supplied by a boiler to
one or more turbine, which exhausts to a condenser where the
condensed steam is pumped back into the boiler.

Simple Rankine cycle

B
= m
s
(b
1
-b
4
) b
4
= b
3
wbcn ncglccting tbc pump work

w

1
= m
s
(b
1
-b
2
)

Marinepowerplants 11

p
1
=
b
1
-b
2
b
1
-b
2
|

C
= m
s
(b
2
-b
3
)

w

P
= m
s
(b
4
-b
3
)

p
ccIc
=
w

nct

B
=
w

1
-w

B


spcciic stcom consumption SSC =
S6uu m
s
w

1
|kgkwb]

spcciic bcot consumption SEC =
S6uu

B
w

1
|k[kwb]


Reheat Rankine cycle

Marinepowerplants 12

1
+

2
= m
s
|(b
1
-b
6
) +(b
3
-b
2
)]

w

1
= w

HP
+w

LP
= m
s
|(b
1
-b
2
) + (b
3
-b
4
)]

C
= m
s
(b
4
-b
5
)

w

P
= m
s
(b
6
-b
5
)

p
ccIc
=
w

nct

=
w

1
-w

Regenerative Rankine cycle

Marinepowerplants 13

B
= m
s
(b
1
-b
7
)

w

1
= m
s
|(b
1
-b
2
) +(1 -y)(b
2
-b
3
)]

C
= m
s
(1 -y)(b
3
- b
4
)

w

P
= m
s
|(1 -y)(b
5
-b
4
) +(b
7
- b
6
)]

p
ccIc
=
w

nct

B
=
w

1
-w

B


Feed heater heat balance

yb
2
+(1 -y)b
5
= b
6



You are required to draw the TS diagram and cycle schematic
diagram for reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle.

Marinepowerplants 14

Example

In a reheat regenerative steam plant, the net power is 80 MW. Steam
enters the HP turbine at 80 bar and 550C, after expansion to 6 bar,
some of the steam goes to a feed water heater and the rest is
reheated to 350C after which it expands to 0.07 bar.
Calculate:
- Rate of steam flow to high pressure turbine
- Fraction of steam extracted to the feed heater
- SHC
- SSC
- Cycle efficiency
- Rate of fuel consumption if the boiler efficiency is 95% and fuel
calorific value is 40000 kJ/kg (neglect pump work)

Solution

Marinepowerplants 15

From steam tables or chart:

1 2 3 4 5 6
h 3521 2809 3165 2344 163.4 670.6

yb
2
+(1 -y)b
5
= b
6
y = u.1917

Powcr = m
s
|(b
1
-b
2
) +(1 -y)(b
3
- b
4
)] m
s
= S8.1S kgs

SSC =
S6uum
s
Powcr
= 2.617 kgkwb

SEC =
S6uum
s
(b
1
-b
6
)
Powcr
= 74S9 k[kwb

p
ccIc
=
Powcr

B
= 48.26%

m
]
. CI. p
b
= m
s
(b
1
-b
6
) m
]
= 4.S62 kgs

Marinepowerplants 16

Steam cycle components

1- Boiler

A boiler is used to heat feed water in order to produce steam. The
energy released by the burning fuel in the boiler furnace is stored in
the steam produced. All boilers have a furnace or combustion
chamber where fuel is burnt to release its energy. Air is supplied to
the boiler furnace to enable combustion of the fuel to take place.

Where the main machinery is steam powered, one or more large
watertube boilers will be fitted to produce steam at very high
temperatures and pressures. On a diesel main machinery vessel, a
smaller (usually firetube type) boiler will be fitted to provide steam for
the various ship services. Even within the two basic design types,
watertube and firetube, a variety of designs and variations exist.

Two basically different types of boiler exist, namely the watertube and
the firetube. In the watertube the feed water is passed through the
tubes and the hot gases pass over them. In the firetube boiler the hot
gases pass through the tubes and the feed water surrounds them.

