Ch-10: Coordinate Geometry Mathematics / Class-X

CH-10: COORDINATE GEOMETRY MATHEMATICS / CLASS-X
10 COORDINATE
GEOMETRY
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Coordinate geometry is that branch of geometry in which two numbers, called coordinates, are used to
calculate the position of a point in a plane.
In this chapter we shall define the coordinates of a point in a plane with reference to two mutually
perpendicular lines in the same plane. We shall study rectangular coordinate system and also how a
straight line or a curve in a plane can be represented by an algebraic equation. Rene desecrates is known
as the father of analytical or coordinate geometry.
10.2 CARTESIAN COORDINATES

Representation of points in the plane by ordered pairs of real numbers are called Cartesian coordinates
of that point.
10.3 CO-ORDINATE AXES AND CARTESIAN PLANE
XOX’ and YOY’ be two mutually perpendicular lines through
Y
a point O in the plane of a graph paper.
4
(1) Both lines are perpendicular to each other.
3
(2) Both lines intersect at origin (denoted by O). 2
These two mutually perpendicular number lines are called 1
co-ordinate axes or rectangular axes. X' O X

–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
The plane in which the coordinate axes are drawn is called
–2
co-ordinate plane or Cartesian plane.
–3
(i) x axis: The horizontal line XOX´ is called x axis or Abscissa. –4
(ii) y-axis: The vertical line YOY´ is called y-axis or Ordinate. Y'
(iii) origin : The point of intersection O of two axes is called origin.
PAGE# 1
10.4 QUADRANT
Y
The co-ordinate axes XOX´ and YOY´ divide the co-ordinate plane
into four regions, which are called quadrants. The regions XOY, YOX´ Second quadrant First quadrant
(–, +) (+, +)
X´OY´ and Y´OX are respectively known as the first second, third
and fourth quadrants. X' X
O
(i) Ist Quadrant: X > 0, Y > 0
Third quadrant Fourth quadrant
(ii) IInd Quadrant: X < 0, Y > 0 (–, –) (+, –)
(iii) IIIrd Quadrant: X < 0, Y < 0
(iv) IVth Quadrant: X > 0, Y< 0 Y'
10.5 CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES OF A POINT

Let p be any point in the cartesian plane.
(a) Through the point p, draw PM perpendicular to XOX´ and PN perpendicular to YOY´.
(b) We have OM = PN
Y
= the distance of the point p from the y-axis
x P (x, y)
= x (say) N
= x co-ordinate or abscissa of the point P. y y
(c) We have ON = PM X' X
O x
= the distance of the point p from the x-axis M
= y (say)
= y co-ordinate or ordinate of the point P.
(d) Thus, the coordinate of the point P= (abscissa, ordinate) = (x, y) Y'
Remarks:
(i) (x, y) is an ordered pair in which x and y cannot be interchanged (a, b)  (b, a)
(ii) If we take a point on x-axis then distance of this point from x-axis is 0, therefore, ordinate of this
point is 0, i.e. at x-axis y = 0.
(iii) We take a point on y-axis then its distance from y-axis is 0, and therefore, the x-coordinate or
abscissa of this point is 0. i.e. at y-axis x = 0.
10.6 DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between any two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in a plane is the length of line segment PQ.
To find this length we draw PL and QM perpendicular to x-axis from P and Q respectively.
So, we have OM = x2, OL = x1, QM = y2 and PL = y1
Now, QR = ML = OL – OM = x1 – x2 and PR = PL – RL = PL – QM = y1 – y2.
PQR is right angled triangle
 PQ2 = QR2 + PR2 = (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 or PQ = (x1 – x2 )2  (y1  y2 )2
P(x1,y1)
Y (x ,y )
2 2
Q R
y1
y2
X' X
M L
Y' x1
Note : The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O (0, 0) is OP  x 2  y 2
PAGE# 2
Applications of Distance Formula

(i) For given three points A, B, C to decide whether they are collinear or vertices of a particular
triangle. First we find the length of AB, BC and CA then we shall find that the points are
(a) Collinear, if the sum of two shorter distances is equal to the longest distance.
(b) Vertices of an equilateral triangle if AB = BC = CA
(c) Vertices of an isoscles triangle if AB = BC or BC = CA or CA = AB
(d) Vertices of a right angled triangle if AB2 + BC2 = CA2 etc.
(ii) For given four points A, B, C and D ;
(a) AB = BC = CD = DA ; AC = BD  ABCD is a square.
(b) AB = BC = CD = DA ;  ABCD is a rhombus
(c) AB = CD, BC = DA ; AC = BD  ABCD is a rectangle
(d) AB = CD, BC = DA ;  ABCD is a parallelogram.
(iii) (a) Diagonal of square, rhombus, rectangle and parallelogram always bisect each other.
(b) Diagonal of rhombus and square bisect each other at right angle.
(c) Four given points are collinear, if area of quadrilateral formed from these four points is zero.
Illustration 1
Find the distance between the points (3, 4) and (6, –3).
Solution :
The given points are A(3, 4) and B(6, –3). Here, x1 = 3, y1 = 4 and x2 = 6, y2 = –3
AB = ( x1 – x 2 ) 2  ( y1 – y 2 ) 2
= (3 –6) 2  (4  3) 2
= 9  49
= 58
Therefore, Distance = 58 units.
10.7 SECTION FORMULA

To find the co-ordinates of a point, which divides the line segment joining two points internally
in a given ratio :
Let A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) be the two given points and P be a point on AB which divides it in the given
ratio m1 : m2 i.e., AP : PB = m1 : m2 . We have to find the co-ordinates of P. Let P = (x, y).
AP AK PK
We have,   ( AKP ~ PTB) .......(i)
PB PT BT
Now, AK = LM = OM – OL = x – x1
PT = MN = ON – OM = x2 – x
PK = MP – MK = MP – LA = y – y1
BT = NB – NT = NB – MP = y2 – y
PAGE# 3
m1 x – x1 y – y1 B(x2, y2)
From (i), we have, m  x – x  y – y
2 2 2 (x,y) P
T
y 1)
m1 x – x1 x,
1
A( K
The first two relations give, m 
2 x2 – x
or m1x2 – m1x = m2x – m2x1
or x (m1 + m2) = m1x2 + m2x1
X O L M N X
m1x 2  m 2 x1 Y
or x = m1  m 2
AP PK m1 y – y1
Similarly, from the relation  , we get m = y – y which gives on simplification.
PB BT 2 2
m1y 2  m 2 y1
y = m1  m 2
m1x 2  m 2 x1 m1y 2  m 2 y1
Hence, x = m1  m 2 and y = m1  m 2 ........(1)
Hence co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the
 m1x 2  m 2 x1 m1y 2  m 2 y1 
ratio m1 : m2 internally is  m  m ,
m1  m 2 

 1 2
NOTE :
1. When C does not lie between A and B i.e., as shown below, then we say that C divides AB in
 m1x 2 – m2 x1 m1y2 – m2 y1 
m1 : m2 ratio externally then the coordinates of C are  , .
 m1 – m2 m1 – m2 
m1
m2
A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2) C
2. Let P(x, y) divides the line segment joining the points A(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio m 1: m2.
m1 x – x1 y – y1
Then, m  x – x (or ) y – y
2 2 2
3. X-axis divides the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in ratio –y1 : y2 or y1 : –y2.
4. Y-axis divides the line joining the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in the ratio –x1 : x2 or x1 : –x2
 x1  x2 y1  y 2 
5. If p is the mid point of AB and it divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1 then coordinate are  , .
 2 2 
PAGE# 4
10.8 POINTS OF TRISECTION

Let A (x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be two given points. Then, the two points P & Q which divide AB in the ratio
1 : 2 and 2 : 1 internally respectively are called the points of trisection of AB.
Further, if P and Q are points of trisection of AB respectively.
A B
P Q (x
2
 1 x  x 2 y  y x  2 x y  2 y (x ,y ) 2,y2)
2 2  2 1 1
Then P =  , 1  and Q =  1 2
, 1 
 3 3   3 3  here, AP = PQ = QB
Illustration 2
Find the co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment joining each of the following
points in the given ratio :
(a) (2, 3) and (7, 8) in the ratio 2 : 3 internally
(b) (–1, 4) and (0, –3) in the ratio 1 : 4 internally.
Solution
(a) Let A (2, 3) and B (7, 8) be the given points. Let P(x,y) divide AB in the ratio
2 : 3 internally. Using section formula, we have
2  7  3  2 20
x =  4
23 5
2  8  3  3 25
and y = = = 5
23 5
 P (4, 5) divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
(b) Let A (–1, 4) and B(0, –3) be the given points.
Let P(x,y) divide AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally.
Using section formula, we have
1 0  4  (–1) 4
x = –
1 4 5
1 (–3)  4  4 13
and y = =
1 4 5
 4 13 
 P  – ,  divides AB in the ratio 1 : 4 internally..
 5 5
PAGE# 5
Illustration 3
In what ratio is the line segment joining the points A (6, 3) and B (–2, –5) divided by the
x-axis ? Also, find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of AB and the x-axis.
Solution
Let the x-axis cut the join of A(6, 3) and B(–2, –5) in the ratio k : 1 at the point P.
 – 2 k  6 – 5k  3 
Then, by section formula, the coordinates of P are  , 
 k 1 k 1 
But, P lies on the x-axis. So its ordinate must be 0.
– 5k  3 3
 = 0  –5k + 3 = 0  k =
k 1 5
3
So, the required ratio is : 1 , which is 3 : 5. Thus, the x-axis divides AB in the ratio
5
3 : 5.
3
Putting k = , we get the point P as
5
 3  
  – 2  5  6 
P   , 0
3
   1  i.e., P (3, 0)

