OCPD
OCPD
OCPD
Overcurrent Protection
K. Hearfield
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
OVERCURRENT CONDITION
OVERLOAD CONDITION
Current increases
with load
Short
circuit
MOTOR
Overcurrent protection
is provided for short
circuit clearance
MOTOR
Overload protection is
related to thermal
capacity of the plant
Load
Load
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
3 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
Fuses
3 Phase Fault
2 Phase
Overcurrent
Relay
2 Phase Fault
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
2 PH - E Fault
PH - E Fault
EF current path thru
transformer earth
Fault magnitude limited by:
Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance
Sensitive protection may be required
- settings below load current
Residually
connected
relay
Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
conditions
Core
Balance
CT
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
SOLID
High EF Current
EARTHING
TRANSFORMER
Used where system
neutral not available
ISOLATED NEUTRAL
RESISTANCE
Zero EF Current
REACTANCE
PETERSON COIL
Reactance chosen to
equal system capacitance
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
HV
Power
Source
S/Stn A
S/Stn B
S/Stn C
S/Stn D
S/Stn E
S/Stn F
MV
Load
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
8800A
5400A
2900A
2400A
630A (Equivalent
600A HV Currents)
1200A
1100A
MV
Load
F1
RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
F2
8800A
D C
Unreliable Scheme
Currents F1 and F2 may be similar - loss of discrimination
For minimum infeed A - B may be unprotected
NOTE: Max. fault at S/Stn. E < min. fault current between D-E
A
00
88
A
00
29
A
00
12
0A
63
Amps
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Infeed
MV
Load
F
1.4s
A
1.0s
B
0.6s
0.2s
D
t
Relays nearer to power source are set to
operate in progressively longer times
DISADVANTAGE
Longest clearance time for faults nearest
to source
Operating
characteristic:
Definite time
delay
1.4s
1.0s
0.6s
0.2s
D
Amps
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
10
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Operating Time
10s
3s
2s
0.14
I
IS
T .M .
0.02
2x
10x
30x
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
11
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
Time Multiplier
1A
1.0
1A
1.5
0.1
Current Setting
Time Multiplier
1.5A
1.0
24.5s
15s
10s
4.5s
3.62s
3s
3s
2.27s
2s
1s
0.3s
0.2s
2A
10A
30A
2A
10A
30A
2A
10A
30A
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
12
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
0.14
I
IS
10000
T .M .
0.02
1
1000
VIDMT Curve
Closer grading where fault
levels differ significantly
t
13.5
I
IS
T .M .
100
T im e
(sec)
80
I
IS
T .M .
Long Time Inverse
Normal Inverse
120
I
IS
T .M .
Very Inverse
0.1
Extremely Inverse
4 5 6
8 10
20
30
50 70 100
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
13
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Relay
Overshoot
Between
relay
and
fuse
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Arcing
Between
two
fuses
Fuse
characteristics
Pre-Arcing
PreArcing
Arcing
PreArcing
0 ms
0 ms
14
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
R2
R1
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Between
two
relays
Overshoot
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Between
relay and
fuse
Arcing
CT Error
- IDMT only
Minimum
Relay
Operating
Time
Maximum
Relay
Operating
Time
PreArcing
0 ms
0 ms
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
15
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
Safety
Margin
Older
System
Newer
System
2TJM
Argus
Timing Error
7.5%
5%
Over-shoot
80ms
40ms
Safety Margin
50ms
40ms
CB Trip Time
150ms
80ms
Overshoot
Required
Time
Delay
"Grading
Margin"
250ms
400ms
CT Error
CT Error
Min. Op.