Fire tube boiler

Marinepowerplants 17

Water tube boiler

Boiler definitions

- Actuol c:oporotion w
A
=
m
st
m
]
=
totuI cupouton pc hou
]ucI uscd pc hou


- Equi:olcnt c:oporotion w
L
=
w
A
(H-h)
L

H = steam enthalpy
h = water enthalpy
L = 583.9 kcal/kg at 100C (latent heat)

- Foctor o cqui:olcnt c:oporotion FEE =
H-h
L


- Boilcr EP =
m
st
(H-h)
15.63 L

Marinepowerplants 18

- E:oporotion pcr m
2
surocc orco =
m
st
A


- Boilcr tbcrmol cicicncy p
B
=
w
A
(H-h)
Cv

CV = fuel calorific value


2- Steam turbines

The steam turbine is a device for obtaining mechanical work from the
energy stored in steam. Steam enters the turbine with high energy
content and leaves after giving up most of it. The high-pressure
steam from the boiler is expanded in nozzles to create a high-velocity
jet of steam. The nozzle acts to convert heat energy in the steam into
kinetic energy. This jet is directed into blades mounted on the
periphery of a wheel or disc. The shaping of the blades causes a
change in direction and hence velocity of the steam jet.



The steam from the first set of blades then passes to another set of
nozzles and then blades and so on along the rotor shaft until it is
finally exhausted. Each set comprising nozzle and blades is called a
stage.

Marinepowerplants 19

There are two main types of turbine, the 'impulse' and the 'reaction'.
The names refer to the type of force which acts on the blades to turn
the turbine wheel.

Impulse turbine
The impulse arrangement is made up of a ring of nozzles followed by
a ring of blades. The high-pressure, high-energy steam is expanded
in the nozzle to a lower-pressure, high-velocity jet of steam. This jet
of steam is directed into the impulse blades and leaves in a different
direction. The changing direction and therefore velocity produces an
impulsive force which mainly acts in the direction of rotation of the
turbine blades. There is only a very small end thrust on the turbine
shaft.


Reaction turbine
The reaction arrangement is made up of a ring of fixed blades
attached to the casing, and a row of similar blades mounted on the
rotor, i.e. moving blades. The blades are mounted and shaped to
produce a narrowing passage which, like a nozzle, increases the
steam velocity. This increase in velocity over the blade produces a
reaction force which has components in the direction of blade rotation
and also along the turbine axis. There is also a change in velocity of
the steam as a result of a change in direction and an impulsive force
is also produced with this type of blading. The more correct term for
this blade arrangement is 'impulse-reaction'.

Marinepowerplants 20

Compounding

Compounding is the splitting up, into two or more stages, of the
steam pressure or velocity change through a turbine.
Pressure compounding of an impulse turbine is the use of a number
of stages of nozzle and blade to reduce progressively the steam
pressure. This results in lower or more acceptable steam flow speeds
and better turbine efficiency.



Velocity compounding of an impulse turbine is the use of a single
nozzle with an arrangement of several moving blades on a single
disc. Between the moving blades are fitted guide blades which are
connected to the turbine casing. This arrangement produces a short

Marinepowerplants 21

lightweight turbine with a poorer efficiency which would be acceptable

in, for example, an astern turbine.



Named turbine types
A number of famous names are associated with certain turbine types.

Parsons. A reaction turbine where steam expansion takes place in
the fixed and moving blades. A stage is made up of one of each
blade type. Half of the stage heat drop occurs in each blade type,
therefore providing 50% reaction per stage.

Curtis. An impulse turbine with more than one row of blades to each
row of nozzles, i.e. velocity compounded.

De Laval, A high-speed impulse turbine which has only one row of
nozzles and one row of blades.

Rateau. An impulse turbine with several stages, each stage being a
row of nozzles and a row of blades, i.e. pressure compounded.

Marinepowerplants 22

Turbine blade calculations

Marinepowerplants 23

b = blade velocity = u
a
i
= absolute inlet velocity
a
e
= absolute exit velocity
r
i
= relative inlet velocity
r
e
= relative exit velocity

i
= inlet angle

e
= exit angle

r
e
= K r
i
(K = blade velocity coefficient K 1)

f = driving force on wheel = f
i
- f
e


power output = mb

Marinepowerplants 24

3- Condenser

The condenser is a heat exchanger which removes the latent heat
from exhaust steam so that it condenses and can be pumped back
into the boiler. This condensing should be achieved with the minimum
of under-cooling, i.e. reduction of condensate temperature below the
steam temperature. A condenser is also arranged so that gases and
vapors from the condensing steam are removed.

An auxiliary condenser is shown in next figure. The circular cross-
section shell is provided with end covers which are arranged for a
two-pass flow of sea water. Sacrificial corrosion plates are provided in
the water boxes. The steam enters centrally at the top and divides
into two paths passing through ports in the casing below the steam
inlet hood. Sea water passing through the banks of tubes provides
the cooling surface for condensing the steam. The central diaphragm
plate supports the tubes and a number of stay rods in turn support
the diaphragm plate. The condensate is collected in a sump tank
below the tube banks. Air suction is provided on the condenser shell
for the withdrawal of gases and vapors released by the condensing
steam.

