1

1.
*
1. :
2. :
* 5
1 : S +
2 : S +
3 : S +
4 : S +
5 : S +

Vi+ (M)
Vi + SC
(S=SC)
Vt + O
Vt + IO + DO (IO=DO)
Vt + O + OC (OOC)

[1] 1 : + (S + Vi) + (M)

(M)
Fire burns
Time flies
The bird sings sweetly
The earth moves round the sun
The boys lay on the grass
There is a beautiful river in that village.
There are many people in front of the railroad station

S
M()
On the hill stands a church
M
Vi
S

do = be good/enough/satisfactory
count/matter = be important ,
= be of importance/account/consequence
pay = be profitable ,
work = be effective
last
What time shall I visit you?---Any time will do
It doesn't matter what you say to me
Farming doesn't pay these days
The speech lasted an hour

[2] 2 : + + (S + Vi + SC)
*be (---) : seem, look, sound, taste, smell, feel, remain, keep,
stand

*become (---) : get, grow, go, come, turn, run, prove, fall,
make
He is an engineer
He is gloomy
The book is of no use to me
The best thing is to send her some money
My hobby is collecting stamps
-------------------------------------He became a teacher
He became tired
Her new dress becomes her well. (3 )
He has grown old and weak
He got angry with me
He turned pale
The leaves of trees turned red and yellow
He turned his back to me (3 )
It is getting dark
Eggs soon go bad in hot weather
He went mad
Your dreams will come true some day
The well has run dry
She look happy. She looks happily (X)
This paper feels smooth
Sugar tastes sweet
The story sounds strange
The rose smells sweet
:
live/die/go/marry/stand + (), (),
---ing(), pp()
He died a beggar = He was a beggar when he died
She married young = She was young when she married
He sat reading the book
He stood leaning against the gate
He went home satisfied with the result
The old man sat surrounded by the children
[3] 3 : + + (S + Vt + O)

()

(,////
)

The early bird catches the worm

I overate myself
I like to go there
I have finished writing my composition
The doctor says that he is in danger
He laughed at me
I will send for the doctor
A school bus ran over the boy
You must take care of the baby
They looked up to him
You should not look down on the poor
He laughed a hearty laugh = He laughed heartily
He lived a happy life
= He lived happily
He slept a sound sleep
= He slept soundly
I dreamed a strange dream = I dreamed strangely
:
:
discuss=talk about
mention=refer to
marry=be married to
resemble=take after
reach=arrive to
approach=come near to
await=wait for
become=go well with
Let's discuss the pollution problem
(O)
Let's discuss about the pollution problem (X)
()
mention, introduce, describe, explain, repeat, announce, suggest,
say, propose
He explained me his difficulty
(X)
He explained his difficulty to me (O)
[4] 4 : +
++ (S+Vt+IO+DO)
I gave
He sent

her
the book
= I gave the book
to me
the patient
flowers
= He sent flowers to the

patient
He bought
Mary
I'll make you
you
He asked me

Mary

a present
some coffee
a question

= He bought a present for

= I'll make some coffee for

= He asked a question of me

3
*to[give ]
: give, pay, bring, hand, sell, send
*for[buy ] : get, buy, do, make
*of[ask ]
: ask, demand, inquire
3 : envy, forgive, save
I envy him his patience (O) I envy his patience of him (X)
This machine will save you a lot of trouble
God will forgive you your sin.
Correct errors, if any:
1. I will explain you what this means
2. He admitted her that she was right
3. He suggested us that we should meet her.
4. He resembles with his father
5. We discussed about political problems
6. She is going to marry with the man
7. This dictionary is belonged to me
8. Death awaits for all men
9. Provisions were running shortly
10. He died lamenting by everybody
[5] 5 : +++(S+Vt+O+OC)
He is a teacher
I believe him (to be) a teacher
We elected him president
I thought him a beggar
This book is easy
I found
this book easy
I made
her happy
I painted the door green
I ordered him to go there
He allowed me to do so
We forced him to sign a paper

I saw him cross the bridge

I saw him crossing the bridge
We felt the house shake
I heard Tom laugh
I got the man to repair my car
=I had the man repair my car
=I had my car repaired by the man
She felt someone touch her face
=She felt her face touched (by someone)
[6]
He made for/toward the church
She will make a good wife
God made man
He made me a box
He made her his wife
I found an interesting book
I found the book interesting
He became a good scientist
Her new dress becomes her well
: endow A with B
supply/provide [A with B = B for/to A]
furnish/present [A with B = B to A]
God endowed him with good talents = He was endowed with good
talents
They supply the pupils with books = books for/to the pupils
Bees provide us with honey = honey for/to us
The river furnishes this town with water = water to this town
I presented him with a watch = a watch to him

2.
[1] / :

1. ()
Tom
is
To go there
Taking a walk is
That he is honest
What I want

a student
is
difficult
a good exercise
is
true
is
that book

To tell a lie is wrong It is wrong [to tell a lie]

That he is honest is true
It is true [that he is honest]

2.
He
He
My hobby
The fact

is
is
is
is

3. /
I know
I know
I know
I remember
We cannot rely on
He is fond of

a merchant
honest
to collect stamps
that he killed himself
Tom
how to swim
that he is a liar
seeing you before
what he says
travelling by sea

4.
He has [one aim - to make money]
[The fact that he is honest] is known to everybody.
[2] /
1. :
[The house on that hill] is my uncle's
He is [a man of courage]
I have [no book to read]
That is [the man who taught me English]
2. : ,
This book is of use.
I am to climb Mt. Halla this summer.(Ito climb---)
My plan is to climb Mt. Halla this summer (My plan = to climb---) :

[3] / : , ,
He is running with rapidity
He did it on purpose
He worked hard to pass the exam / To pass the exam is difficult
()
Do you know when that happened?
Do you know the time when he will come?
His father died when he was five
Do you know if he is at home?
If you are tired, you may go home.
Exercises : /
1. The girl with black eyes is his sister
2. We treated the boy with kindness
3. I did not know when to begin the work
4. I don't know whether he is rich or not
5. Whether you succeed or fail, you have to do your best
6. Whether he agrees or not does not matter
7. I think it certain that he told a lie
8. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak
9. As soon as entered the room, he fell down
10. As you are tired, you had better rest
11. I cannot tell if it will snow tomorrow
12. I shall not come if it rains tomorrow

2.

12 : //(), //()

[1]
1. ,
I see a bird in the tree
It is spring now
2. , ,
He often tells a lie
He teaches English
He keeps his promise
3. , ,
The earth moves round the sun

Two and two make(s) four

The early bird catches the worm
4. (historical present)(= )
Caesar crosses the Rubicon
5. : (go,come,start,leave,arrive)

()

He comes (=will come) back tomorrow
We start (=shall start) next week
He leaves (=will leave) here next Monday
6. /

, ,
When he comes, I will talk with him
I don't know when he will come
I don't know the time when he will come
I will not start if it rains tomorrow
I doubt if it will rain tomorrow
Correct errors, if any:
1. Will you please give him this note the moment he will arrive?
2. I shall go out when I shall have read the book
3. I shall start as soon as she will arrive
4. Clean the room before he will come back
5. If it will be fine tomorrow, we shall go on a picnic
6. I learned that twice three was six
7. The weather forecast tells whether it rains or not
8. I don't know when he arrives here
9. I learned that honesty was the best policy
10. When I shall have finished my homework, I will go out to play
tennis
[2]
1. , ,
I arrived at a hotel yesterday
He used to write to me once a month ( )
He would often sit for hours doing nothing ( )
2. (),

Did you ever see such a beautiful garden? = Have you ever seen---When I finished (=had finished) the work, I went out.
* when, after, before

[3]
1. : , , , will
I shall/will be sixteen years old next year
You will get well soon
Will you recover soon?
2. :

Speaker()

Hearer()

1
I will
Shall I---?

You shall

He shall

You will

He will

Will you---?

Shall he---?

You shall have this watch. = I will give you this watch
Shall he come in? = Will you let him come in?
[4] /
1.
: am/are/is ---ing
: was/were ---ing
: will/shall be ---ing
: have/has been ---ing
: had been ---ing
: will/shall have been ---ing
He is now writing a letter
He is always grumbling
I am always forgetting names
* always, constantly ,

I am leaving for Seoul tonight
* () ,

10

I am going to write a letter
(- )
I am going to be a doctor
(- )
The party is going to be a success
(- )
He was writing letters all afternoon
I was reading while she was knitting
He will be staying at home all day tomorrow
He will be reading a novel when I go to bed
She has been playing the piano since this morning
I had been waiting for an hour when you came
I shall have been learning English for five years by next month
2.
: know, remember, understand
: see, hear, smell
: like, love, hate
: be, exist, resemble
: have, belong ( ,
)
I know the language / I am knowing the language (X)
He appears disappointed
He resembles his father / He is resembling his father (X)
He resembles with his father (X)
He is resembled by his father (X)
I see a map on the wall
I am seeing the sights of Seoul
I am watching television
I heard the bell
I am hearing his lecture
I am having the book (X)
I have the book
He is having breakfast
Correct errors, if any:
1. I am knowing his uncle
2. This house is belonging to me
3. He is resembling his mother
4. I had been waiting for her since last night
5. Tell him the news when he will come next
6. You had better stay at home till the rain will stop
7. The time will surely come when my words come true

11

[5]
1. : just (just now ), already, not---yet
He has (just, just now) come back home
He came back (just, just now)
I have just finished reading that book
2. : ever, never, once, before
Have you ever seen a tiger?
Have you ever been to Seoul?
(- : )
I have been to Seoul Station
(- : )
I have never been abroad
I have read War and Peace before
3. : have bought/lost/gone
I have bought the book =I bought the book and I have the book now
He has gone to the station = He went to the station and is there now
I/You have gone to the station (X)
*have gone 1,2
4. : for, since, these days
I (have know, have been knowing) him from a child ( )
I have been writing this letter for two hours
( )
() yesterday, a moment ago, when, just now

He (went, has gone) to America yesterday
I (saw, have seen) him a moment ago
When (did you meet, have you met) him?
,
You will feel better after you have had a rest
If you have finished your work, you can go home
[6]
1. : When I reached the station, the train had already started
2. : I knew him well, for I had often seen him before
3. : She had bought a house when I met her
4. : He had lived there for ten years when his mother
died
5. : I had been reading for two hours when he returned

12

6. : I lost the book which I had bought the day before

=I bought a book, but I lost it the next day
had not + pp ---before/when : ---
We had not gone very far before it began to rain
[7]
1.
2.
3.
4.

: I shall have completed the work by two o'clock

: I shall have read this novel three times if I read it again
: He will have been ill for two weeks by tomorrow
: I shall have been reading this book by noon

[8]
1. ---e+d
declare/declared/declared : prepare, look, open, wait
2. +yi+ed
dry/dried/dried : study, try, carry
*[+y+ed] : played, stayed, enjoyed
3. ++ed
beg/begged/begged pat/patted/patted
plan/planned/planned stop/stopped/stopped
*[] help/helped/helped
seat/seated/seated
4. 2 accent
ed
commit/committed/committed
occur/occurred/occurred/occurring
omit, refer, compel, control
* [] 2 accent ed
visit/visited/visited
limit/limited/limit/limiting
offer/offered/offered
[9]
1. A-A-A
cost/cost/cost : cast, cut, hit, hurt, shut, spread, read
2. A-B-B
find/found/found
teach/taught

buy/bought,

bring/brought,

catch/caught,

13

strike/struck, bend/bent, bleed/bled, mean/meant

cling/clung, keep/kept, lend/lent
3. A-B-A
run/ran/run

come/came/comebecome/became/become

4. A-B-C
begin/began/begun
drive/drove/driven

wear/wore/worn speak/spoke/spoken
break/broke/broken
eat/ate/eaten

5.
lie/lay/lain/lying ---,
lay/laid/laid/laying---, ()
fall/fell/fallen

fell/felled/felled
rise/rose/risen ,
raise/raised/raised
, //
hang/hung/hung
,
hang/hanged/hanged ,
find/found/found
found/founded/founded

see/saw/seen

saw/sawed/sawed, sawn

sow/sowed/sowed,sown

sew/sewed/sewed,sewn

3.
[1] : /
1. ()
To know oneself is difficult = It is difficult to know oneself
To use the dictionary is necessary = It is necessary to use the
dictionary
2. (S=SC)
To see is to believe
He delight is to travel

14

To do good is to be happy
3. ,
He began to read the book
He decided to buy new shoes
I want to go there
I think it wrong to tell a lie ()
I have no choice but to accept his proposal
I don't know what to do / where to go
He has one aim, to succeed in life
4. + to = +S+should+
I don't know what to do
=I don't know what I should do
How to live is an important question in life
[2]
1. () :---
I have no book to read
There is no water to drink
Give me something to eat
He has many children to look after (look after many children)
We must have a house to live ____ (live in a house)
We must have a house. We can live ________ a house
They want someone to rely ________
I have got letters to write
I want something to write on
I want something to write with
I have no pencil to write _________
2. : be to
: be expected/supposed/due/scheduled to
(- , )
He is to make a speech next Monday = He is due to make--The meeting is to be held tomorrow
He is to arrive here this evening
: should, must (- )
You are to (=should) obey your parents
You are to finish this work by seven
You are always to knock before you come in
: can (- )
My house is to (=can) be seen from the station
Not a sound was to (=could) be heard in that house
: be doomed/destined to (- )

15

He was never to see his country again

= He was doomed never to : intend to (- )
You must work hard if you are to succeed (=intend to
succeed)
*My plan is to master English in a year ( )
*We are to meet here tomorrow
( )
[3]
1. (Simple Sentence) : SV
Birds sing
Tom and Mary attended the meeting
I read and write English
2. (Compound Sentence) : SV +and/but/for/or/so +SV
You are a boy and I am a girl
Summer has come, but it is not very hot
3. (Complex Sentence) : + / , +
As I was tired, I stopped to rest
I know that he is wealthy
He works hard that he may succeed
4. (Mixed Sentence) : +
[4]
1. (- , -)
He works hard that/so that/in order that he may pass the exam
=He works hard to/so as to/in order to pass the exam
I got up early that I might catch the train
=I got up early so as to catch the train
We eat to live, not live to eat
He went abroad to study economics
I work hard that/so that/in order that I may not fail
=I work hard not to/so as not to/in order not to fail
=I work hard lest I (should) fail
2. : (live, grow up, awake) / only to, never to
He awoke to find himself famous = He awoke, and found himself

