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    Transistors: - Physics - Transistor/transistor Logic - CMOS Logic

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    Michelle Pullon
    This document summarizes a lecture on transistors. It discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It describes how BJTs can be used as switches and to construct logic gates like inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates. It also discusses how complementary MOSFET (CMOS) logic replaced transistor-transistor logic (TTL) by using complementary pairs of MOSFETs to reduce power consumption.

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    Transistors: - Physics - Transistor/transistor Logic - CMOS Logic

    Uploaded by

    Michelle Pullon
    65 views9 pages
    This document summarizes a lecture on transistors. It discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It describes how BJTs can be used as switches and to construct logic gates like inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates. It also discusses how complementary MOSFET (CMOS) logic replaced transistor-transistor logic (TTL) by using complementary pairs of MOSFETs to reduce power consumption.

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    Transistors

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    Transistors

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    This document summarizes a lecture on transistors. It discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It describes how BJTs can be used as switches and to construct logic gates like inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates. It also discusses how complementary MOSFET (CMOS) logic replaced transistor-transistor logic (TTL) by using complementary pairs of MOSFETs to reduce power consumption.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views9 pages

    Transistors: - Physics - Transistor/transistor Logic - CMOS Logic

    Uploaded by

    Michelle Pullon
    This document summarizes a lecture on transistors. It discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It describes how BJTs can be used as switches and to construct logic gates like inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates. It also discusses how complementary MOSFET (CMOS) logic replaced transistor-transistor logic (TTL) by using complementary pairs of MOSFETs to reduce power consumption.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about different types of transistors like BJT, MOSFET and their usage in logic gates. BJT transistors are discussed in detail about how they work as switches in common emitter configuration and how they can be used to build basic logic gates. CMOS logic is also introduced which has an advantage over TTL as it reduces power dissipation.

    The different types of transistors discussed are BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) and MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor). The BJT transistor is discussed in more detail about its working and usage in common emitter configuration.

    A BJT transistor works as a switch by switching between cutoff (off, reverse biased) and saturation (on, forward biased) very quickly based on the input signal. In cutoff mode it acts as an open switch while in saturation it acts as a closed switch.

    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics

    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado


    Physics
    Transistor/transistor logic
    CMOS logic
    101
    Lecture 9
    Transistors
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/164301-graphene-
    transistors-based-on-negative-resistance-could-spell-the-
    end-of-silicon-and-semiconductors
    CA 1947
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    102
    The Transistor

    Packages
    Physics
    Symbols
    http://www.uobkupartnership.talktalk.net/
    page13.htm
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor
    BJT
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diopsis.jpg
    Discrete Integrated
    MOSFET
    PNP
    NPN
    P channel
    N channel
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    103
    NPN Bipolar Junction
    (BJT) transistor
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor
    C
    B
    E
    http://www.satcure-focus.com/tutor/page4.htm
    Symbol
    Construction and use
    This shows the common
    emitter mode which is how we
    will use the BJT. Concentrate
    on the BE junction which looks
    like a diode. When this is
    forward biased, a large current
    can flow from C to E.
    C = Collector
    E = Emitter
    B = Base
    Hydraulic analogy
    The BJT is a current-controlled current amplifier. That is, a
    small current into the base results in a large current from
    collector to emitter.
    Package
    Top-down view
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    http://www.mine-control.com/zack/transistor/transistor.html
    Cool hydraulic
    analogies. One error
    the CE current is really
    larger than the base.
    Note that there are
    normally on and
    normally off versions.
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    104
    BJT Inverter
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-
    computer-science/6-071j-introduction-to-electronics-signals-
    and-measurement-spring-2006/lecture-notes/19_bjt_1.pdf
    If we give names to the input and output
    levels, we can construct a reduced
    description of the plot called a truth table:
    1 2
    low high
    high
    low
    Input Output
    Low = 0 High = 1
    High = 1 Low = 0
    So the output is high if it is
    NOT the case that the input is
    high. We thus call this a
    NOT gate or Inverter.
    Input
    Output
    Pull up resistor causes
    V
    O
    to be high if I
    C
    is ~0
    but allows V
    O
    to be low if
    the bottom of the resistor
    is grounded.
    Switch, either
    open or short
    Simplified
    operation
    http://jpkc.njau.edu.cn/szdzjs/ywjc2.htm
    Plot of V
    O
    vs. V
    I