Marinepowerplants 25

Main condensers associated with steam turbine propulsion machinery
are of the regenerative type. In this arrangement some of the steam
bypasses the tubes and enters the condensate sump as steam. The
condensate is thus reheated to the same temperature as the steam,
which increases the efficiency of the condenser.



Condenser calculations

Marinepowerplants 26

c
= m
st
(b
2
-b
3
) = m
w
C
w
(I
out
-I
n
) = AuI
mcun


h
2
= enthalpy of steam before condenser
h
3
= enthalpy of saturated water after condenser
m
w
=
n
4
J
2
pIZ (V = water speed inside the tubes = 2 ~ 3 m/s)
Z = number of tubes
d = tube diameter
T
out
= water temperature after condenser
T
in
= water temperature before condenser (20C)
T
out
T
in
= 10 ~ 15C
A = lateral area of tubes = nJlZ
l = tube length
U = heat transfer coefficient = 3000 W/m
2
K
T
mean
= logarithmic mean temperature difference
I
mcun
=
I
1
-I
2
ln [
I
1
I
2

Marinepowerplants 27

Combined Gas and Steam plant

COGAS


Example

In a combined cycle power plant the air is supplied at a rate of 2000
ton/hr and at temperature of 20C. The pressure ratio is 7:1. The
temperature of gases before the gas turbine is 1000C. Efficiency for
compressor is 80% and for turbine 85%. The calorific value of oil
used is 45 MJ/kg.
The temperature of gas used for steam generation is increased to
1200C by burning the fuel in the exhaust coming out from the gas
turbine. The condition of steam generated in the boiler is 50 bar and
500C. The condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. The temperature of gas
going to stack is 200C. Find the following:
1. Total power generated from the plant
2. Overall efficiency of the plant
3. Mass of fuel used per hour
4. Specific fuel consumption
Take Cp
air
=1 kJ/kg.K , Cp
gas
=1.1 kJ/kg.K,
air
=1.4,
gas
=1.33

Solution

Marinepowerplants 28

Compressor
I
2
|
I
1
= _
P
2
P
1
]
y-1
y

I
2
|
2u +27S
= _
7
1
]
0.4
1.4


I
2
| = 2S7.9C

p
C
=
I
2
|
-
I
1
I
2
-I
1
u.8 =
2S7.9 - 2u
I
2
-2u


I
2
= 292.4C

w

c
= m
u
C
p
c
(I
2
-I
1
)

w

c
= 1S1S1u kw

Turbine
I
3
I
4
|
= _
P
3
P
4
]
y
g
-1
y
g

127S
I
4
i
= _
7
1
]
0.33
1.33


I
4
i
= S12.SC

p
1
=
I
3
-I
4
I
3
- I
4
|
u.8S =
1uuu -I
4
1uuu - S12.S


I
4
= S8S.6C

w

1
= (m
u
+m
]1
) C
p
gcs

(I
3
-I
4
)

w

1
= 2S769u kw

P
u1
= w

1
- w

c
= 2S769u -1S1S1u = 1u6S8u kw

Combustion chamber 1
m
]1
CI = (m
u
+m
]1
) C
P gus
(I
3
-I
2
)

4Suuu m
]1
= (SSS.6 +m
]1
) 1.1 (1uu -292.4)

Marinepowerplants 29

m
]1
= 9.779 kgs

Combustion chamber 2

m
]2
CI = (m
u
+m
]1
+m
]2
) C
p
gcs
(I
5
-I
4
)

4Suuu m
]2
= (SSS.6 +9.779 +m
]2
) 1.1 (12uu -S8S.6)

m
]2
= 8.62 kgs

m
]
= 9.779 + 8.62 = 18.4 kgs = 66.24 tonb

a b c d
h 3434 2210 191.7 196.7

Exhaust gas boiler

m
s
(b
u
-b
d
) = (m
u
+ m
]
) C
p
gcs
(I
5
-I
6
)

m
s
(S4S4 -196.7) = (SSS.6 +18.4) 1.1 (12uu -2uu)

m
s
= 19S kgs

Steam turbine

P
s
= m
s
|(b
u
-b
b
) -(b
d
-b
c
)]

