Magneto-Convective Non-Newtonian Nanofluid With Momentum and Temperature Dependent Slip Flow From A Permeable Stretching Sheet With Porous Medium and Chemical Reaction
Magneto-Convective Non-Newtonian Nanofluid With Momentum and Temperature Dependent Slip Flow From A Permeable Stretching Sheet With Porous Medium and Chemical Reaction
Magneto-Convective Non-Newtonian Nanofluid With Momentum and Temperature Dependent Slip Flow From A Permeable Stretching Sheet With Porous Medium and Chemical Reaction
e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. I (May - Jun. 2015), PP 01-18
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Department of Mathematics, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh -523001, India
I.
Introduction
Nanoparticles range in diameter between 1 and 100 nm. Nanofluids commonly contain up to a 5%
volume fraction of nanoparticles to ensure effective heat transfer enhancements. One of the main objectives of
using nanofluids is to achieve the best thermal properties with the least possible (<1%) volume fraction of
nanoparticles in the base fluid. The term nanofluid was first proposed by Choi [1] to indicate engineered
colloids composed of nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid. The characteristic feature of nanofluids is thermal
conductivity enhancement; a phenomenon observed by Masuda et al. [2].
Study of non-Newtonian fluids over a stretching surface achieved great attention due to its large
number of application. In fact, the effects of non-Newtonian behavior can be determined due to its elasticity, but
sometimes rheological properties of fluid are identified by their constitutive equations. In view of rheological
parameters, the constitutive equations in the non-Newtonian fluids are morecomplex and thus give rise the
equations which are complicated than the NavierStokes equations. Many of the fluids used in the oil industry
and simulate reservoirs are significantly non-Newtonian. In different degree, they display shear-dependent of
viscosity, thixotropy and elasticity (Pearson and Tardy [3]; Ellahi and Afza [4]; Ellahi [5]). Gorla and Kumari
[6] studied the mixed convection flow of a non-newtonian nanofluid over a non-linearly stretching sheet.
The no-slip boundary condition is known as the central tenets of the NavierStokes theory. However,
there are situations wherein such a condition is not appropriate. The fluids exhibiting boundary slip find
applications in technology such as in the polishing of artificial heart valves and internal cavities. Recently,
micro-scale fluid dynamics in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) received much attention. In all the
aforementioned investigations, the no-slip condition at the boundary has been assumed. The non-adherence of
the fluid to a solid boundary, also known as velocity slip, is a phenomenon that has been observed in certain
circumstances. Even in literature, there is a scarcity of the study of the slip flow over a flat plate. Crane [7]
pioneered the study of stretching sheet by presenting an exact analytical solution for the steady two-dimensional
stretching of a plate in a quiescent fluid. Since then, many authors have considered various aspects of this
problem. Wang [8] extended Cranes study to include both suction and slip effects at the boundary.
Owing to numerous industrial and engineering applications, the MHD flow analysis of the nanofluids
(mixture of fluids and nanoparticles) has been increased in recent years. Qasim et al. [9] investigates the
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of ferrofluid along a stretching cylinder. El-Gaied and Hamad [10] was
found that alumina nanoparticles when suspended in a fluid are capable of increasing the heat transfer capability
of the base fluid and conclude that the shear stress as well as heat transfer rate increases with nanoparticle
volume fraction. Nandy and Mahapatra [11] analyzed the effects of velocity slip and heat generation/absorption
on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation-point flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking surface,
with convective boundary conditions, in the presence of nanoparticle fractions. Eldabe et al. [12] analyzed the
effects of magnetic field and heat generation on viscous flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11310118
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II.
Consider the two-dimensional
Mathematical Formulation
conducting and chemically reacting non-Newtonian power law nanofluid from a heated porous stretching sheet.
The nanofluid is assumed to be single phase, in thermal equilibrium and there is a slip velocity and thermal slip
flow between base fluid and particles. The nanoparticles are assumed to have uniform shape and size.
