NUCLEAR PHYSIC PAPER

Radiation Effects Of Thouchsreen Phone On Skin

By:
Melinda (RSA1C312018)
Uswatun Hasanah (RSA1C312008)
Suci Isro Meyliani H. (RSA1C312016)

Lecturer

: Dra. Jufrida, M.Si

PHYSICS PGMIPA-U PROGRAM

MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
TEACHER AND EDUCATION FACULTY
JAMBI UNIVERSITY
2015

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In this time, many emerging technological sophistication. We call it one of the
products that is loved by all people. Not only the upper class, which is also located in
major cities. It is also experienced by people from the lower classes, even those who
do not live in the city. This products are often called cellular phones or mobile
phones.
Today, the using of mobile phones is increasing rapidly. In the modern society,
the phone has become a primary need. Whereas the use of the phone itself turned out
to cause enough radiation harmful to health. On the phone there is a transmitter that
converts sound into a continuous sinusoidal wave is then emitted out through the
antenna and it fluctuates over the air waves. Wave RF (radio frequency) is causing an
electromagnetic radiation.
Lately a lot of different models and brands of mobile phones on the market.
This product is marketed diverse and increased sophistication every time. One type of
mobile phone that is currently widely used even until the global mobile phone is
shaped touchcreen or can be called a touch screen. Touchcreen phone model is no
longer using the buttons on the foreground. The menus are desired on the phone
screen, where we can directly click on the menu on the screen. Thus, of course, we'll
touch screen phone every time.
Beside the technology growing, are there will be no impact will arise on its
users? Therefore, we would like to review what impact that would arise from the
usage of touch screen phones to our skin that affected by radiation every day.
1.2 Problem Formulation
1.2.1 How the historical development of the mobile phone or phones?
1.2.2 What was actually causing of radiation by handphode or cell phone?

1.2.3 What the hazards of the touch-screen mobile phone radiation on our skin every
day?
1.3 Purpose
1.3.1 Knowing the history of the development of the mobile phone or phones.
1.3.2 Knowing what the radiation caused by mobile phones or cell phones.
1.3.3. Knowing the the hazards of from radiation touch screen phone on our skin
every day.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Meaning Of Radiation
Radiation is radiant energy through a material or space in form of heat,
particles or electromagnetic waves / light (photons) from the radiation source. There
are several sources of radiation that we know in our lives, for example, is a television,
lighting, heating food (microwave oven), computers, and more. Radiation shaped of
electromagnetic waves or also called photons is a type of radiation that do not have
mass and electric charge. For example is the gamma and X-rays, and also includes
radiation looks like a light, sun, wave microwave, radar and mobile, (BATAN, 2008).
2.2 Type of Radiation
In outline, the radiation is classified into ionizing radiation and non-ionizing
radiation, (BATAN, 2008).
a. Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that can causing ionization
process (the formation of positive ions and negative ions) when interacting
with matter. Each kind of radiation has a special characteristic. Which are
included in the ionizing radiation such as alpha particles (), beta particles (),
gamma (), X-rays, neutron particles.
b. Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that will not causing
ionization effect when interacting with matter. Non-ionizing radiation are
there around of our lives. Which are included in this type of non-ionizing
radiation such as radio waves (which brings information and entertainment
through radio and television); microwave (which is used in microwave ovens
and cellular phone transmission); infrared light (which provide energy in the