P
s
= 2S7787 kw

P = P
s
+P
u1
= 2S7787 +1u6S8u = S44167 kw

p =
P
m
]
CI
=
S44167
18.4 4Suuu
= u.41S7

sc =
m
]
P
=
18.4 S6uu
S44167
= u.192 kgkwb

Marinepowerplants 30

Waste heat recovery systems

Ex. Absorption refrigeration systems




The absorption refrigeration unit is used for cooling water for
refrigeration or air conditioning, it takes the heat contained in the
cooling water of the engine and in the exhaust. There is a closed
circuit of water which takes the heat from the engine (cooling water
and exhaust) and delivers it to the absorption unit. Then another
circuit is connected to the unit for the cold water.

The heat gained from the cooling water (Q
CW
)

Cw
= m
cw
C
w
I
cw

Marinepowerplants 31

The heat gained from the exhaust (Q

exARU
)

cxAR0
= m
cx
C
p
cx
(I
ut
-I
stuck
)

The total heat gained (Q
h
)

h
=
Cw
+
cxAR0


The temperature of closed circuit water entering the refrigeration unit
is called the supply temperature (T
s
)

The coefficient of performance of the unit (COP)
C0P =

h

Where Q
c
is the cooling load required from the unit.


Example
A waste heat recovery system of a diesel engine uses a LiBr-water
absorption refrigeration unit of 100 kW cooling load.
Determine:
- The heat gained of the ARU at 85C supply temperature and
30C ambient temperature
- The engine brake power if
bth
=40%
Assume that heat gained to the unit equal heat lost of the engine

70 80 90 100 110 120 130
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
T
s
[C]
COP
Single stage
Two stage

Marinepowerplants 32

Solution

By interpolation at 85C the COP=0.4131

C0P =

h

u.41S1 =
1uu

h


Q
h
=242 kW

h
=
Cw
+
cx


For the diesel engine

u
= BP +
cx
+
Cw
+
ud
= BP +
h
+ u.u2
h


u.98 = p
bth
+

u


u.98 = u.4 +
242

u


Q
a
=417.24 kW

BP=167 kW

Marinepowerplants 33

Ship piping systems

The piping systems onboard the ship are grouped into two main
categories; machinery piping systems (reviewed in the ship
propulsion systems course) and hull piping systems.

The machinery piping systems include:
- Fuel oil system
- Lubrication oil system
- Cooling water system
- Starting air system

The hull piping systems include:
- Bilge system
- Ballast system
- Fire fighting system
- Sewage system
- Domestic water system


Bilge system
The essential purpose of a bilge system is to clear water from the
ship's dry compartments, in emergency. The major uses of the
system are for clearing water and oil which accumulates in machinery
space bilges as the result of leakage or draining, and when washing
down dry cargo holds. The number of pumps and their capacity
depend upon the size, type and service of the ship.


Ballast system
The bilge system and the ballast system each have particular
functions to perform, but are in many ways interconnected, especially
that both works with the general service pump of the ship. The ballast
system is arranged to ensure that water can be drawn from any tank
or the sea and discharged to any other tank or the sea as required to
trim the vessel. Combined or separate mains for suction and
discharge may be provided.

Marinepowerplants 34

Oil/water separators are necessary aboard vessels to prevent the
discharge of oil overboard mainly when pumping out bilges. They
also find service when deballasting or when cleaning oil tanks. The
requirement to fit such devices is the result of international legislation.

Fire fighting system
Water is the chief fire fighting medium on a ship and the fire main is
the basic installation for fighting fires. The fire main extends to the full
length of the ship and from the machinery spaces to the highest
levels. Hydrants served by the main, are situated so that with suitable
hoses any area on the ship can be reached. For accommodation
spaces, sprinklers are fitted in the ceiling. Foam, CO
2
and other

Marinepowerplants 35

materials are used instead of water according to the space protected

in the ship.

Marinepowerplants 36

Sewage system
This system is used for draining sewage from baths, laundries,
showers, etc., to the sanitary tanks or to treatment units. The exact
amount of sewage and waste water flow generated on board ship is
difficult to quantify. European designers tend to work on the basis of
70 litres/person/day of toilet waste (including flushing water) and
about 130-150 litres/person/day of washing water (including baths,
laundries, etc.). US authorities suggest that the flow from toilet
discharges is as high as 114 litres/person/day with twice this amount
of washing water.

