Exam3 Problems Sol
Exam3 Problems Sol
Exam3 Problems Sol
Department of Physics
8.02
Spring 2014
F=
Id s B ext
wire
Magnetic Dipole
= IAn RHR
Torque on a Magnetic Dipole
= B ext
Force on a Magnetic Dipole
F = ( B)
Fz = z
Bz
z
Source Equations:
dq
dq(r r)
E(r ) = ke 2 r = ke
3
r
r r
source
source
o
Id s r
B(r) =
r2
4 source
o
Id s (r r )
B(r) =
3
4 source
r r
r points from source to field point
Amperes Law
B d s = 0 J n da
closed
path
Faradays law
closed
fixed path
d
E ds =
B n da
dt open
surface S
= I ind R
B n da = 0
closed surface
Gausss Law:
qenc
E
dA =
o
closed surface
Electric Potential Difference
Electrostatics:
b
V = Vb Va E d s
a
E = V
Potential Energy:
U = qV
Capacitance:
1 Q2 1
Q
UE =
= CV 2
C=
2 C 2
V
Inductance:
L=
back = LdI / dt
B,Total
I
N B
I
U M = 12 LI 2
I = J n da
Ohms Law: V = I R
Constants:
0 4 107 T m A -1
Power: P = F v
open surface
0 1 / 0 c 2 8.85 10-12 C2 N -1 m -2
Spring 2014
a) What is the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field B at the point P ?
Answer: The sides will not contribute because the cross product is zero there. So using
the Biot-Savart Law we have that
I1d s r
I
I 1
I
= z o 12 ds = z o 12 ( 2 R ) = z o 1 .
2
6R
r
4 R
4 R 3
I1d s r
o I1
o I1
2 I
2
R
= z
ds = z
2 = z o 1 .
2
2
2
2
3R
r
4 ( R / 2 )
4 ( R / 2 ) 3
Two fixed conducting rails are arranged as shown in the figure below. A metal bar of
length s is placed at the origin, initially held in place, and a current I 2 runs through the
rails and bar clockwise. The bar is then released. You may assume that the length of the
bar is very short and that the magnetic field you calculated in part a) is uniform over the
length of the bar. You may neglect the magnetic field due to the current through the rails.
Solving 7-3
b) What is the direction and magnitude of the magnetic force acting on bar the
instant it is released?
Answer: The field at point P is inward from our calculations above, and the current in
the bar is upward, so the total force on the bar is in the negative x direction, with
c)
5 I
F = x o 1 I 2 s
6R
Solving 7-4
c) Calculate the magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point a distance z
along the z -axis passing through the center of the ring perpendicular to the plane
of the ring.
z = +
d) Calculate the line integral B d s along the z-axis from z = to z = + .
z =
e) The path is not a closed and yet it satisfies Amperes Law. Why?
Solution:
We shall apply the Biot-Savart law to calculate the magnetic field at the point P a
distance z along the positive z-axis
= 2
0 I d s r = 2 0 I d s (r - r )
B(P) =
=
3
4 r 2
4
r - r
=0
=0
Choose a coordinate system and unit vectors as shown in the figure below.
Solving 7-5
I (Rd )
.
B(z) = 0
3
4
=0
z k - R r
(1.1)
B(z) =
= 2
0 IzR
4 (z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
d r +
=0
= 2
0 IR 2
4 (z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
d k
(1.2)
=0
The first integral vanishes because as we integrate around the circle the unit vector r
always points radially outward and hence sums to zero. Equivalently if we choose
coordinates such that r = cos i + sin j then
= 2
0 IzR
B(z) =
4 (z + R )
2
2 3/ 2
0 IzR
4 (z 2 + R 2 )
d r =
=0
= 2
0 IzR
4 (z + R )
2
2 3/ 2
d (cos i + sin j)
=0
= 2
i + cos = 2 j) = 0
(sin
3/ 2
=0
=0
The second integral in Eq. (1.2) is straightforward and so the magnetic field along the zaxis is given by
B(z) =
0 IR 2
= 2
4 (z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
z = +
=0
k =
0 IR 2
2(z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
k .
