Seismic Attributes
Seismic Attributes
Seismic Attributes
Seismic attributes:
A measurable property of seismic data, such as amplitude , dip, frequency, phase and polarity.
Attributes can be measured at one instant in time or over a time window, and may be measured on a
single trace, on a set of traces or on a surface interpreted from seismic data.
Attributes analysis includes assessment of various reservoir parameters, including hydrocarbon
indicators...( bright spot and dim-spot analysis), by techniques such as amplitude variation with offset
(AVO) analysis and acoustic and elastic impedance inversion and forward seismic modeling.
The seismic amplitude, representing primarily contrasts in elastic properties between individual layers,
contain information about lithology, porosity, pore-fluid type and saturation, as well as pore pressureinformations.
Types of Attributes and geological significance
- Amplitude represinting for
Lithological contrasts(elastic properties), Bedding continuity, Bed spacing, porosity and Fluid content
- Frequency
Bedding thickness, Lithological contrast and Fluid conet
- Reflectivity strength
Lithological contrast, Bedding continuity, Bed spacing and porosity
spots is that they are dim - they are hard to see (This issue can be dealt with by investigating limitedrange stack sections).Only a quantitative analysis of the change in near- to far-offset amplitude, a
gradient analysis, will be able to reveal the sand with any considerable degree of confidence.
There have been several cases where bright-spot anomalies have been drilled, and turned out not to be
hydrocarbons.
Some common "false bright spots" include:
Volcanic intrusions and volcanic ash layers
Highly cemented sands, often calcite cement in thin pinch-out zones
Low-porosity heterolithic sands
Overpressured sands or shales
Coal beds
Top of salt diapirs
"Flat spots"
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Flat spots occur at the reflective boundary between different fluids, either gas-oil, gas- water, or wateroil contacts. These can be easy to detect in areas where the background stratigraphy is tilted, so the flat
spot will stick out. However, if the stratigraphy is more or less flat, the fluid-related flat spot can be
difficult to discover. Then, quantitative methods like AVO analysis can help to discriminate the fluidrelated flat spot from the flat-lying lithostratigraphy.
There are other causes that can give rise to flat spot:
Ocean bottom multiples
Flat stratigraphy. The bases of sand lobes especially tend to be flat.
Opal-A to opal-CT diagenetic boundary
Paleo-contacts, either related to diagenesis or residual hydrocarbon saturation
Volcanic sills