    Current limiting resistor
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    105
    Transistor/transistor logic
    (TTL) NAND gate
    Consider a circuit like the previous one but now with
    two BJT transistors in series:
    +V
    source

    0 V
    0 or +V
    source

    0 or +V
    source

    A current can flow from top to bottom only if both A and B are
    high. The output will drop to a low voltage in this case,
    otherwise it will remain high.
    So the output is high if it is NOT the
    case that A AND B are high. We thus
    call this a NOT AND gate or NAND
    for short.
    http://cpuville.com/logic_gates.htm
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    A B Out
    0 0 1
    0 1 1
    1 0 1
    1 1 0
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    106
    TTL NOR gate
    OK, what if we arranged the two BJT transistors in
    parallel:
    http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-
    computer-science/6-071j-introduction-to-electronics-signals-
    and-measurement-spring-2006/lecture-notes/19_bjt_1.pdf
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    A current can flow from top to bottom only if either A or B are
    high. The output will drop to a low voltage in this case,
    otherwise it will remain high.
    Input A
    Input B
    Output
    A B Out
    0 0 1
    0 1 0
    1 0 0
    1 1 0
    So the output is high if it is NOT the
    case that A OR B are high. We thus
    call this a NOT OR gate or NOR for
    short.
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    107
    Complementary metaloxide
    semiconductor (CMOS) logic
    TTL worked well, but it has a
    problem. Note that when the
    transistor is on and I
    C
    is high,
    there is power dissipated in R
    C
    .
    This is OK occasionally, but
    not in a million logic gates.
    The pull up resistor is thus a
    bad idea in general.
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    Here is a complementary
    inverter that happens to be
    made with metal-oxide field-
    effect transistors (MOSFETs).
    For our purposes, they act like
    s wi t c h e s b u t wi t h t wo
    polarities.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS
    LOW HIGH HIGH LOW
    By replacing the pull-up resistor
    wi t h a c o mp l e me n t a r y
    transistor, the power dissipation
    is greatly reduced. CMOS is
    t he domi nant el ect r oni cs
    platform and this is a major
    reason.
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    108
    Quiz 9.1
    A closer look at the BJT
    Q: When we use the BJT as a switch, we take advantage of the fact that it
    switches between cutoff (off, reverse biased) to saturation (on, forward
    biased) very quickly. The intermediate region is called the active mode.
    Consider using a BJT transistor in this active mode. Given the plot above
    and assuming the x and y axes have the same scale, how would you
    describe the output if the input is confined to operate in the active region

    A. The output is an attenuated version of the input.
    B. The output is an amplified version of the input.
    C. The output is an inverted version of the input.
    D. A and C
    E. B and C



    The slope is large and negative, thus E.
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    Active region above
    cutoff and below
    saturation
    ECEN 1400 Introduction to Analog and Digital Electronics
    Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
    109
    Quiz 9.2
    A modification of the inverter
    Lecture 9: Transistors
    http://www.interfacebus.com/Glossary-of-Terms-bjt-
    amplifier-circuits.html
    Q: Assuming the BJT is ideal in that it switches between a perfect open
    circuit and a perfect short circuit with an infinitesimal active region, what is
    the function of this device?

    A. Logical buffer the output is a binary copy of the input (1 gives 1)
    B. Logical inverter - the output is a binary inversion (1 gives 0)
    When input is high and BJT is on and thus nearly a short, the output is
    shorted to Vcc and thus high. When the input is low and BJT is off and
    thus nearly an open, the output is pulled low by the pull-down resistor RE.

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