Thermophysical properties are assumed to be invariant. A transverse magnetic field of constant strength is
imposed in the y direction. Hall current and Alfven wave effects are neglected as are magnetic induction and
Ohmic dissipation. The sheet surface is also assumed to be non-conducting. The governing flow field equations
in dimensional form are obtained by combining the models of Andersson and Bech [21] and Makinde and Aziz
[22]:
Continuity equation
u v
0
x y
(2.1)
u
u
K u B02
u
v
u u
y y
k
x
y
(2.2)
Energy equation
D T
T
T
2T
T C
u
v
2 DB
T
x
y
y y
y
T y
u
C
C
2C D 2T
v
DB 2 T 2 k1 C C
x
y
y T y
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(2.3)
(2.4)
2 | Page
c p
c f
k
is the
cp
is the ratio of heat capacities, and all other terms are defined in
the notation section. The boundary conditions at the wall (sheet) and in the free stream are prescribed thus:
The boundary conditions are
u u w u slip
x
u
U r N1
L
y
u 0, T T , C C
as
n 1
u
T
, C Cw at
, v v x , T Tw D1 x
y
y
y0
(2.5)
Here Ur is a reference velocity, L is the characteristic of length, and N1 is the slip factor having the
dimension (seconds/metres). It needs to be mentioned that for the non-Newtonian power law model, the case of
N<1 is associated with shear-thinning fluids (pseudo plastic fluids), D1 x is the thermal variable slip factor
with dimensional length, n = 1 corresponds to Newtonian fluids and n>1 applies to the case of shear-thickening
(dilatants), k1 is the chemical reaction constant.
We now introduce the following dimensionless variables to reduce the number of independent variables and the
number of equations,
1
x
y Re Ln 1
u
v Re Ln 1
T T
C C
x ,y
,u
,v
,
,
L
L
Ur
Ur
Tw T
Cw C
(2.6)
,v
y
x
(2.7)
The normalized transformed partial differential conservation equations are thereby reduced to
The dimensionless forms of the governing equations
2
2 2
n
2
y xy x y 2
y
n 1
(M K )
0
3
y
y
(2.8)
1 2
Nb
Nt 0
2
y x y y Pr y
y y
y
(2.9)
1 2 1 Nt 2
kr 0
y x x y Le y 2 Le Nb y 2
here
PrL
B02 L
U r
Ur L L U
k
n
2 n
r
Re L
(2.10)
LnU r2n
K
2
n 1
L
kU r
323n n21
323n
U
L
T
is the uniform Brownian motion parameter, Nt T
U r is
NbL DB C r
L
K
T K
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LU r LnU r2n n 1
LeL
is
DB K
v Re n 1
fwL w L is the uniform suction parameter.
Ur
The boundary conditions become,
n 1
n
2 2
N
x 1n U rn1 Re Ln1 2 2
y
L
y y
0
as y
y
D1 Re Ln1
,
fw
,
, 1 at y 0
x
L
(2.11)
23 2 2 1 n 1 3 2 n 1 2 3 3 2 3 2
4 3 2 1 4 2 2 4 5 2 2 2 4 2 2
4 3 2 1 5 2 2 4 2 2 5
(2.13)
Solving the linear system defined by Eq. (2.13), we arrive indue course at:
n 1
n 1
(2.14)
3 , 2
3 , 4 5 0
2n
2n
Here at least one of i 0 (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)-if all i 0 , this group method is invalidated, as further
elaborated by Hansen [23]. Next, we seek absolute invariants under this elected group of transformations.
Absolute invariants are the functions possessing the same form before and after the transformation. It is apparent
from Eqs. (2.12) and (2.14) that:
y
x
n 1
2n
y*
(2.15)
n 1
2n
This combination of variables is therefore invariant under the present group of transformations and
consequently, it constitutes an absolute invariant. We denote this functional form by:
n 1
2n
y*
x
(2.16)
n 1
2n
x n1 f , ,
Here
(2.17)
temperature and nanoparticle concentration functions, respectively. Using Eqs. (2.16) and (2.17), it emerges that
Eqs. (2.8)-(2.11) may be written as the following local similarity ordinary differential equations:
2n
ff '' f '2 M K f ' 0
n 1
1
2n
'' Nbx ' ' Nt x '2
f ' 0
Prx
n 1
1
1 Nt x
2n
''
''
f ' kr 0
Lex
Lex Nbx
n 1
n f ''
n 1
f '''
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(2.18)
(2.19)
(2.20)
4 | Page
f ' 0 1 ax f '' 0
n 1
f ' 0
2n2
n 1
2n2
n 1
(2.21)
2n2
n 1
N1 n 1
U r Re
Ln
n
n 1
L
n 1
n 1
2n2
n 1
fwx fwL x
2n2
n 1
is the local
Re n 1
Lx
n 1
2n
local similarity solutions, we have deployed a subscript x. This subscript (.)x is now dropped for brevity when
referring to the local dimensionless numbers hereafter.