Domestic water system
Domestic water systems usually comprise a fresh water system for
washing and drinking and a salt water system for sanitary purposes.
Both use a basically similar arrangement of an automatic pump
supplying the liquid to a tank which is pressurized by compressed air.
The compressed air provides the head or pressure to supply the
water when required. The pump is started automatically by a
pressure switch which operates as the water level falls to a
predetermined level. The fresh water system has, in addition, a
calorifier or heater which is heated, usually with steam.

Marinepowerplants 37

Electric generation

A ship at sea cannot use an external source of energy; consequently
its electric power plant generates, distributes and converts electric
power. Electricity is used for the motor drive of many auxiliaries and
also for deck machinery, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning
equipment.

A distinction can be made between three phase alternating current
and direct current supply systems. Most commonly used are the three
phase alternating current systems with a frequency of 60 Hz and
voltages between 440-450 V or 50 Hz and 380-400 V. if very large
electric consumers, such as bow thrusters or propulsion motors, have
to be supplied, the main electric power system may use a higher
voltage of 3.3 6 6.6 11 or 15 kV. In this case the smaller users
are fed through transformers or from secondary electric power supply
systems, usually single phase alternating current with frequency of 50
Hz / 230 V or 60 Hz / 115 V. direct current system, usually 24 V, is
used to supply the control and monitoring systems.

Beside the main and secondary supply systems, the plant has an
emergency system. A separate genset: emergency/harbor generator.
The emergency genset with the associated transforming equipment
and emergency switchboard should be located above the uppermost
continuous deck. This system should supply the vital electric
consumers in the ship for at least 18 hours for cargo ships and 36
hours for passenger ships.

The diesel engines
Main electric power systems of 50 Hz require an engine with a speed
of 750, 1000 or 1500 rpm, 60 Hz systems require 900, 1200 or 1800
rpm.
Gas turbines may be used but it is not preferred due to its low fuel
economy.

Marinepowerplants 38

Electric power distribution

Switchboards receive, control and distribute electric energy from
generators to loads. Every ship has at least one main switchboard
and one emergency board. Main switchboards receive electric energy
directly from the main generators. The switchboard may receive
electricity from shore when in port or in dock.

The main switchboard distributes electricity to near electrical systems
and to distribution boards which group electrical systems that are
located further. Between the main switchboard and the secondary
electric supplies, the electric energy needs to be converted from main
to secondary. The type of converter is either a transformer (voltage),
a rectifier (AC to DC) or frequency converters.


Electric load
In order to determine the electric power pant capacity and
configuration, the electric load of the ship must be analyzed under
various operational conditions. For many ship types the studied
operational conditions are:
- At sea
- Manoeuvring
- In port: loading and discharging
- In port without loading or discharging
- At anchor
Ships with special missions (OSVs, naval vessels ) have special
operational conditions.

Marinepowerplants 39

Three ways are used to determine the electric power demand for the
ship: empirical formulae, electric load analysis and simulation.

Empirical formulae can be used successfully to obtain a first estimate
of the electric power demand in the pre-design stage. The example
given here is a formula that uses installed propulsion power to
determine the electric demand at sea for conventional cargo ship. As
a rule the electric load when manoeuvring is 130% of the electric load
at sea and the load in port without loading or discharging is 30 to
40%. P
LL
= 1uu +u.SS(HCR)
0.7


The most used method is the electric load analysis or electric load
balance. The next figure gives an example of a balance sheet.



The balance sheet lists all electric consumers vertically, the next
columns tabulate nominal properties of the electric consumers.

The second part of the sheet describes the various operational
conditions to determine the actual load for each condition.

Marinepowerplants 40

- Power at full load is the power that has to be supplied to the
flange of the machinery. For direct electric users, such as
lighting and computers, this power equals the power absorbed
from the electric net. For electric users driven by motors, the
power absorbed from the net is the power demanded by the
user divided by the electric motor efficiency.

- Number in service is the number of pieces of the machinery
that are operated in same time. Some machinery will only be in
service in certain operational conditions.

- The load factor indicated the relative load of the machinery and
thus specifies how much electric power is absorbed in an actual
situation. The load factor varies between 0 and 1.

- The simultaneity factor accounts for pieces of machinery that
are not operated continuously but intermittently. (Air
compressors, fuel pumps, ballast pumps ). The simultaneity
factor indicates the relative mean operational time of the
machinery. Te simultaneity factor varies between 0 and 1.

- The average absorbed power is the product of the absorbed
power, the number in service, the load factor and the
simultaneity factor.