form of heat); visible light (that we can see); ultraviolet light (which is emitted
by the sun).
2.3 Nature of Radiation
There are two kinds of radiation properties that can be used to find out where
a radiation source in a place or materials, are:
a. Radiation can not be detected by human senses. So to recognize it, we need a
detection tool called a radiation detector. There are several types of detectors
which specifically has the ability to track the presence of certain types of
radiation such as alpha detector, detector gamma, neutron detectors, etc.
b. Radiation can interact with the material that passes through the process of
ionization, excitation and others. By using these properties can be used as a
base of making the radiation detector.
2.4 Sources of Radiation
There are various sources of radiation that can be distinguished on the outline
are:
a. Natural Radiation Sources
Natural radiation can come from cosmic rays, gamma rays from the
earth's crust, radon decay products and thorium in the air, and various
radionuclides contained in foodstuffs. In some countries such as India, Brazil
and France are areas that have the higher natural radioactivity than other
countries.
b. Artificial radiation sources
Artificial radiation is radiation arising out of or related to human
activity; such as radiation in the medical field, radioactive fallout, radiation
that obtained by radiation workers in nuclear facilities, radiation that comes
from activities in the fields of industry: radiography, logging, factory lamps,
etc.
2.5 Radiation Quantities and Units

Radiation unit there are several kinds. The radiation unit depending on usage
criteria, namely (BATAN, 2008):
a. Unit for radiation exposure
Radiation exposure expressed in units of Rontgen, or often abbreviated
to R alone, is a unit that indicates the magnitude of the intensity of X-rays or
gamma rays which can produce ionization in the air in a certain amount.The
using of Rontgen units is limited to determine the amount of radiation
exposure to X-rays or gamma rays in the air. Rontgen unit can not be used to
determine the amount of exposure received by a medium, in particular by
human skin tissue.
b. Unit dose absorption medium
Ionizing radiation on the medium will deliver energy to the medium.
In this case the radiation absorbing medium. To determine the amount of
radiation absorbed by a medium used unit of absorbed radiation dose or
Radiation Absorbed Dose abbreviated Rad. So the absorption dose is a
measure of the amount of energy supplied by ionizing radiation to the
medium. In SI units, the unit of radiation dose absorption is called the Gray,
abbreviated Gy. In this case 1 Gy equal to the energy given to the medium of
1 Joule / kg. Thus:
1 Gy = 100 Rad
While the relationship between the Rontgen and Gray are:
1 R = 0.00869 Gy
c. Unit dose equivalent
Unit doses equivalent to more widely used with regard to the effect of
radiation on the human body or other biological systems. Equivalent dose was
originally derived from the sense of Rontgen equivalent of man or abbreviated
with brakes which later became the name of the unit for the equivalent dose.
The relationship between the dose equivalent to the dose absobrsi and quality
factors are:
Dose equivalent (Rem) = Dose absorption (Rad) X Q

While in SI units, the equivalent dose has the sievert unit that
shortened to Sv. The relationship between Sievert with Gray and
Quality are:
Dose equivalent (Sv) = Dose absorptive (Gy) x Q
Based on calculation
1 Gy = 100 Rad, then 1 Sv = 100 Rem.
2.6 Maximum Dose Radiation
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is one source of official
information which is used as a standard in some countries for the establishment of
guidelines on radiation protection. NRC has stated that the maximum radiation dose
exposed individuals is 0:05 or 5 brake Sv / year. Although the NRC is the official
body with regard to ionizing radiation exposure limits, but there are other groups who
also recommend the same thing. One such group is the National Council on Radiation
Protection (NCRP), which is a group of government scientists who regularly meet to
discuss the latest research and update the recommendations of radiation on radiation
safety.
According to NCRP, the purpose of radiation protection are:
a. To prevent important clinical radiation, by following minimum dose limits.
b. Limit the risk of cancer and hereditary effect on society.
The maximum dose allowed is the maximum amount of absorption of radiation to
the entire body of an individual, or as a specific dose at a specific organ that is still
considered safe. Safe in this case means the absence of evidence that individuals get
the maximum dose has been established, where sooner or later the effects of radiation
can be harmful to the body as a whole or a particular section. Recommendations for
the upper limit of exposure have been established also by the NCRP as a guide in the
work related to the radiation. Recommendations NRCP include:
a. Individuals / operator is not allowed to work with radiation before 18 years
old.
b. The effective dose for each person should not exceed 50 mSv (5 rem) every
year.