  5   
Hence, the point of intersection of AB and the x-axis is P(3, 0).
PAGE# 6
10.9 AREA OF TRIANGLE

Consider A (x1, y1), B (x2,y2) and C (x3, y3) as the vertices of ABC.
Drop perpendiculars AP, BQ and CR on x-axis.
Area of ABC = Area of trapezium APQB + Area of trapezium APRC – Area of trapezium BCRQ.
Y
A(x1, y1)
)
, y 2
x
B(
2
C(x3, y3)
O Q P R X
1 1 1
= QP (AP + BQ) + PR (AP + CR) – QR (BQ + CR)
2 2 2
Here QP = x1 – x2, PR = x3 – x1, QR = x3 – x2,
AP = y1, BQ = y2, CR = y3
1 1 1
 Area of ABC = (x1 – x2) (y1 + y2) + (x3 – x1) (y1 + y3) – (x3 – x2) (y2 + y3)
2 2 2
1
= (x1y2 – x1y3 – x2y1 + x2y3 + x3y1 – x3y2)
2
1
= [x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
2
As the area is always non-negative
1
 Area of ABC “” = |x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) | sq. units.
2
NOTE :
1
1. Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (0, 0) is = |x1y2 – x2y1|
2
2. If area of ABC is zero then the points A, B and C are collinear.
1
3. Area of triangle DEF formed by the mid-points of the side of the ABC is th of the area of
4
ABC i.e., Area of ABC = 4 (Area of DEF)
4. If G is the centroid of ABC, then Area of ABC = 3(Area of AGB) = 3 (Area of BGC)
= 3(Area of ACG).
5. If the mid-points of ABC are P(x1, y1), Q (x2, y2) and R (x3,y3), then its vertices are
A (–x1 + x2 + x3, –y1 + y2 + y3), B(x1 – x2 + x3, y1 – y2 + y3) and C(x1 + x2 –x3, y1 + y2 – y3).
6. The fourth vertex of a parallelogram whose three vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) in order is
(x1 – x2 + x3, y1 – y2 + y3).
PAGE# 7
Median of the triangle : A line drawn from the vertex, which bisects the opposite side is called a

median of the triangle.
Altitude of the triangle : A perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the opposite side in a triangle is

called an altitude.
10.10 AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL:

Let the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A (x1, y1) , B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) and D (x4, y4)
So, area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ABC + Area of ACD
D (x4, y4) C(x3, y3)
A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2)
10.11 CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

Three points A (x1, y1) B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are collinear if
(i) Area of a triangle ABC is zero
(ii) Distance between A and B + distance between B and C = distance between A and C
(AB + BC = AC) A B C
Illustration 4
Show that the points A (–1, 1), B (5, 7) and C(8, 10) are collinear.
Solution
Let A (–1, 1), B(5, 7) and C(8, 10) be the given points. Then, (x1 = –1, y1 = 1),
(x2 = 5, y2 = 7) and (x3 = 8, y3 = 10)
 x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)
= (–1) (7 – 10) + 5(10 – 1) + 8 (1 – 7)
= 3 + 45 – 48 = 0
Hence, the given points are collinear.
10.12 CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE

A (x1, y1)
Let A (x1,y1), B (x2y2) and C (x3, y3) are vertices of any triangle,
then the centroid is the point of intersection of the medians . 2
Centroid divides the median in the ratio of 2 : 1. G
1
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3  B D C
Co-ordinates of centroid G =  ,  (x2, y2) (x3, y3)
 3 3 
PAGE# 8
Illustration 5
Find the centroid of ABC whose vertices are A(–3, 0), B (5, –2) and C (–8, 5).
Solution
Here (x1 = –3, y1 = 0), (x2 = 5, y2 = –2) and (x3 = –8, y3 = 5).
Let G(x,y) be the centroid of ABC. Then,
1 1
x = (x1 + x2 + x3) = (–3 + 5 – 8) = – 2
3 3
1 1
y = (y1 + y2 + y3) = (0 – 2 + 5) = 1
3 3
Hence, the centroid of ABC is G (–2, 1).
10.13 INCENTRE OF A TRIANGLE A(x1, y1)

The point of intersection of the internal bisectors of
the angles of a triangle is called the incentre. The
coordinates of the incentre of a triangle whose F E
vertices are A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are I
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 

 ,  where AB = c,
 abc abc 
B(x2, y2 ) D C(x3, y3 )
AC = b , BC = a.
A
10.14 CIRCUMCENTRE
It is point of intersection of perpendicular bisector of
the sides of a triangle. It is also the centre of a circle E D
O
passing through vertices of the triangle. If O is the
circumcentre of any triangle ABC then C
B F
OA2 = OB2 = OC2
Remarks : If a triangle is a right angle then its
circumcentre is the mid point of hypotenuse.
PAGE# 9
10.15 ORTHOCENTRE
It is the point of intersection of perpendicular drawn from vertices on opposite side (called altitudes)
of a triangle.
Remark
(i) If a triangle is right angled triangle then orthocentre is the point where right angle is formed.
(ii) If the triangle is equilateral, the centroid, incentre, orthocentre and circum-centre are coincide.
(iii) In an isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre, in centre, circum-centre lie on the same line.
(iv) The circum-centre of a triangle is equidistant from the vertices of a triangle.
(v) The incentre of a triangle is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
(vi) The lines joining middle points of opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
(vii) A triangle is isosceles if any two of its sides or medians are equal.
(viii) In a triangle, orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are collinear and centroid divides the line
joining orthocentre and circumcentre in 2 : 1.
2 : 1
Orthocentre Centroid Circumcentre
10.16 IMAGE OF AN OBJECT IN A MIRROR

(i) Reflection in x-axis:
Reflection of P(x, y) in X-axis will be P(x, – y)
y
P(x,y)
x' O M x
P(x,–y)
y'
(ii) Reflection in y-axis

Reflection of P(x, y) in Y-axis will be P(–x, y)
P'(–x,y) P(x,y)
N
x' x
O
y'
PAGE# 10
(iii) Reflection in the origin

Reflection of P(x, y) in origin will be P(–x, –y)
y
P(x,y)
y
N –x
x' x
–y O x M
P'(–x,–y)
y'
(iv) Reflection in the line y = x

Reflection of P (x, y) in y = x will be P(y, x)
y P'(y,x)
P(x,y)
x' O x
y = x
y'
Illustration 6
Point P (a, b) is reflected in the x-axis to P1(5, 2) write down the values of a and b
Solution
We know that
Rx (a, b) = (a, –b)
 Rx (a, b) = (5, –2)
 (a, b) = (5, –2)
a = 5, b = –2
Hence, the Coordinate of P (5, –2)
PAGE# 11
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1
Use analytical geometry to prove that the mid point of the hypotenuse of a right- angled
triangle is equidistant from its vertices
Solution
Let AOB be a right - angled triangle with base OA taken along X-axis and the perpendicular OB taken
along y-axis.
Let OA = a and OB = b
Let D be the mid-point of the hypotenuse AB. Let the coordinates of A, B and D are (a, o), (o, b) and
 a b  respectively.
 , 
2 2
2 2
a b 1 2 Y
Now, DO =   0     0   a  b2
2  2  2
B(0,b)
2 2 a b
D , 
a  b  1 2
DA =   a     0   a  b2 2 2
2  2  2
O A(a,o) X
2 2
a  b  1 2
and DB =   0     b   a  b2
2  2  2
Hence, DA = DB = DO then D is equidistant from the vertices of triangle ABC.
Example 2
Find the coordinates of the circum-centre of the triangle whose vertices are (8, 6), (8, –2) and
(2, –2).
Solution
The circum-centre of a triangle is equidistant from the vertices of a triangle. Let A(8, 6), B(8, –2) and
C(2, –2) be the vertices of the given triangle and let P(x, y) be the circum-centre of this triangle.
 PA = PB = PC  PA2 = PB2 = PC2
now, PA2 = PB2 A(8,6)
2 2 2 2
(x – 8) + (y – 6) = (x – 8) + (y + 2)
 x2 + y2 – 16x – 12y + 100 = x2 + y2 – 16x + 4y + 68
p(x,
 16y = 32
y)
 y = 2
2)
B(
PB2 = PC2
2,–
and
8,–
C(
2
(x – 8)2 + (y + 2)2 = (x – 2)2 + (y + 2)2
)
x2 + y2 – 16x + 4y + 68 = x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y + 8
12x = 60
 x = 5
So, the coordinates of the circumcentre P are (5, 2).
PAGE# 12
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Find the distance between the pair of points
(i) (2,3), (4,1) (ii) (–5, 7), (–1,3) (iii) (a,b), (–a, –b)
Sol. (i) (2,3), (4,1)
Required distance = 4 – 22  1 – 32 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2 units
(ii) (–5,7), (–1,3)
Required distance = – 1 – (–5) 2  3 – (– 7)2 = 16  16 = 32 = 4 2 units
(iii) (a,b), (–a, –b)
Required distance = – a – a2 – b – b2 = – 2a2 – 2b2 = 4 a 2  4 b 2 = 2 a 2  b 2 units
Q.2 Find the distance between the points (0,0) and (36, 15).
Sol. Required distance
= 36 – 02  15 – 02 = 362  15 2 = 1296 225 = 1521 = 39.
Q.3 Determine if the points (1,5), (2,3) and (–2, –11) are collinear.
Sol. Let A  (1,5) ; B  (2,3) and C  (– 2, – 11)
Then,
AB = 2 – 12  3 – 52 = 1 4 = 5 units
BC = – 2 – 22  – 11 – 32 =  – 42   – 142 = 16  196 = 212 units
CA = 1 – – 22  5 – – 112 = 32  16 2 = 9  256 = 265