(1.3)
B d s along the z-axis from z = to z = + .
z =
z = +
z =
z = +
B ds =
0 IR 2
2
2 3/ 2
z = 2(z + R )
k dzk =
z = +
0 IR 2
2
2 3/ 2
z = 2(z + R )
dz
(1.4)
z =
z = +
B ds =
z =
0 IR 2
2(z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
dz =
0 Iz
2(z 2 + R 2 )1/ 2
z = +
=
z =
0 I
I
0 = 0 I
2
2
(1.5)
Solving 7-6
z 2((z) 2 + R 2 )1/ 2
z 2((z) 2 + R 2 )1/ 2
2
2
B d s = I
0 enc
B ds +
z =
semi-circle
atinfinity
B ds =
B ds
(1.6)
Although we have only calculated B(z) along the z-axis, we see that
0 IR 2
= 0 . This holds everywhere on the semi-circle at infinity
lim B(z) = lim
k
z
z 2(z 2 + R 2 )3/ 2
so
B
(1.7)
ds = 0
semi-circle
atinfinity
B
d s = 0 I
(1.8)
I enc = I
(1.9)
Solving 7-7
Solution:
(b) There is no magnetic field due to the straightsegments because point P is along
the lines. Using the general expression for dB obtained in (a), for the outer
segment, we have
Id 0 I
B out = 0
k=
k.
4 b
4b
0
Similarly, the contribution to the magnetic field from the inner segment is
0
I
Id
B in = 0
k = 0 k .
4 a
4a
I 1 1
B net = B out + B in = 0 k .
4 a b
Solving 7-8
= B,
= IA = I R 2k .
Therefore,
= B = (I R 2 )k (Bx i + By j) = I R 2 (Bx j By i) .
Define an angle between the negative x - and y -axes as shown in the figure to the
right. Then the direction of the torque is given by
= tan( Bx / By ) > 0
and the magnitude is
= I R 2 Bx2 + By2 .
Solving 7-9
cylindrical shell of inner radius a and outer radius b. The current density J in the shell is
out of the page (see sketch) and varies with radius as J (r) = r for a < r < b and is zero
outside of that range, where is a positive constant with units A m -3 . Find the
magnetic field in each of the following regions, indicating both magnitude and direction
(i) r < a , (ii) a < r < b , and (iii) r > b . For each region make a figure clearly showing
your choice of Amperian loop.
Solution:
(a) For r < a , the Amperian loop is shown in the figure below.
10
J dA =
open surface
r
a
r 2 r dr = 2 r 2 dr =
a
2 3
(r a 3 )
3
2 3
(r a 3 )
3
B(2 r) = 0
or
1
B = B = 0 (r 3 a 3 )
3
r
J dA =
open surface
b
a
r 2 r dr =
2
3
b
a
r 2 dr =
2 3
(b a 3 )
3
B d s = I
0 enc
B(2 r) =
0 2 3
(b a 3 )
3
or
1
B = B = 0 (b3 a 3 )
3
r
11
0 ;
r<a
1
a<r<b
B = 0 (r 3 a 3 ) ;
3
r
3
3 1
0 3 (b a ) r ; r > b
A graph of the magnitude of B vs. r is shown below.
12
located in the region 0 < y < d and has a constant current density J out = J k out of the
page. The bottom slab of current is located in the region d < y < 0 and has a constant
(a) What is the magnetic field for y > d ? Justify your answer.
The magnitude of the magnetic field of a single slab of current of thickness d outside the
slab is o Jd / 2 , and the field reverses depending on the sign of y, with y > d . The
field of the two slabs shown above is zero for y > d because when you are above the
sheet or below the sheet by superposition of the field due to the slab carrying current out
of the page just cancels the field due to the slab carrying current into the page.
(b) Use Amperes Law to find the magnetic field at y = 0 . Show the Amperian Loop
that you use and give the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field.
