IMPORTANT NOTICE

Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) in the UK and USA

With effect from the June 2003 examination Cambridge International Examinations will only accept
entries in the UK and USA from students registered on courses at CIE registered Centres.
UK and USA private candidates will not be eligible to enter CIE examinations unless they are
repatriating from outside the UK/USA and are part way through a course leading to a CIE
examination. In that case a letter of support from the Principal of the school which they had
attended is required. Other UK and USA private candidates should not embark on courses leading
to a CIE examination after June 2003.
This regulation applies only to entry by private candidates in the UK and USA. Entry by private
candidates through Centres in other countries is not affected.
Further details are available from Customer Services at Cambridge International Examinations.

Syllabus code: 0610

CONTENTS
Page

INTRODUCTION

AIMS

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

ASSESSMENT

CURRICULUM CONTENT

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR PRACTICALS

15

GRADE DESCRIPTIONS

21

MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS

22

TERMINOLOGY, UNITS, SYMBOLS AND

PRESENTATION OF DATA FOR BIOLOGY

23

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

27

RESOURCE LIST

29

COURSEWORK FORMS

31

NOTES
Attention is drawn to alterations in the syllabus by black vertical lines on either side of the text.
Conventions (e.g. signs, symbols, terminology and nomenclature)
Syllabuses and question papers will conform with generally accepted international practice, in particular,
attention is drawn to the following documents, published in the UK, that will be used as guidelines:
(a)

Reports produced by the Association for Science Education (ASE):

Sl Units, Signs, Symbols and Abbreviations (1981),
Chemical Nomenclature, Symbols and Terminology for use in School Science (1985),
Signs, Symbols and Systematics: The ASE Companion to 5-16 Science (1995).

(b)

Report produced by the Institute of Biology (in association with the ASE):
Biological Nomenclature, Standard terms and expressions used in the teaching of biology (2000).
3

It is intended that, in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of I as the symbol for litre, usage of dm
in place of I or litre will be made.

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

INTRODUCTION
International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) syllabuses are designed as twoyear courses for examination at age 16-plus.
All IGCSE syllabuses follow a general pattern. The main sections are:
Aims
Assessment Objectives
Assessment
Curriculum Content.
The IGCSE subjects have been categorised into groups, subjects within each group having similar
Aims and Assessment Objectives.
Biology falls into Group III, Science, of the International Certificate of Education (ICE) subjects
together with Agriculture, Chemistry, Combined Science, Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award),
Natural Economy, Physical Sciences and Physics.
The IGCSE Syllabus Synopses for 2005 gives details of the ICE Group Award. This booklet also
includes a brief outline of all IGCSE syllabuses, together with excluded combinations with other
subjects.

AIMS
The aims of the syllabus are the same for all students. These are set out below and describe the
educational purposes of a course in Biology for the IGCSE examination. They are not listed in
order of priority.
The aims are to:
1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile
educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this
level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world, to take or develop an informed interest
in matters of scientific import;
1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its
applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond the IGCSE level in pure sciences, in applied
sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses.
2. develop abilities and skills that
2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of Biology;
2.2 are useful in everyday life;
2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4 encourage effective communication.
3. develop attitudes relevant to Biology such as
3.1 concern for accuracy and precision;
3.2 objectivity;
3.3 integrity;
3.4 enquiry;
3.5 initiative;
3.6 inventiveness.
4. stimulate interest in, and care for, the environment.

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

5. promote an awareness that

5.1 scientific theories and methods have developed, and continue to do so, as a result of the
co-operative activities of groups and individuals;
5.2 the study and practice of science is subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and
cultural influences and limitations;
5.2 the applications of science may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the
community and the environment;
5.4 science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and
rigorously applied, is universal.

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The three assessment objectives in Biology are:
A

Knowledge with understanding

Handling information and solving problems

Experimental skills and investigations.

A description of each Assessment Objective follows.

KNOWLEDGE WITH UNDERSTANDING

Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:

1.

scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;

2.

scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units);

3.

scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of

safety;

4.

scientific quantities and their determination;

5.

scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental
implications;

The curriculum content defines the factual material that candidates need to recall and explain.
Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state,
describe, explain or outline.

HANDLING INFORMATION AND SOLVING PROBLEMS

Students should be able, using oral, written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of
presentation, to:
1.

locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;

2.

translate information from one form to another;

3.

manipulate numerical and other data;

4.

use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences;

5.

present reasoned explanations of phenomena, patterns and relationships;

6.

make predictions and propose hypotheses;

7.

solve problems, including some of a quantitative nature.

These skills cannot be precisely specified in the curriculum content as questions testing such skills
are often based on information which is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such questions,
candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them
in a logical, deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions testing these skills will often begin
with one of the following words: discuss, predict, suggest, calculate or determine.

EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS AND INVESTIGATIONS

Students should be able to:

1.

use techniques, apparatus, and materials (including the following of a sequence of

instructions, where appropriate);

2.

make and record observations and measurements;

3.

interpret and evaluate experimental observations and data;

4.

plan and carry out investigations, evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements
(including the selection of techniques, apparatus and materials).

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

SPECIFICATION GRID
The approximate weightings allocated to each of the assessment objectives in the assessment
model are summarised in the table below.
Assessment Objective

Weighting

A Knowledge with understanding

50% (not more than 25% recall)

B Handling information and solving problems

30%

C Experimental skills and investigations

20%

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

ASSESSMENT
Scheme of assessment
All candidates must enter for three Papers. These will be Paper 1, one from either Paper 2 or
Paper 3, and one from Papers 4, 5 or 6.
Candidates who have only studied the Core curriculum or who are expected to achieve a D or
below should be entered for Paper 2.
Able candidates who have also studied the Extended curriculum should be entered for Paper 3.
All candidates must take a practical paper, chosen from Paper 4, School-based Assessment of
Practical Skills, or Paper 5, Practical Test, or Paper 6, Alternative to Practical.
Core curriculum
Grades C to G available

Extended curriculum
Grades A* to G available

Paper 1 (45 minutes)

Compulsory multiple choice paper. Forty items of the four-choice type, designed to discriminate
between grades C to G. The questions, targeted at the lower grades, will be based on the Core
curriculum and will test skills mainly in Assessment Objectives A and B.
This paper will be weighted at 30% of the final total available marks.
Either

Or

Paper 2 (1 hour 15 minutes)

Paper 3 (1 hour 15 minutes)

Core theory paper consisting of 80 marks of

short-answer
and
structured
questions,
designed to discriminate between grades C to
G.