Example

For a container feeder ship an electric load analysis has to be made.
Three operating conditions need to be investigated:
Sea service: the ship is sailing at service speed and a number of
containers need to be cooled
In port- loading and unloading: no propulsion
For this exercise only a limited number of electric consumers are
considered. Where applicable, electric motors have to be selected
from a standard range of electric motors with nameplate (nominal)
power of: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kW.

Marinepowerplants 41

Determine the load analysis for the following consumers:

(A) Propulsion system:

o High temperature (HT) cooling water pumps:
Two centrifugal pumps will be installed, one of which will be in
operation and one stand-by. The pump capacity is 85 m
3
/h at
pressure head of 2 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.75.

o Fuel oil service pump:
One to be in operation and one stand-by. The pump capacity is
4 m
3
/h at a pressure head of 5 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.65.

o Lubricating oil pump:
Two screw-type pumps, one of which is in operation and one
stand-by. The pump capacity is 100 m
3
/h at a pressure of 6 bar.
The pump efficiency is 0.8.

(B) Auxiliary systems:

o Fuel oil separators:
Two separators are installed. They run continuously during sea
service. The excess capacity is re-circulated from the clean fuel
oil daily tank, back to the fuel oil settling tank. Each separator
has a 4 kW electric motor. The motors are not fully loaded. The
separators require 3 kW of mechanical power input.

o Fuel oil heater for separators:
Two electric heaters are installed. The heaters are in operation
during operation of the fuel separators. The maximum capacity
of one heater is 40 kW. This capacity is based on heating of the
full fuel flow (corresponding with the maximum separator
capacity) from 5
o
C to 90
o
C. During normal operation
approximately 50% of the separator output is re-circulated and
the fuel supplied from the settling tank will have an average
temperature of 55
o
C.

Marinepowerplants 42

o Fuel oil transfer pumps:

Two screw-type pumps are provided, to pump fuel from storage
tanks to settling tank and to transfer fuel between storage tanks
(for stability and trim operations of the ship). The pump capacity
is 40 m
3
/h at a pressure head of 4 bar. The pump efficiency is
0.70.

(C) Hotel systems:

o Hydrophore system:
To provide fresh water throughout the ship, a hydrophore
system is provided. A hydrophore tank is kept under a pressure
of 4 to 6 bar. Therefore, two hydrophore pumps are provided.
Their pump capacity is 3 m
3
/h at a pressure head of 6 bar. The
pump efficiency is 0.60.

o Hot water heater:
For use of hot water in the galley and for showering. Two hot
water heaters are provided. Each heater has a maximum
capacity of 120 l/h and can heat fresh water from 10
o
C to 80
o
C.
The electrical power used by one boiler is maximum 10 kW.

o Hot water circulation pump:
Two centrifugal pumps circulate hot water through the ship,
such that at every wash basin, shower and galley tap, hot water
is immediately available. The pump capacity is 0.4 m
3
/h at a
pressure head of 2 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.50.

(D) Hull machinery:

o Steering gear:
The ship is provided with an electric-hydraulic steering
machine. The steering machine contains two hydraulic pumps
of the controllable axial piston type. Each pump requires 24 kW
at full output.

Marinepowerplants 43

o Capstans/winches:
The ship has two winches on the fore-deck and two on the aft-
deck. The installed power per winch is 30 kW. Two winches are
only in operation during maneuvering.

o Bow thruster:
The ship has one electrically-driven bow thruster to aid
maneuvering in port. The bow thruster has a FP propeller and
runs at a fixed speed. The propeller requires 280 kW and the
installed motor power is 300 kW.

(E) Cargo systems:

o Reefer containers:
The ship can carry 100 reefer containers. A reefer container is
provided with its individual cooling system. The maximum
compressor power per reefer container is 12 kW. The installed
motor power is 15 kW.


The following relations may be useful:
1.
.
pump
pump
V P
P

=
&

2.
pump
absorbed
em
P
P

=

3.
em
= electric motor efficiency, it ranges from 0.85 for 1 kW
motor power to 0.90 for 20-50 kW motor power and to 0.92 for
300 kW motor power.

You are required to make an electric load balance sheet.

