1) The document discusses radar clutter and target characteristics such as RCS. It defines clutter as unwanted radar returns that can interfere with detection.
2) Radar clutter comes from surface reflections off terrain, vegetation, sea, as well as volume reflections from precipitation, insects and more.
3) Key characteristics of clutter are reflectivity, Doppler spectrum shape and width, average velocity, and amplitude fluctuations which can be modeled.
1) The document discusses radar clutter and target characteristics such as RCS. It defines clutter as unwanted radar returns that can interfere with detection.
2) Radar clutter comes from surface reflections off terrain, vegetation, sea, as well as volume reflections from precipitation, insects and more.
3) Key characteristics of clutter are reflectivity, Doppler spectrum shape and width, average velocity, and amplitude fluctuations which can be modeled.
1) The document discusses radar clutter and target characteristics such as RCS. It defines clutter as unwanted radar returns that can interfere with detection.
2) Radar clutter comes from surface reflections off terrain, vegetation, sea, as well as volume reflections from precipitation, insects and more.
3) Key characteristics of clutter are reflectivity, Doppler spectrum shape and width, average velocity, and amplitude fluctuations which can be modeled.
1) The document discusses radar clutter and target characteristics such as RCS. It defines clutter as unwanted radar returns that can interfere with detection.
2) Radar clutter comes from surface reflections off terrain, vegetation, sea, as well as volume reflections from precipitation, insects and more.
3) Key characteristics of clutter are reflectivity, Doppler spectrum shape and width, average velocity, and amplitude fluctuations which can be modeled.
RCS Fluctuation Target Fluctuation Models RCS of Fundamental Shapes RCS of Complex Objects Interfering Signals-Noise Radar Clutter Model Surface Clutter Characteristics Volume Clutter Characteristics Moving Clutter Doppler Spectrum Reference
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
Part I : Radar Target
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.1 RCS Definition and Fundamentals
RCS Definition - Target RCS (Radar Cross Section) is defined as the ratio of its effective isotropically reflected power to the incident power density
Reflected power Unit solid angle
Incident power Unit area
- RCS measures the targets reflection of signals in the direction of the
radar receiving antenna
backscatter, which is the only reflected energy from the target to the radar Ptgt
PT GT
2 4 RT
Backscatter P Ptgt (Prof. Kwag)
Ptgt the effective power reflected by the target
in the direction of the radar( watts )
PT GT 1 1
4 RR2 4 RR2 4 RR2
4
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.1 RCS Definition and Fundamentals
Mode of Radar Cross Section
< Mode of Radar Cross Section >
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.1 RCS Definition and Fundamentals
RCS Dependence on Shape and Angle
< RCS Dependence on Shape & Orientation >
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.1 RCS Definition and Fundamentals
RCS Components Atgt : area of the target
tgt : reflectivity of the target at the polization of the radar
Gtgt : gain of the target in the direction of the radar
Atgt tgt Gtgt
(unit square meter)
Target Field Zone
Far field distance RFF
2D 2
where D target' s liner extent normal to the axis of the radar ant.
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.2 RCS Fluctuation
RCS Fluctuation - Amplitude fluctuation : scintillation = variations in received echo power - Phase fluctuation : glint = wave fronts echoing from the target <* Note : Non-glinting far field targets reflect planar waves>
Fluctuation speed - slow fluctuation : time constant is greater than dwell time, vary from scan to scan - rapid fluctuation : varies from pulse to pulse
< Slow and Rapid Fluctuations >
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.2 RCS Fluctuation
Fluctuation Mechanism - Fluctuation of extended target (single far field target)
total RCS is the vector sum of the all small elemental scatterers RCS depends on the targets aspect angle different angles cause different summations vector sum negative zero no reflection
< Fluctuations of a Single Extended Scatterer >
(Prof. Kwag)
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.2 RCS Fluctuation
- Fluctuation of array of scatterers vs. aspect
depends on the aspect angle from which a complex target of many
scatterers is viewed (EX) aircraft target RCS : summation of many individual scattering center on target
Total RCS
RCS 1 RCS 2 ....... RCS n
( power term)
- Fluctuation of complex targets as a function of freq.
depends on the viewing a target at different frequencies
Notes spacing of the scatterers and the wave length determines the amount of fluctuation for a given freq.
