Motion in 1 - D.
Motion in 1 - D.
Motion in 1 - D.
2
Notes
We see a number of things moving around us. Humans, animals, vehicles can be
seen moving on land. Fish, frogs and other aquatic animals move in water. Birds
and aeroplanes move in air. Though we do not feel it, the earth on which we live
also revolves around the sun as well as its own axis. It is, therefore, quite apparent
that we live in a world that is very much in constant motion. Therefore to
understand the physical world around us, the study of motion is essential. Motion
can be in a straight line(1D), in a plane(2D) or in space(3D). If the motion of the
object is only in one direction, it is said to be the motion in a straight line. For
example, motion of a car on a straight road, motion of a train on straight rails,
motion of a freely falling body, motion of a lift, and motion of an athlete running
on a straight track, etc.
In this lesson you will learn about motion in a straight line. In the following
lessons, you will study the laws of motion, motion in plane and other types of
motion. You will also learn the concept of Differentiation and Integration.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you should be able to,
z distinguish between distance and displacement, and speed and velocity;
z explain the terms instantaneous velocity, relative velocity and average
velocity;
z define acceleration and instantaneous acceleration;
z interpret position - time and velocity - time graphs for uniform as well as
non-uniform motion;
z derive equations of motion with constant acceleration;
z describe motion under gravity;
z solve numericals based on equations of motion; and
z understand the concept of differentiation and integration.
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Notes
We know that the total length of the path covered by a body is the distance
travelled by it. But the difference between the initial and final position vectors of
a body is called its displacement. Basically, displacement is the shortest distance
between the two positions and has a certain direction. Thus, the displacement
is a vector quantity but distance is a scalar. You might have also learnt that the
rate of change of distance with time is called speed but the rate of change of
displacement is known as velocity. Unlike speed, velocity is a vector quantity.
For 1-D motion, the directional aspect of the vector is taken care of by putting +
and signs and we do not have to use vector notation for displacement, velocity
and acceleration for motion in one dimension.
2.1.1 Average Velocity
When an object travels a certain distance with different velocities, its motion is
specified by its average velocity. The average velocity of an object is defined as
the displacement per unit time. Let x1 and x2 be its positions at instants t1 and t2,
respectively. Then mathematically we can express average velocity as
v=
displacement
time taken
x2 x1
= t t =
t
2
1
(2.1)
Average speed =
(2.2)
If the motion is in the same direction along a straight line, the average speed is the
same as the magnitude of the average velocity. However, this is always not the
case (see example 2.2).
Following examples will help you in understanding the difference between average
speed and average velocity.
Example 2.1 : The position of an object moving along the x-axis is defined as x
= 20t2, where t is the time measured in seconds and position is expressed in
metres. Calculate the average velocity of the object over the time interval from 3s
to 4s.
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Solution : Given,
x = 20t2
Note that x and t are measured in metres and seconds. It means that the constant
of proportionality (20) has dimensions ms2.
We know that the average velocity is given by the relation
x x
Notes
v = 2 1
t2 t1
At t1 = 3s,
x1 = 20 (3)2
= 20 9 = 180 m
Similarly, for t2 = 4s
x2 = 20 (4)2
= 20 16 = 320 m
x2 x1
140 m
(320 180) m
v =
=
=
= 140 ms1
(4 3) s
1s
t2 t1
As the person comes back to the same point, the displacement is zero. Therefore,
the average velocity is also zero.
Note that in the above example, the average speed is not equal to the magnitude
of the average velocity. Do you know the reason?
2.1.2 Relative Velocity
When we say that a bullock cart is moving at 10km h1 due south, it means that
the cart travels a distance of 10km in 1h in southward direction from its starting
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position. Thus it is implied that the referred velocity is with respect to some
reference point. In fact, the velocity of a body is always specified with respect to
some other body. Since all bodies are in motion, we can say that every velocity is
relative in nature.
Notes
The relative velocity of an object with respect to another object is the rate at
which it changes its position relative to the object / point taken as reference. For
example, if vA and vB are the velocities of the two objects along a straight line, the
relative velocity of B with respect to A will be vB vA.