Marinepowerplants 44

Solution

(A) Propulsion system:

o High temperature (HT) cooling water pumps:
I

= 8S m
3
br, P = 2 bor, p
p
= u.7S, p
cm
= u.86
P
pump
=
[
8S
3600
-(2-100)
0.75
= 6.S kw the motor will be 7 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
6.3
0.86
= 7.Skw

o Fuel oil service pump:
I

= 4 m
3
br, P = S bor, p
p
= u.6S, p
cm
= u.84
P
pump
=
[
4
3600
-(5-100)
0.65
= u.9 kw the motor will be 1 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
0.9
0.84
= 1 kw

o Lubricating oil pump:
I

= 1uu m
3
br, P = 6 bor, p
p
= u.8, p
cm
= u.89
P
pump
=
[
100
3600
-(6-100)
0.8
= 2u.8 kw the motor will be 30 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
20.8
0.89
= 2S.4 kw

(B) Auxiliary systems:

o Fuel oil separator:
P
scpuuto
= S kw, p
cm
= u.86
The absorbed power =
P
scpcrctcr
q
cm
=
3
0.86
= S.S kw

o Fuel oil heaters:
Absorbed power = 40 kW

o Fuel oil transfer pumps:
I

= 4u m
3
br, P = 4 bor, p
p
= u.7, p
cm
= u.86
P
pump
=
[
40
3600
-(4-100)
0.86
= 6.4 kw the motor will be 7 kW

Marinepowerplants 45

The absorbed power =

P
pump
q
cm
=
6.4
0.86
= 7.4 kw
(C) Hotel systems:

o Hydrophore system:
I

= S m
3
br, P = 6 bor, p
p
= u.6, p
cm
= u.84
P
pump
=
[
3
3600
-(6-100)
0.6
= u.8S kw the motor will be 1 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
0.85
0.84
= 1 kw

o Hot water heaters:
Absorbed power = 10 kW

o Hot water circulation pumps:
I

= u.4 m
3
br, P = 2 bor, p
p
= u.S, p
cm
= u.8
P
pump
=
[
0.4
3600
-(2-100)
0.5
= u.uS kw the motor will be 0.25 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
0.05
0.8
= u.1 kw

(D) Hull machinery:

o Steering gear:
P
pump
= 24 kw the motor will be 30 kW
The absorbed power =
P
pump
q
cm
=
24
0.89
= 27 kw

o Winches:
P
wnch
= Su kw, p
cm
= u.89
The absorbed power =
P
winch
q
cm
=
30
0.89
= SS.7 kw

o Bow thruster:
P
thustc
= 28u kw, p
cm
= u.92
The absorbed power =
P
thrustcr
q
cm
=
280
0.92
= Su4 kw

Marinepowerplants 46

(E) Cargo systems:

o Reefer containers:
P
cc]c
= 12 kw, p
cm
= u.88
The absorbed power =
P
rcc]cr
q
cm
=
12
0.88
= 1S.6 kw

Seaservice Port:loading/unloading
No.
installed
Powerat
fullload
Installed
motor
power
Absorbed
electric
power
no.in
service
Load
factor
Sim.
factor
Average
abs.
power
no.in
service
Load
factor
Sim.
factor
Averag
eabs.
power
Systems

Propulsion

CWpumps 2 6.3 7 7.2 1 1.00 1.00 7.2 0
FOservice 2 0.9 1 1 1 0.80 1.00 0.7 0
FOpumps 2 20.8 30 23.4 1 0.83 1.00 19.4 0

Auxiliary
systems

FOsep. 2 3 4 3.5 2 0.90 1.00 6.3 0
FOheater 2 40 40 2 0.53 1.00 42.4 0
FOtrans. 2 6.4 7 7.4 1 0.75 0.25 1.4 0

Hotel
systems

Hydrophore 2 0.85 1 1 1 0.83 0.03 0.1 1 0.83 0.03 0.1
HWheater 2 10 10 2 0.09 1.00 0.1 2 0.09 1.00 1.8
HWpump 2 0.05 0.25 0.1 1 1.00 1.00 0.1 1 1.00 1.00 0.1

Hull
machinery

Steering 2 24 30 27 1 0.10 1.00 2.7 0
Winches 4 30 30 33.7 0 0
Bowthrust. 1 280 300 304 0 0

Cargo
systems

Reefer 100 12 15 13.6 100 0.55 0.9 675 100 0.55 0.4 300

The total power at sea = 755.4 kW
The total power at port (loading/unloading) = 302.9 kW





Mar

Re
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win
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env

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47

is not
solar,
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on the
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ctually,
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cts on
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hermal
s, e.g.
ngines
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ships
Mar

