1.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

With TO BE
(+) S + To Be + Complement
(- ) S + To Be + Not + Complement
(?) To Be + S + Complement?

(+) We are SMA students.

(- ) We are not SMA students.
(?) Are we SMA students?

Note : Complement = pelengkap, bisa berupa Noun, Adverb, Adjective

(selain Verb)
To Be yang digunakan : is (subject tunggal), am (subject I),
are (subject jamak)
With VERB
(+) S + V1+COMPLEMENT (+) I study English everyday.
(- ) S + do/does + not + V1
(-) I do not study English everyday
(? ) Do/does + S + V1?
(?) Do I study English everyday?
Note :
in (+) V1 + 0, if the subject are plural and I.
V1 + es if the subject is singular and the VERB ended with :
s, sh, ch, x, o, kons y.
Example : He passes my house.
She finishes her work.
Mrs. Yanti teaches us English.
Andi fixes his bike.
Eni goes to school on foot.
The bird flies. (fly + es)
V1 + s, if the subject is singular and the verb ended with others.
Example : My father works in an office.
TIME SIGNAL
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
# Everyday = setiap hari
# Always = selalu
# Every (Sunday) = setiap (Minggu)
# Generally = umumnya
# On (holiday) = pada saat (liburan)
# Often = sering
# In the (morning) = di (pagi hari)
# Sometimes = kadang-kadang
# At (night) = pada (malam hari)
# Rarely = jarang
# (Twice) a (week) = (dua kali) se (minggu) # Never = tidak pernah
Exercise
Change into the correct form, then make it in (+), (-), and (?) !
1. My father (drink) coffee.
2. Bandung (be) the capital city of West Java
3. He (sit) at the back of the class.
4. I (go) to bed at eleven oclock.
5. Donkeys (have) short ears.
6. Yanis hair (be) black.
7. A cat (drink) coffee.
8. The shopkeeper (open) his shop at eight oclock.
9. We (sleep) in the afternoon.
10. Mount Semeru (be) high.
11. Andi (get up) at five everyday.
12. Mrs. Mukarsih (teach) History once a week.
13. She often (help) her mother.
14. Rano (walk) to school every morning.
15. Ria and Ani (read) newspaper in the morning.

2. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

(+) S + To Be + V-ing
(-) S + To Be + Not + V-ing
(?) To Be + S + V-ing?

(+) I am sleeping.
(-) I am not sleeping.
(?) Am I sleeping?

Note : To Be yang digunakan: Is/am/are

There are some words which cannot be added with ing:
1. adore = memuja/mencinta
21. mean = berarti
2. appear = tampak
22. need = memerlukan
3. believe = percaya/mempercayai
23. own = memiliki
4. belong = kepunyaan
24. possess = mamiliki
5. consist of =terdiri dari
25. remember = ingat
6. content = berisi
26. seem = tampak (nya)
7. cost = berharga/harganya
27. think = kira/berpendapat/
8. desire = menginginkan
beranggapan/menyangka
9. dislike = membenci
(berpikir/memikirkan +ing)
10. feel = rasa/merasa/terasa (memegang+ing)
11. forget = lupa/melupakan
28. understand = tahu/mengerti
12. forgive = memaafkan
29. want = akan/hendak/ingin
13. hate = membenci
30. wish = ingin
14. have = mempunyai/menunjukkan sakit (makan+ing)
15. hear = mendengar
31. smell = mencium/berbau
16. include = memasukkan/termasuk
32. taste = mencicipi
17. know = tahu/mengerti
33. imagine = membayangkan
18. like = suka
34. notice = memberi peringatan
19. love = cinta/mencintai
35. recognize = mengenali
20. matter = berarti

To add ing:
1. tanpa mengubah bentuk : walk = walking read = reading
2. verb diakhiri huruf e, hilangkan e, tambah ing : write = writing
3. verb diakhiri huruf ie, ganti y, tambah ing : die = dying
4. vokal+ t, n, r, tulis dobel, tambah ing : get = getting

make = making
lie = lying
begin = beginning

TIME SIGNAL
# now = sekarang
# right now = sekarang juga
# at the moment = pada saat itu
# at present = saat ini
# this (week) = (minggu) ini
Exercise
Change into the correct form, then make it (+), (-), and (?) !
1. He (sit) next to his brother.
2. She (wash) the dishes in the kitchen .
3. The teacher (write) on the blackboard.
4. Yanto (talk) with Yanti.
5. The boys (play) football.
6. We (listen) to the teacher.
7. The wind (blow) from the East.
8. I (look for) my homework.
9. The aeroplane (circle) above the airport.
10. The gardener (water) the flowers.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

3.
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + Not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3 ?