The rate of change of the relative position of an object with respect to the other
object is known as the relative velocity of that object with respect to the other.
Importance of Relative Velocity
The position and hence velocity of a body is specified in relation with some
other body. If the reference body is at rest, the motion of the body can be
described easily .You will learn the equations of kinematics in this lesson. But
what happens, if the reference body is also moving? Such a motion is seen to
be of the two body system by a stationary observer. However, it can be simplified
by invoking the concept of relative motion.
Let the initial positions of two bodies A and B be xA(0) and xB(0). If body A
moves along positive x-direction with velocity vA and body B with velocity vB,
then the positions of points A and B after t seconds will be given by
xA(t) = xA(0) + vAt
xB(t) = xB(0) + vBt
A
O
xA(0) xB(0)
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Notes
2.1.3 Acceleration
While travelling in a bus or a car, you might have noticed that sometimes it speeds
up and sometimes it slows down. That is, its velocity changes with time. Just as
the velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement, the acceleration
is defined as time rate of change of velocity. Acceleration is a vector quantity
and its SI unit is ms2. In one dimension, there is no need to use vector notation
for acceleration as explained in the case of velocity. The average acceleration of
an object is given by,
Final velocity - Initial velocity
a = t t = t
2
1
(2.3)
In one dimensional motion, when the acceleration is in the same direction as the
motion or velocity (normally taken to be in the positive direction), the acceleration
is positive. But the acceleration may be in the opposite direction of the motion
also. Then the acceleration is taken as negative and is often called deceleration or
retardation. So we can say that an increase in the rate of change of velocity is
acceleration, whereas the decrease in the rate of change of velocity is retardation.
Example 2.4 : The velocity of a car moving towards the East increases from 0 to
12ms1 in 3.0 s. Calculate its average acceleration.
Solution : Given,
v1 = 0 m s1
v2 = 12 m s1
t = 3.0 s
a=
(12.0m s 1 )
3.0s
= 4.0 m s2
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2. A lady drove to the market at a speed of 8 km h1. Finding market closed, she
came back home at a speed of 10 km h1. If the market is 2km away from her
home, calculate the average velocity and average speed.
3. Can a moving body have zero relative velocity with respect to another body?
Give an example.
4. A person strolls inside a train with a velocity of 1.0 m s1 in the direction of
motion of the train. If the train is moving with a velocity of 3.0 m s1, calculate
his
(a) velocity as seen by passengers in the compartment, and (b) velocity with
respect to a person sitting on the platform.
position(m)
If you roll a ball on the ground, you will notice that at different times, the ball is
found at different positions. The different
positions and corresponding times can be
40
plotted on a graph giving us a certain curve.
Such a curve is known as position-time
30
curve. Generally, the time is represented
20
along x-axis whereas the position of the body
is represented along y-axis.
10
Let us plot the position - time graph for a
body at rest at a distance of 20m from the
origin. What will be its position after 1s, 2s,
3s, 4s and 5s? You will find that the graph is
a straight line parallel to the time axis, as
shown in Fig. 2.1
2
3
time(s)
40
Time (t) in s
Position (x) in m
10
20
30
40
50
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In order to plot this data, take time along x-axis assuming 1cm as 1s, and position
along y-axis with a scale of 1cm
to be equal to 10m. The position50
time graph will be as shown in
Fig. 2.2
position(m)
40
30
20
B
x2
Dx
A
x1
10
Notes
C
Dt
t1
2
3
time(s)
t2
4
position (m)
Let us now take an example of a train which starts from a station, speeds up and
moves with uniform velocity for
certain duration and then slows down
before steaming in the next station. In
x2
this case you will find that the
B
distances covered in equal intervals
of time are not equal. Such a motion
is said to be non-uniform motion. If
x1
the distances covered in successive
C
A
intervals are increasing, the motion is
t2
t1
said to be accelerated motion. The
Time(s)
position-time graph for such an object
Fig. 2.3 : Position-time graph of
is as shown in Fig.2.3.
accelerated motion as a continuous curve
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Motion, Force and Energy
Notes
body is at rest (Fig. 2.1). And the straight line inclined to the time axis shows that
the motion is uniform (Fig.2.2). A continuous curve implies continuously changing
velocity.