The wider the spacing, the greater the RCS fluctuation with small freq. change (Prof. Kwag)
10
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.2 RCS Fluctuation
- RCS Dependence Angle and Frequency of 3 GHz
< Aspect Dependence of RCS for Complex Target >
< Frequency Dependence of RCS >
(Prof. Kwag)
11
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.2 RCS Fluctuation
- Fluctuation from multi-path
< Target Fluctuation Caused by Multipath>
from signal path : d-d, d-r, r-d, r-r
As the range changes, the sum of four signals changes * Note : RCS varies from zero to 16 times.
(Prof. Kwag)
12
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.3 Target Fluctuation Models
Marcum / Swerling Models [Ref] - Marcum : A Statistical Theory of Detection by Pulsed Radar IRE Tr. Vol. IT-6, PP.59-267, Apr, 1960 - Swerling : Probability of Detection for Fluctuating Targets IRE Tr. Vol. IT-6, PP.269-308, Apr, 1960
Swerling case 0 and case 5
- non fluctuating target - modeled as single isotropic scatterers - targets size << wave length of radar
(Prof. Kwag)
13
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.3 Target Fluctuation Models
Swerling case 1 - slowly fluctuating target (large fluctuation, scan to scan) - modeled as several scatterers, equal RCS - little aspect change over a look (Ex) Aircraft target without pulse-to-pulse freq. agility
Swerling case 2 -
rapidly fluctuating target, large fluctuation
modeled as case 1 aspect angle is rapidly changing complex target for pulse-to-pulse freq. Agility
(Prof. Kwag)
14
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.3 Target Fluctuation Models
Swerling case 3 - slowly fluctuation target, small fluctuation - modeled as one prominent scatterer with several scatterers (ex.missile) - aspect angle changes are small(scan to scan) over a look
Swerling case 4
- same as case 3 - rapidly fluctuating target - rapid aspect angle changes or from radar freq. change agility
(Prof. Kwag)
15
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.3 Target Fluctuation Models
RCS Case Changes through Target Argumentation
Small Target
Large Single RCS Scatterer
Target case 3 & 4 model
(case 1&2 model)
(Prof. Kwag)
16
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.4 RCS of Fundamental Shapes
Sphere RCS vs. Frequency
- If wavelength << circumference, spheres RCS = Optical cross-section
- If wavelength >= circumference,
resonance case : circumference = 0.5 10 times wavelength
RCS varies from 0.3 3.5 times optical cross section called MIE region - wavelength >> circumference, RCS ratio = (kr) power of 4 called Rayleigh scattering region
(Prof. Kwag)
17
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.4 RCS of Fundamental Shapes
RCS of Fundamental Shapes RCS of Fundamental Shapes (Adapted from Barton)
(Prof. Kwag)
18
Korea Aerospace Univ.
RCS of Fundamental Shape-I
(a) Sphere RCS sigma = pi.d2 /4 (equation. 4.8) where d = spheres diameter
Cylinder RCS the circumference & length
cylinder area A dL peak broadside radar cross section of cylinder
CYL d L2
for conducting cylinder RCS in terms of freq.
CYL f d L2 c
Flat plate RCS
FP 4 A2 2
(Prof. Kwag)
4 f 2 A2 c 2
19
Korea Aerospace Univ.
RCS of Fundamental Shape-II
peak value of 0.882 occurs when d 2
CR 4a 2 (32 ) ,
for triangular
peak RCS lobe much wider than the plate. so, used for target argumentor. accidently, high RCS from intersection of a wing & fuselage of an aircraft
device which reflect power in the direction from which it arrived .