(+) I have received many letters.

(-) I have not received many letters.
(?) Have I received many letters?

Note : Have for subject plural and I

Has for subject singular
If there is no VERB, use word BEEN after HAVE/HAS + Complement (adjective, adverb, noun).
(+) She has been sick.
(-) She has not been sick.
(?) Has she been sick?
TIME SIGNAL
# since (January) = sejak (bulan Januari)
# for (an hour) = selam (satu jam)
# all (morning) = sepanjang (pagi)
# so far = sejauh ini
# up to now = sampai sekarang
# already = telah
# yet = belum
# lately/ recently = akhir akhir ini
# just = baru saja

Exercise
Change into the correct form and make into (+), (-) and
(?)!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

We (study) this tense all morning.

I (hear) that story before.
Mr. David (go) to Sumatra to work.
He (tell) me the same story several times.
I (know) Ari since 1997.
The students (make) much progress.
He (be) in Pelabuhan Ratu several times.
Jerry (speak) to Reni about the matter.
I (lose) my note book.
The mailman (deliver) mails since last week.

4. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

(+) S + Have/Has + been + V-ing
(-) S + Have/Has + been + not + V-ing
(?) Have/Has + S + been + V-ing?

(+) Tono has been working.

(-) Tono has not been working.
(?) Has Tono been working?

TIME SIGNAL
# Since (7 oclock) = sejak (jam 7)
# For (2 hours) = selama (2 jam)
Exercise
Change and make (+), (-) and (?)!
1. We (live) in Jakarta since 1970.
2. It (rain) since yesterday.
3. I (work) hard since seven oclock this morning.
4. He (wait) for me for over an hour.
5. I (stand) at this bus stop for half an hour.
6. I (try) to call you all evening.
7. The women (talk) for two hours now.
8. The plane (fly) for ten hours.
9. The teacher (teach) the same subject for five years.
10. The children (play) at the beach since three oclock.

5. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

With VERB
(+) S + V2 + COMPLEMENT (+) I waited for Siti yesterday.
(-) S + did + not + V1
(-) I did not wait for Siti yesterday.
(?) Did + S + V1?
(?) Did I wait for Siti yesterday?
With TO BE
(+) S + to be + complement
(-) S + to be + not + complement
(?) To be + S + complement?

(+) I was here.

(- ) I was not here.
(?) Was I here?

Note : To be : Was for subject singular and I

Were for subject plural.
Complement can be Adjective, Adverb, Noun but not Verb
TIME SIGNAL
# (a minute) ago = (satu menit) yang lalu
# last (Sunday) = (Minggu) lalu
# on ( Tuesday) = pada (hari Selasa)
# yesterday = kemarin
# the other day = lain hari
# a few days ago = beberapa hari yang lalu
# last night = tadi malam
# in (1967) = pada (tahun 1967)
# this (morning) = pagi ini

Exercise
Change and make the sentences into (+), (-), and (?)!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

He (leave) an hour ago.

She (wash) the dishes this morning.
We (live) in Jakarta in 1960.
She (go) shopping yesterday.
They (finish) the building a week ago.
We (have) a visitor last night.
I (buy) this shirt last week.
We (begin) a new lesson last week.
She (be) happy just now.
My father and my mother (be) here last night.

6. THE PAST PROGRESIVE TENSE

(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(+) It was raining all day yesterday.
(- ) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(- ) It was not raining all day yesterday.
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing?
(?) Was it raining all day yesterday?
Note : Was is for subject singular and I. Were is for subject plural.
Usually The Past Progressive Tense is used together with The Simple Past Tense
Exercise
Change and make these sentences into right form of (+), (-), and (?).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

I (work) at twelve oclock yesterday.

Erina (use) her camera at this time yesterday.
My father (talk) to a friend.
The men (shear) when the woman made tea.
I (begin) to eat dinner when Rina brought in some bananas.
The baby (sleep) soundly when we sang.
Albert (shake) the custom officers hand when his parents called him.
While Diko (park) his car this morning, another car hit it from behind.
Father (draw) a picture when mother came in.
They (sit) in the school yard when Mr. Roziq arrived.

7.THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

(+) S + had + V3
(+) We had walked.
(- ) S + had + not + V3
(- ) We had not walked.
(?) Had + S + V3?
(?) Had We walked?
Note : Conjunction used are: when, before, after, by the time.
Exercise
Change and make into (+), (-), (?).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The rain started to fall after we (drive) for three hours.