Extended theory paper consisting of 80 marks of

short-answer
and
structured
questions,
designed to discriminate between grades A to C.

The questions will be based on the Core

curriculum and will test skills mainly in
Assessment Objectives A and B.

The questions are targeted at the higher grades

and will test skills mainly in Assessment
Objectives A and B. A quarter of the marks
available will be targeted at the lower grades
and contain core only material. The remainder
will be targeted at higher grades and will contain
material from the supplement.

This Paper will be weighted at 50% of the final

total available marks.

This Paper will be weighted at 50% of the final

total available marks

Practical Assessment
Compulsory The purpose of this component is to test appropriate skills in Assessment Objective C.
Candidates will not be required to use knowledge outside the Core curriculum. Candidates must be
entered for one of the following:
Either Paper 4 Coursework (School-based assessment of practical skills)*
Or
Paper 5 Practical Test (1 hour), with questions covering experimental and observational
skills. See Assessment Criteria for Practicals.
Or

Paper 6 Alternative to Practical (1 hour). This is a written paper designed to test familiarity
with laboratory based procedures. See Assessment Criteria for Practicals.

The practical assessment will be weighted at 20% of the final total available marks.
*Teachers may not undertake school-based assessment without the written approval of CIE. This will
only be given to teachers who satisfy CIE requirements concerning moderation and they will have to
undergo special training in assessment before entering candidates. CIE offers schools in-service training
in the form of courses held at intervals in Cambridge and elsewhere or via Distance Training Packs.

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

The general coursework regulations published in the IGCSE Syllabus Synopses booklet describe
the requirements and give guidelines for internal (school-based) assessment of coursework, and
detailed notes appear in the Assessment Criteria for Practicals section in this syllabus and in the
Distance Training Pack.
Weighting of papers
Core curriculum

Extended curriculum
Paper 1 30%

Paper 2 50%

Paper 3

Practical assessment
Paper 4 or Paper 5 or Paper 6 20%

50%

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

CURRICULUM CONTENT
NOTE:
1. The curriculum content outlined below is designed to provide guidance to teachers as to what
will be assessed in the overall evaluation of the student. Throughout the course, attention
should be drawn to the relevance of the concepts to the students everyday life and to the
natural and man-made world. The specified content of the syllabus has been limited in order
to encourage this approach and to permit flexibility in teaching programmes. On the CIE
Teacher Support website, there is a scheme of work that is available for teachers who do not
wish to devise their own.
Contact [email protected] for details of how to access the CIE Teacher Support
website.
2. The content is set out in three columns. The main topic areas and concepts are indicated in
the left-hand column. The centre column provides amplification of the core topics, which all
students are to study. Topics in the right-hand column are supplementary and should be
studied by students following the extended curriculum.
3. Students will be expected to give biologically correct definitions of any of the terms printed in
italic.

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

All students should be able to:

In addition to what is required in the Core,

students taking the Extended paper should be
able to:

SECTION I CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS (5% of teaching time)

1. Characteristics of living
organisms

- list and describe the characteristics of living

organisms
- define the terms nutrition, excretion, respiration,
sensitivity, reproduction, growth and movement

2. Classification and diversity of

living organisms
2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory
system

2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their

environment, to be illustrated by
examples wherever possible

3. Simple keys

.
- define and describe the binomial system of
naming species and classify the five main classes
of vertebrates using visible, external characteristic
features only
- list the main features used in the classification of
the following groups: flowering plants
(monocotyledons and dicotyledons), arthropods
(insects, crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods),
annelids, nematodes and molluscs, using visible,
external characteristic features only

- list the main features used in the classification of

the following groups: viruses, bacteria and fungi,
and their adaptation to the environment, as
appropriate

- use simple dichotomous keys based on easily

identifiable features

SECTION II ORGANISATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ORGANISM (50% of teaching time)

1. Cell structure and organisation
Cellular nature of all living organisms

2. Levels of organisation
Modification of cell structure
specific functions

for

- identify and describe the structure of a plant cell

(palisade cell) and an animal cell (liver cell), as
seen under a light microscope
- describe the differences in structure between
typical animal and plant cells

- define tissue and relate the structure of the

following to their functions:
ciliated cells in respiratory tract
root hair cells absorption
xylem vessels conduction and support
muscle cells contraction
red blood cells transport
- define organ and organ system, as illustrated by
examples covered in Sections II and III

- relate the structures seen under the light

microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
to their functions

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

3. Size of specimens

- calculate magnification and size of biological

specimens using millimetres as units.

4. Movement in and out of cells

4.1 Diffusion

- define diffusion as the movement of molecules

from a region of their higher concentration to a
region of their lower concentration down a
concentration gradient
- describe the importance of gaseous and solute
diffusion, and of water as a solvent

4.2 Active Transport

4.3 Osmosis

5. Enzymes

- define active transport and discuss its importance

as an energy-consuming process by which
substances are transported against a concentration
gradient, e.g. ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of
glucose by epithelial cells of villi
- define osmosis as the passage of water
molecules from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower
concentration, through a partially permeable
membrane
- describe the importance of osmosis on the uptake
of water by plants, and its effects on plant and
animal tissues
- define the term catalyst
- define enzymes as proteins that function as
biological catalysts
- describe the effect of changes in temperature and
pH on enzyme activity

6. Nutrition

- define nutrition as the obtaining of organic

substances and mineral ions from which organisms
obtain their energy and their raw materials for
growth and tissue repair

6.1 Nutrients

- list the chemical elements that make up:

carbohydrates
fats
proteins
- describe the synthesis of large molecules from
smaller basic units, i.e.
simple sugars to starch and glycogen
amino acids to proteins
fatty acids and glycerol to fats and oils
- describe tests for:
starch (iodine solution)
reducing sugars (Benedict's solution)
protein (biuret test)
fats (ethanol)
- list the principal sources of, and describe the
importance of:
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins (C and D only)
mineral salts (calcium and iron only)
fibre (roughage)
water
- describe the deficiency symptoms for:
vitamins (C and D only)
mineral salts (calcium and iron only)