16

famous
He lived to be eighty years old
He grew up to be a doctor
He did his best only to fail in the exam = He did his best, but
failed--He opened the doctor, only to find the room empty = ---,but he
foundHe went to America never to return
He worked hard so that he might pass the exam
=He worked hard so as to pass the exam
He worked so hard that he passed the exam
=He worked so hard as to pass the exam
3. : (smile,weep,rejoice)/(glad,happy, sorry,
surprised)
He smiled to see the monkey
He wept to see the sight
I rejoice to hear of your success
I am glad to meet you
She was very happy to get the birthday present
I am sorry to give you trouble
4. ,
To tell a lie again, you will be punished = If you tell a lie again, --To hear him talk, you would thing him a foreigner
=If you heard him talk,--I should be very glad to go with you =--- if you could go --To do my best, I could not pass the exam = Though I did my best,
--To do your best, you would not catch up with him
= Though you did --5. , : must be/cannot be, (- , -)
He must be honest to say so
He cannot be rich to ask you for some money
What a lucky fellow I am to live with my family again!
6. : , / too---to/ ---enough to
This water is not good to drink
He is old enough to go there alone = He is so old that he can go ---This book is too difficult to read
= This book is so difficult that we cannot read it
You are too young to marry

17

too---not to = ---enough to = so---that---can

You are too wise not to know it
You are wise enough to know it
You are so wise that you (can) know it
not too---to = not+too---to = not+so---that---can't
You are not too old to learn
You are not so old that you can't learn
You are not so old but you can learn (but =that---not)
However old you may be, you can learn
only too = but too = very
I'm only too (=very) glad to help you
He is too apt to lose his temper
She is too ready to talk (=She is talkative / a chatterbox)
She is too angry to talk

7. :
To tell the truth, I don't like her
To be frank with you, I am against the plan
To do him justice, he is a good-natured man
To make a long story short, the book is interesting
He knows French, not to speak of / to say nothing of /
not to mention/ let alone English
He is, so to speak(=as it were), a walking dictionary
To make matters worse, his father failed in his business
Strange to say, the light went out of itself
To begin with, I don't like the color
To be sure, he is dead
To judge by his outward appearances, he must be a gentleman
to be brief, to sum up
[5]
1. : to +
: to have + pp
He
He
He
He

seems to be ill
= It seems that he is ill
seemed to be ill
= It seemed that he was ill
seems to have been ill = It seems that he has been/was ill
seemed to have been ill
= It seemed that he had been ill

18

2. : , (hope, wish, intend, expect,

remember, forget, be likely, be sure)
I hope to learn English
=I hope that I shall learn English
I hoped to learn English
=I hoped that I should learn English
He expects to succeed
=He expects that he will succeed
He is likely to resign
=It is likely that he will resign
3. : +
had+ pp +
*, (want, hope, wish, mean, intend, expect )
,
I hoped to see her yesterday
=I hoped that I should see her yesterday
I hoped to have seen her yesterday
=I had hoped to see --=I hoped to see her yesterday, but I couldn't
=I had hoped to have seen her yesterday (X)
[6]
1.
I hope that I shall go abroad
=I hope to go abroad
He went to London that he might learn English
=He went to London to learn English
2.
I think that he is rich
=I think him to be rich
I expect that he will come at once
=I expect him to come at once
3. = for +
It is natural that he should pass the exam
=It is natural for him to pass the exam
She turned off the radio that her baby might sleep
=------------------- for her baby to sleep
This is the book that you should read
= ------------- for you to read
4. = of + : (kind, nice,
foolish, wise, clever, cruel, stupid, good, bad, rude)

19

It
It
It
It
It

is kind of you to say so

is foolish of him to make such a mistake
was cruel of him to beat a dog like that
was wise of him not to spend the money
is good of you to send me such a nice present

It is difficult for Tom to master English

English is difficult for Tom to master (O)
Tom is difficult to master English
(X)
It is very cruel of him to kill a dog
He is very cruel to kill a dog
You are necessary to go there
It is necessary for you to go there
It is necessary that you should go there

(X)
(O)
(O)

necessary, impossible, convenient, natural, difficult

[7] ,
1.
+ : I must go there
(see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, watch, observe, notice)/
(make:, have:, let:) + +
help to
I saw him go/going out of the house
He was seen to go/going out of the house by me
I heard her sing/singing a song
She was heard to sing/singing a song by me
I am watching the thermometer rise
He made me do it at once
I was made to do it at once by him
He had someone repair his watch
He had his watch repaired
He let her smoke
= He allowed her to smoke
She was let to smoke by him (X)
She was allowed to smoke by him
(O)
+
You had better(=may as well) stay in bed
You had better not go there

20

=It would be better for you not to go there

I cannot but laugh
=I cannot help laughing
=I cannot help but laugh
=I have no choice/alternative but to laugh
=There is nothing for it but to laugh
I would rather die than yield
She may well be proud of his son
=She has good reason to be--=It is natural that she should be--You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly
You might as well expect the Han River to flow reversely
as expect her to change her mind ( )
The baby did nothing but cry all day long
I would rather stay at home than go out in the rain
2. : not/never to +
He did not try to smile
He tried not to smile
Be careful not to catch cold
He pretended not to know it
I make it a rule never to eat between meals
3. :
He prepared silently to accompany her
He prepared to silently accompany her
What is important is to carefully handle it
He failed to entirely understand it
4. () : to
A : Will you be back by seven?
B : I will try to ( be back by seven)
She would not let him kiss her, when he offered to (kiss her)
5. too---to/ ---enough to
It was such a lovely day that he went out
=It was so lovely a day that ----------He is so rich that he can buy the book
=He is so rich as to buy ---=He is rich enough to buy ---

21

The problem is so easy that he can solve it

=The problem is easy enough for him to solve it (X)
=The problem is easy enough for him to solve (O)
that

He is so young that he can not read the book
=He is too young to read the book
This box is so heavy that I cannot lift it
=This box is too heavy for me to lift
The problem is so difficult that he cannot solve it
=The problem is ______ ___________ ____ ______ _____ _________

4.
[1]
1. : +ing
go/going, see/seeing, talk/talking
swim/swimming, run/running, cut/cutting, stop/stopping
prefer/preferring, omit/omitting, begin/beginning, refer/referring
visit/visiting, limit/limiting
lie/lying, die/dying, dye/dyeing
smoke/smoking, decide/deciding
2. : +
:

: S,O,C
S( S)
Playing cards is interesting
Being kind to others is good
It is very pleasant walking in the country
C (S=SC)
His hobby is collecting stamps
He is collecting stamps
My job is teaching English
My dream is traveling in Europe
Vt O
I don't like swimming in the river

22

I found it unpleasant walking in the rain

I am fond of swimming
He is good at speaking English
[2]
: / /--- /
: / ,/--- /
a sleeping car
= a car for sleeping ()
a sleeping child
= a child who is sleeping
a waiting room = a room for waiting ()
a waiting lady = a lady who is waiting
a dancing room () / a dancing girl
a walking stick () / a walking dictionary
a smoking room () / a smoking room
[3]
1.
He is proud that he is a scholar
=He is proud of being a scholar
I am ashamed that I am poor
I am ashamed of being poor
2.
I punished him because he was dishonest
I punished him for being dishonest
I thanked him for helping me
3. ()
That he is rich is known to all
For him to be rich -----------His being rich -----------I am ashamed of his/her/Tom's/Tom being foolish
He insists on his father's/his father going there
We must allow for the train being late
4. (we, you, they)
Studying English is no easy task
Taking a walk is a good exercise
[4]

23

do

doing

being done

having done

having been done

make

making

being made

having made

having been made

He is proud that he is rich

=He is proud of being rich
He was proud that his father was rich
=He was proud of his father's being rich
I am ashamed that he was/has been poor
=I am ashamed of his having been poor
I was ashamed that Tom had been poor
I was ashamed of Tom having been poor
He regrets that he wrote/has written the letter
=He regrets having written the letter
[5]
1. : wish, hope, decide, desire, learn,
refuse,
promise, manage
He wishes to be alone
I hope to succeed
He decided to leave school
He refused to help me
He promised to be here tonight
I managed to pass the exam
2. : enjoy, mind, admit, finish, stop,
avoid,
consider, postpone, practice, put off, resist, give up, deny
He enjoys reading a novel
I don't mind taking the bus
Would you mind opening the window?
He admitted having done wrong
I finished reading the novel
You had better avoid keeping company with him
I am considering going with him

24

You must not postpone answering his letter any longer

It is difficult to give up smoking in a day
I can't resist tasting the cake
3. ( ) :
begin, continue, cease, hate, like, prefer, propose
The woman began to laugh/laughing
I continued to read/reading at home all day
[6]
1. stop to : - ( )
--ing : -
He stopped to smoke
He stopped smoking
2. remember/forget to + ():
-- ing + ():
I remember to see him tomorrow
=I remember that I will see him tomorrow
I remember seeing him before
=I remember that I saw her before
Don't forget to post the letter
I forget posting the letter
3. like to :
-- ing :
I don't like smoking
I don't like to smoke now
4. try to : -
-- ing : ---
He tried to move the piano
He tried moving the piano
5. go on to :
---ing: ---
She went on to talk
She went on talking

[7]

25

1. There is no---ing / It is impossible to / We cannot :--

There is no denying the fact
=It is impossible to deny the fact
=We cannot deny the fact
There is no
knowing what may happen
trusting him
accounting for tastes
2. It is no use/good ---ing : ---
It is no use/good crying over spilt milk
=It is of no use to cry over spilt milk
=There is no use (in) crying spilt milk
It is no use going to see him
worrying about the matter
buying such a book
3. of one's own ---ing / pp by oneself : ---
This is a picture of my own painting
(which was) painted by myself
Teaching is a profession of her own choosing
This hare is of my own shooting
4. It goes without saying that---/ It is needless to say that--- :
---
It goes without saying that we must work hard
It is needless to say that ---------------health is above wealth
communists are cruel
this book will improve your English
5. cannot help---ing / cannot but / cannot help but
have no choice/alternative but to
be forced/obliged/compelled to
I cannot help laughing
I cannot but laugh
I cannot help
thinking so
admiring his courage
feeling sorry for his failure
6. On/Upon---ing / As soon as--The moment/instant---

26

Immediately/Directly/Instantly--No sooner had + S + pp--- than-------Scarcely/Hardly had + S + pp--- when/before---------On seeing me, he ran away
As soon as he saw me, --------The moment he saw me,---------Directly he saw me,---------No sooner had he seen me than he ran away
Scarcely had he seen me when he ran away
As soon as I got on the train, it began to move
On my getting on the train,-------As soon as he received the letter, he turned pale
On receiving the letter,--------7. feel like---ing / feel inclined to :-
be disposed to , have a mind to
I feel like seeing a movie
I feel inclined to see a movie
I don't feel like eating dinner
She didn't feel like dancing then
I felt like beating the cruel fellow
7. want/need/require ---ing/to be pp :- , -
being pp (X)
His house needs/wants/requires painting(=to be painted)
being painted (X)
This watch needs repairing (=to be repaired)
The shirt needs washing ( to be washed)
8. cannot ----without---ing : --- ----
never
but S + V --- ----
Whenever ---Each time ---Each time I meet him, I think of his brother
Whenever I meet him, ----------------I never meet him without thinking of his brother
I never meet him but I think of his brother
They cannot meet each other without quarreling
They cannot meet each other but they quarrel

27

9. be on the point/brink/verge/edge of ---ing : ---

be about to /be just going to
He was on the point of going out
He was about to go out
He was on the brink of breathing his last
10. be worth ---ing : - , -
be worth while + /
be worthy of + /
deserve ---ing
This book is worth reading
It is worth while to read / reading this book
That museum is worth visiting
His conduct is worthy of praise
Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well
11. make a point of ---ing : -
be in the habit of---ing
make it a rule to
I make a point of writing home once a week
I make a rule to write home------------12. come near---ing = nearly/narrowly escape---ing : ---

He came near falling into the pit

13. + prevent/keep/stop
hinder/prohibit/ban

A() from ---ing

Illness prevented him from attending the meeting

=Because of illness he couldn't attend--=Because he was ill, he couldn't attend--14. persuade/enable + O to
dissuade/disable + O from ---ing
I tried to dissuade her from marrying him
15. to + /
I object to being treated like this
I am opposed to your going there
I have no objection to his meeting Mary
I study English with a view to going abroad

28

with the view of going abroad

for the purpose of going abroad
She devoted all her time to studying history
looking after her children
What do you say to playing tennis with me?
How / What about
I am looking forward to seeing you again
I am used/accustomed to speaking in public
I insisted that he (should) be invited to the party
I insisted on his being invited to the party
Genius is
perspiration

one

percent

inspiration

and

ninety-nine

5.
[1]
1. (--- )
, (--- / )
a sleeping baby
= a baby who is sleeping
a swimming girl
= a girl who is swimming
a crying baby
= a baby who is crying
a returned soldier = a soldier who has returned
a faded flower
= a flower which has faded
fallen leaves
= leaves which have fallen
2. , (--- / )
(--- / / )
an exciting game
an excited spectator
He was exciting/excited by the news of the victory
The game was exciting/excited
The story is interesting/interested
He was interesting/interested in the subject
It is a surprising/surprised event
I was surprising/surprised to hear the news
His speech was boring/bored
I was bored/boring to hear his boring/bored speech
+ be + pp
+ be --ing

percent

29

[2]
1. :
Who is the crying boy?
The boy crying in the room / is my brother
The wounded soldiers were sent to the hospital
The soldiers wounded in the battle / were sent to the hospital
Of those invited, all but Tom came to the party
*
The man speaking to the mayor is my uncle
=The man who is speaking to the mayor --------It is difficult to study animals living in the underwater
animals that live in the underwater
I received a letter written in English
a letter which was written in English
[2] :
He stood reading the book / looking at the picture
He sat ( read )the book
He sat ( surround ) by children
I am sorry to have kept you (wait
)so long
I saw him (run
)
I heard my name (call )
I found her (kill ) in the wood
I must get him ( repair ) my watch
=I must have him ( repair ) my watch
=I must have/get my watch( repair ) by him
I had my watch ( steal
)
I had my leg (break
) in the accident
I had my house (build
)
You had better have your eyes (examine )
* have + +
get + to
have/get + + pp
*make oneself +pp
I can't make myself understood in English
You must make yourself respected
*pp oc : set, start, send, catch
The news set my heart throbbing
I set the engine going