c. For the general public, radiation exposure (excluding of medical use) should
not exceed 1 mSv (0.1 rem) every year.
d. For workers who are pregnant, the fetus or embryo exposure limits should not
exceed 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem). Thus for women who are pregnant worker is not
recommended to working until her pregnancy is completed.
2.7 Effects of Ionizing Radiation Over Human Body
Ionizing radiation is radiation capable of causing ionizing radiation on a
material that is traversed. The ionization caused by the absorption of radiation energy
by the material exposed to ionizing radiation. Thus the large number of ionization
depends on the amount of radiation energy absorbed by the material (BATAN, 2008).
Cells in the human body is composed of cells and somatic cell genetics.
Genetic cells are egg cells in women and sperm in men, while the somatic cells are
other cells in the body. Based on the type of cell, the effects of radiation can be
distinguished on the effects of genetic and somatic effects. Genetic effects or the
effects of inheritance is the effect felt by the descendants of individuals affected by
radiation exposure. Instead somatic effects are radiation effects felt by individuals
exposed to radiation (BATAN, 2008).
When reviewed from the dose of radiation (for the sake of radiation
protection), the radiation effects are distiguished by thedeterministic effect and
stochastic effects. Deterministic effect is the effect caused by cell death due to
radiation exposure, while the stochastic effects are effects that occur as a result of
radiation exposure at a dose that causes changes in the cell (BATAN, 2008) .
According Sumarsono (2008) deterministic effects on reproductive organs or
gonads is sterility or infertility. The radiation exposure of the testicles will bothering
the process of forming sperm cells that eventually will affect the number of sperm
cells to be produced. The radiation dose of 0.15 Gy is the threshold dose temporary
sterility because it has resulted in a decrease in the number of sperm cells for several
weeks. The effect of radiation on the egg is very dependent on age. The older, the
more sensitive to radiation because the fewer eggs remaining in the ovaries. In

addition to sterility, radiation can cause early menopause as a result of hormonal

disorders of the reproductive system. Threshold dose of sterility according to ICRP
60 is 2.5 to 6 Gy.
At a younger age (20s), permanent sterility occurs at higher doses, reaching
12-15 Gy. Meanwhile, according Iffah (2009) damage to the reproductive organs
(sterility) occurs on exposure to 150-300 rad for men and <(150-300) rad for women.
So it was found that women are more sensitive to radiation exposure, especially in the
reproductive organs than men.

CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION
In the decade of the 70s developed countries in Europe applying cellular
technology for communication. In Indonesia a new implementing technological
sophistication of communication dozen years later. Started in 1984 cellular
technology was first present in Indonesia with technology-based Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT).

In the years 1985-1992 the phone began to circulate in Indonesia, but can not
enter into a shirt or pants pocket because of its large and long, with average weight of
430 gram (almost half a kilogram) .The price cell phone is also not cheap, ranging
from above 10 million per unit .In this year also are two new cellular technologies
that NMT-470, NMT-450 modifications.
At the end of 1993 PT Telkom started a pilot project of digital cellular Global
System for Mobile (GSM), started in the two islands, the islands of Batam and
Bintan. In 1994 PT Satelit Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) operates as the first GSM
operator in Indonesia, to start operations in Jakarta and and surrounding areas .
Beacause GSM using SIM card, so it is safe by the duplication and tapping and
excellent quality and wide range.
1995 project of the Company in Batam was successful and proceed to the
provinces in Sumatra, then make the Telkomsel as a joint national GSM operator
Satelindo on 26 May 1995. Then in 1996, Telkomsel with its Halo card products
successfully in Medan, Surabaya, Bandung and Denpasar, then go to Jakarta. At the
end of 1996, PT.Excelcomindo Primary (MTN) GSM-based operations in Jakarta as
the third GSM operator in Indonesia. After that in 1998 MTN launched the Pro-XL
prepaid card which provides an alternative for consumers to choose the roaming
service. Satelindo Telkomsel and MTN followed by launching a prepaid card sun,
with the advantages of tariffs are calculated per second, resulting in a short period
100.00 attract more customers.
Short messaging services, was introduced in 2000, and became a phenomenon
among mobile users, because it is very practical and cheap. In this year PT. Indosat
and PT. Telkom was licensed as an operator GSM 1800 National. BUMN second
mobile services then in operation on 1 August 2001. The new round of
telecommunications continued in 2003, with the presence of Telkom Flexi, which
carries the CDMA 2000 1X technology, then there is behind Flexi Esia from Bakrie
Telecom, Fren and Hepi of Mobile8 , Star One of Indosat, Smart of Lippo Telecom,
and last Ceria Sampoerna Telecom.