It interesting to note that the transformed local similarity model developed reduces exactly to the
Newtonian nanofluid transport model of Makinde and Aziz [22] and also to that of Noghrebadi et al. [25] for
n=1 (Newtonian fluids), M=0 (vanishing magnetic field), fw=0 (solid wall, i.e., suction/injection absent) and no
wall momentum slip. (a=0) Furthermore the current model retracts to that of Andersson and Bech [21] for the
impermeable wall case (fw=0) with nanofluid characteristics neglected (i.e., Eq. (2.20) dropped and Nb=Nt=0)
and with no wall slip (a=0) Finally the model presented by Xu and Liao [26] is retrieved in absence of
magnetohydrodynamic, species diffusion (nanoparticle) and momentum slip effects, Finally Uddin et al. [15]
developed in the absence of porous medium, chemical reaction, temperature dependent slip flow effects. These
cases therefore provide excellent benchmarks for validating the numerical solutions developed for the present
more general boundary value problem.
Expressions for the quantities of physical interests, the skin friction factor and the rate of
heat and mass transfer can be found from the following definitions:
n
Cf x
2 K u
x T
x C
2 , Nux
, Shx
Tw T y y 0
Cw C y y 0
u w y y 0
(2.21)
Re
1
n 1
x
C f x 2 f ''(0) , Re
where Re x
uw x
1
n 1
x
Nux '(0), Re
1
n 1
x
Shx '(0)
(2.22)
is the local Reynolds number. It is pertinent to highlight that the local skin friction
factor, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number are directly proportional to the numerical values of
2 f ''(0)
, '(0) and '(0) respectively. In the parlance of Kuznetsov and Nield [27], Nu x Re xn 1 and
Shx Re xn 1 may be referred as the reduced local Nusselt number, Nur, and reduced local Sherwood number, Sh r,
for non-Newtonian nanofluids, and are represented by '(0) and '(0) , respectively.
III.
The set of equations (2.12) to (2.24) were reduced to a system of first-order differential equations and
solved using a MATLAB boundary value problem solver called bvp4c. This program solves boundary value
problems for ordinary differential equations of the form y '
f x, y, p , a x b ,
by implementing a
vector of unknown parameters. Boundary value problems (BVPs) arise in most diverse forms. Just about any
BVP can be formulated for solution with bvp4c. The first step is to write the ODEs as a system of first order
ordinary differential equations. The details of the solution method are presented in Shampine and
Kierzenka[28].
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11310118
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Prior to describing full numerical solutions to the present problem, we validate the bvp4c MATLAB
solver selected comparisons with previous studies. We compare the value of f ''(0) with asymptotic solutions
of Andersson and Bech [21], homotopy solutions of Xu and Laio [26], and RungeKuttaFehlberg fourth fifth
order numerical method in the symbolic computer software Maple 14 of Uddin et al [15] for non- Newtonian
fluid in Table 1. Table 2 shows comparison of f ''(0) for various magnetic parameters (M) and rheological
power-law index (n) again with Andersson and Bech [21] and Uddin et al. [15]. The numerical results for
'(0) computed by bvp4cMATLAB solver are additionally benchmarked with those reported by Grubka and
Bobba [29], Chen [30], Ishak [31]] and Uddin et al. [15] for Newtonian fluids, as presented in Table 3. In all
cases we have found very close agreement is achieved and thus great confidence is assured in the accuracy of
the bvp4c Matlab solver numerical results to be reported subsequently.
Figures 1-21 document the graphical computations for non-Newtonian power-law nanofluid flow
characteristics, i.e., dimensionless axial velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration for the effects of
the dictating thermophysical parameters. Figure 1-3 depict the influence of linear momentum slip (a), mass
transfer velocity (fw), thermal slip parameter (b), permeability parameter (K), magnetic field (M) and chemical
reaction parameter (kr) on velocity profiles with transverse coordinate () for the pseudoplastic cases (n = 0.5)
and also n = 1 (Newtonian fluids).
Inspection of Fig. 1-4, indicates that the velocity profiles are larger for a pseudoplastic fluid than for
Newtonian fluid. Evidently with lower rheological index (n), the viscosity of the nanofluid is depressed and the
boundary layer flow is accelerated. Since dilatant fluids are relatively rarely encountered in materials
processing, the case of n>1 is not examined here. Velocity is also found to decrease with increasing parameter
momentum slip (Fig. 1), wall mass flux (Fig. 2), magnetic parameter (Fig. 3) and permeability parameter (Fig.