30

The chalk powder started me coughing

[3]
(++---)

/
: +ing
: having + pp
1. , (when, While, After, As - /- )
When he saw me, he ran away
=Seeing me,------While I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine
=____________ along the street,--------2. , (As, Because, Since -)
As I have no money with me, I can't help you
=________ no money with me,----Since I feel tired, I will stay at home
= __________ tired,--------3. (If -)
If you turn to the right, you will find the house
=__________ to the right,-------If you take this train, you will arrive in London at six
=____________ this train,--------4. (Though, Although, Even if -, - )
Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it
=______________ what you say,---------Even if we grant that it is true, we can't agree with you
=_____________ that it is true,----------5 ( : While, As -)
He extended his hand, smiling brightly
as he smiled brightly
They supported him, saying that he was right
____ ______ ________ that ----6. ( : and ---)
We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at seven
arriving----He picked up a stone, and threw it at a dog
___________ it at a dog

31

with+O+ing()/pp()/////with
It was a snowy morning, with a little wind blowing
He came back with an eye blackened
Don't speak with your mouth full
She entered the room with a hat on
I shall be lonely with you away
He was standing with his hands in his pockets
He lay back in his long chair, (with) his head against a cushion

-ing + S + do/does/did
pp + S + be
Standing as it does on a hill, our church commands a very fine
view
(As it stands)
Situated as it is on a hill, --- (As it is situated)
: not/never
Not knowing what to say, I remained silent
(As I did not know---)
Never having read the book, I cannot criticize it
[4]

+ ing

having + pp

being + pp

having been + pp

1.
As I live in the country, I am very healthy
=Living --As I lived in the country, I was very healthy
=__________--As I have finished(or finished) my work, I go home
=Having finished--As I had read the book, I returned it to him
=_________ _______--2.
Being,Having been + //
Being Having been
As he was tired, he went to bed earlier

32

=(Being) Tired,--As he was wounded in the legs, he could not walk

=(_______) ____________ in the legs,--As the book was written in haste, it has many mistakes.
=(Having been) Written in haste, the book has --As he was angry at my words, he made no reply
=(Being) Angry--As he was a kind man, he was loved by all
=(_________) A kind man,--As he had been born poor, he had little education
=(_________________) Born poor, --[5]

When our dinner was over, we went out for a walk
= Our dinner being over,--After the sun had set, we came down the hill
= The sun having set,--As it was rainy, I had to stay at home
= ___ ______ rainy,--As there was no seat in the bus, I kept standing all the way
=_________ ________ no seat--If other conditions are equal, this principle holds good
=______ ___________ __________ equal,--We shall start tomorrow, if the weather permits
--- ____________ ________________
He was reading a book, while his wife was knitting beside him
---- ______ ________ ____________ beside him
[6]
we, you, one

If we judge from his accent, he must be a foreigner
Judging from--If we speak generally, he is not an artist
Generally speaking,--Strictly speaking, this is not correct
Frankly speaking, he is not a reliable man
Talking of movies, I don't like sad movies
Granting that this is true, you are still in the wrong
Considering his age, he looks young

33

Roughly speaking, he is diligent

6. ,
[1]
:
:
This is a wooden box
I have a book useful for children
He was wide awake
We found him dead
1.
a mere child
a drunken man / He is drunk
an inner pocket
a woolen goods
a wooden box
a golden saying
the outer world
the upper lip
2.
a- afraid, awake, alone, asleep, ashamed,
alive,
aware worth, fond, content
I am afraid of death
I was awake all night
He is ashamed of what he did
He is aware of the danger
I am fond of music
The bird is still alive/living
An alive/ A living lion was caught
It seemed the face of a man alive/living
3.
He is the present king
Everybody was present
He arrived at a certain town
I'm certain that he saw me

34

The late Mr. Brown was rich

He was late for school
Raise your right arm
It is right to think so
[2]
1. ()
++
++
++
++++
all+(the)+
both++
double+(the)+

an honest boy
Mary's new dress
my dear friend
these first two big apples
all the soldiers
both his brothers
double the speed

2. ()


something, nothing, everything, somebody
every/all/ + + -able/ible

She is a lady beautiful, kind and rich
This is a book useful for children
She wants something sweet
I have nothing particular to say
Something unpleasant happened yesterday
I have tried every [all] means possible =every possible means
This is the best method imaginable
from time immemorial
the sum total
things American
Asia Minor
Alexander the Great
the authorities concerned
China proper
[3]

35

()

()
Korea
America

Korean
American

Germany
Italy
Russia
England
France
Japan
China
Spain

German
Italian
Russian
English
French
Japanese
Chinese
Spanish

the Koreans
the
Americans
the Germans
the Italians
the Russians
the English
the French
the Japanese
the Chinese
the Spanish

() ()
a Korean
Koreans
an American Americans
a German
an Italian
a Russian

Germans
Italians
Russians
an Englishman Englishmen
a Frenchman Frenchmen
a Japanese
Japanese
a Chinese
Chinese
a Spaniard
Spaniards

,
language the
English = the English language
Korean = the Korean language
French = the French language
[4] The +/
1.
the rich (=rich people)
the poor (=poor people)
The rich are not always happy
The idle are apt to miss a good chance
The injured in the accident were all children
The battlefield was covered with the dead and the dying
the wise (=wise people)
the ignorant (=ignorant people)
the young and the old (=young people and old people)

the young and old

2. ()
the good
=goodness
the beautiful =beauty
the true
=truth
The good and the beautiful do not always go together

36

He has an eye for the beautiful

The sublime is in a grain of dust
The unknown is always mysterious and attractive
[5] (Numeral)
1.
three dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million(s)
dozens/hundreds/thousands of people
479 = four hundred and seventy-nine
27,238,476 = twenty-seven million, two hundred and thirty-eight
thousand,
four hundred and seventy-six
1999 = nineteen ninety-nine
in the 1950's = in the nineteen fifties
7 : 45 a.m. = seven forty-five a.m.
34-4790 = three four, four seven nine o[ou]
383-7885 = three eight three, seven double eight five
$ 25. 50 = twenty-five dollars (and) fifty (cents)
Book II = Book two, the second book
Chapter V = Chapter five, the fifth chapter
World War II = World War Two, the Second World War
Lesson 10 = Lesson ten, the tenth lesson
page 8 = page eight, the eighth page
2. , , , ,
2+3=5 : Two plus three is (are) five
Two and three makes (make) five
5-3=2 : Five minus three is (equals) two
Three from five leaves two
64=24 : Six multiplied by four is twenty-four
62 =3 : Six divided by two is three
6:12=2:4 : six is to twelve as (what) two is to four
, ,,
3.27 = three point two seven
= a half, one half
= one-fourth, a quarter
= two-thirds
5 = five and seven-eighths
23/32 = twenty-three over thirty-two
This is as large as that
This is half/twice/three times as large as that

37

the size of that

He had twice as many books as I have
the number of my books
[6]
1. Many, Much, Few, Little
many/a good many/a great many/a great number of + (
)
much/a great deal of/a good deal of + / ( )
a lot of /lots of /(a) plenty of +/ ( )
few : ( )
a few : ( )
little : ( )
a little : ( )
There are many trees in the park
A good many people supported him
She drinks much milk
He spent a great deal of money
He used a lot of sugar
There is plenty of time
There are plenty of books
He has few friends
He has a few friends
I have little time for reading
I have a little money
2. not a few/no few/quite a few : ()
not a little /no little/quite a little : (,)
Not a few people denied the fact
He has no few(quite a few) books
I was not a little surprised at the news
She has quite a little money
3. Many a + +
Many + +
Many a book is on the table
=Many books are on the table
4. as many---: like so many---: ---
as much---: like so much---: ---
He keeps three dogs and as many cats
The boys worked like so many ants

38

He drank two bottles of beer and as much wine

The white snow on the ground looked like so much sugar
[7]
1.
1 ,2 -er, -est
tall/taller/tallest, great, clever
wrong/right/like/fond/afraid more, most
I am more fond of tea than coffee
+ :
big/bigger/biggest, thin, hot
yi + er/est, -e -r, -st
early/earlier/earliest, happy
brave/braver/bravest, wise
more, most : -ful, -able, -less, -our, -ive 2 3

useful/more useful/most useful, careless, famous, interesting,
diligent
2.
good/well
bad/ill
many/much
little
old
late
far

better
worse
more
less
older
elder
later
latter
farther
further

best
worst
most
least
oldest
()
eldest
()
latest ()
last
()
farthest ()
furthest ()

( )
(Dozens of, Dozen of) people were hurt in the accident
Many a student (has, have) repeated the same mistake
I have made (little, few) mistakes in my composition
He is (older, elder) than my (oldest, eldest) brother
He lived during the (later, latter) half of the nineteenth century
We should the (last, latest) lesson of the textbook yesterday

39

[8] ,
He is as tall as his brother ( is tall)
He is not as/so tall as his brother
The bus is as fast as the train
My watch is not as expensive as yours
as---as can be/as---as anything : ---
as---as possible/as---as one can : ---
as---as any +
: ---
as---as ever +
: --- ---
not so much A as B : A B
so many, as many :
times as---as : ---
He is as happy as (happy) can be
=He is as happy as anything
He walked as fast as possible/he could
I'll come as soon as possible
He is as brave as any man in the world
He is as brave as ever lived
He is not so much a novelist as a poet
less a novelist than a poet
more a poet than a novelist
a poet rather than a novelist
People worked like so many bees
I found ten mistakes in as many lines
This building is three times as big as that one
three times bigger than that one
three times the size of that one

as poor as a church mouse

as like as two peas
as cunning as a fox
as cool as a cucumber
as sweet as honey
as timid as a hare
[9]
1.
He is two years older than I (am old)
London is bigger than Paris
Iron is more useful than gold

40

I have never been happier (than now)

2.
much/a lot/even/still/far + : / ---
This is much bigger than that
Tom drives far more carefully than Mary
Gold is far heavier than water
You are even more beautiful than before
3. ,
,
more++ than
He is cleverer than his brother
He is more clever than wise
(O)
He is cleverer than wise
(X)
=He is clever rather than wise (O)
=He is not so much wise as clever
=He is less wise than clever
She is more shy than unsocial
It is more hot than warm
A B
not so much
A as B
less A than B
more A than B
A rather than B
*She can not so much as write her own name (=not even)
4. The +
of A and B of the two
()
the+---, the + ----: --- ----
He is the younger of the two
Of gold and silver, the former is the more precious
He worked the harder, because his master praised him
I like him all the better because of his frankness
He is none the happier for all his wealth
The more I know him, the more I like him
The sooner, the better
The higher we climb, the colder it becomes
5.

41

superior/inferior to
senior/junior to
anterior/posterior to
major/minor to
prefer A to B
be preferable to

- /
- /
- /
- /
B A
-

He is superior to me in every way

I am inferior to him in physics
He is three years older than I
=He is three years senior to me
He is five years younger than I
=He is five years junior to me
He left three days anterior to me
His arrival is posterior to hers
I prefer coffee to tea
=I like coffee better than tea
I prefer staying to going = I prefer to stay rather than (to) go
Poverty is preferable to ill health
6.
*no more than
*no less than
*not more than
*not less than

=only : , ( )
=as many/much as : - ( )
=at most : ( )
=at least : ( )

He has no more than 10,000 won

He has no less than 10,000 won
I have not more than ten books
I have not less ten books
*A is no more B than C is D = not---any more than = neither---nor
(A B C D )
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
=A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is.
=Neither a whale nor a horse is a fish
*not more ---than = not so---as = less---than
*no less---than = as---as
*not less---than = perhaps more---than
I am not more mad than you = I am not so mad as you
She is no less beautiful than you = She is as beautiful as you
She is not less beautiful than you

42

= Perhaps she is more beautiful than you

*no + +than = as + + as
Your wife is no wiser than you = Your wife is as foolish as you
She is no taller than he = She is as short as he
*know better than to = not so foolish as to, not such a fool as to
be wise enough not to, too wise to
He knows better than to do such a thing
=He is not so foolish as to do such a thing
*+still[much] more (--- ) / + still[much] less (---
)
She knows French, still[much] more English
= not to mention, not to speak of, to say nothing of
I cannot even read German, still[much] less speak it
=let alone
*none other than
[10]
1.
He is the tallest (boy) in the class
Gold is the most precious of all metals
* '-, -'
of + in +
* the
He runs fastest of all
He works hardest of all the students
I like grapes best of all fruits
* the ,
the
The wisest man may sometimes make a mistake
The poorest can afford to buy an apple in autumn
* even
'-'
He is the last man to do such a thing
2.
( the )

43

He works hardest in the office

You are my best friend
A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway's greatest novel
Summer is the hottest season of the year
Summer is hottest
The lake is the deepest (one) in Korea
The lake is deepest at this point
She is the most beautiful of all the girls

This is a most useful book

Most people like beef

Most of his history is not true

I can pay you only ten dollars at (the) most

He is a second rate singer at (the) best

Men of genius, for the most part, have been hardworking men
(mostly)
3. ,
A is the B
A is than any other B
No (other) B is than A
No (other) B is so/as as A
Seoul is th largest city in Korea
Seoul is larger than any other city Korea
No other city in Korea is larger than Seoul
so/as large as Seoul
Time is the most precious thing of all
Time is more precious than any other thing
Time is more precious than anything else
Nothing is more precious than time
Nothing is so precious as time

We must not lose a second

I was told the news at second hand

(indirectly)
As a portrait painter, he is second to none , (the best)
He is the second in command

44

7.
[1]
1. = +ly
+ ly : slowslowly,
gladgladly
-y + ly : happyhappily,
heavyheavily
-le + ly : noblenobly,
ablyably
: solesolely, wholewholly
2.
He is a fast runner
He runs fast
The early bird catches the worm
He rises early
I was late for school
The doctor came too late
3.
*He is a hard worker
It's raining hard today
I can hardly believe it