We see that
AB + BC  CA
BC + CA  AB
and CA + AB  BC
Hence the given points are not collinear.
Q. 4 Check whether (5, – 2), (6,4) and (7,–2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
Sol. Let A  (5, – 2), B  (6,4) and C  (7, –2)
Then, AB = 6 – 52  4 –  – 2 2 = 12  62 = 1 36 = 37 units
BC = 7 – 62  – 2 – 42 = 12  – 6 2 = 1 36 = 37 units

We see that AB = BC
Therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle.
PAGE# 13
Q.5 In a classroom, 4 friends are seated at the points A, B, C, D as shown in figure. Champa and
Chameli walk into the class and after observing for a few minutes Champa asks Chameli,
“Don’t you think ABCD is a square?” Chameli disagrees. Using distance formula, find which
of them is correct.
Sol. We see that 10
A (3,4)
B  (6,7) 9
C  (9,4) 8
B
D  (6,1) 7
6
2 2
6 – 3  7 – 4 
Rows
Now, AB = 5
A C
4
=
2
3  3  2
= 9  9
3
= 18 = 3 2 2
1 D
BC = 9 – 62  4 – 7 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
= 32  – 32 = 99
Columns
= 18 = 3 2
CD = 6 – 92  1 – 42 = – 32   – 32 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2
AD = 9 – 32  1 – 42 = 3 2, AC = 9 – 32  4 – 42 = 6

BD = 6 – 62  1 – 72 = 6
We see that
AB = BC = CD = DA [i.e., all the four sides are equal]
and AC = BD [i.e., the diagonals are equal]
Therefore, ABCD is a square. Hence , Champa is correct,
Q.6 Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give reasons for
your answer
(i) (– 1, –2), (1,0), (–1, 2), (–3, 0); (ii) (–3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), (– 1, –4)
(iii) (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), (1, 2)
Sol. (i) (– 1, –2), (1,0), (–1, 2), (–3, 0)
Let A  (–1, –2), B  (1, 0),
C  (–1, 2) and D  (–3, 0)
Then
AB = 1 – – 1 2  0 – – 22 = 2 2  22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2
BC = – 1 – 1 2  2 – 02 = – 2 2  22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2
CD = – 3 – – 1 2  0 – 22 = – 22  – 22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2
DA = – 1 – – 3 2  – 2 – 02 = 2 2  – 22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2

PAGE# 14
AC = – 1 – – 1 2   2 – – 22 = 4
BD = – 3 – 1 2   0 – 02 = 4
Since AB = BC = CD = DA (i.e., all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal) and AC = BD
(i.e., diagonals of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal)
Therefore, ABCD is a square
(ii) (–3,5), (3,1), (0,3), (–1, – 4)
Let A  (–3, 5) , B  (3,1) , C  (0,3) and D  (–1, –4)
Then, AB = 3 – – 3 2  1 – 52 = 62   – 42 = 36  16 = 52 = 2 13
BC = 0 – 32  3 – 12 = 9  4 = 13
CD = – 1 – 02  – 4 – 32 = 1 4 9 = 50
DA = – 3 – – 12  5 – – 42 = 4  81 = 85
AC = 0 – – 32   3 – 52 = 13
BD = – 1 – 32   – 4 – 12 = 41

We see that
BC + AC = AB
Hence, the points A, B and C are collinear
So, ABCD is not a quadrilateral.
(iii) (4,5), (7,6), (4,3), (1,2)
Let A  (4,5), B  (7,6), C  (4,3) and D  (1,2).
Then AB = 7 – 42  6 – 52 = 32  12 = 9  1 = 10
BC = 4 – 72  3 – 62 = – 32  – 32 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2
CD = 1 – 42  2 – 32 = – 32   – 12 = 9  1 = 10
DA = 4 – 12  5 – 22 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2
AC = 4 – 42  3 – 52 = 2

BD = 1 – 7 2  2 – 62 = 36  16 = 52
We see that
AB = CD,
BC = DA
and AC  BD [Opposite sides are equal]
[Diagonals are unequal]
Hence, the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
PAGE# 15
Q.7 Find the point on the x – axis which is equidistant from (2, – 5) and (–2, 9).
Sol. We know that a point on the x – axis is of the form (x, 0). So let the point P (x, 0) be equidistant from
A (2, –5) and B (–2, 9). Then
PA = PB
 PA2 = PB2
 (2 – x)2 + (–5 – 0)2 = (–2 –x)2 + (9 – 0)2
 4 + x2 – 4x + 25 = 4 + x2 + 4x + 81
 8x = – 56
– 56
 x = = – 7
8
Hence, the required point is (– 7, 0)
Check PA = – 2 – 7 2  – 5 – 02 = 81 25 = 106
PB = – 2 – 7 2  9 – 02 = 25  81 = 106

 PA = PB
 Our solution is correct.
Q.8 Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P (2, – 3) and Q (10, y) is 10 units.
Sol. PQ = 10 (given)
PQ2 = 102 = 100
 (10 – 2)2 + [y– (–3)]2 = 100  (8)2 + (y + 3)2 = 100
 64 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 100  y2 + 6y – 27 = 0
 y2 + 9y – 3y – 27 = 0  y(y + 9) – 3(y + 9) = 0
 (y + 9)(y – 3) = 0  y + 9 = 0 or y – 3 = 0
 y = – 9 or y = 3  y = –9, 3
Hence, the required value of y is – 9 or 3.
Q.9 If Q(0, 1) is equidistant from P(5, – 3) and R(x, 6), find the values of x. Also find the distances
QR and PR.
Sol. PQ = RQ (given)
 PQ2 = RQ2
 (0 – 5)2 + [1 – (–3)]2 = (0 – x)2 + (1 – 6)2
 25 + 16 = x2 + 25
 x2 = 16
 x =  4
 R (  4, 6)
QR = 0  4 2  1 – 62 = 41
PR =   4 – 5 2  6 – – 32
=   4 – 5 2  81 or  – 4 – 5 2  81
= 82 or 9 2 .
PAGE# 16
Q.10 Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the point (3,6) and
(–3, 4)
Sol. Let P  (x, y) , A  (3, 6) and B  (–3, 4)
Then, PA = PB (Given)
 PA2 = PB2
 (3 – x)2 + (6 – y)2 = (–3 –x)2 + (4 – y)2
 9 + x2 – 6x + 36 + y2 – 12y
= 9 + x2 + 6x + 16 + y2 – 8y
 12x + 4y – 20 = 0
 3x + y – 5 = 0 [Dividing throughout by 4]
This is the required relation.
Q.11 Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
Sol. Let the coordinates of the required point be (x, y). Then,
m1x 2  m 2 x1 ( 2)( 4)  (3)(– 1) 8 – 3 5
x = m1  m 2 = = = = 1
23 5 5
m1 y 2  m 2 y1 (2)(–3)  (3)(7) – 6  21 15
y = m1  m 2 = 2 3 = = = 3
5 5
Hence, the required point is (1,3).
Q.12 Find the coor dinates of the points of tr isection of the line segment j oining (4, –1) and (–2, –3).
Sol. Let A  (4, – 1) and B  (–2, –3).
P(x, y) B(–2, –3)
A(4, –1) O(X, Y)
Let the points of trisection of the line segment AB be P (x, y) and Q (X, Y) respectively.
Then, AP = PQ = QB
Clearly P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 internally and Q divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1 internally
Therefore,
m1x 2  m 2 x1 (1) (– 2 )  ( 2 ) ( 4 ) –2 8 6
x = m1  m 2 = 1 2 = = = 2
3 3
m1 y 2  m 2 y1 (1) (– 3)  (2) (– 1) –3– 2 –5
y = m1  m 2 = 1 2 = =
3 3
 – 5
 P   2, 
 3 
m1x 2  m 2 x1 (2) (– 2)  (1) (4) – 4 4
X = m1  m 2 = 2 1 = = 0
3
m1 y 2  m 2 y1 (2) (– 3)  (1) (– 1) – 6 –1 7
Y = = = = –
m1  m 2 2 1 3 3
 – 7
 Q  0, 
 3 
PAGE# 17
Q.13 To conduct Sports Day activity, in your rectangular shaped school ground ABCD, lines have
been drawn with chalk powder at a distance of 1m each. 100 flower pots have been placed at a
1
distance of 1 m from each other along AD, as shown in figure. Niharika runs th the distance
4
1
AD on then 2nd line and posts a green flag. Preet runs th the distance AD on the eight line
5
and posts a red flag. What is the distance between both the flags? If Rashmi has to post a blue
flag exactly halfway between the line segment joining the two flags, where should she post her
flag?
 100 
Sol. Take A as origin. AB as x – axis and AD as y – axis. Position of the green flag post  2,  or (2, 25).
 4 
 100 
Position of the red flag post  8,  or (8, 20).
 5 
 Distance between both the flags =  8 – 2 2   20 – 25 2 = 62  – 52 = 61 m
 2  8 2 5  20   10 45 
Position of the blue flag post   ,  or  ,  or (5,22.5)
 8 20  2 2 
th
So, she should post her blue flag on the 5 line at a distance of 22.5 km from AB
Q.14 Find the ratio in which the segment joining the points (–3,10) and (6, – 8) is divided by (–1, 6).
Sol. Let A  (–3, 10), B  (6,–8) and P  (–1, 6)
Let P divides AB in the ratio K : 1
A K P 1 B
(–3, 10) (–1, 6) (6, –8)
 K 6   1– 3 K – 8  110  