When the police arrived the burglars (run) away.
By the time we arrived mother (cook) dinner.
The rain (start) before we had time to get our umbrella.
When the enemy came almost everybody (escape).
After the farmers (harvest) the rice the villagers celebrated the event.
The fireman (work) for five hours before the fire was put out.
He (wait) for hours before the doctor showed up.
By the time the rain stopped the students (go) alreday.
The patient (die) when the doctor arrived.

8. THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE.

(+) S + Had + been + V-ing
( -) S + had + not + been + V-ing
(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing ?

(+) They had been listening to the radio.

(- ) They had not been listening to the radio.
(?) Had they been listening to the radio?

Exercise
1. He (finish) his job for five hours.
2. We (run) the program during three years.
3. They (come) out for ten minutes.
4. It (expire) when we took it for some hours.
5. She (hunt) the birds for six hours.
6. You (do) the work for one hour.
7. She (come) back for seven minutes.
8. Ariel (sing) for two years.
9. The teachers (teach) during ten minutes ago.
10. I (work) in this office since 1999.

9. THE FUTURE TENSE

(+) S + to be + going to + V1
(-) S + to be + not +going to + V1
(?) To be + S + going to + V1

(+) I am going to go to Semarang tomorrow.

(-) I am not going to go to Semarang tomorrow.
(?) Am I going to go to Semarang tomorrow ?

Note : *To be = is/ am/ are

*To be going to can be changed into
1. Shall for subject I and we
2. Will for other subject, but also I and we
*If there is no verb, use be to replace the verb
The children will be hungry.
I will be home tonight
Exercise
Change and make (+), (-), and (?)
1. Father (let) you take the pills.
2. They (play) football this afternoon.
3. She (be) very tired.
4. I (come) back the day after tomorrow.
5. We (study) english in a little while.
6. Mr. Smith (leave) for London next Monday.
7. You (stay) at home tonight because you have
much work to do.
8. Albert (finish) the work soon.
9. I (go) shopping this evening.

10. Arik (spend) a lot of money at Sri Ratu.

TIME SIGNAL
#Tomorrrow = besok
#Next (week) = (minggu) depan
#Tonight = nanti malam
#This evening = nanti sore
#Soon/ immediately = segera
#As soon as possible = selekas mungkin
#In a little while = sebentar lagi

10.THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

(+) S + Shall/ will + have + V3
(-) S + Shall/ will + not + have + V3
(?) Shall/ will + S + have + V3?

(+) I will have finished reading book by the time you need it.
(-) I will not have finishing reading book by the time you need it.
(?) Will I have finishised reading book by the time you need it?.

Note : *Shall for I, we

*will for other subject (also, I and we)
*Shall + not = shant
*Will + not = wont
TIME SIGNAL
#By (five) oclock = jam (lima) tepat
#Before the end of next (month) = sebelum akhir (bulan) depan
#Next (week) = (minngu) depan
Exercise
Change and make into (+), (-), (?).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

By the time we get to the airport, the plane (arrive).

She (cook) the food before the children come home.
When the guests arrive, I (cook) dinner.
The players (rest) for ten minutes when they start again.
The train (leave) by the time they get to the station.
I (finish) this work when you come.
It (stop) raining by the time our meeting is over.
We (do) our job when the bus comes.
You (have) a test next week.
When you come tomorrow, I (prepare) the matterial for the meeting.

PASSIVE VOICE
Active :
Passive :

S + Verb + O + Complement
S + be + V3 + by O + Complement
Is
Am
Are
Was
Were
Have/has/had + been
Be + being
Shall/will/be going to + be

I buy a book today.

A book was bought by me today.
My book is stolen.
I am invited to the party.
We are given some money.
Her wallet was lost.
The birds were shooted by the hunter.
The letter had been signed by the people
His wallet is being stolen by the thief.
English is going to be studied by the students.

Note: 1. Be used : Is, Am, Are

2. If there is an adverb of manner, place it before the main Verb. E.g. Act :They sing a song beautifully
Pass: A song is beautifully sung (by them)
Exercise:
Make it into passive!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

He cleans the house in the morning.

They wash their clothes in the river.
She bought her shoes in that shop.
The man is selling vegetables from house to house.
We poured water into two glasses.
People is going to wear warm clothes in the winter.
The salesman sales many things in the shop.
People caught a lot of fish in the river.
They has built a beautiful mosque.
The boys is breaking the window panes.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Is to explain or differentiate person or thing mentioned with another.
It is related by RELATIVE PRONOUN ( kata ganti penghubung) :
1. WHO for person, subject : The man is Mr. Hasan. He is painting the door. = The man who is painting the door is
Mr. Hasan.
2. WHOM for person, object : I know the boy. Sinta is talking to him. = I know the boy whom Sinta is talking to.
3. WHICH for thing : Bring me the letter. I put it on the table. = Bring me the letter which I put on the table.
4. WHOSE for possessive : The lady is here. Her husband is a pilot. = The lady whose husband is a pilot is here.
5. WHEN related with time : Sunday is the day. Most people stay at home. = Sunday is the day when most people
stay at home.
6. WHERE related with place. : The house was sold. We grew up there. = The house where we grew up were sold.
Exercise
Change into adjective clause.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The girl is coming today. I showed you her picture.