---

*I was late for school today

The doctor came late
He came home lately

*She is pretty
This bag is pretty heavy
She is prettily dressed

*He is in high position

The dog can jump high

It is a highly amusing film

*Mr. Jones will be back shortly (=soon)

*They want help badly
[2]
* , , ,
, , , ,
He speaks English well
Still waters run deep

45

She is very beautiful

He lived very happily
Even a child can do it
They started soon after sunrise
I like him simply because he is honest
He did not die happily
Happily he did not die
Fortunately no one was hurt in the accident
[3]
1. :
enough
I am very glad to see you
The rainy season will set in fairly soon
You are quite in the wrong
He died soon after the doctor arrived
He is rich enough to buy a car
She sings well enough
2.
*How() ,
gladly, frankly, well, perfectly
Vi +
The rumor spread quickly
+ Vt + O
He frankly admitted his error
Vt + O +
He earns his living honestly
Vt + + O He understood perfectly what his wife felt
3. ()
*How often
always, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, never
* be
He always looks after his health
He is often late for school
He is never at home on Sundays
He could scarcely say a word
4.
+
+
+ () +
I will meet you at three o'clock tomorrow
She sang beautifully at a music hall in the city
He went to Seoul on business yesterday

46

[4]
1. very / much
very
: , ,

much
: , ,
* tired, surprised,
delighted very
He is very old
He walked very carefully
This book is very interesting
He was very tired
He doesn't like beef much
His remarks are much to the point
This is much smaller than that
He is the very tallest boy in his class
He is much the tallest boy in his class
He is much interested in history
I am much afraid of snakes
* afraid, alike, aware, ashamed much
, very
2. ago/before/since
ago
, '---' ( )
before
, ' --' ( )
since
' ' ( )
*before ', '

My uncle passed away ten years ago
I had received the letter three days before
I have seen him before
I was afraid of monkeys before
I met him five years ago, but have not seen him since
3. already/yet/still
already
: (, )
yet
: (, , ---)
still
:
Bill has already gone to bed
Has the bell rung already? ( )

47

Have you finished breakfast yet?

I have not yet heard from him
Still waters run deep

She still dislikes him

He is still asleep

He still doesn't like her

He is clever, but his sister is still cleverer ( )

He has his faults, still I love him
()
(Conjunctive Adverb) : , ;
: however(), nevertheless( ), still, yet
He didn't want to go; however, he went
: otherwise, or else ( )
Leave home by 6:15, otherwise you will miss the train
: so, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly
I think; therefore, I am
We have a grownig population;
we, therefore, need more and more food
: also, besides(), then( )
He is young and handsome. He is also very rich
: for instance, namely(), that is (to say)()
Several of his friends came; Ben, Kay and Mike, for instance

[5]
*

1.
: at, by, till, from, up, with
: from under, till after
: concerning, regarding, considering
: in front of, on account of, in spite of
He lives in Seoul
He came out from behind the door
He looks young considering his age
A big tree is in front of my house
He failed in spite of his efforts

48

2.
*
*

*
He lives with Tom
I bought a present for him
He is afraid of going alone
He went away without saying a word
He was about to go out
There was nothing for it but to wait
They gave up the captain for lost
Things went from bad to worse
He got back from abroad in 1965
He read the book till late at night
I like her in that she is kind
[6]
1.
*






Whom(Who) are you looking for?
He is a man (whom) we can rely upon
I had nothing more to talk about
He is well spoken of
Such a fellow I look down upon
2. (=+)
:
,
: , , ,
The book on the desk is Tom's

49

He is a man of ability
The factory is on fire
The matter is of importance
I took it for granted that she was absent
He solved the problem with ease
He is good at history
3.
The dog ran after the rabbit
I have not seen him since then
It started to rain soon after I have not seen him since
I arrived after he left
It is ten years since I came here
Look
Look
Look
Look

at the picture (O)

the picture at (X)
at it (O)
it at (X)

+
Don't laugh at me
Look at that bird
matter
I am looking for my pen
help
I must call at his office
question
+ :
turn in
take off
turn on
call up
use up

Put on your coat (O)

Put your coat on (O)
Put on it (X)
Put it on (O)
You have to think of your family
I'll speak to him about the
Our success depends on your
You must look

2 (Two-Word Verbs)
give up
carry out
put away
pick up
put off
put down
turn out
see off

[7]
He lives at a small village
He lives in Seoul
There are some books on the desk
There is a picture on the wall
Beneath the cover I found the treasure
There is a bridge over the river
He is lying under the tree
The moon has risen above the horizon

into that

50

The sun has sunk below the horizon

We sailed down the river
He went up the mountain
The city is between Seoul and Pusan
Squirrels were playing among the trees
[8]
There are two birds in the cage
He went into the room
He walked out of the room
We walked along the bank
He ran across the street
The Tames flows through London
He went to Seoul
He started from Seoul
He left Seoul for New York
He was walking toward the north
The earth moves round the sun
The stranger looked round the room
They gathered around the teacher
They sat around the fire
He traveled around /round the world
He walked about the street
He was hiding behind a door
There is a tree in front of the house
I'll go after him
The policeman ran after the thief
[9]
at five o'clock, at noon, at night, at dawn, at midnight
in April, in 1999, in summer, in the 21th century, in the morning
on the tenth of April, on Monday
on the morning of May 10th
He will be back in a week
( , )
The work will be finished within a month ( ,
)
The work was finished after a month
( , )

51

He will come here by four o'clock

( )
He will stay here till(=until) four o'clock
( )
I have lived in Seoul since my birth
( )
He works hard from morning till night ( )
He has been sick for three weeks ( )
He was killed during the war
( , )
I stayed in London for three days. During the three days, I met him
He slept during the meeting
He slept through the meeting
( )
[10]
1.
He died of cancer/hunger
, ,
He was taken ill from overwork
, ,
He lost his place through neglect of duty
, , ,
He was surprised at the news

The girl was shivering with cold
:,
I didn't go for many reasons

2.
The house was made of stone
Wine is made from grapes
Glass is made into bottles
You must write letters in ink

dressed in rags

speaking in English

3.
Don't cut your bread with a knife
He was killed with a pistol

Don't write your letter in red ink

This letter was written by the man with a fountain
He went by bus and returned by train

Through books, we learn much about other countries
We spoke through an interpreter
I bought this apple for seventy won

4. on, to/, to/ as
* depend/rely/count on[upon] A for B : B A
=be dependent upon A for B
=turn/look to A for B
Our country depends on[upon] foreign countries for oil
Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help

52

The child turned to its mother for comfort

* attribute/ascribe/owe A to B : A B []
She attributed her success to hard work and a bit of luck
I owe what I am to you
* regard/look upon/think of/see A as B : A B /
We looked on him as our leader
5. with/ on
* provide/supply/present A with B : A B
The company provided me with a car
a car for me
* impose/inflict/force A on B : A B /
The government imposed a new tax on wine
6. ,, from
* prevent/keep/stop/hinder/prohibit/ban A from B+ing: A B

Cold weather keeps many plants from blooming

* keep/refrain/abstain from---ing : ---
Please refrain from smoking in the car
* tell/know/distinguish/discriminate A from B :A B
Can you tell Tom from his twin brother?
He can distinguish cultured pearls from genuine ones by
experience
7. , , , of
* clear/relieve/cure A of B : A B //
We cleared the roads of snow
=We cleared snow from the roads
* rob/deprive A of B : A B
They robbed the bank of all the money
=They stole all the money from the bank
* inform/remind/warn A of B : A B //
I informed him of her arrival
* assure/convince A of B : A B
I convinced him of her sincerity
8. ,
We wrote to him for advice
The police are after the murderer
The poor dog starved to death
Water changes into ice, when it is cold

53

8.
[1]
1.
(Countable Noun)
: book, boy, car
: family, audience
(Uncountable Noun)
: gold, water, air, salt
: John, Newton, Seoul, Asia
: beauty, peace, love
2. : a(an) + the +
A horse is a useful animal
The horse is a useful animal
Horses are useful animals
[2]
1. The + =
He is writing a letter with a pen
He owns an old Korean sword
The pen is mightier than the sword
She was a mother of three children
She felt the mother rise in her heart
He is an ardent patriot
He felt the patriot rise within his breast
2. a --- of a -----: ---
She is an angel of a wife = She is an angelic wife
He was a brute of a man
A mountain of a wave came near
Do you know that fool of a John?
I was afraid of that monster of a dog
[3]

54

1.
* :
:
( all )
His family is very large (=He has a very large family)
His family are all well
Three families are living here
The
The
The
The

committee meets once a week

committee are at dinner
audience was small
audience were excited

family :
*family, committee, class, audience, party, people()
The audience was very large
The audience were all deeply moved
the police : the
*police, clergy, gentry(), nobility(), peasantry(),
aristocracy()
The police are after the robber
He is a policeman
cattle :
*cattle, vermin(), poultry(), people()
There are ten people here
There are ten peoples in Asia
The Koreans are a very industrious people
furniture ( ) :
*furniture, clothing, machinery, scenery, poetry, weaponry,
merchandise, baggage, luggage,
produce(), game()
There are many furnitures (X)
There are many pieces of furniture (O)
2. : furniture, clothing, food, produce, luggage=baggage
a, an

many, few much, little
a piece of, an article of
The spacious room has much furniture
Much clothing is needed in cold countries
He takes much baggage on his trip

55

[4]
1.

,
paper, glass, wool, wood, stone, gold, silver, copper, water, wine,
oil, air,
rice, sugar, salt, money
This box is made of paper
Milk is made into butter and cheese
Glass is apt to break
Fire burns wood
2.
a piece of bread
a glass of water
a pound of sugar
a spoonful of salt
two cups of coffee
a school of fish
a piece of chalk

a slice of bread
three glasses of milk
two lumps of sugar
a cup of coffee
a sheet of paper
a bottle of beer
two pieces of chalk

3.

Windows are made of glass
He has a glass in his hand
There are two glasses on the table
I found a piece of paper there
Bring me today's paper
The papers were very valuable

The bridge is built of stone
He threw a stone into the pond
Wine is made from grapes
This is a good wine for health
There is no smoke without fire
There is a fire last night
the
Water is turned into a steam by heat
The water in this glass / is not good to drink
Cheese is made from milk

56

The milk in the bottle / went bad

[5]
1. - , --- (a certain)
He is a Kennedy

The Kims live next door to us

A Mr. Kim wants to see you

There are five Kims in this class 5
2. ---
He bought a Ford yesterday
This is a genuine Rodin
Two Millets are hanging on the wall
A Newton cannot become a Shakespeare
(a scientist like Newton)
(a dramatist like Shakespeare)
You will become an Edison (an inventor like Edison)
He is the Newton of the age
[6]
1. of + =
a man of ability = an able man
a man of wisdom = a wise man
a matter of importance = an important matter
of no value = valueless
of great use = very useful
2. with/without/by/to/in + =
with kindness = kindly
by accident = accidentally
with ease
= easily
to perfection= perfectly
with safety = safely
in reality =really
without doubt = undoubtedly
in earnest =earnestly
on purpose = purposely
3. all + = + itself = very +
all kindness / kindness itself / very kind
all beauty
/ beauty itself
/ very beautiful
all attention
/ attention itself / very attentive
4.
a piece of information
a fit of anger

two pieces of advice

several cases of theft

57

a stroke of luck
5.
Happiness lies in contentment
The poor envy the happiness of the rich
Art is long and life is short
Teaching is an art
He said so out of kindness
He has done me many kindnesses
Beauty is only skin-deep
She is a beauty
The beauty of the scenery is beyond description
Success depends upon our efforts
The concert was a great success
He is a success as a novelist
[7]
1. + s[z], [p k f t] + s[s]
jobs beds dogs boys / caps books roofs cats
2. [s z ] + es[iz]
asses breezes dishes benches [] : monarchs stomachs[ks]
3. + y i +es
armyarmies citycities babybabies ladyladies
+y s : boys two Marys
4. + o +es
potatopotatoes
heroheroes
NegroNegroes
[] : pianos photos autos

volcanovolcano(e)s

5. f/fe v+es
wolfwolves leafleaves wifewives halfhalves
[] : roofs cliffs safes chiefs handkerchiefs
6. [, , ] + 's
R's 1990's = 1990s
[8]
1.