Then, P   , 
 K 1 K 1 
 6k – 3 – 8k  10 
or P   , 
 k 1 k 1 
But P  (–1, 6)
PAGE# 18
6K – 3
 K  1 = – 1  6K – 3 = –K – 1  7K = 2
2
 K =
7
– 8K  10
and, K  1 = 6  –8K + 10 = 6K + 6  14K = 4
4 2
 K = =
14 7
Hence, the required ratio is 2:7.
Q.15 Find the ratio in which the segment joining A(1, – 5) and B (–4, 5) is divided by the x–axis. Also
find the coordinates of the point of division.
Sol. Let the point of division be P. Let the ratio be K : 1
A K P 1 B
(1, –5) (–4, 5)
Then,
 K – 4  11 K 5  1– 5   – 4K  1 5K – 5 
P   ,   P   , 
 K 1 K 1   K 1 K  1 
 P lies on the x – axis and we know that on the x – axis the ordinate is 0.
5K – 5
 K  1 = 0  5K – 5 = 0  5K = 5
5
 K = = 1
5
Hence, the required ratio is 1 : 1.
Putting K = 1, we get
 3 
P   – ,0 
 2 
Q.16 If (1,2), (4,y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y
Sol. Let A  (1,2), B  (4, y) , C  (x, 6) and D  (3,5).
We know that the diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other. So,
Coordinates of the mid–point of diagonal AC
 1 x 2  6   4  3 y  5   1 x   7 y  5 
  ,  =  ,    , 4  =  , 
 2 2   2 2   2  2 2 
1 x 7
 =  1 + x = 7  x = 6
2 2
y5
and 4 =  y + 5 = 8 y = 3
2
PAGE# 19
Q.17 Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose centre is (2,–3)
and B is (1,4).
Sol. Let C be the centre of the circle
Then, C  (2, – 3)
Let the coordinates of the point A be (x, y).
 AB is a diameter of a circle whose centre is C. A B
 C is the mid – point of AB (x, y) C (1, 4)
(2, –3)
 x 1 y  4 
  ,  = (2, – 3)
 2 2 
x 1
 = 2  x + 1 = 4  x = 3
2
y4
and  –3  y + 4 = – 6  y = – 10
2
Hence, the coordinates of the point A are (3, –10)
3
Q.18 If A and B are ( –2, –2) and (2, –4) respectively, find the coordinates of P such that AP = AB
7
and P lies on the line segment AB.
3
Sol. AP = AB A 3 P 4 B
7
(–2, –2) (x, y) (2, –4)
 7AP = 3AB
 7AP = 3(AP + PB) ( P lies in the line segment AB)
 7AP = 3AP + 3PB
 7AP – 3AP = 3PB
 4AP = 3PB
AP 3
 =
PB 4
Let the coordinates of P be (x, y). Then,
m1x 2  m 2 x 1 32   4 – 2  6 – 8 2
x = = = = –
m1  m 2 3 4 7 7
m1y 2  m 2 y1 (3) (–4)  ( 4) (–2) – 12 – 8 20
y = m1  m 2 = = = –
3 4 7 7
2 20
Hence, the coordinates of the point P are  – , –  .
 7 7 
Q.19 Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A (–2, 2) and B (2,8)
into four equal parts.
Sol. Let P (x1, y1), Q (x2, y2) and R (x3, y3) be the points which divide the line segment AB into four equal
parts
P Q R
A B
(–2, 2) (2, 8)
PAGE# 20
Then, P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3 internally
(1)(2)  (3) (–2) 2–6 4
 x1 = = = – = –1
1 3 4 4
(1)(8)  (3)(2) 8  6 14 7
y1 = = = =
1 3 4 4 2
 7
So P   – 1, 
 2
Also, Q divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1 i.e., Q is the mid – point of AB.
– 2 2 2  8 10
x2 = = 0; y2 = = = 5
2 2 2
So, Q  (0, 5)
and, R divides AB in the ratio 3 : 1
(3) ( 2)  (1) (–2) 6 – 2 4
 x3 = = = = 1
3 1 4 4
(3) (8)  (1) (2) 24  2 26 13
y3 = = = =
3 1 4 4 2
 13 
So, R  1, 
 2
Q.20 Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3,0), (4,5), (– 1, 4) and (–2, – 1) taken in order
1
[Hint: Area of a rhombus = (product of its diagonals)] D(–2,–1) C(–1,4)
2
Sol. Let A  (3, 0), B  (4,5), C  (– 1, 4) and D  (– 2, – 1).
1
We know that the area of rhombus = (product of its diagonals )
2
 Area of the rhombus ABCD
1 A(3,0) B(4,5)
= (AC  BD)
2
1 
=  – 1 – 32  4 – 02    – 2 – 42  – 1 – 52 
2    
1

= 16  16
2
 36  36 
1
=
2
 32  72 
1
=
2
  
4 2 6 2
= 24 square units
PAGE# 21
Q.21 Find the area of triangle whose vertices are:

(i) (2, 3), (– 1, 0), (2, – 4) (ii) (– 5 , – 1), (3, – 5), (5, 2)
Sol. (i) (2,3), (– 1, 0) , (2, – 4)
Area of the triangle
1 1 21
= [2 (0 – (– 4)) + (– 1) (– 4 – 3) + 2 (3 – 0)] = (8 + 7 + 6) = square units.
2 2 2
(ii) (–5, – 1), (3, – 5), (5, 2)
1
= [(– 5 ) {– 5 – 2} + (3) {2 – (– 1)} + (5) {(– 1) – (– 5)}]
2
1
= {35 + 9 + 20} = 32 square units
2
Q.22 In each of the following find the value of ‘k’, for which the points are collinear
(i) (7, – 2), (5, 1), (3, k) (ii) (8, 1), (k, – 4), (2 – 5)
Sol. (i) (7, – 2), (5, 1), (3, k)
1
= [7(1 – k) + 5 {k – (– 2)} + 3 (– 2 – 1)]
2
1
= [7 – 7 k + 5k + 10 – 9]
2
1
= [8 – 2k] = 4 – k
2
If the points are collinear, then area of the triangle = 0
 4 – k = 0
 k = 4
(ii) (8, 1), (k, – 4), (2, – 5)
1
Area of the triangle = [8 {– 4 –(– 5)} + k (– 5 – 1) + 2 {1 – (– 4)}]
2
1
= [8 – 6k + 10]
2
1
= (18 – 6k] = 9– 3k
2
If the points are collinear, then area of the triangle = 0
 9 – 3k = 0
 3k = 9
9
 k = = 3
3
PAGE# 22
Q.23 Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid – points of the sides of the triangle
whose vertices are (0, – 1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the area of the given
triangle.
Sol. L et A  (0, –1), B  (2, 1) and C  (0, 3) be the vertices of the triangle ABC. Let D, E and F be
the mid – points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Then,
 2  0 1 3  A(0, –1)
D   , 
 2 2 
 D  (1, 2)
(1,0)F E(0,1)
 0  0 3  (– 1) 
E   , 
 2 2 
 E  (0, 1) B D C
(2, 1) (1, 2) (0, 3)
 2  0 1  (– 1) 
F   , 
 2 2 
 F  (1, 0)
 Area of the triangle DEF
1 1
= [1 (1 – 0) + 0 (0 – 2) + 1 (2 – 1)] = [ 1 + 0 + 1] = 1 square unit
2 2
area of the triangle ABC
1
= [0 (1 – 3) + 2 {3 – (– 1)} + 0 (– 1 – 1)] = 4 square units
2
 Ratio of the area of the triangle formed to the area of the given triangle
= 1 : 4
Q.24 Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (– 4, – 2), (– 3, – 5),
(3, – 2) and (2, 3),
Sol. Let A  (– 4, – 2), B (– 3, – 5), C  (3, – 2) and D  (2, 3) be the vertices of the quadrilateral
ABCD.
Join BD
Then, area of  ABD
1
= [(– 4) {– 5 –3} + (– 3) {3 – (– 2)} + 2 {(– 2) – (– 5 )}]
2
1 23
= [ 32 – 15 + 6] = square units
2 2
PAGE# 23
and, Area of  CBD
1
= [3 (–5 –3) + (– 3){3 – (– 2)} + (2) {(– 2) – (–5)}]
2
1 33 33
= [ – 24 – 15 + 6] = – = square units
2 2 2
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = area of  ABD + area of  CBD
23 33
= square units + square units = 28 square units
2 2
Q.25 You have studied in class IX that, a median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal
areas. Verify this result for  ABC whose vertices are A (4 – 6), B (3, – 2) and (5, 2)
Sol. Let D be the mid – point of the side BC of the triangle ABC. Then,
 3  5 (–2)  2 
D   , 
 2 2 
or, D  (4,0)
AD is a median.
Area of  ABD
1
= [4{(–2) – 0} + 3 {0 – (– 6)} + 4 {(– 6) – (– 2)}]
2
1
= [ – 8 + 18 – 16] = – 3 square units = 3 square units (numerically)
2
and, Area of  ACD
1 1
= [ 4 (2 – 0) + 5 {0 – (– 6)} + 4 (– 6 – 2)] = [8 + 30 – 32] = 3 square units
2 2
Clearly, Area of  ACD
1 1
= [4 (2 – 0) + 5 {0 – (– 6)} + 4 (– 6 – 2)] = [ 8 + 30 – 32] = 3 square units
2 2
Clearly, Area of ABDArea ofACD
 A median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal areas.
Q.26 Determine the ratio in which the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points
A (2, – 2) and B (3, 7) .
Sol. Let the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points A (2, – 2) and B (3, 7) in the
ratio  : 1. Let the points of intersection be P. Then
 P 1
A B
(2, –2) (3, 7)
 () (3)  (1) (2) () (7)  (1) (– 2)   3  2 7 – 2 
P   ,   P   , 
  1  1    1  1 
 P lies on the line 2x + y – 4 = 0
PAGE# 24
 3  2   7 – 2 
 2      – 4 = 0
  1    1 
 2( 3  2 ) + ( 7 – 2 ) – 4(   1 ) = 0  6   4 + 7  – 2 – 4  – 4 = 0
2
 9  – 2 = 0   = 9
Hence, the required ratio is 2 : 9
Q.27 Find a relation between x and y if the points (x, y), (1,2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
Sol. If the given points are collinear then the area of the triangle with these points as vertices will be zero.
1
 [x (2– 0) + 1 (0 – y) + 7 (y – 2)] = 0
2
1 1
 [ 2x – y + 7y – 14] = 0  [ 2x + 6y – 14] = 0
2 2
 x + 3y – 7 = 0 (Dividing throughout by 2)
This is the required relation between x and y.
Q.28 Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6 , – 6), (3, – 7) and (3, 3).
Sol. Let A  (6, – 6), B  (3, – 7) and C  (3,3)
A (6, –6)
I (x, y)
C B
(3, 3) (3, –7)
Let the centre of the circle be I (x, y)
Then, IA = IB = IC (By definition of a circle)
 IA2 = IB2 = IC2
 (x – 6)2 + (y + 6)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y + 7)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y – 3)2
Taking first two, we get (x – 6)2 + (y + 6)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y + 7)2
 x2 – 12x + 36 + y2 + 12 y + 36 = x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 14y + 49
 6x + 2y = 14
 3x + y = 7 ..........(1) (Dividing throughout by 2)
Taking last two, we get
(x – 3)2 + (y + 7)2 = (x –)2 + (y – 3)2
 (y + 7)2 = (y – 3)2
 (y + 7) =  (y – 3)
Taking + ve sign, we get
y + 7 = y – 3
 7 = – 3
which is impossible
PAGE# 25
Taking – ve sign, we get
y + 7 = – (y – 3)
 y + 7 = – y + 3
–4
 2y = – 4  y = = – 2
2
Putting y = – 2 in equation (1), we get
3x – 2 = 7
 3x = 9  x = 3
Thus, I  (3, – 2)
Hence the centre of the circle is (3, – 2)
Q.29 The two opposite vertices of a square are (– 1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the other
two vertices?
Sol. Let A (– 1, 2) and C (3,2) be the two opposite vertices A (–1, 2) B (x,y)
of a square ABCD. Let B (x, y) be the unknown vertex
Then, AB = BC
2 2
 AB = BC
 (x + 1) 2 + (y – 2)2 = (x – 3)2 + (y – 2)2 I
2 2 2 2
 x + 2x + 1 + y – 4y + 4 = x – 6x + 9 + y – 4y + 4
 8x = 8  x = 1
2 2 2
Also, AB + BC = AC
(  B = 90º and therefore using Pythagoras theorem) D C(3,2)
 (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 + (y – 2)2 = (3 + 1 )2 + (2 – 2)2
 x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 – 4y + 4 + x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 16
 2x2 + 2y2 – 4x – 8y + 2 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0
putting x = 1 we get 1 + y2 – 2 – 4y + 1 = 0
 y(y – 4) = 0  y = 0, 4
Hence, the other vertices are (1, 0) and (1, 4)