6.2 Plant nutrition

Photosynthesis as the fundamental
process by which plants manufacture
simple sugars
from raw materials

- understand the concept of a water potential

gradient

- describe the role of enzymes in the germination of

seeds, and their uses in biological washing products
and in the food industry
- outline the use of microorganisms and fermenters
to manufacture enzymes for use in biological
washing powders

- describe the use of microorganisms in the food

industry, with reference to yoghurt, bread and single
cell protein
- describe the uses, benefits and health hazards
associated with food additives, including colourings

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

6.2.1 Photosynthesis

- define photosynthesis and state the equation for

the production of simple sugars and oxygen in
either words or symbols
- describe the intake of the raw materials, the
trapping and storing of energy (conversion of light
energy into chemical energy), the formation
of food substances and their subsequent storage

- define the term limiting factor and interpret (as

limiting factors that affect photosynthesis) the
effects of light intensity and carbon dioxide
concentration
- explain the use of carbon dioxide enrichment,
optimum light and optimum temperatures in
greenhouse systems

6.2.2 Leaf structure

- identify the cellular and tissue structure of a

dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section, and
demonstrate the significance of these features in
terms of functions, i.e.
distribution of chloroplasts - photosynthesis
stomata and mesophyll cells - gaseous
exchange
vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) - transport

6.2.3 Mineral requirements

- describe the importance of:

nitrate ions for protein synthesis
magnesium ions for chlorophyll synthesis
- describe the uses, and the dangers of overuse, of
nitrogen fertilisers

- explain:

6.3.1 Diet

- understand the concept of a balanced diet

- describe:
a balanced diet related to age, sex and
activity of an individual
the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation,
coronary heart disease, constipation and
obesity
the effects of alcohol and the dangers of its
misuse

- discuss:
the problems of world food supplies
the problems which contribute to famine
(unequal distribution of food, drought and
flooding and increasing population)

6.3.2 Human alimentary canal

- identify the gross structure of the alimentary canal

and associated organs (mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine: duodenum and ileum,
large intestine: colon and rectum, anus, pancreas,
liver)
- define ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion
- describe the functions of the alimentary canal's
various parts in relation to ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion of food

6.3.3 Mechanical and physical

digestion

- identify the types of human teeth and

describe their functions
- state the causes of dental decay and describe
the proper care of teeth
- describe the processes of chewing and peristalsis

6.3.4 Chemical digestion

The significance of producing small,
soluble molecules

- describe:
digestion in the alimentary canal
the functions of a typical amylase, protease and
lipase, listing the substrate and end-products

6.3.5 Absorption

- identify the small intestine as the region for the

absorption of digested food
- describe the significance of villi in increasing the
internal surface area

- describe the structure of a villus, including the

role of capillaries and lacteals
- indicate the role of the hepatic portal vein in
the transport of absorbed food to the liver

6.3.6 Assimilation

- describe:
the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose
and in the destruction of excess amino acids
the role of fat as a storage substance

- define deamination as removal of the nitrogen

containing part of amino acids as urea, followed
by release of energy from the remainder of the
amino acid

the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion

deficiency on plant growth

6.3 Animal nutrition

Diet as a balance between food intake
and energy, growth and health
requirements

- explain the probable action of fluoride in

reducing tooth decay and present arguments for
and against its addition to public water supplies

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

7. Transportation
7.1 Transport in plants
7.1.1 Water uptake

- identify root hair cells, as seen under the light

microscope, and describe their functions
- describe the passage of water through root,
stem and leaf

7.1.2 Transpiration

- define transpiration
- describe:
how water vapour loss is related to cell surfaces,
air spaces and stomata
the effects of variation of temperature, humidity
and light intensity on transpiration rate
how wilting occurs

- describe the mechanism of water uptake and

movement in terms of 'pull' from above, creating
a water potential gradient through the plant
- describe the adaptations of the leaf, stem and
root to different environments, with emphasis on
local examples

7.1.3 Translocation

- define translocation in terms of the movement

of sucrose and amino acids from regions of
production or of storage to regions of utilisation in
respiration or growth

- describe translocation throughout the plant

of applied chemicals, including systemic
pesticides

7.2 Transport in humans

7.2.1 Heart

- describe:
the gross structure and function of the heart
the effect of exercise on heart beat
- list the likely causes of a heart attack (diet,
smoking and stress), and preventive measures

7.2.2 Arteries, veins and

capillaries

- describe:
the structure and functions of arteries, veins and
capillaries
the double circulatory system

7.2.3 Blood

- identify blood cells, as seen under a light

microscope
- describe:
the components of blood
the functions of blood, including clotting
(no details of clotting required)
the transfer of materials between capillaries and
tissue fluid

8. Respiration

- define respiration as the release of energy from

food substances in all living cells

8.1 Aerobic respiration

- define aerobic respiration

- state the equation for aerobic respiration, using
either words or symbols
- name and describe the uses of energy in the
body of humans

8.2 Anaerobic respiration

- define anaerobic respiration

- state the equation for anaerobic respiration in
muscles and yeast, using either words or symbols
- describe:
its role in brewing and breadmaking
the production of lactic acid in muscles during
exercise
- compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration in terms of relative amounts of energy
released
- list the features of gaseous exchange surfaces in
animals
- state the differences in composition between
inspired and expired air
- describe a test for carbon dioxide
- describe:
the effects of physical activity on rate and depth
of breathing
the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic
components on the respiratory system

8.3 Gaseous exchange

10

- explain how structure and function are related in

arteries, veins and capillaries

- describe the immune system in terms of

antibody production, tissue rejection and
phagocytosis
- describe the process of clotting (fibrinogen to
fibrin only)
- describe the function of the lymphatic system in
circulation of body fluids, and the production of
lymphocytes

- describe the role of the ribs, the internal and

external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in
the ventilation of the lungs

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT
9. Excretion in humans
The necessity to remove toxic waste
products of metabolism