58

man/men
mouse/mice

woman[wum n]/women[wimin]
foot/feet
tooth/teeth
goose/geese

2.
deer sheep swine salmon Chinese Japanese
3.
datum data
phenomenon phenomena
focus foci
crisis crises

memorandum memoranda
stimulus stimuli
oasis oases
analysis analyses

4.
looker-on lookers-on
passer-by passers-by
commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief
father-in-law fathers-in-law
forget-me-not forget-me-nots touch-me-not
touch-me-nots
go-between go-betweens merry-go-round merry-go-rounds
man-servant men-servants
woman-doctor womendoctors
[9]
1. ()

gloves glasses spectacles shoes trousers stockings tongs pincers
*brains billiards suburbs means belongings surroundings sweets
a pair of /two pairs of trousers

Mathematics is his strong subject
economics politics physics statistics
*brains billiards suburbs means belongings surroundings sweets
*waters(=sea) sands(=desert) thanks heavens
2.
* ,

air
,
advice
,
airs

advices ,
arm

manner
arms

manners
pain

color

59

pains
force
forces
quarters
contents

,
,

3.
shake hands with
exchange seats with
exchange letters with

colors
custom

customs , ,
goods

numbers ,
change buses/trains
be on good terms with
make friends with

4.
three years old / a three-year-old daughter
ten dollars / a ten-dollar bill
a ten-mile race
five-act play
a six-day journey
a six-inch gun
[10] (Gender)
1.
:
:
:
:

boy, father, uncle

mother, sister, girl
parent, friend, child
book, water, flower

2. ()
* it ,

:
sun, war, winter, death, anger, ocean, mountain
: ---moon, peace, spring, art
America is rich its natural resources
England is proud of her poets
Japan imports raw materials for her industries
The baby is sucking its fingers
The ship sank with all her crew
He treats the hen kindly, because she is a good layer
3.
father/mother
bachelor/spinster
price/princess
actor/actress

nephew/niece
bull/cow
lion/lioness
tiger/tigress

60

waiter/waitress

emperor/empress

[11]
1.
* 's , of
the girl's bedroom,
girls' high school,
the cat's ear
the legs of the table, the roof of that house
Tom and John's room is sunny
()
Tom's and John's rooms are sunny ()
2.
*
today's paper
a day's journey
a minute's walk
ten miles' distance
He lives within a stone's throw of
ten dollars' worth of sugar
a ton's weight
Nature's law
Heaven's will

tomorrow's lesson
five days' journey
five minutes' walk
by a hair's breadth
the station
five pounds' weight
Fortune's favorite
the earth's surface

I was at my wit's end, because I had no money with me

He has English at his fingers' ends

---
for mercy's sake = for God's sake
,
He enjoyed himself to his heart's content
3.
*a,an/this,that/these,those/some,any,no/another + + of +

a my friend (X) a friend of mine

your this book (X) this book of yours
some my son's friends (X) some friends of my son's
4.
*
This book is my brother's (book)
He took the seat near to Tom's (seat)
We had a good time at my uncle's (house)
I have been to the barber's (shop)

61

the dentist's (office)

the grocer's (shop)
[12]
:
+
+ O()--- : , + +
prevent/keep/

stop/hinder-----cannot

enable---------can
()
takego, get to / bringcome
makeX / showknow
1. + enable + O() to do
= + can + --- + ()
His youth enables him to work
=He can work / because he is young
His wealth enables him to go abroad
=____________________ abroad / because he was wealthy
The airplane enables us to travel fast
=Thanks to the airplane, ____________________________
2. + prevent + O + from + ()--= () + + cannot + --His poverty prevents/keeps/stops/prohibits him from buying the
house
As/Since/Because he is poor, he cannot buy the house
Because of
Owing to
his poverty, he cannot buy the house
On account of
The rain kept him from coming
=______________________ because of the rain
His illness prevented him from attending the meeting
=As he was ill, ________________________ the meeting
3. + force/compel/oblige + O + to do
= () + + have to --Her father's sudden death forced her to give up school
=As her father died suddenly, she had to give up school
4. What + make + O + OC ?
= Why + V + S----?
What makes you so happy?
=Why are you so happy?

62

What makes you think so?

=Why _______________________
5. + take + O + to = + go/get to
Business took him to Seoul
=He went to Seoul on business

+ bring + O
= + come/reach

Ten minutes' walk brought him to the park

=After ten minutes' walk, he came to the park
What brought you here? ______________ to buy a book
6.
A short walk gives me a good appetite
=I have a good appetite after a short walk
Their laughter made him get angry
=He got angry because they laughed
This medicine will make you feel better
=If you take this medicine, you will feel better
Every night found him poring over his books
=Every night he pored over his books
No amount of wealth can satisfy him
=However rich he may be, he can't be satisfied
This picture reminds me of the good old days
=Whenever I see this picture, I remember[think of] the good old
days
=I never see this picture but I think of the good old days

9.
* : a/an the
* a/an
spelling
a boy/pen/useful animal/one-eyed man
an owl/umbrella/hour/heir/honest man
[1]

63

1. (one)
There is a book on the shelf
Rome was not built in a day
They didn't say a word
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
2. (a certain)
A Mr. Kim came to see you
In a sense, it is true
He came back on a fine morning
3. , (the same)
Birds of a feather flock together
These shoes are of a size
We are of an age/of a mind/of a humor
4. -, (per)
I write to her once a week
They rode 60 miles an hour
He worked sixteen hours a day
The gasoline costs 2,000 won a liter
5. ; , (some)
A fox is a cunning animal
An owl cannot see well in the day time
Wait here for a while, please
Oil paintings look better at a distance
[2]
1.
I met a boy, and the boy showed me the way
One day a wolf came to a brook. The wolf saw a lamb by the
brook
2. (,)
Water is changed into stream by heat
The water of this well is not good to drink
Look at the snow that covers the top of the mountain
Seoul is the capital of the Republic of Korea
Sunday is the day when people go to church
3. , , same, only, last

64

Autumn is the best season for study

He is the first American singer
He was the first to come and the last to leave
I have the same watch as you have
You are the only man for the job
4.
Don't leave the door open
The post office is near the station
What did the doctor say?
5. , , ,
The whale is a large mammal
Edison invented the gramophone
He plays the violin every day
Does she play the piano well?
6. , ;
Sugar is sold by the pound
We hired a motorcar by the hour
They are paid by the day/week/month
Students board by the month
in the morning/afternoon/evening
in the dark
in the distance
in the sun
in the shade
[3] The +
1. ()
The sun is much larger than the moon
He sailed round the world
the east/west/south/north
the Bible, the sky
2. , , , , ,
the Thames
the Pacific (Ocean)
the Atlantic
the Queen Mary
the Mayflower
the Korean Peninsula
the West Indies
the Alps
*Mt. Everest
3. , , , , ,
the United States of America
the Philippines
the White House
the British Museum
the Ministry of Education
the Honam Line

65

the Dong-A Ilbo

the Times
* , ,
Hyde Park, Seoul Station, Como Lake
[4]
1. so/as/too/how/however + + (a,an) +
I have never seen
a very lovely cat
such a lovely cat
so lovely a cat
He is a kind boy
He is as kind a boy as you are
He lives in a small house
He lives in too small a house
This is a very difficult problem
What a difficult problem this is!
How difficult a problem this is!
How difficult the problem is!
2. such/half/many/quite/what + + +
I'll meet you in half an hour
Many a student is absent today
=Many students are absent today
It was quite a warm day
3. all/both/double + the +
All the boys were present
Both the brothers passed the exam
I paid double the price by mistake
[5]
1.
Waiter, bring me a cup of coffee
When can I go home, doctor?
Father has not come home yet
Father is out, but mother is in
2.
After breakfast we played tennis
He is suffering from cancer
I have a bad cold
I have a headache

66

He plays tennis every Sunday

He majors in English literature/history
3.
President Carter
Minister Kim
Mr. Kim, mayor of our city gave an opening address
He was appointed chairman
He was appointed principal of our school
He is the principal of our school
He became a reporter
We elected him chairman of our club
4. ,
The rich are not always happier than the poor
Young and old, rich and poor were gathered there
husband and wife
day and night
from door to door
arm in arm
hand in hand
side by side
face to face
step by step
I'll go there by car/train/bus/plane
I informed him by telephone/letter/wireless
5.
There is a post office near the school
School begins at eight o'clock
He went to the church to see her
He goes to church every Sunday
He is in (the) hospital
I went to the prison to see him
He was sent to prison
There is an apple on the table
He was at table when we called
6.
A poet and statesman is dead
A poet and a statesman are dead
A black and white dog is sleeping
A black and a white dog are sleeping
[6]
He is not a man who will tell a lie
=He is not a man to tell a lie
=He is the last man to tell a lie
=He is above telling a lie

67

He was the last to come

I studied the last lesson of the textbook

He will be the last man to help us
He is the last man I want to see
The moon rose above the hill
He is above asking questions
It is above my understanding

The subway runs below the ground

Such a thing is below notice

The house is beyond the bridge

The beauty of the place is beyond description
His lecture was beyond me

The task is beyond my strength
The school is far from here

I am far from (being) happy

Far from reading the letter, he did not open it ,
She is far from (being) beautiful
This plan is free from(=without) danger
I know better than to do such a thing -
=I am not so foolish as to do such a thing
A trip to the moon is no longer a dream
---
=A trip to the moon is not a dream any longer
I can walk no more
=I cannot walk any more

10.
[1]
1.
:
:
:
:

I, my, me, you, your, he, she, it

this, that, such, so
what, who, which
any, some, one, other, another

68

: who, which, that, what

2.

1
2

---

/
---

---

I
we
you
you
he
she
it

my
our
your
your
his
her
its

me
us
you
you
him
her
it

mine
ours
yours
yours
his
hers
----

myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
herself
itself

they

their

them

theirs

themselves

3.
* we, you, they ,
(

)
We had much snow last year
We are not naturally bad

You should not speak ill of others
They sell dear at that store
They say that he is a genius in mathematics
They speak English in Canada
[2] It
1.
Where is my book? It is on the desk
He bought a watch, and gave it to me
I tried to get a taxi, but it wasn't easy
She's pretty, and she knows it
You'll be in trouble before you know it
2. ()
It's very wonderful, this blouse of yours
It is a lot of fun playing chess
To solve this problem is easy = It is easy to solve this problem
It is impossible to master English in a month or two
That he will succeed is certain = It is certain that he will succeed

69

3. ()
I think it wrong to tell a lie
She doesn't know what it is to be poor
It doesn't matter whether he comes or not
You will find it difficult to solve the problem
You will find it pleasant talking with her
I think it true that he is honest
I took it for granted that he would win the race
4.
It is fine today
What time is it now?
It is summer now
It is dark now
How goes it with you?
We must fight it out
I had a good time of it

5. It is //,
()
that--
I met the girl yesterday
It was I that (=who) met the girl yesterday
It was the girl that (=whom) I met yesterday
It was yesterday (=when) I met the girl
He complained of his father
It was his father that (=whom) he complained of
You are in the wrong
It is you that are in the wrong
It is he that is responsible for that matter
It is these points that are important
What did you buy?
: You bought what
: It was what that you bought
: What was it that you bought?
[3] (Reflexive Pronoun)
1. ()
*, ,
He overslept himself
He availed himself of every chance (=make use of)

70

She prides herself on her skill in cooking (=be proud of, take pride
in)
He absented himself from school (=stay away from)
I love him (O) I love me (X)
He killed himself
History repeats itself
We enjoyed ourselves very much
Please help yourself to the cake

I love myself

He completed the work for himself

He lives in that house by himself
Pleasure in itself is neither good nor bad
The door opened of itself
He was beside himself with joy
I laughed in spite of myself
Between ourselves he is not honest
for oneself(=without another's help)

by oneself(=alone)
,
of itself(=spontaneously)

in itself(=in its own nature)

to oneself(=secretly)
beside oneself(=mad)
,
in spite of oneself(=unconsciously)
,
between ourselves(=between you and me)

2. (Emphatic Use)
* , .
* '---, ---, -- '
*
I myself did it () = I did it myself ()
You must take care of it yourself
The major himself got a brilliant idea
The house itself was ugly, but the garden was excellent
I saw Mr. Smith himself
His story was simplicity itself (=simple)
[4] This, That
1.
This is larger than that

71

I will see you again one of these days

Prices were high in those days
Are these your children?
He is always quarreling with this man or that
These are his, and those are mine
Heaven helps those who help themselves
2. this that--- --the onethe other---, the formerthe latter--- --Work and play are both necessary to health;
this gives us rest, and that gives us energy (this=play,
that=work)
A girl and her mother were coming;
the one was twelve and the other thirty-five
Mary has a white and a red rose; the one is lovelier than the other
It is difficult to distinguish the former from the latter
3. //
To be or not to be : that is the question
The difference is this : her shock was greater than his
You take him to be a miser : but that is certainly a mistake
He said nothing, and this made his father very angry
He makes mistakes, and that very often
He left suddenly, and that without saying a word
You must go there, and that at once
Come to my office with the papers, and that quickly
4. that, those
The climate of Korea is milder than England (X)
The climate of Korea is milder than that(=the climate) of England
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those(=the ears) of a cat
The population of Japan is much larger than ________ of Korea
The houses of the rich are larger than _____________ of the poor
His behavior was not __________ of a gentleman
[5] SuchSameSo
1. such
He is a child and must be treated as such
She is not happy, only she seems such
Wealth as such doesn't matter much.
I may have offended you, but such was not my intention

72

Such poets as Milton/Poets such as Milton are rare

I don't like such people as those
The heat of my room is such that I cannot study in it
This is such a light stone that everybody can lift it
2. same
He called for the same again
We must all do the same
This is the same watch that I lost
This is the same watch as I lost
Your dress is the same as hers
3. so
Will he pass the exam?
Do you think it will be nice tomorrow?
Will it rain tomorrow?
Will our exam be difficult?
Are you free tonight?