Q.30 The class X students of a secondary school in Krishinagar have been allotted a rectangular
plot of land for their gardening activity. Sapling of Gulmohar are planted on the boundary at a
distance of 1 m from each other. There is a triangular grassy lawn in the plot as shown in
figure. The students are to sow seeds of flowering plants on the remaining are of the plot.
(i) Taking A as origin, find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
(ii) What will be the coordinates of the vertices of  PQR if C is the origin? Also calculate
the area of the triangle in these cases. What do you observe ?
PAGE# 26
Sol. (i) Taking A as origin, AD and AB as coordinate axes, the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle

PQR are P  (4, 6); Q (3, 2) ; R  (6, 5)
(ii) Taking C as origin, CB and CD as coordinate axes, the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle
PQR are P  (12, 2) ; Q (13, 6) ; R (10, 3)
Area of the triangle PQR in the first case
1 1 9
= [4(2 – 5) + 3 (5 – 6) + 6 (6 – 2)] = [– 12 – 3 + 24] = sq, units
2 2 2
Area of the triangle PQR in the second case
1 1 9
= [12( 6 – 3) + 13 (3 – 2) + 10 (2 – 6)] = [ 36 + 13 – 40] = sq units
2 2 2
We observe that areas are the same in both the cases.
Q.31 The vertices of a  ABC are A (4, 6) B(1, 5) and C (7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides AB
AD AE 1
and AC at D and E respectively, such that   . Calculate the area of the  ADE and
AB AC 4
compare it with the are of  ABC. A(4, 6)
AD 1 AB 4
Sol. =  
AB 4 AD 1
AD  DB 4 DB 4
 =  1 + = (13/4, 23/4)D E (19/4, 5)
AD 1 AD 1
DB 3 AD 1
 =  =
AD 1 DB 3 B(1, 5) C(7, 2)
 AD : DB = 1 : 3
 (1)(1)  (3)(4) (1)(5)  (3)(6)   13 23 
 D   ,   D   , 
 1 3 1 3  4 4 
Similarly, AE : EC = 1 : 3
 (1)(7)  (3)(4) (1)(2)  (3)(6)   19 
 E   ,   E   , 5 
 1 3 1 3   4 
Now,
1   23  13 19  23 
Area of  ADE = 4  – 5   (5 – 6)   6 – 
2  4  4 4 4 
 13 19  1  48 – 52  19  15
1
3 – 4  16  = 2 
=
2 16  = 32 sq. units
   
1 1 15
and, Area of ABC = [4(5 – 2) + 1 (2 – 6) + 7(6 – 5)] = [12 – 4 + 7] = sq units
2 2 2
15
ar (ADE) 32 1
 = 
ar ( ABC) 15 16
2
Hence, the required ratio is 1 : 16
PAGE# 27
Q.32 Let A (4, 2) , B (6, 5) and C (1,4) be the vertices of  ABC

(i) The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of the point D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP : PD = 2 : 1
(iii) Find the coordinates of points Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively such that
BQ : QE = 2 : 1 and CR : RF = 2 : 1.
(iv) What do you observe?
[Note: The point which is common to all the three medians is called the centroid and this point
divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1]
A(4, 2)
Sol. (i) The median from A meets BC at D

 D is the mid – point of BC
2 E(5/2, 3)
 6 1 5  4  (5, 7/2)F 1 1
 D   ,  (Using mid – point formula) 2
 2 2 
2
1
7 9 
 D   , 
B D C
2 2  (1, 4)
(6, 5) (7/2, 9/2)
 7 9 
 (2)  2   (1)(4) (2)  2   (1)(2) 
  ,  
(ii) P    [Using section formula]
 2  1 2 1 
 
 11 11 
 P   , 
3 3
 4 1 2  4  5 
(iii) E   ,   E   , 3 
 2 2  2 
 5  
 (2)  2   (1)(6) (2)(3)  (1)(5)   11 11 
  ,
Q     Q   , 
 2 1 2 1   3 3
 
46 25  7
F   ,   F   5, 
 2 2   2
 7 
 (2) 5   (1)(1) (2) 2   (1)(4)   11 11 
R   ,    R   , 

 2  1 2 1   3 3
 
(iv) We observe that P, Q, R are the same point.
PAGE# 28
Q.33 ABCD is a rectangle formed by the points A (– 1, – 1), B (– 1, 4), C (5, 4) and D (5, – 1). P, Q,
R and S are the mid – points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Is the quadrilateral PQRS a
square? a rectangle? or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
Sol. We have,
A  (– 1, – 1); B  (– 1, 4); C  (5, 4) ; D  (5, – 1)
Therefore,
 –1 –1 –1 4   3
P   ,   P   – 1, 
 2 2   2
 –1 5 4  4 
Q   ,   Q  (2, 4)
 2 2 
 5  5 –1 4   3
R   ,   R   5, 
 2 2   2
 –1  5 –1 –1 
S   ,   S (2, – 1)
 2 2 
2
 PQ = 2  12   4 – 3  = 9 
25
=
61
 2 4 2
2
2 3  25 61
QR = (5 – 2)   – 4  = 9  =
2  4 2
2

2 3 25 61
RS = 2 – 5   – 1 –  = 9  =
 2 4 2
2
2  3 25 61
SP = ( 2  1)   – 1 –  = 9  =
 2 4 2
2
23 3
PR = 5  1   –  = 6
2 2
QS = 2 – 22  4  12 = 5
We see that
PQ = QR = RS = SP (all the sides are equal)
and PR  QS (diagonals are not equal)
Therefore, PQRS is a rhombus.
PAGE# 29
[Previous Year Questions]
Q.1 Coordinates of P and Q are (4, –3) and (–1, 7). The abscissa of a point R on the line segment PQ such
PR 3
that  is : [NTSE Delhi]
PQ 5
18 17 17
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
5 5 8
Q.2 If points (x, 0), (0, y) and (1, 1) are collinear then the correct relation is : [Raj. NTSE Stage- 2013]

(A) x + y = 1 (B) x + y = xy (C) x + y + 1 = 0 (D) x + y + xy = 0
Q.3 If A (–2, 5) and B(3, 2) are the two points on a straight line. If AB is extended to ‘C’ such that
AC = 2BC, then the coordinates of ‘C’ are : [NTSE Andhra Pradesh]
1 3 7 1
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C) (8, –1) (D) (–1, 8)
2 2 2 2
Q.4 The distance of the origin from the point P (3, – 2) is : [NTSE Mizoram]

(A) 2 (B) 15 (C) 13 (D) 11
Q.5 The coordinates of a point which is equidistant from the three vertices A(0, 2y) , O(0, 0) and
B(2x, 0) of a triangle AOB are : [NTSE Mizoram]
x y y x
(A) (x, y) (B) (y, x) (C)  ,  (D)  , 
2 2 2 2
Q.6 The vertices of the triangle ABC are respectively A(–1, 2), B(3, 4) and C(–5, 2). If D is the mid point of
BC, then length of AD will be [Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2006]
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q.7 In the rectangle shown below, the value of a – b is : [NSTSE-2009]

y
C(a,13)
D(5,5)
B(15,b)
A(9,2)
O x
(A) –3 (B) –1 (C) 3 (D) 1
Q.8 Find the value for “x”, so that the three points (2, 7), (6, 1) and (x, 0) are collinear : [NSTSE-2009]