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

- define excretion as the removal of toxic materials,

the waste products of metabolism and substances
in excess of requirements from organisms
- describe:
the function of the kidney simply in terms of the
removal of urea and excessive water and the
reabsorbtion of glucose and some salts
(details of kidney structure and nephron are
not required)
the relative positions of ureters, bladder
and urethra in the body
the formation of urea and the breakdown of
alcohol, drugs and hormones in the liver

- explain dialysis and discuss its application in

kidney machines
- discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
kidney transplants, compared with dialysis

10. Coordination and response

The ability to detect and to respond to
internal and external stimuli
10.1 Hormones

- define hormone
- describe the chemical control of metabolic
activity by adrenaline

- describe the chemical control of plant growth by

auxins, and the effects of synthetic plant
hormones used as weedkillers
- discuss the use of hormones in food
production

10.2 Tropic and taxic responses

- define geotropism and phototropism

- describe simple behaviour in terms of the taxic
responses of invertebrates

- describe geotropism and phototropism in terms

of auxins regulating differential growth

10.3 Nervous control in humans

- describe the human nervous system in terms of

the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord
as areas of coordination) and the peripheral
nervous system
- define sense organs as groups of receptor cells
responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch,
temperature and chemicals
- identify motor and sensory neurones from
diagrams
- describe effectors in terms of muscles and glands
- describe the action of antagonistic muscles in
terms of the biceps and triceps and the associated
bones
- describe a simple reflex arc in terms of sensory,
relay and motor neurones, and a reflex action as a
means of integrating and coordinating stimuli with
responses
- describe the structure and function of the eye,
including accommodation and pupil reflex
- compare nervous and hormonal control systems

10.4 Homeostasis

10.5 Drugs

- define homeostasis as the maintenance of a

constant internal environment
- describe temperature regulation, and explain the
effects of sweating, vasodilation and
vasoconstriction only
- describe the effects of alcohol and heroin, and the
dangers of their misuse
- describe the personal and social problems arising
from drug abuse, by reference to alcohol and
heroin

11

- distinguish between voluntary and involuntary

actions
- distinguish between rods and cones, in terms of
function and distribution

- describe the control of the glucose content of the

blood by the liver, and by insulin and glucagon
from the pancreas
- discuss the general role of negative feedback in
homeostasis

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

SECTION III DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISM AND THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE (25% of teaching time)
1. Reproduction
1.1 Asexual reproduction

- define asexual reproduction

- describe asexual reproduction in bacteria, spore
production in fungi and tuber formation in potatoes

- discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

sexual reproduction

1.2 Sexual reproduction

- define sexual reproduction

1.2.1 Sexual reproduction in plants

- describe the structure and functions of the flower

of a named dicotyledonous plant
- define pollination
- name the agents of pollination
- compare the different structural adaptations of
insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
- describe:
the growth of the pollen tube, and the process of
fertilisation
the formation of seed and fruit
the structure of a non-endospermic seed
- define dispersal of seeds and fruits
- describe seed and fruit dispersal by wind and by
animals

1.2.2 Sexual reproduction in humans

1.3 Sex hormones

- discuss the advantages and disadvantages to

the species of asexual reproduction

- describe:
the structure and function of human male and
female reproductive systems, including the
menstrual cycle
sexual intercourse, fertilisation and implantation
the development of the fetus in terms of
placenta, maternal and fetal blood supplies and
exchange of materials
ante-natal care in terms of dietary requirements
and maintaining good health
birth
- describe the roles of testosterone and
oestrogen in the development and regulation of
secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

- discuss the implications to a species of selfpollination and cross-pollination

- indicate the functions of the amniotic sac and

amniotic fluid
- describe the advantages of breast-feeding
compared with bottle-feeding

- describe the sites of production and the roles of

oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual
cycle and in pregnancy

1.4 Methods of birth control

- name and describe the following methods of

birth control:
natural, chemical, mechanical and surgical

- discuss the social aspects of artificial

insemination and the use of hormones in fertility
drugs

1.5 Sexually transmissible diseases

- describe the symptoms, signs, effects and

treatment of gonorrhoea
- describe the methods of transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the ways in
which it can be prevented from spreading

- outline how HIV affects the immune system

2. Growth and development

- define growth in terms of increase in dry mass

- define development in terms of increase in
complexity
- describe the environmental conditions affecting
germination

3. Inheritance
The transmission of genetic
information from generation to
generation, leading to continuity of,
and variation within, the species
3.1 Chromosomes

- define the terms chromosome, gene, allele,

haploid and diploid nuclei
- describe the inheritance of sex in humans
(XX, XY)

12

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT

CORE

3.2 Mitosis

- describe mitosis simply, in terms of the exact

duplication of chromosomes resulting in identical
daughter nuclei (details of stages are not required)

3.3 Meiosis

- describe the production of gametes by meiosis

simply, in terms of halving of chromosome
number leading to variation (details of stages are
not required)

3.4 Monohybrid inheritance

- define the terms gene, allele, genotype,

phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant
and recessive
- calculate and predict the results of monohybrid
crosses involving 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 ratios

3.5 Variation

SUPPLEMENT

- describe continuous and discontinuous variation

as influenced by the environment and genes,
illustrated by height and A, B, AB and O blood
groups in humans
- define mutation
- describe mutation as a source of variation, as
shown by Down's syndrome
- outline the effects of radiation and chemicals on
the rate of mutation

3.6 Selection

- describe the role of artificial selection in the

production of varieties of animals and plants with
increased economic importance
- define natural selection as the passing on of
genes by the best adapted organisms

3.7 Genetic Engineering

- define genetic engineering as taking a gene from

one species and putting it into another species

- explain codominance and inheritance of A, B, AB

and O blood groups (IA, IB and Io)

- describe sickle cell anaemia, and explain its

incidence in relation to that of malaria

- describe variation and state that competition

leads to differential survival of, and reproduction
by, those organisms best fitted to the environment
- assess the importance of natural selection as a
possible mechanism for evolution
- describe the development of strains of antibiotic
resistant bacteria as an example of natural
selection
- explain why, and outline how human insulin
genes were put into bacteria using genetic
engineering

SECTION IV RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANISMS WITH ONE ANOTHER AND WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT
(20% of teaching time)
1. Energy flow

- state that the Sun is the principal source of

energy input to biological systems
- describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow

2. Food chains and food webs

Emphasis on examples occurring
locally

- define the terms food chain, food web, producer,

consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer,
ecosystems and trophic level
- describe energy losses between trophic levels,
and the advantages of short food chains
- describe and interpret pyramids of biomass,
numbers and energy

3. Nutrient cycles

- describe the carbon and the water cycles

13

- recognise that there is an increased efficiency in

supplying green plants as human food and that
there is a relative inefficiency, in terms of energy
loss, in feeding crop plants to animals
- describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of the role of
microorganisms in providing usable nitrogencontaining substances by decomposition and by
nitrogen fixation in roots; the absorption of these
substances by plants and their conversion to
protein, followed by passage through food chains,
death, decay, nitrification and denitrification and
the return of nitrogen to the soil or the atmosphere
(names of individual bacteria are not required)
- discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil
fuels and the cutting down of forests on the
balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TOPIC/CONCEPT
4. Population size

CORE

SUPPLEMENT

- state the factors affecting the rate of population

growth, and describe their importance (e.g. food,
supply, predation and disease)
- identify the phases of a sigmoid curve of
population growth resulting from the action of a
limiting factor
- describe the increase in population size in the
absence of limiting factors (human population
growth) and the social implications of current
human survival rate
- interpret graphs and diagrams of human
population growth

- explain the factors that lead to the lag phase,

exponential phase and stationary phase in the
sigmoid curve of population growth

5. Human influences on the

ecosystem
With emphasis on examples of
international importance (e.g. tropical
rain forests, oceans and rivers)
5.1 Agriculture

- discuss, using suitable examples, ways in which

the use of modern technology has resulted in
increased food production
- describe the undesirable effects of deforestation
- describe the overuse of fertilisers on the land

5.2 Pollution

- describe the undesirable effects of water

pollution by sewage and chemical waste, air
pollution by sulphur dioxide and pollution due to
pesticides and herbicides and nuclear fall-out

- assess the significance of non-biodegradable

plastics and other, materials used in the
manufacturing industry
- discuss the causes and apparent effects on
the environment of acid rain, and the measures
that might be taken to reduce its incidence

5.3 Conservation

- describe the need for conservation of species

and their habitats and of natural resources

- describe the principle of recycling materials

including sewage (water) and paper

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR PRACTICALS

Practical assessment - Papers 4 or 5 or 6
Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is, accordingly, important that an
assessment of a student's knowledge and understanding of Biology should contain a component
relating to practical work and experimental skills (as identified by assessment objective C). In
order to accommodate, within IGCSE, differing circumstances - such as the availability of
resources - three alternative means of assessing assessment objective C objectives are provided,
namely, school-based assessment, a formal practical test, and a written alternative to practical
paper, as outlined in the scheme of assessment.
Paper 4, Coursework (School-based assessment of experimental skills and abilities)
Teachers may not undertake school-based assessment without the written approval of CIE. This
will only be given to teachers who satisfy CIE requirements concerning moderation and they will
have to undergo special training in assessment before entering candidates.
CIE offers schools in-service training in the form of courses held at intervals in Cambridge and
elsewhere or via Distance Training Packs.
The general Coursework regulations published in the IGCSE Syllabus Synopses booklet describe
the requirements and give guidelines for internal (school-based) assessment of coursework and
detailed notes appear in this section and in the Distance Training Pack.
Paper 5, Practical Test
Exercises may be set requiring the candidates to:
follow carefully a sequence of instructions;
use familiar, and unfamiliar, techniques to record observations and make deductions from them;
perform simple physiological experiments, e.g. tests for food substances and the use of
hydrogencarbonate indicator, litmus and Universal Indicator paper;
use a scalpel or a razor blade, forceps, scissors and mounted needles skilfully;
use a hand lens of not less than x6 magnification to recognise, observe and record familiar,
and unfamiliar, biological specimens;
make a clear line drawing of a specimen provided, indicate the magnification of the drawing
and label, as required;
perform simple arithmetical calculations.
It is expected that glassware and instruments normally found in a laboratory, e.g. beakers, testtubes, test-tube racks or other holders, funnels, thermometers, specimen tubes, Petri dishes,
syringes, droppers, glass rods, means of heating the equipment referred to above, x6 (at least)
hand lenses and so on, should be available for these experiments, along with reagents (e.g. for
food tests), hydrogencarbonate indicator, litmus paper and Universal Indicator paper.
When planning practical work, teachers should make sure that they do not contravene any school,
education authority or government regulations that restrict the sampling, in educational
establishments, of saliva, blood, urine or other bodily secretions and tissues.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

Paper 6, Alternative to Practical

This paper is designed to test candidate's familiarity with laboratory practical procedures.
Questions may be set requiring the candidates to:

follow carefully a sequence of instructions;

use familiar, and unfamiliar, techniques to record observations and make deductions from
them;

recall simple physiological experiments, e.g. tests for food substances, the use of a potometer
and the use of hydrogencarbonate indicator, litmus and Universal Indicator paper;

recognise, observe and record familiar, and unfamiliar, biological specimens;

make a clear line drawing from a photograph (or other visual representation) of a specimen,
indicate the magnification of the drawing and label, as required;

perform simple arithmetical calculations.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

COURSEWORK (SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT (PAPER 4))

Experimental work forms an integral part of the IGCSE Biology course. The practical aspects to
be assessed are outlined in assessment objective C. It is important that these skills are covered
during the teaching programme. The following scheme has been devised to enable teachers to
develop, assess and record positive achievement in experimental skills. Four practical skills have
been identified in order that assessment may be carried out as precisely as possible. The skills
are discrete but should not be regarded as being performed in isolation.
It is assumed that there has been a background of practical work carried out during the first three
years of secondary education. Thus, it is reasonable to suppose that any single assessment is a
representative measure of a given candidate's ability. This could be, but may not necessarily be,
related to their previous practical experiences.
The experimental skills and abilities, C1 to C4, to be assessed are given below.
C1 Using and organising techniques, apparatus and materials
C2 Observing, measuring and recording
C3 Interpreting and evaluating experimental observations and data
C4 Planning, carrying out and evaluating investigations
The four skills carry equal weighting.
All assessments must be based upon experimental work carried out by the candidates.
It is expected that the teaching and assessment of experimental skills and abilities will take place
throughout the course.
Teachers must ensure that they can make available to the Moderator evidence for two
assessments of each skill for each candidate. For skills C1 to C4 inclusive, information about the
tasks set and how the marks were awarded will be required. In addition, for skills C2, C3 and C4,
the candidate's written work will also be required.
The assessment scores finally recorded for each skill must represent the candidate's best
performances.
For candidates who miss the assessment of a given skill through no fault of their own, for example
because of illness, and who cannot be assessed on another occasion, the CIE procedure for
special consideration should be followed. However, candidates who for no good reason absent
themselves from an assessment of a given skill should be awarded a mark of zero for that
assessment.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS AND ABILITIES