Then the phones come to Indonesia is also in line with the development of
cellular operators that have been mentioned above. The presence of mobile phones in
Indonesia starting from the second generation (based on our knowledge), until the
fourth generation (which is now being circulated in the market). Here's a brief review
of the mobile generation:

Second Generation:
Generation mobile phone is also commonly called 2G present
in the mid-1990s. Operates on a GSM network using a standard
frequency of 900 Mhz and 1800 Mhz frequency. In this generation
analog signal has changed to a digital signal. The use of digital signal
equip phones with voice mail, call waiting and SMS.

Third Generation:
Generation mobile phone is also called 3G, is its enabling network
operators to provide mobile phone users have a wider range, including
the Internet and high-tech video calls. In 3G, there are 3 standard for
the world of telecommunications, namely Enhance datarates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000. The
weakness of the 3G generation is relatively higher costs, and the lack
of network coverage because it is still new technology.

Fourth Generation:
This phone generation is also called 4G.4G a phone system that offers
a new round of infrastructure solutions that integrate existing wireless
technologies including wireless broadband (WiBro), CDMA, wireless
LAN, Bluetooth, etc. Our system is based on the diversity 4G IP
network, which allows users to use a variety of system anytime and
anywhere. 4G also gives its users high speed, high volume, good
quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of different
technologies separately. Lastly, 4G provides fast data delivery services

to accommodate a variety of applications such as multimedia, video

conferencing, on-line games, and more.
Mobile is an electronic equipment that always accompany us wherever we
go. Did you know the side effects of your phone cell signal? Various sorts of
tips we already know with such use ear phones on the left rather than the right
side and the other.
a. Energy Radiation From Cell Phone

The radiation of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones have

frequencies between 450 - 1800 MHz, which is included in the
microwave region. according to the calculations showed that the quantum
energy electromagnetic radiation generated by mobile phones, it is still
relatively small quantities because only about a millionth of an electron
volt. However, if the distance to the radiation source material, namely the
distance between the phone and the head (especially ear) are taken into
account, then the effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile
phones should not be ignored. The reason is because the intensity of
electromagnetic radiation received by the material (special head part of
the ear), will be inversely proportional to the square of the distance,

meaning that the closer to the radiation source (mobile phone) will be the
greater of radiation received. The issue will be more interesting, if the
contact time or time talking on the phone are taken into account, then the
accumulated effects of radiation from mobile phone usage needs to be
examined further.
b. Cell Phone Radiation Impact On Health

Mobile phones using electromagnetic waves to send and receive

messages. Electromagnetic waves can cause heating in body system.
Body system is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by
electromagnetic fields. By the time someone is calling with a mobile
phone, the effects of this warming will occur on the surface of the head
and the resulting rise in temperature. The brain has the ability to remove
the excess heat through the blood circulation. However, the cornea does
not have temperature settings and from experiments on rabbits, found that
mobile phone radiation can cause cataracts.
Further observations on the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic
radiation on the human body, it has some similarities with the effects of
electromagnetic radiation generated by the radar. The impact is the ability
of radar agitating water molecules present in the human body. The cells
contained in the human body contains mostly water. Agitation caused by
electromagnetic radiation. If the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is
strong enough, then molecules ionized water, the impact is similar to the
consequences caused by nuclear radiation. Events agitation by

microwaves to note is that power between: 4 mW / cm2 ~ 30 mW / cm2.