The boy was badly hurt. He had a car accident last night.
I meet a man. He came from Surabaya.
Yana is a pretty girl.Her hair is long.
I read a good novel last night. My sister lent it to me.
I have a friend. Her father is a bussinessman.
This is a language laboratory. We practice English there.
The Hotel has five hundred room. It is on Jalan Sudirman.
Friday is the day. Moslem go to the mosque.
The dinning room is very comfortable. We ussually have breakfast there.

CAUSATIVE
To make someone to do something
Kinds of verbs used in Causative:
Make
Let
Have
Get
Encourage
Patterns:
1. S+make+Sb+Verb1

The government makes the people obey the rules.

S
make
Sb
Verb 1

2. S+let+sb+V1
3. S+Have+sb+V1
4. S+get+sb+to Verb 1
5. S+encourage+sb+to Verb 1

SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan/situasi yang berlawanan dengan fakta atau untuk menyatakan
ketidakmungkinan (improbability)
Misalnya:
1. If I were you....Seandainya saya kamu....
(Kalimat ini mengandung makna berlawanan dengan fakta: saya BUKAN kamu)
2. If I had known yesterday,....Seandainya saya sudah tahu kemarin,....
(Kalimat ini mengandung makna ketidakmungkinan, saya TIDAK mengetahui kemarin. Fakta/kenyataannya: I didnt know
yesterday)
Selain itu, Subjunctive juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan/keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi atau untuk
menyatakan situasi/keadaan yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan (fakta)
Subjunctive biasanya menggunakan: wish, if only, as if, as though, atau would rather
WISH
Oleh karena kata kerja wish dapat memberikan fakta yang berlawanan, maka kata wish dapat diikuti oleh subjunctive
mood, yaitu:
1. Jika subjunctive menggunakan Past Tense, fakta/kenyataan menggunakan present tense
2. Jika subjunctive menggunakan past perfect tense, fakta/kenyataan menggunakan simple past
@ wish (that) + subject + past tense
Pola kalimat di atas dipakai

GERUND
(Verbal Nouns)
Gerund adalah kata kerja (verb) yang dipergunakan sebagai kata benda (noun).
Bentuk Gerund: Verb + ing
Differentiate these sentences:
1. My brother is smoking.
2. Smoking is a bad habit.
Sama seperti kata benda lainnya, Gerund juga berfungsi sebagai:
1. Subject (dapat berdiri sendiri atau berupa phrase)
Example:
Swimming is a healthy sport.
Painting is an interesting hobby.
Singing makes her happy.
Jogging is common with people of all ages.
Cleaning the house is a hard work.
Being punctual is very important.
Growing enough rice for the whole population is important.
a). Modifier dan compound nouns (kata majemuk) yang mengandung arti: alat/tempat
Example:
Reading book
Drawing book
Sewing machine
Swimming pool
Walking stick
Shopping centre
Waiting room
b). dipakai untuk peribahasa
Seeing is believing.
Saving is having.
c). Larangan/perintah singkat
No smoking.
No Spitting.
No loitering.
No parking.
No overtaking.
Parking prohibited between 8 a.m and 6 p.m
2. Sebagai pelengkap (= subject complement)
My hobby is playing chess.
My brothers hobby is aero-modelling.
His favourite activity is collecting stamps.
3. Object
a) Object of Verb (Gerund dipakai setelah kata kerja)
admit
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
consider
delay
detest
enjoy
escape
excuse
feel like
finish
forgive
imagine
involve
mention
mind
miss
postpone

= mengakui
= merasakan, mengetahui lebih dulu
=menghargai, menilai
= menghindari
= mempertimbangkan
= menunda
= benci, jijik
= menyukai
= melepaskan diri, lolos
= memaafkan
= ingin
= selesai
= memaafkan
= membayangkan
= terlibat
= menyebutkan
= keberatan
= gagal
= menunda

prevent
risk
save
suggest
understand

= menahan
= mempertaruhkan
=menghemat, menyimpan
= menyarankan
= tahu

1. The man admitted stealing the money.

2. I dont anticipate meeting any opposition.
3. Have you considered having a job in a bank?