Each skill must be assessed on a 6 point scale, level 6 being the highest level of achievement.
Each of the skills is defined in terms of three levels of achievement at scores of 2, 4 and 6.
A score of 0 is available if there is no evidence of positive achievement for a skill.
For candidates who do not meet the criteria for a score of 2, a score of 1 is available if there is
some evidence of positive achievement.
A score of 3 is available for candidates who go beyond the level defined for 2, but who do not meet
fully the criteria for 4.
Similarly, a score of 5 is available for those who go beyond the level defined for 4, but do not meet
fully the criteria for 6.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

SKILL C1

USING AND ORGANISING TECHNIQUES, APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1
2 - Follows written, diagrammatic or oral instructions to perform a single practical operation.
Uses familiar apparatus and materials adequately, needing reminders on points of safety.
3
4 - Follows written, diagrammatic or oral instructions to perform an experiment involving a series
of step-by-step practical operations.
Uses familiar apparatus, materials and techniques adequately and safely.
5
6 - Follows written, diagrammatic or oral instructions to perform an experiment involving a series
of practical operations where there may be a need to modify or adjust one step in the light of
the effect of a previous step.
Uses familiar apparatus, materials and techniques methodically, correctly and safely.

SKILL C2

OBSERVING, MEASURING AND RECORDING

1
2 - Makes observations or readings, given detailed instructions.
Records results in an appropriate manner, given a detailed format.
3
4 - Makes relevant observations or measurements, given an outline format or brief guidelines.
Records results in an appropriate manner, given an outline format.
5
6 - Makes relevant observations or measurements to a degree of accuracy appropriate to the
instruments or techniques used.
Records results in an appropriate manner, given no format.

SKILL C3

INTERPRETING AND EVALUATING EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND DATA

1
2 - Processes results in an appropriate manner, given a detailed format.
Draws an obvious qualitative conclusion from the results of an experiment.
3
4 - Processes results in an appropriate manner, given an outline format.
Recognises and comments on anomalous results.
Draws qualitative conclusions that are consistent with obtained results, and deduces patterns
in data.
5
6 - Processes results in an appropriate manner, given no format.
Deals appropriately with anomalous or inconsistent results.
Recognises and comments on possible sources of experimental error.
Expresses conclusions as generalisations or patterns, where appropriate.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

SKILL C4

PLANNING, CARRYING OUT AND EVALUATING INVESTIGATIONS

1
2 - Suggests a simple experimental strategy to investigate a given practical problem.
Attempts 'trial and error' modification in the light of the experimental work carried out.
3
4 - Specifies a sequence of activities to investigate a given practical problem.
In a situation where there are two variables, recognises the need to keep one of them
constant while the other is being changed.
Comments critically on the original plan, and implements appropriate changes in the light of
the experimental work carried out.
5
6 - Analyses a practical problem systematically and produces a logical plan for an investigation.
In a given situation, recognises that there are a number of variables, and attempts to control
them.
Evaluates chosen procedures, suggests/implements modifications, where appropriate, and
shows a systematic approach in dealing with unexpected results.

NOTES FOR GUIDANCE

The following notes are intended to provide teachers with information to help them to make valid
and reliable assessments of the skills and abilities of their candidates.
The assessments should be based on the principle of positive achievement; candidates should be
given opportunities to demonstrate what they understand and can do.
It is expected that candidates will have had opportunities to acquire a given skill before
assessment takes place.
It is not expected that all of the practical work undertaken by a candidate will be assessed.
Assessments can be carried out at any time during the course. However, at whatever stage
assessments are done, the standards applied must be those expected at the end of the course, as
exemplified in the criteria for the skills.
Assessments should normally be made by the person responsible for teaching the candidates.
It is recognised that a given practical task is unlikely to provide opportunities for all aspects of the
criteria at a given level for a particular skill to be satisfied, for example, there may not be any
anomalous results (Skill C3). However, by using a range of practical work, teachers should ensure
that opportunities are provided for all aspects of the criteria to be satisfied during the course.
The educational value of extended experimental investigations is widely recognised. Where such
investigations are used for assessment purposes, teachers should make sure that the candidates
have ample opportunity for displaying the skills and abilities required by the scheme of
assessment.
It is not necessary for all candidates in a Centre, or in a teaching group within a Centre, to be
assessed on exactly the same practical work, although teachers may well wish to make use of
work that is undertaken by all of their candidates.
When an assessment is carried out on group work, the teacher must ensure that the individual
contribution of each candidate can be assessed.
Skill C1 may not generate a written product from the candidates. It will often be assessed by
watching the candidates carrying out practical work.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