4). Increased momentum slip (Fig. 1) imparts a retarding effect to the flow at the wall and this influences the
entire flow through the boundary layer, transverse to the wall. With increased mass flux into the sheet regime
via the wall (S<0, i.e., injection), the boundary layer flow is significantly accelerated, as observed in Fig. 2. The
converse behaviour accompanies increasing mass flux our of the boundary layer (S>0, i.e., suction). Evidently
the suction effect induces greater adherence to the wall of the fluid regime and this also increases momentum
boundary layer thickness. With greater injection, the momentum boost results in a reduction in momentum
boundary layer thickness. These computations concur with many previous studies in transpiring boundary layer
flows of nanofluids (Rana et al. [34]; Ferdows et al. [35]; Uddin et al [15] ). The case of the impervious sheet,
i.e., solid wall (S= 0) naturally falls between the injection and suction cases. With an increase in magnetic
parameter, there is an escalation in magnitude of the Lorentzian hydromagnetic drag force. This very clearly
acts to depress velocity magnitudes (Fig. 3) and even though the magnetic body force is only a linear term [
Mf ' in Eq. (2.18)] it exerts a very dramatic effect on the flow. Hydrodynamic (momentum) boundary layer
thickness is therefore sizeably decreased with increasing values of M and same results were found with the
influence of permeability parameter. In all four Fig. 1-4, asymptotically smooth convergence of computations is
achieved into the free stream.
Figs. 5-7 present the response of temperature profiles, again for both pseudoplastic (n=0.5) and
Newtonian (n=1) fluids, for a variation in momentum slip, wall mass flux. Temperatures are markedly elevated
with pseudoplastic fluids compared with Newtonian fluids. Increasing momentum slip significantly increases
the temperature magnitudes throughout the boundary layer regime and therefore enhances thermal boundary
layer thickness (fig.5). These results are similar to the findings by Uddin et al. [15] in the absence of porous
medium (K=0), temperature dependent slip flow (b=0) and chemical reaction (kr=0). The presence of injection
(S<0) as elaborated earlier, aids momentum development, i.e., viscous diffusion. This will also serve to
encourage thermal diffusion leading to manifestly higher temperatures than for the suction case (S>0) which
will depress temperatures (Fig. 6). Injection therefore elevates thermal boundary layer thickness whereas suction
decreases it. A similar observation has been reported by Makinde and Aziz [22], Rana et al. [32] and Uddin et al
[15], who have also noted, as in the present case, that despite the strong influence of suction in decelerating the
flow (and the corresponding cooling of the boundary layer), there is never any flow reversal (velocities are
sustained as positive). The Lorentz force magnetohydrodynamic drag generated by the imposition of transverse
magnetic field has the tendency to not only slow down the flow but achieves this at the expense of increasing
temperature (Fig. 7). The supplementary kinetic energy necessary for dragging the magnetic nanofluid against
the action of the magnetic field, even at relatively low values of magnetic field, is dissipated as thermal energy
in the boundary layer. As elucidated by Beg et al. [33] this is characteristic of boundary layer hydromagnetics
and reproduces the famous Rossow results. The overall effect is to boost the temperature. Clearly for the
non-conducting case, temperatures will be minimized as magnetic field will vanish. Moreover for the
pseudoplastic nanofluid case, temperatures are the highest achieved with the infliction of a magnetic field, and
evidently this is beneficial in the synthesis of electro-conductive nanopolymers, as highlighted in the recent
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11310118
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V.
Conclusions
In the present prater, the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of nonNewtonian power-law nanofluids past a porous stretching sheet with linear hydrodynamic slip boundary
condition in the presence of chemical reaction and temperature dependent slip boundary condition.The
governing equations are approximated to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by similarity
transformation. Numerical calculations are carried out for various values of the dimensionless parameters of the
problem. It has been found that
1. Increasing momentum slip parameter decelerates the boundary layer flow (reduces velocities) whereas it
generally strongly increases temperatures and nanoparticle concentration values.
2. With increasing wall injection, velocity, temperature and concentration are generally enhanced with the
converse behaviour observed with increasing wall suction.
3. Increasing permeability parameter markedly decelerates the flow, increases momentum boundary layer
thickness and moreover induces a noteworthy elevation in temperatures as well as nanoparticle
concentration and thermal boundary layer thickness.
4. Increasing thermophoresis parameter boosts both the temperatures and nanoparticle concentration
magnitudes throughout the boundary layer regime.
5. Increasing Brownian motion parameter enhances temperatures strongly whereas it markedly depresses
nanoparticle concentration values.