I think so
I hope so
I hope not
I'm afraid so
I'm afraid not

* + So+V+S / + Neither/Nor +V+S

I am pretty
So am I (=I am pretty, too)
You are pretty
So I am (=Yes, I am pretty, indeed)
I play tennis
So do I (=I play tennis, too)
I saw the movie
So did I (=I saw the movie, too)
He can speak English So can Mary
He worked hard
So he did and so did she
I don't love you
He
He
He
He

I don't love you, either

Neither do I/Nor do I/Me, neither
won't go, and neither will I /, nor will I
cannot go, and neither can I
did not go, and neither did I
doesn't go, and neither do I

[6] One
1.
One should obey one's parents
One should take care of oneself
One must do his/one's duty
One of the boys told it to his father
2. a + ( )one
the, this, that + ( ) it

73

Do you have a pen?---Yes, I have one (=a pen)

Do you have the pen?--Yes, I have it (=the pen)
Do you have the dictionary I gave you?----Yes, I have it
I have lost my umbrella. I think I must buy one
3.
His house is not such a large one
This desk is my old one
Give me two red pencils, three blue ones and a black one
The problems are hard ones. I prefer an easy one.
4. one
* , one
I like red wine better than white ________
You must write in blue ink, not in red ________
My watch is smaller than Tom's ________
[7] One, The Other, Another
1. one, the other---(, ) / the one, the other--I have two brothers; one is New York, the other (is) in London
I have three brothers; one is New York, and the others (are) in
London
I keep a dog and a cat; I like the one better than the other
I have three sisters;
one is in Seoul, another (is) in Pusan, the other (is) in Taegu
*some, others, still others : 3
Some of the flowers are red, and others are yellow,
and still others are blue
2. another
Give me another cup of coffee
(one more)
There are another fire last night

I don't like this; show me another

There is another meaning in this sentence (different)
If he is a fool, you are another
(also one)
He is a liar, and his son is another

To know is one thing and to teach is another
A B
=Knowing is quite different from teaching
Romeo and Juliet loved each other
( )
We should love one another
( )

74

[8] -
1. some any
* some any
* some , any , ,
* , ,
some
* any ', , '
I have some English books
Do you have any pencils?
I don't have any pencils
If you have any money with you, lend me some, please.
Aren't there some money in your pocket?
Will you have some more coffee?
Could you lend me some money?
Anyone can do it
You can buy stamps at any post office
2. somebody, nobody, something, nothing, anything, everything
Somebody went into the store

He is a somebody in the city

,
Nobody can understand it
---
He is a mere nobody
,
Give me something to read

There is nothing interesting in the newspaper

Everything is now ready for you
He is everything to me

Money is everything to him

[9]
1. both, either, neither
Both houses are big and tall
I like both of the books
Do you know either of the boys?
I know him, too
I don't know him, either
I have not read either book= I have read neither book
2.
*

:
both/all/every/always/completely/necessarily/entirely
* : no/neither/none/never/nothing/nobody

not

75

I like both of them

I do not like both of them (=I like one of them)

I do not like either of them = I like neither of them

I know all of them

I do not know all of them
I do not know any of them = I know none of them
You may take either of the two
You may take any of the three
Everybody likes her
Everybody does not like her
Nobody likes her
Everybody cannot become an Edison
The rich are always happy
The rich are not always happy
The rich are never happy
The building is not completely finished

She never fails to keep her promise

He never comes without complaining of others
There is no one but loves his own country
that doesn't love his own country.
=Everybody loves his own country
There is no smoke without fire
Not a day passed but she prayed for her son
=Everyday she prayed --
Who knows? (=No one knows)
Who doesn't love his own country?
=Everybody loves his own country
any/either + not
No/Neither students came (O)
Any/Either students did not come (X)
[10]

76

The job is all but finished (=nearly, almost, as good as)

The people of the village helped one another ( )
Romeo and Juliet loved each other
Planes took off one after another ( )
He raised his hands one after the other
The work is anything but easy (=never)
The was brought nothing but misery (=only)
He does nothing but laugh
He has nothing to do with the matter

11.
[1] ()
*
: +S+V( )
+ V ( )
: if/whether +S+V
think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine

Who is that man?
Who broke the window?
I don't know who that man is
I know who broke the window
Who(Whom) did you meet?
Who (Whom) are you waiting for?
I don't know whom you met
I don't know whom you are waiting for
Whose house is that?
I don't know whose house that is
Which would you like best?
Say which you would like best
What do you want to do?
I don't know what you want to do
Who is he?
Do you know who he is?
Can you tell me who he is?

77

Do you think who he is? (X)

Who do you think he is (O)
Where does she live?
Do you know where she lives?
Do you imagine where she lives? (X)
Where do you imagine she lives? (O)
What does he want?
Do you know what he wants?
What do you think he wants?
Is he a doctor?
I don't know if/whether he is a doctor?
Will he come here tomorrow?
I don't know if he will come here tomorrow
[2] Who/Whose/Whom
*
* ()

*
* (: Antecedent)
1.

who

whose

whom

which

whose, of which

which

that

______

that

()

what

______

what

,

()

() + V
() S + V +

78

() + N
() + S + Vt( or )
This is the boy __________ I think is honest
This is the boy __________ I think to be honest
OC
2. who/whose/whom
I know the boy + He(The boy) broke the window
who broke the window
I know the man + He lives across the street
who lives across the street
I met the girl + She worked at the bank
who worked at the bank
This is the boy + His father is a teacher
whose father is a teacher
The girl is my sister + You met her yesterday
[whom you met yesterday]
The girl [whom you met yesterday] is my sister
That is the girl + They are looking for her
[whom they are looking for]
[for whom they are looking]
[3] Which
1. : which
I will take the book + It is on the desk
which is on the desk
This is the dictionary +
I bought it yesterday
which I bought yesterday
That is the house + I was born in it
which I was born in
in which I was born
2. : whose, of which
I have a book + The cover of it is black / Its cover is black
[the cover of which is black]
[of which the cover is black]
[whose cover
is black]
The building is our school + We see the roof of it / its roof
[the roof of which we see]

79

The building [the roof of which we see] / is school

[of which the roof we see]
[whose roof
we see]
The mountain [the top of which is covered with snow]
Everest
[of which the top is covered with snow]
[whose top
is covered with snow]

/ is Mt.

, ,
who which
He is not the man which his father wants him to be
My father intended me for a lawyer, which I did not like
, , which
You say so, which is the clear proof of your honesty
I asked him to come here, which he did not.
[4] That
that , who, whom, which
that
that

, all, every, any, the same, the only, the
very, the last that .
who, which
who, which, what
The girl that (=who) lives opposite to my house works in a bank
Look at the boy and the dog that are coming this way
This is the best music that I have ever heard
This is all the money that I have
She answers every letter that she receives
Any man that knows English will be employed
This is the same book that he gave me
He is the only man that I can trust
This is the very film that I have wanted to see
She was the last girl that came here
Who [that has common sense] can say such a thing?
What is in the box that is on the table?
*that

80

This is the house that(=which) I live in (O)

in that I live (X)
in which I live (O)
This is the house, that I live in (X)
[]
Man differs from the brute in that he can think and speak
=seeing that/now that/since/because
[5]
This is the house
+
I live in it (=the house)
(which) I live in
( that ) I live in
in which I live
in that I live (X)
Tennis is the sport +
I am fond of it
(which) I am fond of
( that ) I am fond of
of which I am fond
of that I am fond (X)
He spent effectively the years during which he was in the army
He has three sons, all of whom are studying medicine
He wrote many books, some of which you will read in future
I have two sisters, both of whom are married
* besides, during, toward, except, beyond

* all of, some of, both of, most of
*
There is not a man / who lives in Seoul who does not know his
name
[6]
1.
This is the book (which) I want to read
The man [(whom) we meet there] is a famous poet
This is the house in which I live
This is the house (which) I live in
This is the man (whom) I spoke of the other day
2.

81

He is not the man (that) he was ten years ago

She is not the cheerful woman (that) she was before she married
3. there is/are, here is, it is
There is a man (who) wants to see you
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library
Here is the book (which) you lent me
It was Henry (that) told me the news
[7]
* : comma ,
* : comma ,
(and, but, for, though) +

He had two sons who became doctors
,who became doctors
There were very few passengers who escaped without serious
injury
,who escaped without serious injury
I met the man ,who told me the news
=and he
,who did not tell me the news
=but he
He lent me a book ,which interested me very much
=and
it
,which I haven't read yet
=but it
I trust him ,who is very honest
=for he
That man ,who is poor, is honest
=though he
I seldom see the man ,who lives next door
=though
he
[8] What
* what
* what=that which, those which, the thing which, the things which,
all that
1. what
I asked him what he had found []
He gave me what he had found []
What (=That which) you say is quite true
I will do what(=all that) I can
This is what (=the thing which) I want

82

2.
what one is : / what one has :
what is called, what we/you/they call : , ,
what is better : , what is worse :
what is more important :
What with A and (what with) B : A B (, )
What by A and (what by) B : A B (, )
A is to B what/as C is to D :
A B C D
He is not what he was / what he used to be
A man should be judged by what he is, not by what he has
I owe what I am to my parents
He is what is called a true gentleman
He is what you call a walking dictionary
She is beautiful, and what is better, very intelligent
He failed in business, and what was worse, he fell ill
What with hunger and (what with) cold, we couldn't walk any
more
What with the wind and (what with) the rain, our trip was spoiled
What by luck and (what by) diligence, he succeeded in life
What by threats and (what by) entreaties,
he accomplished his purpose at last
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body
Leaves are to the plant as lungs are to the animal
The camel is to the desert what the ship is to the sea
[9] / As/Than/But
1. As
Do it as I do it

He came up as I was speaking

As it was getting dark, we soon turned back
Woman as she was, she was brave
=Though she was a woman, ---He treats me as a child

2. As
Don't trust such friends as praise you to your face
Don't read such books as you cannot understand
This is the same watch as I lost yesterday
that I lost yesterday

83

As many men as came were caught

I will give you as much money as you read
The train was late, as is often the case
I helped him, as was my duty
He was an American, as I knew from his accent
He was late for class, as is often the case with him
3. Than
He spends more money than he earns
Children should not have more money than is needed
Don't use more words than are necessary
4. But ,
He works slowly but accurately
He is poor but honest
He worked hard but (he) failed
I was but a child then
He left but an hour ago
She is but fifteen
5. But ,
All but him were drowned
Everybody but me seems to know it
None but a fool would do such a thing
It is nothing but a joke (=only)
He is anything but a teacher (=never)
He is not such a fool but he knows it
that he does not know it
*but = that---not
6. But
There is no one but knows him
that does not know him
=Everybody knows him
There is no one but loves his own country
that does not love his own country
=Everybody loves his own country
Who is there but commits errors?
There is no one but commits errors
that does not commit errors
=Everybody commits errors
There is no rule but has exceptions
[10]

84

* +ever

*
1.
Anyone must be industrious + He wishes to succeed
[who wishes to succeed]
Anyone [who wishes to succeed] / must be industrious
Whoever
wishes to succeed / must be industrious
Give it to anyone who wants it
whoever
wants it
Give it to anyone whom you like
whomever you like
Return it to anyone + His address is on it
anyone whose address is on it
whosever
address is on it
You may take any thing that you want
whichever
you want
I will give you whatever (=anything that) you need
2.
Whoever breaks this law will be punished (=anyone who)
Whoever may break this law, he will be punished (=no matter who)
Whomever you love will desert you (=anyone whom)
Whomever you may love, he will desert you (no matter whom)
Whichever you may choose, you will be interested in it
Whatever you may do, do it well
Whatever he may say, it is true
[11] ()
* what(ever), which(ever)
()

He spoke to me in Italian, which language I could not understand

, and this language
I gave him what money I had (=all the money that)
You may read whichever book you like (=any book that)
He ate whatever food I gave him (=all the food that)
[12]
* where, when, why, how

85

*
* +(which)

the place

where

in/at which

the time

when

on/at which

the reason

why

for which

(the way)

how

in which

1. (where), (when)
This is the office + He worked in it
which he worked in
in which he worked
where he worked
that
he worked
This is where he worked ( : )
I can't forget the day + He died on that day
on which he died
when
he died
that
he died
I can't forget when he died

The day will surely come when your dream will come true
2. (why), (how)
Tell me the reason + You were absent for that reason
for which you were absent
why
you were absent
Tell me why you were absent
This is the way + I solved the problem in that way
in which I solved the problem
how
I solved the problem (X)
This is how I solved the problem
3.
* where when
*,where=and there / ,when=and then
I went to London, where I stayed for two weeks

86

He went into the woods, where he caught a blue bird

He took me to the museum, where we enjoyed ourselves
I was about to reply, when he cut in
He began to read a book, when the bell rang
*cut in : , , (=interrupt)
4.
* when, where, how ever whenever, wherever, however

whenever : -
-
wherever : -
-
however : --- (=no matter how)
Whenever/Every time I visited him, he was not at home
I will see him whenever he likes to come (=at any time when)
Whenever you may call on him, you will find him at his desk
No matter when
You may go wherever you like (=at any place where)
Wherever/No matter where you may go, I will follow you
However rich you may be, you can't buy it
However cold it may be, you must not stay indoors all day
However hard I tried, I couldn't solve the question
No matter how

12.
[1] behavedo
1. be
God is (=exists)

There is a book on the table

He is a boy

To live is to fight

The book is published once a month

Please, be seated

He is reading

We are to meet at three

be to
2. have
I have some money with me

87

I didn't have time to see her

Does your father have a car?
I had a good time
We have breakfast at eight
I have made the box
Have you done it?
I shall have finished the work by the time she comes back
3. do
You can do it by yourself
Bad books do great harm
I have done reading
That will do (=be good/enough/satisfactory)
How did you find it?
I do not know him
Do be quiet
I do remember it quite well (remember)
Never did I see such a fool(I never saw---)
[2] can
1. : (be able to)
I can swim
I was able to swim
I will be able to swim
He cannot read the book
I have not been able to see the difference yet
2.
Is it true?
Can it be true?
(-? : )
*He cannot be rich
(- : )
=It is impossible that he is rich
He could not be rich (X)
He cannot have been rich (- : )
*He cannot have done such a thing
=It is impossible that he did such a thing
3. (, )
You can go there alone (=may)
Can I take this?
*You cannot be too careful in choosing friends
*We cannot praise him too much
=We cannot overpraise him

88

=It is impossible to praise him too much

*cannot---too : ---
[3] maymight
1. (--- )
May I go there? -Yes, you may (go there)/No, you must not (go
there)
May I go fishing? -No, you must not
2. (, )
*He may be rich
(- : )
=It is possible that he is rich
He may not come
He may have said so
He may have been rich
*He may have missed the train (- : )
=It is possible that he missed the train
3.
Long may he live!
May you succeed!
Gather roses while you may(=can)
He works hard (so/in other) that he may/can pass the exam
He may well say so ---
=He has good reason to say so
=It is natural that he should say so
You may well get angry
She may well be proud of her son
You may as well/might as well/had better begin it at once
You may as well go home
You may as well throw your money away as lend it to him
*may as wellas --- : ---
[4] must
1.
You must go there = It is necessary that you should go there
You need not/don't have to go there
Do you have to go there?
You had to go there

89

You will have to go there

Do I have to take my shoes off? -No, you don't have to
2. (, )
*It must be true It cannot be true
It must have been true It cannot have been true
*She must have been a beauty in her day
=It is certain that she was a beauty ---You must be ill; you look pale
He cannot have written it himself
**********************************************************
must be - :
cannot be- :
may be - :
must have +pp - :
cannot have +pp - :
may have +pp - :
should have +pp - : //
ought to have+pp
needn't have+pp - :
**********************************************************
[5] willwould
1.
*will ( )
would (
He will often sit up all night
He will often come on Sundays
I would often take a walk before breakfast
I would play outside until late afternoon
2. would(=wish to)
He who would search for pearls / must dive deep
I would like to live in the suburbs
I would not miss this chance
If you would know him truly, read his diary
If you would be happy, be good and honest
3.
The door will not open
He will have everything in his own way
This wood will not burn