Skills C2, C3 and C4 will usually generate a written product from the candidates. This product will
provide evidence for moderation.
Raw scores for individual practical assessments should be recorded on the Individual Candidate
Record Card. The final, internally moderated total score should be recorded on the Coursework
Assessment Summary Form. Examples of both forms, plus the Sciences Experiment Form, are
shown at the back of this syllabus.
Raw scores for individual practical assessments may be given to candidates as part of the normal
feedback from the teacher. The final, internally moderated, total score, should not be given to the
candidate.
MODERATION
(a) Internal Moderation
When several teachers in a Centre are involved in internal assessments, arrangements must
be made within the Centre for all candidates to be assessed to a common standard.
It is essential that, within each Centre, the marks for each skill assigned within different
teaching groups (e.g. different classes) are moderated internally for the whole Centre entry.
The Centre assessments will then be subject to external moderation.
(b) External Moderation
Individual Candidate Record Cards and Coursework Assessment Summary Forms are to be
submitted to CIE to arrive no later than 30 April (for the June examination) and 31 October
(for the November examination). For external moderation, CIE will require evidence that must
include, for skills C1 to C4 inclusive, information about the tasks set and how the marks
were awarded. In addition, for skills C2, C3 and C4, Centres must send three examples of a
high mark, three examples of an intermediate mark and three examples of a low mark, i.e. 27
pieces of work, that contribute to the final mark, chosen from ten different candidates, must be
submitted by the Centre. If there are ten or fewer candidates, all the Coursework that
contributed to the final mark must be sent. A further sample may be required. All records and
supporting written work should be retained until after the publication of results.
Centres may find it convenient to use loose-leaf A4 file paper for assessed written work, to
reduce the cost when samples are sent through the post for moderation. Original work is
preferred but authenticated photocopies may be sent, if absolutely necessary.
The samples sent to CIE should be arranged separately for skills C2, C3 and C4, the skill
suitably identified and in some mark order, e.g. high to low. The pieces of work for each skill
should not be stapled together. Each piece of work should be labelled with the skill being
assessed, the Centre number and candidate name and number, title of the experiment, a
copy of the mark scheme used and the mark awarded. This information should be attached
securely, mindful that adhesive labels tend to peel off some plastic surfaces.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

GRADE DESCRIPTIONS
The scheme of assessment is intended to encourage positive achievement by all candidates.
Grade F candidates must show competence in answering questions based on the Core
curriculum.
Grade C candidates must show mastery in answering questions based on the Core curriculum,
plus some ability to answer questions that are pitched at a higher level.
Grade A candidates must show mastery of the Core curriculum and of the Extended curriculum.
Criteria for the standard of achievement likely to have been shown by candidates awarded Grades
F, C and A are shown below.
The standard of achievement required for the award of Grade C includes the criteria for Grade F.
Similarly, the standard of achievement required for the award of Grade A includes the criteria for
Grade C.
A Grade A candidate should be able to:

relate facts to principles and theories and vice versa

state why particular techniques are preferred for a procedure or operation

select and collate information from a number of sources and present it in a clear, logical form

solve problems in situations that may involve a wide range of variables

process data from a number of sources to identify any patterns or trends

generate a hypothesis to explain facts, or find facts to support a hypothesis.

A Grade C candidate should be able to:

link facts to situations not specified in the syllabus

describe the correct procedure(s) for a multi-stage operation

select a range of information from a given source and present it in a clear, logical form

identify patterns or trends in given information

solve a problem involving more than one step, but with a limited range of variables

generate a hypothesis to explain a given set of facts or data.

A Grade F candidate should be able to:

recall facts contained in the syllabus

indicate the correct procedure for a single operation

select and present a single piece of information from a given source

solve a problem involving one step, or more than one step if structured help is given

identify a pattern or trend where only minor manipulation of data is needed

recognise which of two given hypotheses explains a set of facts or data.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
Calculators may be used in all parts of the examination.
Candidates should be able to:
1. add, subtract, multiply and divide;
2. understand averages, decimals, fractions, percentages, ratios and reciprocals;
3. recognise and use standard notation;
4. use direct and inverse proportion;
5. use positive, whole number indices;
6. draw charts and graphs from given data;
7. interpret charts and graphs;
8. select suitable scales and axes for graphs;
9. make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions;
10. recognise and use the relationship between length, surface area and volume and their units,
on metric scales;
11. use usual mathematical instruments (ruler, compasses);
12. understand the meaning of radius, diameter, square, rectangle.

22

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

TERMINOLOGY, UNITS, SYMBOLS AND

PRESENTATION OF DATA FOR BIOLOGY
These terms will be used by Principal Examiners during the setting of papers. Students, should be
made aware of the terminology during teaching and practical work.
This section follows the practice laid down in the documents:
Association for Science Education, Signs, Symbols and Systematics: The ASE Companion to 5-16
Science (1995)
Institute of Biology, Biological Nomenclature, Standard terms and expressions used in the
teaching of biology (2000)
1. Numbers
The decimal point will be placed on the line, e.g. 52.35.
Numbers from 1000 to 9999 will be printed without commas or spaces.
Numbers greater than or equal to 10 000 will be printed without commas. A space will be left
between each group of three whole numbers, e.g. 4 256 789.
2. Units
The International System of units will be used (SI units). Units will be indicated in the singular not
in the plural, e.g. 28 kg.
(a)

SI units commonly used in Biology are listed below.

N.B. Care should be taken in the use of mass and weight. In most biological contexts, the
term mass is correct, e.g. dry mass, biomass.

(b)

Quantity

Name of unit

Symbol for unit

length

kilometre
metre
centimetre
millimetre
micrometre

mass

tonne (1000 kg)

kilogram
gram
milligram
microgram

time

year
day
hour
minute
second

y
d
h
min
s

amount of substance

mole

mol

km
m
cm
mm
m
(no symbol)
kg
g
mg
g

Derived SI units are listed below.

energy

kilojoule
joule
(calorie is obsolete)

23

kJ
J

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

(c) Recommended units for area, volume and density are listed below.
area

hectare = 104 m2
square metre
square decimetre
square centimetre
square millimetre

ha
m2
dm2
cm2
mm2

volume

cubic kilometre
cubic metre
cubic decimetre (preferred to
litre)
litre
cubic centimetre
cubic millimetre

km3
m3
dm3

density

kilogram per cubic metre

gram per cubic centimetre

or
or

dm3 (not l)
cm3 (not ml)
mm3
kg m-3
g cm-3

(d) Use of Solidus

The solidus (/) will not be used for a quotient, e.g. m / s for metres per second.
3. Presentation of data
The solidus (/) is to be used for separating the quantity and the unit in tables, graphs and charts,
e.g. time/s for time in seconds.
(a) Tables
(i)

Each column of a table will be headed with the physical quantity and the appropriate
unit, e.g. time / s.
There are three acceptable methods of stating units, e.g. metres per sec or m per s or
m s-1.

(ii)

The column headings of the table can then be directly transferred to the axes of a
constructed graph.

(b) Graphs
(i)

The independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis (horizontal axis) and the
dependent variable plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis).