We take an Amperean loop whose bottom is at y = 0 and whose top is at y d , of width
w.
closed
path
Our calculation gives a positive value for the magnetic field at y = 0 . Because we are
circulating counterclockwise, we traverse the leg at y = 0 in the positive x-direction and
therefore at y = 0 , the magnetic field points in the positive x-direction. Therefore
B(0) = 0 Jd i .
(c) Use Amperes Law to find the magnetic field for 0 < y < d . Show the Amperian
Loop that you use and give the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field.
We take an Amperean loop whose bottom is at y = 0 and whose top is at 0 y d , of
width w .
closed
path
B d s = B(0) dx i + B( y) ( dx i )
B( y) = 0 J (d y)i
(d) Make a plot of the x-component of the magnetic field as a function of the distance y
from the center of the two slabs.
14
direction, with K1 = K 2 = K i ?
Solution:
K1
l
B
Consider the Amperes loop shown above. The enclosed current is given by
15
I enc = J dA = Kl
Applying Amperes law, the magnetic field is given by
B(2l) = 0 Kl
or B =
0 K
2
Therefore,
0 K
2 j, z >
B1 =
0 K j,
z<
2
d
2
d
2
The result is the same as part (a) except for the direction of the current:
0 K
j,
2
B2 =
0 K j,
2
d
2
d
z<
2
z>
(c) Find the magnetic field everywhere due to both current sheets.
d
d
0 K j, 2 < z < 2
B = B1 + B 2 =
d
0,
| z |>
2
(d) How would your answer in (c) change if both currents were running in the same
direction, with K1 = K 2 = K i ?
0 K
d
j, z >
2
B2 = 2
d
0 K j,
z<
2
2
Therefore,
16
0 K j, z > 2
d
d
B = B1 + B 2 = 0,
<z<
2
2
z<
0 K j,
2
Finally, to make it twice as hard to turn that means twice as much work, which means
that the resistance must be half as much. This is called loading the generator where
an increase in load is actually a decrease in the resistance.
17
At t = 0 , there is a current I 0 through a very long wire. (You may assume this is an
infinite wire). No current is flowing in a rectangular loop of wire with dimensions length
l and width w , and has a resistance R . The side of the square loop closest to the wire
is a distance s away from the wire. At t = 0 , the current in the wire is decreased
according to
B
nda
dt loop
B
d s = 0 I enc becomes B2 r = 0 I and so the magnetic field
C
points into the plane of the figure and the magnitude varies with the distance r from the
wire according to
I
B= 0 .
2 r
In order to apply Faradays Law, we choose n = k into the plane of the figure below, we
choose for an integration area element da = ldr , and the magnetic field in that element is
I
given by B = 0 k .
2 r
d
d
=
B nda
dt loop
dt
=
r = s+ w
r=s
0 I
0 l dI r = s+ w dr
k kldr =
2 r
2 dt r= s r
0 l dI s + w
ln
2 dt s
From our function that describes the decreasing current we have that
dI I 0 , 0 < t < 1 /
=
dt 0, t > 1 /
Therefore for the interval 0 < t < 1 / ,
19
l I s + w
d
= 0 0 ln
B nda
.
dt loop
2
s
0 l I 0 s + w
.
ln
2
s
0 l I 0 s + w
.
ln
2 R
s
Note that I ind > 0 , and because we choose n = k into the plane of the figure, a positive
I ind means that the current is in the clockwise direction consistent with our argument
using Lenzs Law.
b) What total charge passes a given point in the loop during the time this current flows?
Answer:
During the time interval 0 < t < 1 / , the total charge passing a given point in the loop is
given by
Q=
t =1/
t =0
I ind dt =
t =1/
t =0
0 l I 0 s + w
lI s + w
ln
dt = 0 0 ln
2 R
2 R s
s
20
Consider an infinite cylindrical solid wire that has radius a . The wire has a time varying
current with the current density as a function of time given by the following expression:
0;
t0
0t T ,
J = (J et / T ) k;
T t
J e k;
r
J t
J t
d
s
=
2
rB
=
n
da
=
2 r dr e = 0 r 2 e B = 0 (J e t / T )
0
0
2
T
T
closed
S
0
path
a2
J et
2 J et
B d s = 2 rB = 0 J n da =0 2 r dr = 0 a B = 0 (J e t / T )
2r
T
T
closed
S
0
path
21
b) Suppose a square conducting loop with resistance R , and side s is placed in the
region r > a , such that the nearest side of the loop to the wire is a distance b from
the axis as shown in the end view figure below. What is the induced current in the
square loop for the time interval 0 t T ? Draw the direction of the induced
current on the figure.