Agitation can raise the temperature of the water molecules in the cells of
the human body and can affect the nervous system work, work glands and
hormones as well as the effect on human psychology. These things are
likely suspected as the cause of Alzheimer's disease or early dementia.
This research was conducted by 12 institutions reset, 7 of which are in
Europe for 4 years. 1996, University of Washington, Seattle found that
EMR in the form of low-energy radio waves has been proven to damage
DNA. Risetb German group, verum try radiai HP to study the effects of
the cells of the human body. The results are the body's cells are exposed
to electromagnetic waves such as the HP suffered significant damage.
Even mutations in these cells bias to cause cancer. Radiation used in the
study at the level of 0.3-2 watts / kg, while the HP emit radio signals or
SAR (Specific Absortion Rate) which is at the level of 2 watts / kg. Some
harmful effects that are common in the human body according to some
studies, among others, increase the risk of ear tumors, brain cancer, a bad
influence on brain tissue, resulting in meningioma, neurioma acoustic,
acoustic melanoma and cancers of the salivary.
In fact all mobile phones in circulation can still be considered "safe"
because of his SAR level is below 1.6 watts / kg. Nevertheless there are
some people who feel a little dizzy or hot ears after using a mobile-phone
is categorized as "safe" is. So who really safe (not just safe course) is
radasinya level below 1 watt / kg. Therefore to separate the "safe" and
that "really safe", made the table below. For more details see the influence
of the position of the antenna to the risk of brain cancer.
Some institutions also stated that the radiation from the using
handphone is not danger. And indeed the handphone radiation, which is
classified as an RF wave, not dangerous enough. But that does not mean
the possibility of side effects do not exist. RF radiation at high levels can
damage the body's tissues. RF radiation has the ability to heat body tissue

such as a microwave oven heats food. And radiation can damage the
tissues of the body, because our bodies are not equipped to anticipate
overheating due to RF radiation. Other studies showed non-ionizing
radiation (including RF waves) cause long-term effects.
It is tragic to find that the phone we use every day turned out to have a
pretty deadly radiation in the long term if we are not careful using that.
What is also surprising is the cell phone radiation that also can be used to
ripen an egg like a microwave. To prove it, it takes:

1 egg and 2 phone. Eggs are laid in the middle of phone.

Start a call between two mobile phones for 65 minutes.
15 minutes nothing happen
After 25 minutes the eggs begin to warm, after 45 minutes, see

whats happen!
The eggs are ripe and ready to be eaten. Our brains will be
ripen when continuously attached to the phone. Brain and egg
contain the amount of water and protein.

On the phone there are the term of transmitter that converts sound into a
continuous sinusoidal wave which are then transmitted out through the antenna and it
fluctuates over the air waves. Wave RF (radio frequency) electromagnetic radiation is
a cause.
Here are some of the diseases and disorders that may arise because of cell
phone radiation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Cancer
Brain tumor
Alzheimer's
Parkinson
Fatigue (very tired)
Headache

For different studies produce different results. Some claimed more cell phone
radiation causes cancer and abnormalities. Some claimed that cell phone radiation is

not associated with cancer. Regardless of what is right or wrong of course we should
need to be vigilant and anticipate.
Some mobile users have reported that they feel the symptoms while using or after
such use, namely heat and tingling of the scalp, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness,
headache, malaise, and takikardiak (palpitations). This report is being investigated its
cause, whether due to mobile phone radiation or because of stress.
Various experiments have been carried out by the experts to know the effect of
cell phone radiation on health. In the short-term use, cell phone radiation does not
cause significant disease. But the long-term use, mobile phone radiation can trigger
the disease acoustic neuroma (a type of brain tumor). Dr. Lennart Hardell, a Swedish
researcher, suggests that mobile phone use for one hour per day over a period of ten
years may increase the risk of brain tumors.
Research on the effect of microwaves on the human body stated that to power up
to 10 mW / cm2 is still included in the safe threshold value. Safe threshold value of
10 mW / cm2 is valid in the US, while for other countries have not reached an
agreement how exact the safe threshold value. For example, Russia set a safe
threshold value is 0.01 mW / cm2, much smaller (1/1000 her) safe threshold values
set by the Americans. So the determination of threshold values still need to secure
further investigated, for the safety of users of microwaves including also against the
use of mobile phones.
Keep phone from children because their brains are still young are very sensitive to
cell phone radiation if exposed long enough. Moreover, babies are much more
sensitive and even some can not help it.
Toronto public health department has advised the teenagers and young children to
limit their use of mobile phones, in order to avoid potential health risks. This is the
first policy in Canada.
Officials have warned that because of the side effects of radio frequency
radiation, children under age eight should use cellular phones only in emergencies,
and teenagers need to limit calls to less than 10 minutes.