Time
Circuit
Breaker
Tripping
Time
0 ms
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
16
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
12596A
6846A
5753A
4156A
2882A
2417A
1410A
1289A
400/5
390A
300/5
225A
200/5
130A
11kV/415V
1 MVA
100/5
626A
601A
E
1600A
X = 4%
33/11kV
10 MVA
Infeed
165A
X = 7%
33kV Bus
95A
80A
50A
11kV Bus
PROCEDURE
Grade:
D with Fuse
C with D
B with C
A with B
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
17
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Infeed
33kV Bus
12596
A
400/5
390A
5753A
B
2882A
C
300/5
225A
200/5
1410A
D
130A
100/5
X=
4%
33/11kV
10 MVA
X=
7%
626A
11kV/415V
1 MVA
1600A
50A
165A
95A
80A
11kV Bus
Relay
Current
Setting
TMS
125%
0.375
100%
0.275
75%
0.175
125%
0.05
t
D
1.05
0.63
0.54
0.205
82
28
10
14
6
62
Amps
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
18
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
11/0.4 kV
1500 kVA
5%
2500/1
2500/1
Equipment Impedances
CT Ratios
1600/1
Fuse Ratings
Relay Characteristics
450A
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
19
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
1000A
500A
25kA
Single Line
Diagram
2000A 25kA
25kA
500A
25kA
500A
44kA
F
Emergency
Operation
Normal Operation
1000A 22kA
F
No Operating
Restrictions
20
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
21
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
22
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
23
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Balanced
System
voltages
R phase EF
VRES = 0
VRES
= VYR + VBR
= 3VPH
NDR
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
24
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
25
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
12500
A
7000
5700
B
Inverse
time element
Instantaneous high-set
primary setting 7000A
Plain Feeder
Transformer Feeder
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
26
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Transformer Feeder
33/11kV
24MVA
Z = 22.5%
11kv
= 20(0.3 + j0.43)
= 6 + j8.6 Ohms
= j330002/1000 x 106
= j330002/650 x 106
= j1.09 Ohms
= j1.68 Ohms
Source impedance
Min
Max
Transformer
= j330002/24 x 106
= j45.38 Ohms
22.5% impedance on 24MVA = 0.225 x 45.38
= j10.21 Ohms
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
27
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
33/11kV
j10.21 Ohms
11kV
6 + j8.6 Ohms
IDMT element
HSOC
Min infeed:
3ph fault 1601A
ph-ph fault 1387A
28
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
29
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
IYC
IBC
IC
Delta or Un Earthed Star
Winding
F1
IYC
VR
IC
IBC
VB
VY
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
30
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
33kV
IYC
IBC
IC
F1
IYC = 21.8A
VR
IC = 37.8A
IBC
VB
VY
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
31
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
F1
F3
E1
F2
Provides inst. prot for transformer feeder phase and earth faults
For fault F3 E2 will not operate
For fault F2 E1 will not operate
P
E2
TRIP
P Set to
> 1.5 x max. lv fault current
> 2 x min. in zone (hv) fault current
E2 Set to
< P (for faults at F2 E2 may operate but P must not)
> LV infeed to a fault at F3
(since E2 operated by +ve and -ve sequence currents)
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
32
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
I
K
3
I
K
3
SOURCE
I
K
3
F
I
K
3
I
I
I
I
SOURCE
2I
3K
I
K
3
Earth faults on star side of transformer is seen as a phase fault on Delta side
A phase fault on the star side of the transformer requires an additional current grading
margin of :
2I
I 16%
3
33
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
HV Source
HV Source
DTL
Stage
2 Trip
IDMT
IDMT
Separate
HV and LV
Overcurrent
Protection
2 Stage Overcurrent
Protection
Improved discrimination
Reduced grading margin
CT and Relay cost saving
Not applicable if there is a
possibilty of LV infeed to
transformer faults
IDMT
Stage
1 Trip
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
34
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
F1
F2
Interlocked Overcurrent Relay
Busbar
Protection
F3 -
F2 -
F3
Feeder
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
35
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
100
Volts Controlled OC
75
50
25
25
50
75
100
36
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
R2
% of Algorithm
Disc Travel
Electro-mechanical Relay
FAULT
R1 Clashing conductors or re-sealing cable
Time
Time
37
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
38
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
51
51
51
51
I1
A&B
51
LOAD
I1 + I2
I2
51
LOAD
C&D
51
Conventional grading:
Grade A with C
Grade B with D
A and B have the same setting
C and D have the same setting
51
Faulted feeder:
Fault current can flow in both directions
Relays C and D operate together
Both feeders will be tripped
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
39
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
I1 + I2
I2
67
51
51
LOAD
67
SETTING PHILOSOPHY:
GRADING PROCEDURE
40
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
51
2.1
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
0.1
RMU
1.7
0.5
LOAD
Source
Substation
A'
51
2.1
RMU
1.3
67
0.9
LOAD
F'
E'
67
67
67
67
RMU
RMU
LOAD
0.1
D'
1.7
LOAD
0.5
RMU
1.3
D
67
0.9
LOAD
With ring closed both load and fault current may flow in either direction - directional relays are required
Directional relays look into feeders - away from busbars
Non-directional relays can be used: At the source substation
On the RMU circuit with the longer time delay
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
41
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
51
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
Source
Substation
A'
51
RMU
RMU
LOAD
LOAD
F'
E'
67
67
67
67
RMU
D'
RMU
67
D
67
RMU
Open ring at A
Grade A' - F' - E' - D' - C' - B'
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
42
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
RMU
51
67
67
RMU
67
RMU
Source
Substation
LOAD
51
67
67
RMU
RMU
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
43
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
F1
Source
Substation
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
D'
A'
F2
RMU
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
44
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Source 2
Substation
Option 2
Fit pilot wire protection to
circuit A - B
Consider S/Stns A & B as
common source busbar
50
Option 1
Trip least important
source instantaneously
Then treat as ring main
with single source
B'
C'
67
67
67
67
87
87
67
67
67
67
A'
D'
Source 1
Substation
RMU
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
45
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Directional OC protection required if current can flow in both directions through relay location e.g.
Parallel feeders, Ring main circuits
Direction of a.c. is by inference not an absolute quantity, it is measured relative to some reference quantity alternating at
the same frequency - the system voltage.