see surface (see clutter) volume clutter : chaff, rain, birds, insects
- Note
clutter signal is much higher than the receiver noise level
SCR(Signal to Clutter Ratio)
(Prof. Kwag)
27
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Radar Clutter Model
Radar Clutter Type
Land mountains woods vegetated farmland desert SEA
(Prof. Kwag)
Weather rain snow Chaff Dust storm
28
Moving vehicles Birds Insects Angles
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.6 Radar Clutter Model
Radar Clutter Characteristics Reflectivity ( m 2 m 2 or m 2 m 3 ) Spectrum shape and width (e.g. Gaussian) Average doppler shift (radil velocity) Amplitude fluctuation (Rayleigh, Rician) Spatial distribution (homogeneous , Log - Normal , Weibull)
(Prof. Kwag)
29
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.6 Radar Clutter Model
Reflectivity Clutter Reflectivity Surface clutter(2 D case)
m2 m2
radar cross section
resolution cell area
0 Aarea
Volume clutter(3D case)
m2 m3
radar cross section
resolution cell volume
3 Vvolume
Narrow chaff corridor(1D case)
1 (Prof. Kwag)
m2 m1
radar cross section
linear extent
30
1 Llength Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.6 Radar Clutter Model
Clutter Environmental Characteristics
(Prof. Kwag)
31
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.6 Radar Clutter Model
Clutter Doppler Characteristics - Clutter bandwidth < Summary of Standard Ceviations of the Clutter Spectrum >
(Prof. Kwag)
32
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.6 Radar Clutter Model
Clutter Spectrum Characteristics - Response of a double canceller MTI to ground, rain and chaff clutter
(Prof. Kwag)
33
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Surface Clutter Area clutter characteristics Land
Reflectivity Grazing angle Amplitude distribution Spectrl spread
Sea
Sea state(determines reflectivity )
Grazing angle Velocity spread Mean velocity Beam polarization Amplitude distribution
(Prof. Kwag)
34
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Radar Equation for Surface Clutter
AC R 3dB
Power received by radar from target
(Prof. Kwag)
Pt G 2 2 t St (4 )3 R 4 Pt G 2 2 c Sc (4 )3 R 4
Power received from clutter
( SCR ) AC
c sec g 2
2 t cos g
0 3dB Rc 35
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Clutter Region - low grazing angle region h sin 8
where h : RMS height
critical angle : sin C
hE 4
where
hE : RMS surface height
- plateau region : the scattering is by facets smaller than the wavelength
- high grazing angle region : specular scattering, with diffuse clutter components disappearing. angle90o as specular mirror, clutter coefficient is larger for smooth terrain and seas than for rough
< Example of Clutter Regions >
(Prof. Kwag)
36
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Rough Surface Definition smooth if
4h
sin g
2 rough path is longer than " smooth path" by a dis tan nce 2hrms sin g . path difference phase
2hrms sin g
< Rough Surface Definition >
(Prof. Kwag)
37
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Sea clutter 0 64 6( SS 1) 10 log 10 log(sin g ) 2 tan 2 ( 2 g ) 0 10 log ctn 0 exp
C tan 2 0
Sea State ( SS ) : 0 ~ 8 steps ( zero ~ high wave) wave height , period , length , velocity
Land clutter
tan2 ( B g ) 2
0 0 A 10 log 10 log(sin g ) 10 logctn 0 exp
C 2 tan 0
A : 29 for desert ~ 14 for mountain
(Prof. Kwag)
38
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Rayleigh Distribution - First sea & land clutter empirically, composed of many small scatterers with in the resolution cell (not spiky) P( x)
x exp( x 2 2 x02 ) 2 2 x0
where
for x 0
x : independen t variable normalized to the RMS clutter.
2 x02 : average value of x 2 ( mean)
Log-normal Distribution - Fits
Some low angle land clutter
High resolution samples of sea clutter
ln x ln xm 2 P( x) x (2 ) exp for x 0 2 2
where x : independen t variable
x m : median value of x 0.5
(Prof. Kwag)
: standard deviation of ln x 39
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
K-distribution - For sea clutter P( x) 2b (v) bx 2 v K v 1 b where
x : clutter power K v : modifid e Bessel function of the third kind , vth order b : scale parameter v : shape parameter
Weibull distribution - first low angle clutter in 0.5~5.0 for 1~10GHz b 1b 1 P( 1 ) a
where
1b for 1 0 exp
1 : clutter backscatter normalized
b : shape parameter x : mean clutter cross sec tion
(Prof. Kwag)
40
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.7 Surface Clutter Characteristics
Clutter Doppler Sea & Land - Sea clutter doppler standard deviation
V 0.101WS wind speed
V 0.101 10B 0.14SS
B is 0.65 if V and WS are in knots, 0.36 if meters per second spectral distribution P(f) 1 1 ( f f C )n
- Angel clutter (birds, insects, dust) bi 46 5.8 logWbi where
bi : RCS of individual birds or insects(dBms)
volume resolution VW
(Prof. Kwag)
a e R 2 c
43
Korea Aerospace Univ.
5.11 Reference [1] Radar Cross-Section by E. F. Long, J. F. Shaeffer, and M. T. Tuley, Artech House, 1985
[2] Radar Reflectivity of Land and Sea by M. W. Long, Artech House, 1983 [3] Handbook of Radar Scattering Statistics for Terrain by F. T. Ulaby and M. C Dobson, Artech House, 1989 [4] Airborne Early Warning Radar by W.C. Morchin, Artech House, 1990 [5] Radar System Analysis by D. K. Barton, Artech House, 1976 [6] The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces by P. Beckmann and A. Spizzichino, Artech House 1987 [7] Introduction to Radar System by I. Katz in M. I. Skolink, McGraw-Hill, 1980