The direction of the current is clockwise as viewed from above. In the time interval
0 t T , we have
b+s
d
d
d
a2
=
B n da =
dz dr 0 (J e t / T )
dt
dt open
dt b
2r
surface S
b+s
b + s
sa
dr sa 2
=
0 (J e t / T )
=
0 (J e t / T )ln
2
r
2
b
b
2
I =
sa 2 J e b + s
1 d
= 0
ln
R dt
2RT b
c) What is the direction and magnitude of the force due to the induced current on the
square loop during the time interval 0 t T ?
The force on the far size and the near side of the loop are equal and opposite, and cancel.
The force on the left side of the loop is to the right and the force on the right side is to the
left, giving a net force pushing the loop away from the wire. If x is to the right, then
a2
1
1
sa 2 J e b + s
where I = 0
F = xsI B r=b+s B r=b = xsI 0 (J e t / T )
ln
2
b b + s
2 RT b
22
Problem 10: Mutual Inductance of Two Rings. Consider the circuits shown in the
figure below, two coplanar, concentric rings, a small ring C2 of radius R2 and a much
larger ring C1 of radius R1 with current I1 . What is the mutual inductance? You may
assume that R2 << R1 , so that you may neglect the variation of the magnetic field B1 over
the interior of the small ring.
Solution: We begin by calculating the magnetic field B1 at the center of ring C2 using
the Biot-Savart Law
0 Id s r
dB =
.
4 r 2
k)
. Note is the unit vector that
,
Choose cylindrical coordinates with unit vectors ( ,
points radially outward in the plane. We have for the current element Id s = I R d , the
1 1
distance from the current element to the center of ring C2 is r = R1 , and the unit vector
from the current element to the field point at the center of the rings is r = . Therefore
the Biot-Savart Law becomes
0 Id s r 0 (IR1d ) 0 Id
dB1 =
=
=
k
4 r 2
4
4 R1
R12
Integrating around the circle we get that
0 I1 2 0 I1
B1 =
dk =
k.
4 R1 0
2R1
Because we are assuming that R2 << R1 , the magnetic field B1 is approximately uniform
over the small ring C2 so the magnetic flux 21 through the ring C2 due to the magnetic
field of ring C1
21 = B1 R22 =
0 I1 R22
.
2R1
Problem 11: Generator A square loop (side L ) spins with angular frequency in
uniform magnetic field of magnitude B . It is hooked to a load with resistance R .
I(t) =
(t)
1 d B
1 d ( BAcos( t) ) BL2
=
=
=
sin( t)
R
R dt
R
dt
R
2
2
BL2
B 2 L4 2
2
2
P= I R=
Rsin ( t) W = P(t) dt =
sin ( t) dt
R
R
t =0
t =0
2
t=0
sin 2 ( t) dt =
1 2
=
2
(to see this, think sin 2 ( t) + cos 2 ( t) = 1 and they both must have the same average
value or do the integral), we find:
W=
B 2 L4 2 1 2 B 2 L4
=
R 2
R
Finally, to make it twice as hard to turn that means twice as much work, which means
that the resistance must be half as much. This is called loading the generator where
an increase in load is actually a decrease in the resistance.