Reference
I = OPERATING QUANTITY
V = POLARISING QUANTITY
Comparing phase current (e.g. IRED) with relevant phase voltage (e.g. VRED) would indicate dirn of current flow, however;
P.F. USUALLY LOW (Power system apart from loads is reactive)
USE OF FAULT VOLTAGE IS UNRELIABLE (System volts at point of fault will collapse towards zero)
Each phase of directional overcurrent relays must be polarised with a voltage which will not be reduced excessively (close
up 3-phase faults notwithstanding)
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
46
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
900 Connection
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
APPLIED
CURRENT
APPLIED
VOLTAGE
Red
Phase
IR
VR-B
IR-Y
VR-B
IR
-VB-N
IR
VY-B
Yellow
Phase
IY
VY-R
IY-B
VY-R
IY
-VR-N
IY
VB-R
Blue
Phase
IB
VB-Y
IB-R
VB-Y
IB
-VY-N
IB
VR-Y
VR
IR
VR
VR-B
VR
VR-B
IR-
300
VR
IR
600
IR
-VB-N
600
VY-B
VY
VB
Example Red Phase
VY
VB
VB
VY
Example Red Phase
VY
VB
Example Red Phase
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
47
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Applied Applied
MTA
Current Voltage (I wrt V)
IR
VY-B
IY
VB-R
IB
VR-Y
IR
VY-B
IY
VB-R
IB
VR-Y
Relay Circuit
I
MTA
30
MTA = displacement of
current and voltage
applied to relay
I'
300
90 - 45 Relay
Balanced
primary
system
conditions
MTA
45
I'
450
ITzero
-450
V
450
IUPF
1350
ITzero
90 - 45 Relay
MTA:
Zero torque limits:
ImaxT
0
W.K Sonnemann:
This relay gives the best characteristic
to fit the spread of possible phase angles
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
48
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Require:
OPERATING QUANTITY, POLARISING QUANTITY
Operating Signal
Obtained from residual connection of line CTs
IOP = 3Io
Polarising Signal
Ph - Ph or Ph - E voltages used in overcurrent protection
become inappropriate.
Residual voltage is used as the polarising quantity
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
49
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
50
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
ZS
ZL
Source
impedance
Line
impedance
System
Volts
ZS/ZL high
VR
Residual
Volts
VR =
Residual
Voltage
VR
System
Volts
ZS/ZL low
VR
Residual
Volts
CHECK FOR SUFFICIENT POLARISING VOLTAGE!
May limit
use of voltage
polarised relays
- modern relays
very sensitive
VR
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
51
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
F
Z
ZS
S
R
Volts drop
due to earth
resistance
S
R
Neutral point
raised above
earth potential
System
Volts
Resistance
Earthed
SUFFICIENT
POLARISING
VOLTAGE SHOULD
ALWAYS BE
AVAILABLE
Insulated or
Peterson
Coil
Earthed
VR
VR
Residual
Volts
VR
(may
approach
3VPH)
Neutral
fully
displaced
System
Volts
Residual
Volts
VR
VR
VR
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
52
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
-150
-450
Resistive Neutral
IRES
IRES
Resistance
Earthed
Systems
Earthing Transformer
with Resistor
VRES
VRES
IRES
IRES
Distribution System
- Solidly Earthed
VRES
IRES
-900
Reactive Neutral
VRES
VRES
-650
Transmission System
- Solidly Earthed
VRES
IRES
Reactance
Earthed
Systems
VRES
VRES/IRES = 00
IRES
VRES/IRES = 900
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
53
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
ii)
iii)
Polarising
signal
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
54
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
CORRECT
POL
OP
DEF Relay
POL
CORRECT
OP
DEF Relay
POL
OP
POL
DEF Relay
OP
DEF Relay
INCORRECT
INCORRECT
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
55
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
SOURCE
POL
OP
DEF Relay
Relay
polarising
circuit
CORRECT
if ZLO + ZSO is positive
Loaded
Delta
Relay
polarising
circuit
Unloaded
Delta
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
56
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Z SO
SOURCE
ZH
ZL
Z TO
V
H 1
Z LO Z TO V L
POL
OP
DEF Relay
Where:
ZTO = Tertiary winding zero sequence impedance
ZLO = LV winding zero sequence impedance
ZHO = HV winding zero sequence impedance
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
57
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
BREV
CFWD
R-B
Fault
2850
IB=IC
=+1
IA =-2
1050
1650
REV
LV DOC
Relays
AREV
2250
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
58
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
59
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Plug bridge
T = K.M1.M2.sin2
Where:
T = Torque
M1 = Flux 1 i.e. flux produced by upper electromagnet
M2 = Flux 2 i.e. flux produced by lower electromagnet
Primary
winding
Disc
Secondary
winding
Lower
electromagnet
TORQUE
60
PEEBLES
REYROLLE
Status
input
A
rms
D
dc
I>IS
Low
Set
HS1
HS2
DTL
DTL
DTL
HMI
Programmable
interconnection OUTPUTS
logic
Data
Comms
Multifunction device
Up to 4 Current inputs
Up to 11 o/p contacts
LED indicators
Start
Trip
8 settings groups
Up to 9 status inputs
LCD
Data storage
Data comms PC software
Cc/Hydro_Prs/Interne RS.ppt
61
PEEBLES
REYROLLE