(a) Velocity from position - time graph : The slope of the straight line of position
- time graph gives the average velocity of the object in motion. For determining the
slope, we choose two widely separated points (say A and B) on the straight line
(Fig.2.2) and form a triangle by drawing lines parallel to y-axis and x-axis. Thus, the
average velocity of the object
v =
x
BC
x2 x1
=
=
t
AC
t2 t1
(2.4)
Hence, average velocity of object equals the slope of the straight line AB.
It shows that greater the value of the slope (x/t) of the straight line position time graph, more will be the average velocity. Notice that the slope is also equal
to the tangent of the angle that the straight line makes with a horizontal line, i.e.,
tan = x/t. Any two corresponding x and t intervals can be used to determine
the slope and thus the average velocity during that time internal.
Example 2.5 : The position - time graphs of two bodies A and B are shown in
Fig. 2.4. Which of these has greater velocity?
A
Position (m)
Time (s)
Displacement (m)
interval t is given by v =
. As t is
t
42
Time (s)
Fig. 2.5 : Displacement-time
graph for non- uniform motion
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made smaller and smaller the average velocity approaches instantaneous velocity.
In the limit t 0, the slope (x/t) of a line tangent to the curve at that point
gives the instantaneous velocity. However, for uniform motion, the average and
instantaneous velocities are the same.
Example 2.6 : The position - time graph for the motion of an object for 20
seconds is shown in Fig. 2.6. What distances and with what speeds does it travel
in time intervals (i) 0 s to 5 s, (ii) 5 s to 10 s, (iii) 10 s to 15 s and (iv) 15 s to 17.5
s? Calculate the average speed for this total journey.
position(m)
12
Notes
8
4
E F
A
2.5 5
10
15 17.5 20
time(s)
Solution :
(i) During 0 s to 5 s, distance travelled = 4 m
speed
4m
4m
Distance
1
= (5 0) s = 5 s = 0.8 m s
Time
8m
1
speed = (10 5) s = 5 s = 1.6 m s
Distance
0
= =0
5
Time
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Notes
2. The following figure shows the displacement - time graph for two students
A and B who start from their school and reach their homes. Look at the
graphs carefully and answer the following questions.
(i) Do they both leave
school at the same
time?
700
600
displacement (m)
500
400
300
200
school
3
4
5
time (minutes)
B
time (t)
displacement
distance
4. Which of the following graphs is not possible? Give reason for your answer?
(a)
B
time (t)
(b)
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uniform motion is a straight line parallel to the time axis, as shown in the Fig. 2.7.
30
20
v = 20ms1
10
t
3 2
1 t1 2
Time (s)
velocity (ms1)
1
velocity (m s )
40
v2
v1
t1 t2
Notes
K N
D
time (s)
MP
=
a = t -t =
t
LP
2 1
C
velocity (v)
B
A
q B qC
qA
O
time (t)
Using v t graph of the motion of a body, we can determine the distance travelled
by it and the acceleration of the body at different instants. Let us see how we can
do so.
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Notes
(a) Determination of the distance travelled by the body : Let us again consider
the velocity-time graph shown in Fig. 2.10. The portion AB shows the motion
with constant acceleration, whereas the
portion CD shows the constantly retarded
motion. The portion BC represents uniform
motion (i.e., motion with zero acceleration).
For uniform motion, the distance travelled
by the body from time t1 to t2 is given by s =
v (t2 t1) = the area under the curve between
t1 and t2 Generalising this result for Fig. 2.10,
we find that the distance travelled by the body
between time t1 and t2
v2
velocity(ms1)
v1
B
a
v2 v1= Dv
b
A c
t1 t2 t1= Dt
t
time(s)
t2
= () (KL + MN) KN
= () (v1 + v2) (t2 t1)
v v 2 v1
=
.
t
t2 t1
If the time interval t is made smaller and smaller, the average acceleration becomes
instantaneous acceleration. Thus, instantaneous acceleration
v
dv
ab
a = tlimit
0 t = dt = slope of the tangent at (t = t) = bc
46
veloeity (m s )
6
5
4
3
2
1
O
C1
1
2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)
MODULE - 1
(iii) Which of these three bodies covers the maximum distance at the end of their
journey?
v
t
60 6
=
30 3
Notes
= 2 ms2.