1 2
(A) 7 (B) 4 (C) 10 (D) 6
2 3
PAGE# 30
Q.9 In the diagram, PQR is an isosceles triangle and QR = 5 units. It is given that PQ = QR. The coordinates
of Q are : [NSTSE-2010]
y
Q
P O R
(–2, 0) (4, 0)
(A) (1,5) (B) (3, 4) (C) (2, 4) (D) (1, 4)
Q.10 If the line joining A(2, 3) and B (–5, 7) is cut by x-axis at P, then AP : PB is : [NSTSE-2010]

(A) 3 : 7 (B) –3 : 7 (C) 7 : 3 (D) 7 : –3
Q.11 In what ratio does x-axis divide the line segment joining the points (3, 4) and (2, 6) ?
[NSTSE-2011]
(A) 2 : 3 internally (B) 2 : 3 externally (C) 3 : 2 internally (D) 3 : 2 externally
Q.12 The vertices of a triangle ABC are (, 2 – 2), (– + 1, 2) and (–4 –, 6 – 2 ) respectively. If its area
be 70 sq. units, then the number of integral values of  is : [NSTSE-2011]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 10
Q.13 Find the value of ‘k’ for which the points A (4, 6), B (2, k) and C (6, 10) are collinear :
(A) –1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 4 [IMO-2011]
Q.14 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A (2, 7), B (3, –1) & C (–5, 6) : [IMO-2011]

(A) 18 sq. units (B) 24 sq. units (C) 22 sq. units (D) None of these
Q.15 Find the coordinates of the mid point of the line segment joining the points A (18, 14) and B (8, –16)
(A) (13, –2) (B) (13, – 1) (C) (13, –4) (D) (3, 14) [IMO-2011]
1 1
Q.16 If (3, 3) (h, 0) and (0, k) are collinear then  = [NIMO]
h k
1 1
(A) – (B) 3 (C) (D) None of these
3 3
Q.17 What are the coordinates of the third vertex of an equilateral triangle whose two vertices are (3, 4) and
(–2, 3) ? [NIMO]
1 3 7 – 5 3  1– 3 7  5 3 
(A) (7, 1) (B)  2 , 2  or  2 , 2 
   
(C) (1, 5) (D) None of these
PAGE# 31
Q.18 If (2, –2) , (–2, 1) and (5, 2) are vertices of a right angled triangle then the area of the triangle is ______.
[IMO]
(A) 12.5 sq. units (B) 22.5 sq. units (C) 12 sq. units (D) 20 sq. units
Q.19 Point A is on x-axis, point B is on y-axis and point P lies on line segment AB, such that
P =  2n  12 – (2n – 1) 2 , 3 50n  5n  , where n = 2 and AP : PB = 5 : 3.


 
Find the coordinates of points A and B. [IMO]
 32   32   32 
(A)  ,0  , (0, 8) (B) (3, 0),  0,  (C) (4, 0), (0, 3) (D)  ,0  , (0,3)
 3   3   3 
Q.20 Find the coordinates of the point equidistant from three given points A (5, 3), B (5, –5) and C (1, –5):
(A) (3, –1) (B) (4, –2) (C) (5, 2) (D) (2, –1) [IMO-2012]
Q.21 Find the fourth vertex of the rectangle ABCD whose three vertices are shown in the figure given below:
[IMO-2012]
(1, 3)
D C
A B
(1, 2) (4, 2)
(A) (2, 1) (B) (4, 3) (C) (3, 1) (D) (3, 2)
Q.22 Which of the following is not the length of a median in triangle ABC with the vertices A (–1, 3),
B (1, 1) and C(5, 1) ? [NSTSE-2013]
(A) 2 6 (B) 26 (C) 2 5 (D) 2
Q.23 Identify the ratio in which the line joining (4, 5) and (–10, 2) is cut by the y-axis [NSTSE-2013]
(A) –5 : 2 (B) 3 : 5 (C) –5 : 3 (D) 2 : 5
Q.24 Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (0,b) and (x, y) [NSTSE-2013]

xy bx
(A) (B) xy (C) (D) by
2 2
Q.25 ABC has vertices A(–4, 1), B(2, –1), C(1, k). The number of possible values for k such that the
triangle is isosceles, is [Harayana NTSE Stage-1 2014]
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 4
Q.26 The centre of a circle passing through the points (7, –5), (3, –7) and (3, 3) is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-1 2016]
(A) (5, –6) (B) (5, –1) (C) (3, 2) (D) (3, –2)
PAGE# 32
Q.27 The centre of the circle passing through the points (6, –6), (3, –7) and (3, 3) is
[Raj. NTSE Stage-2 2016]
(A) (3, 2) (B) (–3, –2) (C) (3, –2) (D) (–3, 2)
Q.28 If the line segment joining (2, 3) and (–1, 2) is divided internally in the ratio 3 : 4 by the graph of the
equation x + 2y = k ,the value of k is [Raj. NTSE Stage-2 2016]
5 31 36 41
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 7 7
Q.29 If P(9a – 2, – b) divides the line segment joining A(3a + 1, – 3) and B(8a, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1, then the
values of a and b respectively are [IMO-2016]
(A) –1, –3 (B) –3, 1 (C) 1, –3 (D) 1, 3
Q.30 ABC is an equilateral triangle as shown in the figure.
y
A
x' B O C x
6 6
y'
The coordinates of A are : [IOM-2016]
(A) (0, 10 3 ) (B) (0, 6 3 ) (C) (0, 8 3 ) (D) (0, 12 3 )
Q.31 A triangle with vertices (4, 0), (–1, 1) and (3, 5) is [IOM-2016]

(A) an isosceles right angled triangle (B) an equilateral triangle
(C) an isosceles but not a right angled triangle (D) a right angled triangle
PAGE# 33
SECTION-A
 Multiple choice questions with one correct answer
Q.1 The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are (–1, 4), (–4, –2), (3, –4) will be:
(A) 38 (B) 16 (C) 42 (D) None of these
Q.2  
The incentre of the triangle with vertices 1, 3 , (0, 0) and (2, 0) is
2 1  2   1 
(A) 1,  3
3 (B)  ,  (C)  , 2 (D) 1, 
2
3 3 3   3
Q.3 If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of a parallelogram PQRS then
(A) a =2 b = 4 (B) a =3 b = 4 (C) a = 2 b = 3 (D) a = 3 b = 5
Q.4 If the points (a, 0) (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear then,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) 2
 2 1 (B) 2
 2 1 (C)  1 (D)  1
a b a b a b a b
Q.5 If (3, –4) and (–6, 5) are the extremities of the diagonal of a parallelogram and (–2, 1) is its third vertex,
then its fourth vertex is
(A) (–1, 0) (B) (0, –1) (C) (–1, 1) (D) None of these
Q.6 The area of the triangle with vertices (a, b + c) (b, c + a), (c, a + b) is
(A) 0 (B) a + b + c (C) ab + bc + ca (D) None of these
Q.7 A point A lies on x-axis and has abscissa (p + q). Another point B lies on y-axis and has ordinate (p – q).
Find the distance AB between them.
(A) 2 ( p 2  q 2 ) units (B) 2 p 2  q 2  units (C) 2 ( p 2  q 2 ) (D) None of these
Q.8. The centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre in a triangle are:
(A) always coincident
(B) always collinear
(C) always form a triangle
(D) coincident in an equilateral triangle otherwise collinear
Q.9. A triangle ABC, right angled at A has points A and B as (2, 3) and (0, –1) respectively. If BC = 5 units
then the point C is
(A) (–4, 2) (B) (4, 2) (C) (3, –3) (D) (0,–4)
PAGE# 34
Q.10 Area of quadrilateral formed by the lines | x | + | y | = 1 is:
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) None of these
Q.11 How many squares are possible if two of the vertices of a quadrilateral are (1, 0) and (2, 0) ?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.12 The line 3x + 4y = 12 cuts the axes at A and B if O is the origin then the area of OAB is:
(A) 12 sq. units (B) 9 sq. units (C) 24 sq. units (D) 6 sq. units
Q.13 P(3, 1), Q(6, 5) and R (x, y) are three points such that the angle PRQ is a right angle triangle and the area
of RQP = 7, then the number of such points R is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.14 The centroid of a triangle is (1, 4) and the coordinates of two of its vertices are (4, –3) and (–9, 7). The
area of the triangle is:
(A) 183 sq. units (B) 91.5 sq. units (C) 124 sq. units (D) None of these
Q.15 A (6, 3), B (–3, 5), C(4, –2) and D (x, 3x) are four points. If area of  DBC : area of  ABC = 1 : 2,

then x is equal to
11 8
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) None
8 11
Q.16 What will be the polar co-ordinates of the points (4, 4) ?