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pos


Fue
The
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ysails is o
ships p
urce in
missions.
ssible usi
el cells
e fuel c
ectrical en
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more re
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order to
Compan
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fuel direc

48

more
hod.
of sails
power
us the
% are
ctly to

Marinepowerplants 49

Fuel cells may be used in the marine field mainly as auxiliary power
unit feeding the ships electric network.
There are five main fuel cell types in markets:
- Polymer electrolyte FC (PEFC)
- Alkaline FC (AFC)
- Phosphoric acid FC (PAFC)
- Molten carbonate FC (MCFC)
- Solid oxide FC (SOFC)

The difference between all the types is in the type of electrolyte
between the anode and the cathode of the cell.

Type
Low temperature cells (0-250C)
High temperature
cells (600-1000C)
FC type PEFC AFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Electrolyte Ion
exchange
membranes
Potassium
hydroxide
Phosphoric
acid
Molten
carbonate
ceramic
Temperature 80C 65-220C 205C 650C 600-1000C
Catalyst Platinum Platinum Platinum Nickel Perovskites
Water
management
Evaporative Evaporative Evaporative Gaseous Gaseous
Heat
management
Process gas
Process
gas
Process
gas
Internal
reforming
Internal
reforming
Power range
300 kW 20 kW 50-200 kW
300-3000
kW
100-1000
kW
Efficiency 40-50% 45-55% 40-50% 50-60% 45-65%

Advantages of fuel cells include high efficiency, low emissions and
quiet operation.

Marinepowerplants 50

Solar energy
The solar radiations may be exploited in one of two ways. The first is
directly converting the sunlight into electricity and the other is by
heating a medium for heating purposes or to use it for electric
generation in a later process.

Photovoltaic panels (PV) are used for directly converting sunlight into
electric current. They are used in the marine field as auxiliary source
of power generally for DC users, since the output of these panels is
limited to few hundreds of watts; they are used only in leisure crafts
industry. Few companies, e.g. Solar Sailor, are producing PV panels
which can be used in the same time as sails for the ships to further
reduce the fuel consumption.

Solar collectors are used for collecting heat from sunlight to produce
hot water for heating or air conditioning purposes. Also these units
are used in leisure crafts industry. The major problem for any type of
solar energy is the orientation as the panels have to be continuously
oriented towards the sun to do the job, so these systems are useful
only in crafts working in daylight and with long stops.

Three types of solar collectors are widely used; simple flat collectors,
coated collectors and evacuated (vacuum) collectors. Each type is
used for a specific range of temperatures and applications. The
simple flat collector is the cheapest while the evacuated is the most
expensive.
Beside the cost and the temperature range provided by each type,
efficiency is a factor that has to be taken into consideration. The
collector efficiency is the ratio between the useful amount of heat
transported to the heating medium and the amount of heat received
by the collector.

p =
m . C. I
I. A

m is the flow rate of the heating medium
C is the specific heat
I is the solar radiation in W/m
2

A is the collectors area

Marinepowerplants 51

The x-axis is the difference between the average temperature across
the collector and the ambient temperature.

Note that the efficiency never reaches 100% due to optical losses

Marinepowerplants 52

Example
A Nile floating hotel has a free roof area of 20 m
2
, a solar collector is
to be fitted in this area for water heating.
The solar radiation in this area is 1000 W/m
2
and the ambient
temperature is 35C. The temperature of water across the collector is
40/120C.
The performance curves of different collectors at previous conditions
are:
(T
ab
-T
a
) C 0 20 40 60 80 100 110
Simple collector(

c
) 0.75 0.60 0.43 0.23 0.0 - -
Coated collector(

c
) 0.82 0.76 0.65 0.50 0.32 0.12 0.0
Evacuated Collector(

c
) 0.75 0.74 0.67 0.58 0.49 0.40 0.36
Given:
The cost of one m
2
is 1000, 2000 and 3000 LE respectively.

- Estimate the mass flow rate of the water pump used with the
most economic collector.
- Estimate the new area for the most efficient collector for the
same flow rate.

Solution

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Tab -Ta

simple
vacuum
coated

Marinepowerplants 53

I
ub
-I
u
=
12u +4u
2
-SS = 4SC

At 45C
simple
= 0.38

u.S8 =
m 4.18 (12u -4u)
1 2u


m = u.u227 kgs

At 45C
evacuated
= 0.65

u.6S =
u.u227 4.18 (12u -4u)
1 A


A = 11.69 m
2