(ii) The distance travelled by a body is equal to the area of the v-t graph.
In first 3s,
the distance travelled by A = Area OAL
= () 6 3 = 9m.
the distance travelled by B = Area OBL
= () 3 3 = 4.5 m.
the distance travelled by C = () 1 3 = 1.5 m.
(iii) At the end of the journey, the maximum distance is travelled by B.
= () 6 6 = 18 m.
(iv) Since v-t graph for each body is a straight line, instantaneous acceleration is
equal to average acceleration.
At 2s, the velocity of A = 4 m s1
the velocity of B
= 2 m s1
the velocity of C
= 0.80 m s1 (approx.)
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Velocity(ms1)
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2. What type of motion does the adjoining
graph represent - uniform motion,
accelerated motion or decelerated
motion? Explain.
v (ms1)
t (s)
20
v (ms1)
Notes
0
-10
15
22
t (s)
x x0
.
t
(2.4)
48
v v0
t
v = v0 + at
(2.5)
(2.6)
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Example 2.8 : A car starting from rest has an acceleration of 10ms2. How fast
will it be going after 5s?
Solution : Given,
v0 = 0
Initial velocity
Acceleration
a = 10 ms2
Time
t = 5s
Notes
1
(CB
2
+ OA) OC
x x0 = (v + v0) t
Since v = v0 + at, we can write
v (ms1)
D
C
t (s)
x x0 = (v0 + at + v0)t
= v0t + at2
or
x = x0 + v0t + at2
(2.7)
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x = 60 t.
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Motion, Force and Energy
Notes
x x = 2.5
or
It gives t = hour
x = 70t 10t2
= 70 10 ()2
= 35 2.5 = 32.5 km.
v v0
a
x x0 = (v + v0)
2a (x x0) = v2 v0
v2 = v02 + 2a (x x0)
(2.8)
50
v2 = v02 + 2a (x x0)
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Notes
x = 7m
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Notes
v = 0 + (9.8) 3
v = 29.4 ms1
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This expression is called integral of function F(x) with respect to x, where the
symbol denotes integration.
Some often used formulae of Integration and Differentiation
x n+1
(for n 1)
n +1
1
(ii) x 1dx = dx = log x
x
(i)
x n dx =
x1
=x
1
(i)
d n
x = nx n1
dx
(ii)
d
1
( log x ) =
dx
x
(iii)
d
( x) = 1
dx
(iii)
dx = x0 dx =
(iv)
(iv)
(v)
(v)
(vi)
e x dx = e x
(vi)
(vii)
(vii)
(viii)
(viii)
(ix)
(ix)
(x)
(x)
Notes
d
d
( cu ) = c ( u )
dx
dx
d
du dv dw
(u v w) =
dx
dx dx dx
d x
e = ex
dx
d
{sin ( x )} = + cos x
dx
d
( cos x ) = sin x
dx
d
( tan x ) = sec x
dx
d
( cot x ) = cosec2 x
dx
( )
A close look at the table shows that Integration and differentiation are converse
mathematical operations.
Take a pause and solve the following questions.
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Motion, Force and Energy
Notes
The total distance travelled divided by the time taken is average speed.
The rate of change of the relative position of an object with respect to another
object is known as the relative velocity of that object with respect to the other.
The position-time graph for a body at rest is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.
The position-time graph for a uniform motion is a straight line inclined to the
time axis.
The velocity of a particle at any one instant of time or at any one point of its
path is called its instantaneous velocity.
The area under the velocity-time graph gives the displacement of the body.
The average acceleration of the body can be computed by the slope of velocitytime graph.
56
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