24
25
B2
2
B dV 2 R s
disk
0
2
(3 1011 T)2
(0.5 1021 m)2 (1019 m) = 0.3 1048 J 1047 J
2(4 107 T 2 m 3 J 1 )
B2
4 R 2 s = (2.0 103 J m 3 )(4 )(6.4 106 m)2 (15 103 m) = 1.5 1016 J
2 0
26
Problem 13: The figure below shows two loops of wire having the same axis. The
smaller loop has radius a and resistance R and the larger loop has radius b . The
smaller loop is above the larger one, by a distance z , which is large compared to the
radius b of the larger loop, ( z >> b ). Hence with current I through the larger loop as
indicated, the consequent magnetic field is nearly constant through the plane area
bounded by the smaller loop. Suppose now that z is not constant but is changing at the
positive constant rate vz = dz / dt > 0 ( z increasing).
a) Determine the magnetic flux across the area bounded by the smaller loop as a
function of z .
b) Compute the emf generated in the smaller loop and the induced current at the
instant the loop is located at z and moving with z -component of velocity
vz = dz / dt > 0 . Determine the direction of the induced current in the smaller
loop.
c) What is the induced force on the small ring at the instant the loop is located at z
and moving with z -component of velocity vz = dz / dt > 0 ?
Solution:
a) We begin by calculating the magnetic field at the center of the smaller upper loop
due to the lower loop using the Biot Savart Law
0 Id s r
dB =
.
4 r 2
k)
. Note is the unit vector that
,
Choose cylindrical coordinates with unit vectors ( ,
points radially outward in the plane. We have for the current element Id s = Ibd , the
distance from the current element to the center of the upper ring is r = (z 2 + b)1/ 2 , and the
27
unit vector from the current element to the field point at the center of the rings is
r = (zk b ) / (z 2 + b2 )1/ 2 . Therefore the Biot-Savart Law becomes
B1 =
0 Ib2
2(z 2 + b2 )3/ 2
k .
Because the small loop is very far away from the large loop we can approximate the
magnetic flux through the small loop by
0 Ib2
2(z 2 + b2 )3/ 2
a2 .
b) We can use the chain rule to calculate the change in magnetic flux
30 Ib2 a 2 z
d d dz
=
v .
dt
dz dt
2(z 2 + b2 )5/ 2 z
30 Ib2 a 2 z
2(z 2 + b2 )5/ 2
vz .
30 Ib2 a 2 z
= =
v .
R 2(z 2 + b2 )5/ 2 R z
We chose a unit normal for the upper loop in the positive k -direction corresponding to a
counterclockwise circulation direction (as seen from above). Because the emf is positive
this means that the induced current is in the counterclockwise direction as seen from
above. We also note that the magnetic field is up, the flux is up and decreasing as the
small loop moves upward, therefore we need and induced magnetic field pointing
upwards which corresponds to a induced current counterclockwise as seen from above.
c) The small ring now acts like a magnetic dipole with magnetic moment
28
30 Ib2 a 2 z
,
=
v a 2 (k)
2(z 2 + b2 )5/2 R z
Fz = z
Bz
.
z
From our calculation in part a), the partial derivative of the magnetic field at
Bz
30 Ib2 z
=
z
2(z 2 + b2 )5/ 2
Fz = z
9 0 2 I 2 b4 2 a 4 z 2 vz
Bz 30 Ib2 2 a 4 zvz
30 Ib2 z
=
4(z 2 + b2 )5 R < 0 ,
z 2(z 2 + b2 )5/2 R 2(z 2 + b2 )5/2
29
Let the power consumed by the top bulb in each of the above circuits be PA, PB and PC
respectively. Rank these powers from smallest to largest (write = between powers which
are equal)
Answer: Smallest __ PA = PB_< PC __Largest
Both A and B have one battery voltage dropping across two resistors in series, meaning
that each resistor is going to get half of the voltage drop across it. In C, however, the two
batteries add to double the voltage of a single battery, meaning that each resistor has
double the voltage drop across it. Note that putting batteries in parallel, as in B, does
nothing useful except possibly increase the amount of current that can be sourced (in case
one battery couldnt handle it).