Over the years, many government health officials are less concerned about any
risks. But with some research, a pattern began to appear that people who use their
mobile phone for a long period of time are at greater risk to the chances of developing
certain brain tumors.
In addition, briefly are some tips that you need to consider to reduce or avoid the
dangers of electromagnetic radiation:

Do not use mobile phones when pregnant and do not allow your child to wear.
Limit the duration of use or the use of your mobile phone without cables.
Use a wired headset to reduce the effects of mobile phone radiation because

the mobile phone away from your head. Avoid the use of Bluetooth.
Reduce yourself exposed directly from the transmission area WiFi (Hotspot

Area). Find out where the location of WiFi and try to stay away from it.
If you have a wired phone, do not wear that exceeds 900 MHz, for telephone

cables Gigaherts will continuously emit radio waves of high 24/7.

Use the speakerphone rather than directly close the phone to your ear. It helps

to keep the effects of direct radiation between the brain with mobile phones.
Limit the use of mobile phones inside the building because the phone will

emit more waves inside the building than outside.

Use the phone at the time of transmission or reception of signal bars either.
When the transmission ugly, your phone will work harder to catch with a clear

transmission.
Be careful in putting your cell phone, because the effect of radiation near it
radiates.

Unimaginable how much radiation is all around us, without disadaripun we

participated as a contributor to the radiation, the radiation source is human? of course
not, all kinds of gadgets that has always been a favorite of our friends turned out in
the long term can be our main enemy when overused.
A very close friend of radiation is mobile, communication tools all circles. The
children even have advanced use. At the moment we accept or do sms / mobile phone
will emit electromagnetic waves to communicate with the nearest transmitter
operator.

In a small amount of radiation is not harmful to humans, but in large numbers

would be very dangerous for human health. The amount of cell phone radiation is
expressed by the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). SAR is the maximum value of
radiation absorbed by the body per unit weight). FCC (one of the institutions in the
US) determine the amount of SAR for mobile phones is a maximum of 1.6 W / kg.
Countries in Europe (European Union) determine the amount of the maximum SAR
is 2 W / kg.
WHO study on brain cancer risk posed by cell phone radiation showed that radisi
posed too great not to worry about. However, new research conducted by India on the
contrary. Kumar Prof.Kurish the researchers said the threat of cancer for adolescents
and children because of cell phone radiation, he also said that there is also a danger of
radiation around the towers Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The following excerpt
"The BTS can transmit power 50-100Watt. A country that has a lot of mobile
operators such as India could be exposed to power up 200-400Watt. Radiation can not
be underestimated, it can be very deadly." What about Indonesia? Are not so many
cellular operators?
From the above statement, the following effects of cell phone radiation and the
BTS towers:
a. The risk of brain cancer in children and adolescents increased 400% due to the
use of mobile phones. The younger the age of the mobile phone users, the
greater the risk that acquired.
b. In adults, the use of mobile phones 30min / day for 10 years may increase the
risk of cancer and acoustic neuroma (a type of tumor that causes deafness).
c. Mobile phone radiation can also reduce male sperm production by up to 30%.
d. Radio frequency on mobile phones also cause changes in the DNA of the body
and remove free radicals. Free radicals are carcinogenic or cancer-promoting.
e. Electromagnetic field around the tower base stations can reduce the immune
system, the body undergoes as a result of allergic reactions such as rashes and
itching.