(A) 4 2 ,30  
(B) 4 2 ,45  
(C) 2 2 ,45  
(D) 2 2 ,30 
Q.17 The medians AD and BE of triangle with vertices A (0, b), B(0, 0) and C(a, 0) are perpendicular if
(A) b   2a (B) a   2b (C) b= –2a (D) a= –2b
Q.18 The line 2x + 3y = 6 meets x axis at the point:
(A) (3, 0) (B) (0, 3) (C) (3, 2) (D) (2, 3)
Q.19 Two mutually perpendicular straight lines through the origin form an isosceles triangles with the line
2x + y = 5. Then the area of the triangle is
5
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) (D) 1
2
Q.20 If the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (a,b), (b,c) and (c,a) is at the origin, then a3 + b3 + c3=
(A) abc (B) 0 (C) a + b + c (D) 3 abc
PAGE# 35
Q.21 P, Q, R are three collinear points, The coordinates of P and R are (3, 4) and (11, 10) respectively and
PQ is equal to 2.5 units. Coordinates of Q are :
(A) (5, 11/2) (B) (11, 5/2 (C) (5, –11/2) (D) (–5, 11/2)
Q.22 The ratio in which the point (2, y) divides the join of (–4, 3) and (6, 3) and hence the value of y :
(A) 2 : 3, y = 3 (B) 3 : 2, y = 4 (C) 3 : 2, y = 3 (D) 3 : 2, y = 2
Q.23 The point on the X-axis which is equidistant from the points A (–2, 3) and B(5, 4) is :
(A) (0, 2) (B) (2, 0) (C) (3, 0) (D) (–2, 0)
Q.24 The area of the triangle formed by the line 5x – 3y + 15 = 0 with coordinate axes is :
15
(A) 15 cm2 (B) 5 cm2 (C) 8 cm2 (D) cm2
2
Q.25 The point which divides the line joining the points A (1, 2) and B (–1, 1) internally in the ratio 1 : 2 is :
 –1 5  1 5
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C) (–1, 5) (D) (1, 5)
 3 3 3 3
Q.26 The centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (3, –7), (–8, 6) and (5, 10) is
(A) (0, 9) (B) (0, 3) (C) (1, 3) (D) (3, 5)
Q.27 The points A (–4, –1), B (–2, –4), C (4, 0) and D (2, 3) are the vertices of a :
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rectangle (C) Rhombus (D) Square
Q.28 If the point P (p, q) is equidistant from the points A (a + b, b – a) and B (a –b, a + b) then :
(A) ap = bq (B) bp = aq (C) ap + bq = 0 (D) bp + aq = 1
Q.29 C is the mid-point of PQ if P is (4, x), C is (y, –1) and Q is (–2, 4), then x and y respectively are :
(A) –6 and 1 (B) –6 and 2 (C) 6 and –1 (D) 6 and –2
Q.30 The coordinates of vertices A and B of an equilateral triangle ABC are (–4, 0) and (4, 0) respectively.
Which of the following could be coordinates of C ?
(A) (0, 2 2 ) (B) (0, 4) (C) (0, 4 3 ) (D) (0, 3)
Q.31 The points of trisection of line joining the points A (2, 1) and B (5, 3) are :
 5  7  3  3  5  7  5  3
(A)  3,  ,  4,  (B)  3,  ,  4,  (C)  – 3,  ,  4,–  (D)  3,–  ,  4,– 
 3  3  5  7  3  3  3  7
Q.32 Points A (1, 1), B (–2, 7) and C(3, –3) are :
(A) collinear (B) vertices of equilateral triangle
(C) vertices of isosceles triangle (D) none of these
PAGE# 36
Q.33 The distance between the points (a cos  + b sin , 0) and (0, a sin  – b cos ) is :
(A) a2 + b2 (B) a + b (C) a2 – b2 (D) a 2  b 2
Q.34 The points (a, a) (–a, –a) and ( – 3a , 3a ) form the vertices of :

(A) a scalene triangle (B) a right angled triangle
(C) an isoscles right angled triangle (D) an equilateral triangle
Q.35 The points (a, b) , (a1, b1) and (a –a1, b – b1) are collinear if :
(A) ab = a1b1 (B) ab1 = a1b (C) a = b (D) a1 = b1
y 2 – y3 y3 – y1 y1 – y 2
Q.36 If three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) lie on the same line, then   is equal to
x 2x3 x 3 x1 x 1x 2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 2
Q.37 The distance between the points (cos , sin ) and (sin , – cos ) is :
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 1
Q.38 The perimeter of the triangle formed by the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1) is :
(A) 2 – 1 (B) 2  1 (C) 3 (D) 2  2
Q.39 The coordinates of A and B are (1, 2) and (2, 3). Point C lies in between A and B such that
AC 4
AC + CB = AB and = . The coordinates of C are :
CB 3
4 3  4 11   11 18 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D) None of these
7 7 7 7  7 7
Q.40 The three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (a + b, a – b) ; (2a + b, 2a – b) ; (a –b, a + b),
the fourth vertex is :
(A) (a, b) (B) (b, b) (C) (–b. b) (D) (–a, –b)
AG 2  BG 2  CG 2
Q.41 If G is the centroid of ABC, then =
AB2  BC2  CA 2
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 1/3 (D) –1
Q.42 If the area of the triangle given below is 20, then what are the co-ordinates of point C ?
Y
B(a,b)
A X
C
 40   20   40 
(A)  0,  (B) (a2 + b2, 0) (C)  ,0  (D)  ,0 
 a   b   b 
PAGE# 37
Q.43 The centre of a circle is C(2, –3) and one end of the diameter AB is A (3, 5). Find the coordinates of the
other end B.
(A) (1, –11) (B) (5, 2) (C) (1, 8) (D) None of these
Q.44 The points on X-axis which are at a distance of 13 units from (–2, 3) is ____________.

(A) (0, 0), (–2, –3) (B) (0, 0) (–4, 0) (C) (0, 0), (2, 3) (D) None of these
Q.45 The radius of a circle with centre (–2, 3) is 5 units. The point (2, 5) lies :
(A) on the circle (B) inside the circle (C) outside the circle (D) None of these
Q.46 If A (–2, 3) and B (2, 3) are two vertices of ABC and G (0, 0) is its centroid, then the coordinates of
C are :
(A) (0, –6) (B) (–4, 0) (C) (4, 0) (D) (0, 6)
Q.47 The distance between the points (2k + 4, 5k) and (2k, –3 + 5k) in units is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
Q.48 In what ratio does the line 4x + 3y – 13 = 0 divide the line segment joining the points (2, 1) and (1, 4)?
(A) 3 : 2 internally (B) 3 : 3 externally (C) 2 : 3 internally (D) 3 : 2 externally
Q.49 If (5, 3), (4, 2) and (1, –2) are the mid points of the sides of triangle ABC, then the area of ABC is :
(A) 2 sq. units (B) 3 sq. units (C) 1 sq. units (D) 4 sq. units
SECTION-B
 Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answers
Q.1 The Coordinates of the fourth vertex of the parallelogram where three of its vertices are (–3, 4) (0,–4)
and (5, 2) can be
(A) (8, –6) (B) (2,10) (C) (–8,–2) (D) None
Q.2 A and B are two fixed points where coordinates are (3,2) and (5,4) respectively. The coordinates of a
point P if ABP is an equilateral triangle

(A) 4  3 , 3  3  
(B) 4  3 , 3  3  
(C) 3  3 , 4  3  
(D) 3  3 , 4  3 
Q.3 The three given points A, B, C are collinear if
(A) area of ABC is 0
(B) slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC
(C) distance between A and B = distance between B and C = distance between A and C
(D) the third point satisfies the equation of line passing through any two points
Q.4. When four points are given
(A) They form a square if all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal
(B) They form a rectangle if the opposite sides are equal and diagonals are also equal
(C) They form a rhombus if all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal
(D) They form a parallelogram if opposite sides are equal but diagonals are not equal
PAGE# 38
Q.5  
If polar coordinates of any point 2,  3 then its cartesian co-ordinates will be:

(A) 1, 3  
(B)  1, 3  
(C)  1, 3  
(D) 1, 3 
Q.6 Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are:
(A) parallel if a1  b1  c1 (B) perpendicular if a1a 2  b1b 2  0

a 2 b2 c2
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
(C) intersecting if  (D) coincident if  
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c2
Q.7 The area of a triangle is 5 and its two vertices are A (2, 1) and B (3, –2). The third vertex lies on
y = x + 3. Then third vertex is :
 7 13  5 5  3 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  – ,–  (D) (0, 0)
2 2  2 2  2 2
Q.8 The medians AD and BE of the triangle with vertices A (0, b), B (0, 0), C (a, 0) are mutually
perpendicular if
(A) b = 2a (B) a = 2b (C) b = – 2a (D) a = – 2b
Q.9 Which of the following points is not 10 units from the origin ?
(A) (–6, 8) (B) (–4, –6) (C) (–6, –8) (D) (6, 4)
Q.10 The distance between which two points is 2 units ?
(A) (–2, –3) and (–2, –4) (B) (0, 4) and (0, 6)
(C) (7, 2) and (6, 2) (D) (4, – 3)) and (2, –3)
Q.11 Find the locus of a variable point whose distance from A (4, 0) is equal to its distance from B (0, 2)
(A) 6x – 3y – 9 = 0 (B) 2x – y – 3 = 0 (C) 2x – y + 3 = 0 (D) 6x + 3y + 9 = 0
Q.12 The point P(x,y) divides the join of the points A (4, –2) and B(–1, 3) in the ratio 1 : 4. Then :
(A) x = 3 (B) y = –1
(C) length of PA = 2 units (D) length of PB = 4 2 units
Q.13 The coordinates of the mid points of the line segment joining the points (3p, 4) and (–2, 2q) are (5, p).
Then
(A) p = 4 (B) q = 6 (C) p + q = 6 (D) p – q = 2
PAGE# 39
Q.14 D (–1, 2), E (6, 1) and F(3, 5) are the mid points of the sides AB, BC, CA of the triangle ABC, then
(A) coordinates of B = (–4, 2) (B) coordinates of C = (2, –6)
(C) coordinates of A = (10, 8) (D) area of ABC = 74 sq. units
Q.15 If (4, –8), B (–9, 7) and C (18,13) are the vertices of a triangle ABC, then
1297
(A) length of the median through A is (B) length of the median through B is 21
2
 13 
(C) length of the median through C is 25 (D) coordinates of centroid of the triangle is  ,4 
3 
Q.16 If O (0, 0), A (a, 0) and B (0, b) are the vertices of triangle OAB :
ab
(A) area of OAB = sq. unit
2
a b
(B) coordinates of centroid of OAB is  , 
3 3
ab ab
(C) coordinates of incentre of OAB is  , 
 2 2 
a b
(D) coordinates of circumcentre of OAB is  , 
2 2
SECTION-C
 Comprehension
The line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the segment joining the points A(1,3) and B(2,7) at P.
Q.1 In what ratio the line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the line segment AB.
(A) 3 :4 (B) 3:2 (C) 4 :3 (D) None of these
Q.2 Write the coordinates of the point P
(A)  10 ,  33  (B)  10 , 33  (C)  33 , 10  (D) None

7 7  7 7   7 7
Q.3 Find the length of the line segment AB
(A) 4 (B) 17 (C) 17 (D) 109
PAGE# 40
SECTION - D
 Assertion & Reason
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Q.1 Assertion : Let the vertices of a ABC are A (–5, –2), B (7, 6) and C (5, –4), then coordinate of

circumcentre is (1, 2).
Reason : In a right angle triangle, mid-point of hypotenuse is the circumcentre of the triangle.
Q.2 Assertion : If A (2a, 4a) and B (2a , 6a) are two vertices of a equilateral triangle ABC then the

vertex C is given by (2a + a 3 , 5a).
Reason : In equilateral triangle all the coordinates of three vertices can be rational.
Q.3 Assertion : Three points A, B, C are such that AB + BC > AC, then they are collinear.