30
I 2 + I 3 = I1
a) + I 2 R2 1 + I1 R1 2 = 0
2 I1 R1 I 3 R3 = 0
I 2 + I 3 = I1
b) I 2 R2 1 I 3 R3 = 0
2 + I1 R1 I 3 R3 = 0
I1 + I 2 = I 3
c) I 2 R2 1 + I1 R1 2 = 0
2 I1 R1 I 3 R3 = 0
I 2 + I 3 = I1
d) + I 2 R2 + 1 I 3 R3 = 0
2 + I1 R1 I 3 R3 = 0
I1 + I 2 = I 3
e) I 2 R2 1 + I1 R1 + 2 = 0
2 I1 R1 + I 3 R3 = 0
Answer: (c)
31
Then
Vin = I1 (Ra + Rc ) I1 =
Vin
Ra + Rc
Vin = I 2 (Rb + Rd ) I 2 =
Vin
.
Rb + Rd
V4 V1 = I1 Rc
V3 V1 = I 2 Rd
32
Then
Vin Rd
V R
in c
Rb + Rd Ra + Rc
Therefore
Vout
Rd
Rc
=
Vin Rb + Rd Ra + Rc
(10)
Note that this is like the Wheatstone bridge, where an ammeter was connected across
the potential difference Vout = (V3 V4 ) .
b) If a 1 V battery is connected across points 1 and 2 such that Vin = V2 V1 , what
voltage will be measured at Vout = V3 V4 if the system is unstrained and all four
resistors have the same resistance R ?
Answer: If they all have the same resistance then by symmetry the output voltage will be
zero.
Vout =
Vin R
V R
in = 0
R+ R R+ R
1.01R 0.99R
Vout = (1.0 V)
= 0.01 V .
2R
2R
33
When the battery lifts the object, the available chemical potential energy of the battery
U available = U tot / 2 is converted into gravitational potential energy mgh . So the maximum
height the object can reach
h=
U available
54kJ 12
=
= 46 m .
mg
(60 kg )(9.8 m s)
The factor of a half is there because the winch is only 50% efficient.
b) To what load resistance RL should the winch be set in order to have the battery lift
the mass at the fastest rate? What is this fastest rate (m/sec)? HINT: You want to
maximize the power delivery to the winch (power dissipated by RL ).
Answer:
First we need to determine how to maximize power delivery. Consider a battery with
potential difference V and internal resistance ri that is connected to the winch that has a
load has resistance RL . The power dissipated in the load is:
34
V
R
P = I R = 0 R = V02
.
2
R + ri
R
+
r
( )
2
2
2
3
dP d
=
V02 R ( R + ri ) = V02 ( R + ri ) 2R ( R + ri ) = 0 .
dR dR
So, to get the fastest rate of lift (most power dissipation in the winch) we need to set the
winch resistance equal to the battery internal resistance, R = ri = 0.1 . Using this we can
get the lift rate from the power:
50%eff
2
d
V0
V02
V02
dh
P = I RL =
RL = 4r = 2 dt ( mgh ) v = dt = 8r mg .
RL + ri
i
i
2
c) At this fastest lift rate how high can the winch lift the mass before discharging the
battery?
Answer:
This is just part a over again, except now we waste half the energy in the internal resistor,
so the winch will only rise half as high, to 23 m
d)
Compare the cost of powering a desk light with D cells as opposed to plugging it
into the wall. Does it make sense to use rechargeable batteries? The current price (Jan
2014) for residential electricity in Massachusetts is $0.1638 / kW hr .
Answer:
A D cell can deliver a total of 10 A-hr, corresponding to a total energy storage of
U tot = Q totV = (10 A hr)(1.5 V) = 15 W hr = .015 kW hr . We could convert that to about
54 kJ but kW-hour are a useful unit to use because electricity is typically charged by the
kW-hour so this will make comparison easier. A D battery costs about $1 (you can pay
more, but why?) So D batteries cost about $1/ .015 kW hr = $67 / kW hr $1/0.015 kwh
or $70/kwh. So the battery is nearly three orders of magnitude more expensive. It
definitely makes sense to use rechargeable batteries even though the upfront cost is
slightly more expensive you will get it back in a couple recharges. As for your desk
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light, or anything that can run on batteries or wall power, plug it in. If it is 60 Watts, for
every hour you pay about only $0.01 = 1cent with wall power but run through $4 in D
batteries.
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