f. As a result of excessive use of mobile phones, which use radio frequency (900
MHz, 1800 MHz and 2450 MHz) can increase the temperature in the layer of
the eye that lead to damage of the cornea.
g. Saliva glands increased risk due to excessive use of mobile phones.
h. The magnetic field in the vicinity of the phone that lights can trigger damage
to the nervous system which affects the sleep disorders. In the long term
damage it can accelerate dementia.
i. Electromagnetic fields around base stations also have an impact on the
environment. Birds and bees are also disoriented or lost its way so easily
stressed because they can not find their way back to their nests.
There are many other dangers that cell phone radiation "may" alone is known to
us together but it is still very difficult to separate the phone from public life. We have
had 3 billion people use mobile phones worldwide (and still growing), imagine that
radiated from each of the mobile phone when combined. Even this figure is greater
than cigarette users. As already known cigarette users 5 million people die each year.
How to use the phone? we can see in the period ahead.
Currently the European Environment Agency has pushed for further study. This
independent body reveals the danger of mobile phones are more dangerous than an
ashtray, smoking, and gasoline lead. The head of a prominent cancer research at the
University of Pittsburgh sent a memo to all employees urging them to limit cell phone
use because of the possible risk of cancer.
Very difficult indeed to release "faithful friend" in our lives, but if it is very
dangerous for human health. Mandatory think again yes man. After all, it is
undeniable that the phone really support our communication with people around,
therefore, there are some tips from Ann Louise Gittleman, PhD, author of the
bestselling book version of The New York Times, Zapped to minimize mobile phone
radiation:
a. Enable speaker
Using the speaker while speaking will reduce the energy and power of cell
phone radiation levels. The farther from the less mobile antenna radiation.

Wired headset on many mobile phones can also be used for the antenna, so the
use headsetpun can not minimize cell phone radiation.
b. Better texting only
SMS reduce radiation exposure, because spared from the head and body, but
do not assume they will handphone. Because in men can damage the vitality
and motility, sperm volume will increase, so it will not be a good influence to
the uterus.
c. Select the profile OFFLINE mode
When not in use, try mobile phone is turned off, or at least not select offline
mode, standalone, or flightmode which will turn off the transmitters.
d. Use alternate between right and left ear
At the time of call should not be glued to the hearing alone, needs to be
balanced between the left and right ear, alternately. This could limit the
exposure on one side of the head only, which is often associated with
increased risk of brain tumors and salivary gland cancer in the ears that is
often used for mobile listening.
e. Avoid cramped space
Because it would cause a radiation centered in the room.
f. Note the signal
Do not use a cell phone when the signal is weak, or when you're driving in a
car that drove very fast (train is also included). When signal is weak try not to
take calls, as the phone will really work hard to find the signal, and this
increases the radiation waves from mobile phones.

Bacteria Found In Mobile

When asked what items most often we touch in a day, maybe most of us would
answer the phone. In this technological era, the mobile phone has become our good
friends. However, beware of the phones that we have!
Has it ever crossed our minds that we have is a cell phone is a comfortable home
to many bacteria proliferate? Moreover, because the mobile phone is probably one of
the most common items we hold in everyday activities. but do you know that bacteria
on our cell phones are more than the bacteria in the toilet?
A study conducted by a number of experts from the London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine, UK, found that the phone turned out to be the home of harmful
bacteria such as E. coli, MRSA, as well as 1,000 other bacterial species. Although
most of these bacteria are harmless, one in six mobile phones as research object
containing E. coli bacteria, the cause of many diseases, including digestive system
disorders, disorders of the kidneys, heart attack or stroke, and high blood pressure,
and even deaths.