Reason : Three points are collinear if they lie on a straight line.
Q.4 Assertion : The co-ordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A (4, – 1) and

 –5  –7
B (–2, –3) into three equal parts are  2,  and  0, .
 3   3 
Reason : The points which divide AB in the ratio 1 : 3 and 3 : 1 are called points of trisection of AB .
Q.5 Assertion : Points A (3, 2), B (–2, –3) and C (2, 3) are such that AB = 50 , BC = 52 ,

AC = 2 . Since AB + BC > AC, points A, B and C form a triangle.
Reason : If BC2 = AB2 + AC2, then ABC is a right triangle, right angled at A.
SECTION-E
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entry of column-I may have the matching with the one entry of column-II
and one entry of column-II may have Only one matching with one entry of column-I.
Q.1 Column II gives the area of triangles whose vertices are given in column I, match them correctly.
Column I Column II
(Vertices of triangle) (Area of triangle (sq. units))
(A) (2,3), (–1,0) (2,–4) (P) 40
(B) (–5,–1) (3,–5) (5,2) (Q) 24
(C) (1,–1) (–4,6) (–3,–5) (R) 32
(D) (0,0) (8,0) (0,10) (S) 10.5
PAGE# 41
Q.2 Column II gives the coordinates of the point P that divides the line segment joining the points
given in column I, match them correctly.
Column-I Column-II
(A) A (–1, 3) and B (–5, 6) internally in the ratio 1 : 2 (p) (7, 3)
(B) A (–2, 1) and B (1, 4) internally in the ratio 2 : 1 (q) (0, 3)
(C) A (–1, 7) and B (4, –3) internally in the ratio 2 : 3 (r) (1, 3)
 7 
(D) A (4, –3) and B (8, 5) internally in the ratio 3 : 1 (s)  – ,4 
 3 
Q.3 Column II gives the triangles areas whose vertices are given in column I, match them
correctly.
Column-I Column-II
(A) (2, 3), (–1, 0), (2, –4) (p) 40
(B) (–5, –1), (3, –5), (5, 2) (q) 24
(C) (1, –1), (–4, 6), (–3, –5) (r) 32
21
(D) (0, 0), (8, 0), (0, 10) (s)
2
Q.4 Match the following

Column-I Column-II
(A) Distance between (–6, 7) and (–1, –5) (p) 82.5 sq. units
(B) Area of quadrilateral ABCD, A(1, 1), B(7, –3) (q) x + y = 5
C (12, 2) and D (7, 12)
(C) (x, y) is equidistant from (5, 1) and (–1, 5) if (r) 3x = 2y
(D) (x, y), (2, 3) and (4, 1) are collinear if (s) 13 units
PAGE# 42
ANSWER KEY
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 D Q.7 D

Q.8 D Q.9 D Q.10 B Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 D
Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 A Q.21 B
Q.22 A Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 C Q.26 D Q.27 C Q.28 D
Q.29 C Q.30 B Q.31 A
SECTION-A
Q.1 D Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 A Q.7 B
Q.8. D Q.9. B Q.10 A Q.11 C Q.12 D Q.13 C Q.14 B
Q.15 A Q.16 B Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 D Q.21 A
Q.22 C Q.23 B Q.24 D Q.25 B Q.26 B Q.27 B Q.28 B
Q.29 A Q.30 C Q.31 A Q.32 A Q.33 D Q.34 D Q.35 B
Q.36 C Q.37 B Q.38 D Q.39 C Q.40 C Q.41 C Q.42 D
Q.43 A Q.44 B Q.45 B Q.46 A Q.47 D Q.48 C Q.49 A
SECTION-B
Q.1 A,B,C Q.2 A,B Q.3 A,B Q.4. A,B,C,D Q.5 A Q.6 A,B,C,D
Q.7 A,C Q.8 B,D Q.9 B,D Q.10 B,D Q.11 A,B Q.12 A,B,C,D
Q.13 A,C,D Q.14 A,B,C,D Q.15 A,D Q.16 A,B,D
SECTION-C
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C
SECTION - D
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 D
SECTION-E
Q.1 (A) s, (B)  r, (C) q, (D)  p
Q.2 (A)  s, (B)  q , (C)  r, (D)  p
Q.3 (A)  s, (B)  r , (C)  q, (D)  p
Q.4 (A)  s, (B)  p , (C)  r, (D)  q
PAGE# 43
Notes
PAGE# 44

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CH-10: COORDINATE GEOMETRY MATHEMATICS / CLASS-X

10.2 CARTESIAN COORDINATES

10.3 CO-ORDINATE AXES AND CARTESIAN PLANE

co-ordinate axes or rectangular axes. X' O X

(ii) y-axis: The vertical line YOY´ is called y-axis or Ordinate. Y'

(iii) origin : The point of intersection O of two axes is called origin.

10.5 CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES OF A POINT

Applications of Distance Formula

10.7 SECTION FORMULA

10.8 POINTS OF TRISECTION

10.9 AREA OF TRIANGLE

Median of the triangle : A line drawn from the vertex, which bisects the opposite side is called a

Altitude of the triangle : A perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the opposite side in a triangle is

10.10 AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL:

10.11 CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

10.12 CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE

10.13 INCENTRE OF A TRIANGLE A(x1, y1)

 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 

10.16 IMAGE OF AN OBJECT IN A MIRROR

(ii) Reflection in y-axis

(iii) Reflection in the origin

(iv) Reflection in the line y = x

BC = – 2 – 22  – 11 – 32 =  – 42   – 142 = 16  196 = 212 units

CA = 1 – – 22  5 – – 112 = 32  16 2 = 9  256 = 265

Then, AB = 6 – 52  4 –  – 2 2 = 12  62 = 1 36 = 37 units

BC = 7 – 62  – 2 – 42 = 12  – 6 2 = 1 36 = 37 units

CD = 6 – 92  1 – 42 = – 32   – 32 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2

AD = 9 – 32  1 – 42 = 3 2, AC = 9 – 32  4 – 42 = 6

BC = – 1 – 1 2  2 – 02 = – 2 2  22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2

CD = – 3 – – 1 2  0 – 22 = – 22  – 22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2

DA = – 1 – – 3 2  – 2 – 02 = 2 2  – 22 = 4  4 = 8 = 2 2

BC = 0 – 32  3 – 12 = 9  4 = 13

CD = – 1 – 02  – 4 – 32 = 1 4 9 = 50

DA = – 3 – – 12  5 – – 42 = 4  81 = 85

AC = 0 – – 32   3 – 52 = 13

BD = – 1 – 32   – 4 – 12 = 41

BC = 4 – 72  3 – 62 = – 32  – 32 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2

CD = 1 – 42  2 – 32 = – 32   – 12 = 9  1 = 10

DA = 4 – 12  5 – 22 = 9  9 = 18 = 3 2

AC = 4 – 42  3 – 52 = 2

Check PA = – 2 – 7 2  – 5 – 02 = 81 25 = 106

PB = – 2 – 7 2  9 – 02 = 25  81 = 106

 Distance between both the flags =  8 – 2 2   20 – 25 2 = 62  – 52 = 61 m

 K 6   1– 3 K – 8  110  

Q.21 Find the area of triangle whose vertices are:

Sol. (i) Taking A as origin, AD and AB as coordinate axes, the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle

Q.32 Let A (4, 2) , B (6, 5) and C (1,4) be the vertices of  ABC

Sol. (i) The median from A meets BC at D

A  (– 1, – 1); B  (– 1, 4); C  (5, 4) ; D  (5, – 1)

[Previous Year Questions]

Q.2 If points (x, 0), (0, y) and (1, 1) are collinear then the correct relation is : [Raj. NTSE Stage- 2013]

Q.4 The distance of the origin from the point P (3, – 2) is : [NTSE Mizoram]

Q.7 In the rectangle shown below, the value of a – b is : [NSTSE-2009]

Q.8 Find the value for “x”, so that the three points (2, 7), (6, 1) and (x, 0) are collinear : [NSTSE-2009]

Q.10 If the line joining A(2, 3) and B (–5, 7) is cut by x-axis at P, then AP : PB is : [NSTSE-2010]

Q.14 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A (2, 7), B (3, –1) & C (–5, 6) : [IMO-2011]

P =  2n  12 – (2n – 1) 2 , 3 50n  5n  , where n = 2 and AP : PB = 5 : 3.

Q.24 Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (0,b) and (x, y) [NSTSE-2013]