90

The horse would not move at all

He would not help me (--- )
4.
Would you lend me your knife?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
I would rather/sooner stay at home than go out
=I prefer staying at home to going out
*would rather A than B : B A
*prefer A to B : B A
[6] should
1. (should+ : - )
You should love your neighbors
You should obey the laws
Brothers should not quarrel
Children should obey their parents
2. (should have+pp)
*You should have worked harder
=I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder
=I wish you had worked harder
I should have locked the door
You should have come home earlier
You should not have done that
=You ought not to have done that
*should have + pp

'- (- )'
3.
*, should
It is a pity that he should have failed in the exam
I am surprised that he should give up his studies
It is strange that you should not know it
It is natural that he should get angry
It is necessary that I should go there
It is right that you should say so
4.
*: order,command
+ that +S+(should)+---

91

:
:
:
:
:
:

ask, demand, request, require

suggest, propose
insist, claim, assert
be decided/determined
move
desire

I ordered that he (should) do it

I demanded that the action (should) be postponed
He required that I (should) pay the money
He proposed that I (should) do it at once
He suggested that the party (should) be put off
I insisted that he (should) stay at home
=I insisted on his staying at home
He desired that we (should) wait
5.
Why should I go there?
Who should come in but the man himself?
I should like to go with you
He worked hard lest he (should) fail in the exam
He tried his best lest he (should) be a failure
=He tried his best so that he might not be a failure
[7] ought todareneed
1. ought to +
We ought to (=should) help one another
You ought to (=should) obey your parents
You ought not to go there alone
Such a thing ought to succeed
You ought to have read that book
=You should have read that book
=I am sorry you didn't read that book
=I wish you had read that book
You ought to (=should) have done it long ago
You ought not to have married her
You ought to have seen the sight
2. dare
He dares to insult me
He dares to look down upon me
He does not dare (to) tell us
I dare not go alone

92

He dared not look me in the face

How dare you say such a thing?
3. need
I need your help
You need to do this at once
Do you need to go there? -No, I don't
I need not go there
He need not tell the truth
Need he go at once?
He need not have done it
He didn't need to do it
* dare/need : need to + / need (not) +
[8] used to
1. used to[ju:st ] +
He used to take a walk in the park
=He was in the habit of taking a walk in the park
He used not to take--He didn't use to take--Used he to take----?
Did he use to take---?
He would often take a walk in the park
He used to call on me every Sunday
She used to watch TV
There used to be a hotel there
He used to be a nice boy
He is not what he used to be (=was)
*used to+ : (--- )
,( ---, --- )
*be used to + n/---ing : ---
*become/get used to + n/---ing : ---
*be used to + : ---
2. be used to + /
He used to get up early
He is used to getting up early
He is used to living in Seoul
I am not used to this weather
He'll get used to speaking English
I became used to having Chinese food

93

You have to get used to carrying an umbrella

13.
[1]
1.
: S+Vt+O

:
S+be+pp+by+O
2.
OS Vtbe+pp S by+O
3
(will/shall) be + pp
be being pp
(will/shall) have been pp
*
I love him
He is loved by me
The hunter killed the lion
The lion ________________ by the hunter
I shall write the letter
The letter will be written by me
I will pay the money
The money shall be paid by me
*
*I will---, You/He shall--I am writing the letter
The letter is being written by me
He was doing it
It _______________________ by him
I have written the letter
The letter has been written by me
I had seen the sight
The sight _______________________________
I shall have written the letter
The letter will have been written by me

94

[2] 3
Columbus discovered America
America was discovered by Columbus
He broke my window
My window ____________________________
They sell sugar at that store
Sugar is sold at that store (by them)
We heat the room by electricity
The room ______________________________
You must write the letter
The letter must be written by you
You ought to finish the work
The work ______________________________
*
by them/you/us/people/one
* be+pp
He seated himself on the bench ()
He was seated on the bench
()
She dressed herself for supper
She ____________________________________
[3] 4
He gave me the bookHe gave the book to me
I was given the book by him
The book was given me by him
The book was given to me by him
*
He sent me the bookHe sent the book to me
The book was sent to me by him
I bought her the watchI bought the watch for her
The watch _____________________________
He asked me a questionHe asked a question of me
A question _____________________________
*send/tell/give/lendto, make/buyfor, askof
*DO : make, buy, write, send, pass, bring
He made me a boxHe made a box for me
I was made a box by him (X)

95

A box __________________________________
*IO : kiss, envy, save, spare, call
Mother kissed me a good night
I _______________________________________
A good night was kissed me by mother (X)
[4] 5
They call him Tom
He is called Tom (by them)
I made her happy
She _______________________________
He made me work hard
I was made to work hard by him
I made him go there
He _________________________________
I saw her dance
She was seen to dance by me
I saw the train come
The train __________________________
*, to
* let have let be allowed to

He let me do itHe allowed me to do it

I was let to do it by him (X)
I __________________________________
He
He
He
He

had someone repair his watchSomeone was had --(X)

had his watch repaired (by someone)
got someone to repair his watch
got his watch repaired

*have + + / get + to
have/get + + pp
[5] ()
*2
1. + = ( )
He laughed at me
I was laughed at by him

96

A car ran over the child

The child ______________________________
You must send for the doctor
The doctor _____________________________
2. ++=
She takes good care of the baby
The baby is taken good care of by her
Good care ______________________________
They made fun of him
He _____________________________________
3. ++=( )
I looked up to him
He was looked up to by me
They speak well of him
He _____________________________________
* ,(ex. well, hard, fluently---) pp
[6]
1.
*have(), become(), lack, cost, resemble
He resembles his mother
His mother is resembled by him (X)
He is resembling his mother (X)
This ticket costs one dollar
He escaped death
This dress becomes her well
2.
*They say that S+V--It is said that S+V--S is said to+/to have +pp--*that : to+
: to have + pp
They say that he is rich
That he is rich is said (by them)
It is said (by them) that he is rich
He is said to be rich
I believe that he was rich
It ______________________________________
He _____________________________________

97

I believed that he was rich

It ______________________________________
He _____________________________________
3.
*nonot + any
nevernot + ever

nobodynot + anybody
nothingnot + anything

Nobody believes that he was rich

It is believed by nobody that he was rich
(X)
It is not believed by anybody that he was rich (O)
He is believed to have been rich by nobody
He is not believed to have been rich by anybody(O)

(X)

4.
The house is painted every year / white
The gate is shut at seven / now
He got arrested for speeding
The problem still remains unsolved
I am/became acquainted with him
He was/became respected by us
He was drunk/ got drunk on a bottle of beer
I was/got tired of the work
,
The house is painted every year We paint the house every year
The house is painted green We have painted the house green
5.
This novel sells well
The book reads well
This orange peels well
The book is printing (=is being printed)
You are to blame
(=to be blamed)
[7]
1.
He was killed in the traffic accident
The town was destroyed by fire
English is spoken in Australia (by them)
He was elected president again

98

2.
He is engaged in writing a novel
He is absorbed in his business
The house is situated/located on the hill
He was drowned when the ship sank
He was taken ill
He was hurt by a falling brick
He was injured in the accident
The train was derailed
He was born in 1942
3.
He was delighted to hear the news
I was pleased with his work
We were surprised at the news
I was shocked to hear of his death
I was astonished at your behavior
He is always worried about his health
He was satisfied with the result (The result satisfied him)
I was disappointed to find him away
I am convinced of his honesty
He is ashamed of what he did
[8]
1.
Did you find the book?
You found the book
The book was found by you
Was the book found by you? *dobe
Who wrote the book?
Who wrote the book.
The book was written by whom
By whom was the book written?
When [did you break the window?]
When __________________________________
2.
*Let + O + be pp / Don't let---, ---not be pp
Do it at once
Let it be done at once
Don't forget it

99

Don't _________________________
Let it not be forgotten
3.
The fact is known to everybody ()
A man is known by the company he keeps
The tree is known by its fruit
( )
London is known for its fog
(,)
He is known as a lawyer
()
He was killed by a robber
()
He was killed with a knife
()
He is interested in this case
The ground was covered with snow
He was surprised at the news
I was caught in a shower
He was satisfied with the result
The room was filled with smoke

14.
[1]
1.
:
: , , ,
:

I am not a bird
You speak English well
Look at that bird
Don't lose courage
If I were a bird, I would fly to you
2.
*
If+S+( ), S+will/shall/can/may+
()
()
*
If it rains (rains) tomorrow, I will not start ( )
If he be (is) brave, he will try it again
( )
If he is old, I will not employ him
()

100

If he is old, I will employ him

()

God save our Queen!

God bless you! May God bless you!
It is natural that he (should) say so.
I suggested that he (should) take her
The doctor insisted that he (should) remain in bed

Cost what it may, I'll buy the book

=Whatever it may cost, --Try as you may, you can't finish it in a week
=However hard you may try, --Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home
=Let it be ever so humble, --=However humble it may be, --=No matter how ever it may be, --Be he a king or a beggar, he should obey the law
=Whether he is a king or a beggar, --[2]
: should
: would
: were to
were to
If+S+should/would+ ---, S+would(will)/should(shall)+--If+S+were to + ---, S+would/should+--If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not start
If I should fail, I would try again
If he should go there, he would be killed
Should he go there,---If you would try harder, you would surely succeed
If I were to be young again, I would be a teacher
If he were to die tomorrow, what would become of his family?
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind
[3]
*

101

*
If+S+were/, S+would/should/could/might+
As I am poor, I cannot buy the book
If I were not poor, I could buy the book
Were I not poor, I could buy the book
But for/Without my poverty, I could buy the book
If it were not for my poverty,-----Were it not for my poverty,-----As I am not a bird, I cannot fly to you
If I ___________ a bird, I ___________________ to you
As I do not know her address, I do not write to her
If I ___________ her address, I _________________ to her
If I were a millionaire, I would not buy it
As ____________________________________________
*It is (high) time (that) you went to bed
(that) you should go to bed
for you to go to bed
*as it were = so to speak
He is, as it were, a living dictionary
*as it is
: in fact
:
: ,
I would help you if I could. As it is, I'm not in a position to do so
The law, as it is, is not severe on them
Leave it as it is
Use my car as it is
[4]
*
*
If+S+had+pp, S+would/should/could/might+have+pp--As I was ill, I did not go there
If I had not been ill, I would have gone there
Had I not been ill, I would have gone there
But for/Without my illness, --If it had not been for my illness, ---

102

Had it not been for my illness,--As I was not rich, I did not help him
If I ______________ rich, I ___________________________ him
As I didn't have money enough, I didn't buy the house
If I ____________ money enough, I ________________________ the house
As I didn't study harder, he failed
If he ________________ harder, he _________________________________
If be/should/had
If he were honest, he would not do it
Were he honest,--If I should die tomorrow, what would become of my family?
____________ _____ die tomorrow,--If he had worked harder, he would have succeeded
________ _____ _________ harder,--If I possessed the book, I would lend it to you
________ ____ _____________ the book,--[5] wishas if
1. I wish S+( )
S+had+pp ( )
I wish / Would that I were a bird
I am sorry I am not a bird
I wish I could help you
I am sorry I _______________ you
I wish I had learned English in my youth
I am sorry I did not learn --Would that I had passed the exam
I am sorry I ______________________________
I wish
Would that, If only, Oh! that, Would to God, had better, would
rather
Would that I were young again!
If only I could see him again
Would rather I were in your place
I'd rather we had dinner now
2. as if/as though + S + (-)

103

S+had+pp (- )
He talks as if he knew everything
In fact he doesn't know everything
He talks as though he were my friend
He speaks as if he had seen the sight
He talks as if he had read the novel
In fact he __________________ the novel
[6] (I)
1. ()
A Korean would not do such a thing
If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing
A true friend would have acted differently
If he had been a true friend, he would have acted differently
2.
I would not do such a thing in your place
if I were in your place
You could have lived there in comfort
You could have lived in comfort if you had been there
3.
I should be very glad to speak English
if I could speak English
To hear him talk, you would take him for a foreigner
If you heard/were to hear him talk, you would take--4.
I am ill now, or/or else/otherwise I would go there
if I were not ill

He worked very hard, otherwise he would have failed (

)

if he had not worked very hard

[7] (II)
1.
With your help, I would succeed
If I had your help, --With your help, I would have succeeded
If I had had your help, --If you had helped me, ---

104

But for/Without the sun, nothing could live on the earth

If it were not for the sun, --- -
Were it not for the sun, --If there were no sun,--Were there no sun,--But for/Without the sun, all animals would have disappeared
If it had not been for the sun, --- -
Had it not been for the sun, --but that :
But that he is rich, he could not buy a car
=If he were not rich, --But that he was rich, he could not have bought a car
=If he had not been rich, --I would go abroad but that I am poor
but for my poverty
if I were not poor
but I am poor
2.
Doing such a thing, you would repent it
If you did such a thing, --The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to great
disaster
if it should happen--Anybody who should do such a thing would be laughed at
If anybody should do such a thing, he would be laughed at
3.
If a bee were to sting her nose! (what would be the result?)
Don't! If anybody should come! (what would be the result?)
I could have gone to America then (if I had wanted to)
[8]
1. : (If ) + ()

As he helped me then, I am alive now
If he had not helped me then, I should not be alive now
As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now
If I ______________ your advice then, I ______________ happier now

105

2. +andIf you---/+orIf you don't, Unless you--Work hard, and you will succeed
If you work hard, you will succeed
Hurry up, and you will catch the train
If you hurry up, --Work hard, or you will fail
If you don't work hard, --Unless you work hard, --3.
If you are tired, you may go home
If (=Even if) he is old, he is still strong
Do you know if he is at home?
I will wear a raincoat in case it rains
In case of fire, push the button
You may take it provided/providing (that) you return it tomorrow
I will do it on condition that you help me
Suppose/Supposing that you can't come, who will do the work?
You may stay here so long as you keep silent
+ : ---
You couldn't have come at a more convenient time ( )
The result is satisfactory; it couldn't be better
[9]
1.