6. Increasing thermal slip parameter reduces both the temperatures and nanoparticle concentration magnitudes
throughout the boundary layer regime.
7. Increasing Lewis numbers significantly stifles nanoparticle concentration values.
8. Generally the flow is accelerated, temperatures increased and nanoparticle concentrations boosted for
pseudoplastic nanofluids with the converse for Newtonian nanofluids.
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1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=5, M=Pr=0.5, S=0.2, K=b=kr=0
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
f'
0.6
0.4
a = 0, 0.5, 2
0.2
0
0
10
15
1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=10, b=a=0.1, Pr=1, M=K=kr=0.5
0.8
- - - - n=0.5
n=1.0
f'
0.6
0.4
S = -0.5, 0, 0.5
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
0.8
0.7
- - - - n=0.5
n=1.0
0.6
f'
0.5
0.4
0.3
M = 0, 0.5, 1
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
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9 | Page
0.8
0.7
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
f'
0.5
0.4
K=0, 1, 2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
a=0, 0.5, 2
0
0
10
15
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 2.0
0.6
0.4
S= -0.5, 0, 0.5
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
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1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=4, Pr=a=1, S=b=K=kr=0.1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
M=0, 0.5, 1
0
0
10
1
Nb=b=K=M=kr=0.1, Le=4, a=1, Pr=7, S=0.2
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
b=Nt=K=M=kr=0.1, Le=4, a=1, Pr=7, S=0.2
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
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1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=4, S=b=a=M=K=kr=0.1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
Pr= 0.72, 3.0, 6.8
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=4, Pr=a=1, S=b=M=kr=0.1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
K=0, 1, 2
0
0
10
1
Nb=Nt=K=M=kr=0.1, Le=4, a=1, Pr=7, S=0.2
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
b = 0, 0.4, 0.7
0.2
0
0
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1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=5, M=Pr=0.5, S=0.2, K=b=kr=0
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
a=0, 0.5, 2
10
1
Nt=Nb=0.1, Le=10, M=K=kr=0.5, a=b=0.1, Pr=1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
S= -0.5, 0, 0.5
0.2
0
0
1.2
Nb=a=b=0.1, Le=4, M=K=kr=0.1, S=0.2, Pr=7
1
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
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1
Nt=a=b=0.1, Le=4, M=K=kr=0.1, S=0.2, Pr=1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
Nt=Nb=a=b=0.1, M=K=kr=0.1, S=0.2, Pr=7
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
Le=3, 5, 8
0.2
0
0
1
Nb=Nt=b=0.1, Le=4, K=kr=0.1, S=0.2, a=Pr=1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
M=0, 0.5, 1
0.2
0
0
10
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1
Nb=Nt=b=0.1, Le=4, M=kr=0.1, S=0.2, a=Pr=1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
K=0, 1, 2
0.2
0
0
10
1
Nt=a=Nb=0.1, Le=4, M=K=kr=0.1, S=0.2, Pr=7
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
b= 0, 0.4, 0.7
0.2
0
0
1
Nt=Nb=a=b=0.1, Le=4, M=K=0.1, S=0.2, Pr=1
0.8
- - - n = 0.5
n = 1.0
0.6
0.4
kr= 0.1, 0.5, 1
0.2
0
0
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15 | Page
2.0
1.9
K=0, 0.5, 1
1.8
1.7
-f ''(0)
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.24
0.23
-'(0)
0.22
0.21
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nb
-'(0)
0.192
0.186
0.180
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nb
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Present results
1.274491
1.096059
1.028470
1.000000
0.980987
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
Present results
M=0.5
M=1
1.810994
2.283844
1,462878
1.777027
1.307859
1.544114
1.224745
1.414214
1.174989
1.333013
1.130779
1.257081
M=1.5
2.718692
2.059897
1.754012
1.581139
1.471504
1.367223
0.01
0.72
1
3
10
100
Present results
0.054647
0.463145
0.581977
1.165246
2.308004
7.765652
M=2
3.126658
2.320780
1.945332
1.732051
1.595994
1.465658
M=1.5
2.719
2.060
1.754
1.581
1.507
1.381
M=2
3.127
2.321
1.945
1.732
1.621
1.475
M=2
3.127
2.321
1.945
1.732
1.596
1.466
Ishak [31]
0.0099
0.4631
0.5820
1.1652
2.3080
7.7657
Chen [30]
0.0099
0.46315
0.58199
1.16523
2.30796
7.76536
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