E-coli bacteria

The study involved 390 participants from 12 cities. Found 92 percent of the
total mobile phone contains a variety of bacteria that can lead to attacks of various
diseases. Which is more dangerous, whole bacteria found in participants' mobile
phones has great potential to mutate into super bacteria MRSA.
According to some sources, MRSA is a type of Staphylococcus bacteria found
on the skin and nose that are resistant to antibiotics. The number of deaths due to
bacterial infection MRSA more than the number of deaths due to a decrease in the
immune system syndrome or AIDS.
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is capable invaded another cell. At
Osteomyelitis, Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of the disease. Staphylococcus
aureus can also cause toxicity to the skin, such as acne, boils, and discharge of pus in
any part of the skin. Please note leukosidin toxin released by Staphylococcus aureus
can be lethal human white blood cells.

Staphylococcus Aureus

Experts say that this finding is based on the reason the possibility of potentially
harmful bacteria contaminate the phone, because people do not wash their hands well

with soap after going to the toilet. The study was conducted in connection with the
Global Hand Washing Day which falls on October 15. Although 95% of those
surveyed said they washed their hands with soap, as many as 92% of mobile phones
and 82 percent of hands had bacteria.
Alarming condition, 16% of hands and 16% of the mobile phones found
Escherichia coli, a type of fecal bacteria derived. Escherichia coli is often associated
with disorders of the stomach, and has been involved in cases of serious food
poisoning such as the fatal O157 outbreak in Germany in June. The scientists also
found that those who had bacteria on hands three times more likely to have bacteria
on their phone.
Meanwhile Experts cleanliness of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine, said this study provides more evidence that some people still do not wash
their hands properly, especially after going to the toilet. "I hope that the findings of
the E coli on their hands and phones encourages, them to be more careful in the
bathroom. Washing hands with soap is such a simple thing to do, but there is no doubt
it saves lives, "said the expert hygiene. Fecal bacteria can survive on hands for hours
at a time, especially in warmer temperatures away from sunlight. The germs easily
transferred by touch on the door handle, food, and even cell phones. Germs can then
move on to others.
Every year, children under five years old died by pneumonia and diarrheal
diseases, which could otherwise be prevented by the simple act of washing hands
with soap. In developed countries, hand washing with soap helps people to prevent
the spread of viral infections, such as norovirus, rotavirus, and influenza. "Our results
show that many people are still reluctant to wash their hands. This is the origin of the
circulation of bacteria. We hope the results of our study may convince many people to
wash their hands after using the toilet is finished, "said study leader, Dr. Val Curtis
(kesehatan.liputan6.com)
Regarding true or not bacteria on the cell phone more than in the toilet is correct,
that turns cell phones we use can be a main source of disease because a lot of
bacteria, germs, and viruses. Are pathogenic microorganisms that are sourced mostly

from the closet attached to our hands and then we hold the phone. Bacteria from
somewhere else also can perch on a mobile phone through an intermediary medium
our hands. Suppose of the shop door handles, elevator buttons, chairs buffer in city
buses, and others.
Because bacteria are pathogenic much more to come from our hands, then it is
good we maintain personal hygiene to minimize the risk of impact of the pathogenic
bacteria, at least with washing our hands with soap after holding the phone, after the
bathroom, and after doing other activities before eating.

CHAPTER 4
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
1. Radiation is radiant energy through a material or space in form of heat,
particles or electromagnetic waves / light (photons) from the radiation source.
2. Mobile phones using electromagnetic waves to send and receive messages.
Electromagnetic waves can cause heating in body system.

3. Some of the diseases and disorders that may arise because of cell phone
radiation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Cancer
Brain tumor
Alzheimer's
Parkinson
Fatigue (very tired)
Headache

REFERENCES
http://ajunkdoank.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/efek-radiasi-pengion-terhadapmanusia/
http://www.batan.go.id/ppin/lokakarya/LKSTN_13/M%20Syamsa2.pdf
http://cunamedia.blogspot.com/2014/01/bahaya-radiasi-elektromagnetik-pada.html
http://www.musi-rawas.go.id/musirawas/images/stories/pdf/soal/2015
/perkembangan-teori-atom.pdf