: and, but, or, for, so, after, if, that
: as well as, in case, now that

: bothand, eitheror, asas
She is pretty and clever
He is poor but honest
He gave me money as well as food
Now that you are here, I can go shopping
Both he and his brother are still alive
2.
: and, but, or, so, for
: if, when, that, whether, because
Summer is hot, but winter is cold

He says that he is right

106

[10] ( )
1. and
Mary and Tom are good friends
Work hard, and you will pass the exam
If you work hard, you will--The novelist and poet lives about here
The novelist and the poet live about here
The room was nice and (=very) cool
I felt good and (=very) tired
Come and see me next week
Come to see me--This book is both/at once interesting and instructive
2. but
He is poor but she is rich
This is not a pen, but a pencil
Not that I don't like the game, but that I have no time
But for/Without the rain, we would have had a pleasant journey
3. or, either A or B ()
He or I am to blame
It is geography, or the science of the earth's crust
Hurry up, or you will be late
If you do not hurry up, --Unless you hurry up, --Rain or shine, I will start tomorrow (=Whether it is rainy or shiny)
Either you or I must go
Either you or he has to go
Either you or I am in the wrong
4. nor, neither A nor B ()
I don't love her, and she does not love me, either
, and neither does she love
, nor does she love me
I saw neither him nor her
Neither you nor I am to blame
Neither he nor you are responsible for the accident
5. not only/merely A but (also)
He gave me
not only money but (also) advice

107

not only money but advice as well

advice as well as money
Not only you but also I am to blame
=I as well as you
[11] ( )
1. (that, if, whether)
It is true that he is rich
The fact is that she didn't even read it
I know that he is innocent
That reminds me that I must go home
No one can deny the fact that fire burns
Whether he agrees or not / does not matter
Whether he agrees or not, I will carry out the plan
The question is whether I should pay or not
Ask him whether it is true or not
Do you whether/if he is at home?
I doubt if/whether he is honest
2.
Do you know when he will come?
Don't make noise when you eat your soup

while there is life, there is hope

Some are rich, while others are poor

Whenever he goes out, he always takes his umbrella

I shall arrive after you leave
I got up before the sun rose
He came up as I was speaking
Mother sings merrily as she works
We have known each other since we were children
It is ten years since I came here
Don't start till I give the word
Once you have made a promise, you ought to keep it
By the time the letter reaches you, I will have left this city
It will not be long before she comes = She will come soon /
before long

108

when : [--- ]

when
[--- ---]
I was speaking to Mary on the phone when suddenly we were cut off
I was just about to leave when the telephone began to ring
* not A till/until B : B A
It is not till/until that--Not until + + S + ()--I did [not] get the news [till last night]
It was [not till last night] that I got the news
[Not till last night] did I get the news
The meeting did [not] open [till he appeared]
It was [not till he appeared] that the meeting opened
[Not till he appeared] did the meeting open
We do not know the value of health until we lose it
* As soon as
On ---ing
The moment/instant
Immediately/Instantly/Directly
Hardly/Scarcely had+S+pp --- when/before+S+
No sooner had+S+pp --- than+S+
As soon as he saw me, he ran away
On/Upon seeing me, --The moment/instant --Immediately/Instantly --He had hardly/scarcely seen me when/before he ran away
Hardly/Scarcely had he seen me when/before--He had no sooner seen me than he ran away
No sooner had he seen me than--As soon as he entered the room, he fell down
You must stand up the moment your name is called
Hardly had she received the telegram when she burst into tears
No sooner had I left home than it began to rain

109

He had scarcely heard the sad news when he fainted

+/ when/before + (--- ---)
+ when/before +
Hardly had I waited five minutes when she came
Scarcely had I walked a mile before it began to rain
I had reached the school before the bell rang
3. ,
I cannot run because I am very tired
Don't look down upon them because they are poor
He must have been ill, for he was absent
Since he spoke in French, I couldn't understand him
As he often tells a lie, I can't trust him
Now that you mention it, I do remember the event
4. ,
He works hard (so, in order) that he may/can pass the exam
to/so as to/in order to pass--He raised his hand in order that the taxi might stop
We climbed higher so that we could get a better view
He works hard (so, in order) that he may not fail
not to/so as not to/in order not to fail
lest he should fail
for fear (that) he should fail
The doctor was so busy that he had hardly any time for his private
life
It was such a wonderful movie that I saw it five times
5.
Though he is poor, he is honest
=Poor as he is, --Although we lose our fortune, we should not lose our patience
I will go there, even if it rains
You must do it even though you don't like it
Much as she liked him, she didn't marry him
Whether you like it or not, you must do it
No matter how small it may be, I want to run a store of my own
They were happy if they were poor
[12]

110

1. as far as : (), ()
so far as : (),
I went as far as I know, he is honest
As far as I am concerned, this plan has no problem
As for me / For my part, --He isn't dead so far as I know
You will succeed so far as you preserve
2. as long as : , (while)
so long as : , (if only)
I will not forget it as long as I live
Any book will do as/so long as it is interesting
You may stay here so long as you keep quiet
You may dance as you please [---, ---]
As it grew darker, it became colder [--- ]
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart
As food nourishes our body, so books nourish our mind
* like
We'll do it like (=as) you do
You look like (=as if) you haven't slept

15.
[1] (Sequence of Tense)
*

* //
12
*
/

He will say/says/has said that she will be/is/was happy
I
I
I
I
I

think that he is a teacher

thought that he was --think that he was rich
thought that he had been--hear that he has gone to America

111

I heard that he had gone--I hope that he will succeed

I hope that he would--He works hard that he may succeed
He worked hard that he might --[2]
1.
He said that the earth is round
He told me that he goes to school
I asked him when the first train starts
2.
He said that he had been rich
He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492
He said that the French Revolution broke out in 1789
3.
I wish I were a bird
I wished I were a bird
He says that he would fly to me if he had wings
He said that he would fly to me if he had wings
4.
He spoke English as well as you do
He was stronger than he is now
[3] (Concord of Number)
He and I are of an age
The poet and the musician were present
The poet and musician was present
Every boy and every girl is to study hard
No minute and no second is to be wasted
To know English and to teach English is quite different
Knowing English and teaching English are quite different
Bread and butter is good for patients
A watch and chain was stolen from his pocket

112

He as well as you is afraid of the dog

=Not only you but (also) he is --Not only you but he as well is --It is not you but he that is in the wrong
It is you Tom that are in the wrong
Either you or he has to go there
Neither he nor I am in danger
Many a student is absent today
Many students are absent today
A number of patients are dying
The number of patients is increasing
He is one of the greatest scholars [that are living in Korea]
He is the only one of the greatest scholars [that is living in Korea]
There is more than one reason to believe that he is honest
There are more than one of reasons to believe that--Two-thirds of my books are novels
Three-fourths of the earth's surface is water
Most of my time is spent in reading
Most of my books are novels
Half of the apple is rotten
Half of the apples are rotten
The rest of the money is in my purse
The rest of the boys were absent
A total of 500 boys is in the school
Mathematics is his favorite subject
Physics is a compulsory subject
Statistics is taught in most colleges
Politics is a difficult subject
Ten years have passed since he died
Ten years is a long time
Fifty miles is a good distance
Fifty dollars a week is a small sum to him
*, , ,

113

[4]
*:
*:

He said to me, "You are kind to her." ()

He told me that I was kind to her ()

[5] -
1.
saysay, say to tell
that
/, ()
1 , 2 , 3
:
: , /
2. ( )
herethere, nowthen, thisthat, thesethose, agobefore,
comego
todaythat day, tonightthat night
tomorrowthe next/following day
yesterdaythe day before/the previous day
last nightthe night before/the previous night
He says, "You are honest."
He says (that) I am honest
He says to me, "You will succeed."
He tells me (that) I shall succeed
He said, "You are kind to me."
He said that I was kind to him
He said to me, "I have seen you before."
He told me that he had seen me before
He said, "I came here yesterday."
He said that he had gone there the day before
She said, "I can go tomorrow."
She said that she could go the next day
He said, "You must come here."
He said that I must/had to go there
He said, "The earth is round."
He said that the earth is round

114

He said to me, "I usually get up at six."

He told me that he usually gets up at six
He said, "Columbus discovered America."
He said that Columbus discovered America
He said to me, "If I had wings, I would fly to you."
He told me that if he had wings, he would fly to me
[6] -
1.
say/say toask/inquire of
+S+V ( )
He said to me, "Who are you?"
He asked/inquired of me who I was
He said to me, "What are you doing now?"
He asked me what I was doing then
He said to me, "Why did you strike me?"
He asked me why I had struck him
He said to me, "What is the matter with the dog?"
He asked me __________________________________
2.
*if/whether + S + V--He said to me, "Are you fond of reading?"
He asked me if I was fond of reading
Tom said to me, "Have you ever been to America?"
Tom asked me if I had ever been to America
He said to me, "May I go out now?"
He asked me if he might go out then
"Shall I close he window?" the student asked
The student asked if he should close the window
[7] -
* to+
*say to :
tell

order, command

advise
,
ask, beg(please )
,
propose/suggest that+S+(should)+

115

He said to me, "Do your best."

He told me to do my best
He said to me, "Start at once."
He told me to start at once
He said to his maid, "Sweep the floor"
He ordered/commanded his maid to sweep the floor
The doctor said to me, "Do not smoke."
The doctor advised me not to smoke
The doctor forbade me to smoke
He said to me, "Please close the door."
He asked/begged me to close the door
He said to me, "Let's go to the park."
He suggested/proposed (to me) that we (should) go to the park
[8] -
1.
saycry (out), exclaim, shout
Hurrahwith delight, Alaswith a sigh

He said, "Hurrah! I've passed the exam."
He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the exam
She said, "Alas! All is over with me."
She cried (out) with a sigh that all was over with her
She said, "How happy I am!"
He exclaimed how happy he was
He exclaimed (that) he was very happy
2.
God
pray that God may-- express one's wish that+S+may--He said, "God save my son!"
He prayed that God might save his son
He said, "May you succeed!"
He expressed his wish that I might succeed
[9]
* that
and but that

116

*+and and that

He said, "I like this picture, and I will buy it."
He said (that) he liked that picture, and that he would buy it
He said to me, "I am poor, but I am contented."
He told me (that) he was poor, but that he was contented
He said, "I will stay at home, for it is raining."
He said (that) he would stay at home, for it was raining
He said to me, "Make haste, and you will be in time."
He told me to make haste, and I should be in time
[10]
* S+V+O(or C)
V, O, C,
What did you buy there?
May he rest in peace!
May you return home safe!
If I had been there, I could have helped her
Had I been there, --What a beautiful flower this is!
There was nobody in the room
Here is your bag
I cannot read English, nor can I speak it
If you don't go, neither do I
Though he is old, he is still strong
Old as he is, he is still strong
[11]
1.
Blessed are the poor in heart
Happy is the man who can say that he is content with his life
Great was his surprise when the truth was revealed
2.
This I did
That promise he broke within a week
Not a word did he speak
Such a great man I have never seen
All her spare time she spent in reading
3. ()

117

* : ++ ++
The man fell downDown fell the man
He fell downDown he fell
Here is your bag
Here your bag is (X) Here it is
Here comes the teacher Here he comes
Here the teacher comes(X) Here comes he (X)
There goes the bell! There goes the train! There he goes!
On the top of the hill stood an old castle
Only then did I understand what she meant
4.
*never/little/no sooner/hardly/scarcely/not++S+()
I never thought of him
Never did I think of him
I little dreamed that he would fail
Little did I dream that --He had no sooner heard the news than he fell down
No sooner had he heard the news--He did not know the fact till this morning
Not till this morning did he know the fact
5.
A: I'm hungry. B: So am I
A: I don't like opera. B: Neither[Nor] do I
Were she my daughter, how happy I would be (If she were---)
Much as I like you, I can't stand your manners
[12] (Emphasis)
1. : do/does/did+
He knows the answer
He does know the answer
Who broke the window?
Who did break the window?
You do look pale
Do be quiet!
2. very
very : ,
He walked very carefully
I have been very busy lately
This is the very thing I want
This is the very book I have been looking for
At that very moment the phone rang

118

The tragedy took place in this very room

On that very day he died
3.
What in the world are you doing?
Why on earth are you weeping?
Who ever can it be?
4. It is ---that
Tom broke the window yesterday
It was Tom that(=who) broke the window yesterday
It was the window that(=which) Tom broke yesterday
It was yesterday that(=when) Tom broke the window
5.
He is not happy at all/in the least/whatever/by any means
Horses can run much/a lot/still/even/far faster than dogs
[13] (Ellipsis)
1.
God made the earth, man (made) the town
To some life is pleasure, to others (life is) suffering
A bird in the hand is worth two (birds) in the bush
You may read this book if you want to (read this book)
I went there because I wanted to (go there)
I like you better than he (likes you)
I like you better than (I like) him
The weather isn't as good as (it was) last year
A: Will it rain? B: I hope (it will) not (rain)
2.
*when, while, though
be
When (she was) young, she was very beautiful
When (you are) in Rome, do as the Romans do
While (he was) swimming, he was drowned
Though (I am) poor, I am satisfied
No smoking (is allowed)
The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be)
(Beware of the) WET PAINT!
(The store is) CLOSED TODAY
(Keep your) HANDS OFF (the articles)

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(If one is) Out of sight, (one is) out of mind

[14] (Common Relation)
1. AX+AY = A(X+Y)
He writes novels and he writes poems
He writes novel and poems
A man of virtue, and not a man of wealth, deserves our respect
A man of virtue, and not of wealth, --Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for
the people
2. XB+YB = (X+Y)B
We cannot live by ourselves and for ourselves
We cannot live by and for ourselves
All the people respected the king and loved the king
All the people respected and loved the king
Man is the master, and not the servant of his destiny
I must and will do my best
[15]
Jane had, surprisingly, paid for everything
His father, however, didn't allow him to go out
He was, so to speak, a walking dictionary
We were, believe it or not, in love with each other
The castle, burnt down in 1948, was never rebuilt
His idea, it seems to me, is the best
The castle, which was burnt down in 1948, was never rebuilt

few/little, if any, + (--- )
seldom/rarely, if ever, +
There are few, if any, errors
She rarely, if ever, goes out of town
,

positive(), cheerful( ), lively(),

sympathetic(), moving(), optimistic()

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negative(), pessimistic(), disappointed(),

nervous(, , ), urgent(), gloomy(),
confused()

critical(), cynical(), sarcastic()

objective(), subjective(), indifferent()

descriptive(), persuasive( ),
informative(), instructive()