(ii)

Each axis will be labelled with the physical quantity and the appropriate unit, e.g. time / s.

(iii) The graph is the whole diagrammatic presentation. It may have one or several curves
plotted on it.
(iv) Curves and lines joining points on the graph should be referred to as 'curves'.
(v) Points on the curve should be clearly marked as crosses (x) or encircled dots ( ). If a
further curve is included, vertical crosses (+) may be used to mark the points.
(c) Pie Charts
These should be drawn with the sectors in rank order, largest first, beginning at 'noon' and
proceeding clockwise. Pie Charts should preferably contain no more than six sectors.
(d) Bar Charts
These are drawn when one of the variables is not numerical, e.g. percentage of vitamin C in
different fruits. They should be made up of narrow blocks of equal width that do not touch.
(e) Column Graphs
These are drawn when plotting frequency graphs from discrete data, e.g. frequency of
occurrence of leaves with different numbers of prickles or pods with different numbers of
seeds. They should be made up of narrow blocks of equal width that do not touch.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

(f)

Histograms
These are drawn when plotting frequency graphs with continuous data, e.g., frequency of
occurrence of leaves of different lengths. The blocks should be drawn in order of increasing
or decreasing magnitude and they should be touching.

4. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the study of the principles of the organisation of taxa into hierarchies. There are
seven levels of taxon - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. These may
be used when teaching the concept and use of a classificatory system, the variety of
organisms, and the binomial system. The following should apply:
(a) Five Kingdoms are now recognised as
prokaryotes
protoctists
fungi
plants
animals

(Prokaryotae), including bacteria and blue-green bacteria

(Protoctista), including green, red and brown algae and protozoans
(Fungi)
(Plantae)
(Animalia)

The viruses cannot be fitted into this classificatory system.

(b) The binomial system of naming gives each organism a two-word name. The first word is
the generic name and the second word is the trivial name, e.g. Homo sapiens. The trivial
name should never be used by itself.
(c) Generic and trivial names are distinguished from the rest of the text either by underlining
(when written or typed) or by being set in italics (in print).
(d) The generic name always takes an initial capital letter. It can be accepted as a shorthand
for the species name where the intent is obvious, e.g. Plasmodium, and in these
circumstances can stand alone.
(e) The common name should not normally be written with an initial capital letter, e.g. cat and
dog. The exception is Man, where it is the common name for a species where the two
sexes are distinguished by the terms man and woman.
(f)

A species is not easy to define but an acceptable general definition is as follows.

'A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.'

5. Genetics
(a) The terms gene and allele are not synonymous.
A gene is a specific length of DNA occupying a position called a locus. A specific function
can be assigned to each gene. An allele is one of two or more different forms of a gene.
(b) A standard form of presenting genetic crosses should be adopted. The following symbols
should be used as shown.
P designates the cross of pure-breeding (homozygous) individuals.
F1 designates the offspring of homozygous parents.
F2 designates the offspring produced by crossing F1 parents.
(c) The format for the course of a genetic cross should be labelled as shown.
parental phenotypes
parental genotypes
gametes
offspring genotypes
offspring phenotypes
etc.
(d) The gene should be designated by a letter or letters so that upper and lower case versions
are easily distinguishable, e.g. B and b. The upper case letter indicates the dominant allele
and the lower case letter indicates the recessive allele.
(e) The symbols for gametes should be circled to indicate the discrete nature of each gamete.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

(f)

Some form of checkerboard should be used to demonstrate genotypes that can result from
random fusion of gametes. Students should understand that genotypes are only possible
combinations and that only a very large number of offspring can result in all combinations
being achieved.

(g) The term incomplete dominance should be discontinued and in the particular case where
alleles are equally dominant it should be called codominance. Thus codominance should
be used where the influence of both alleles is shown in the phenotype, e.g. the AB blood
group in humans.
6. Terminology
(a) Wherever possible, English terms should be used in preference to Latin or Greek terms,
e.g. the term red blood cell should be used and not erythrocyte.
(b) Generalised terms should be stated in English, e.g. small intestine.
(c) Where no suitable English terms exist, latinised terms are unavoidable and will need to be
used, e.g. atrium, bronchi, villi.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN BIOLOGY PAPERS

It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to Science subjects) will prove
helpful to candidates as a guide, i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. The glossary
has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included
but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the
meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.
1.

Define (the term(s) ... ) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent
paraphrase being required.

2.

What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s) ... ) normally implies that a
definition should be given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or
context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are included in the
question. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in the
light of the indicated mark value.

3.

State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical
answer that can readily be obtained 'by inspection'.

4.

List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a
given number of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.

5. (a) Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context. It is
another way of asking candidates to give reasons for. The candidate needs to leave the
examiner in no doubt why something happens.
(b) Give a reason/Give reasons is another way of asking candidates to explain why something
happens.
6. (a) Describe, the data or information given in a graph, table or diagram, requires the candidate
to state the key points that can be seen in the stimulus material. Where possible, reference
should be made to numbers drawn from the stimulus material.
(b) Describe, a process, requires the candidate to give a step by step written statement of what
happens during the process.
Describe and explain may be coupled, as may state and explain.
7.

Discuss requires the candidate to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.

8.

Outline implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials.

9.

Predict implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall
but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information
may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part
of the question.
Predict also implies a concise answer, with no supporting statement required.

10.

Deduce is used in a similar way to predict except that some supporting statement is
required, e.g. reference to a law or principle, or the necessary reasoning is to be included in
the answer.

11.

Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer (e.g.
in Chemistry, two or more substances may satisfy the given conditions describing an
'unknown'), or to imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a
'novel' situation, one that may be formally 'not in the syllabus'.

12.

Find is a general term that may variously be interpreted as calculate, measure, determine,
etc.

13.

Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be

shown, especially where two or more steps are involved.

14.

Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable
measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or mass, using a balance.

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0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

15.

Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is
obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a
standard formula, e.g. relative molecular mass.

16.

Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity

concerned, making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of
principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.

17.

Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve
need only be qualitatively correct, but candidates should be aware that, depending on the
context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin,
having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless,
care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.

In all questions, the number of marks allocated are shown on the examination paper, and should
be used as a guide by candidates to how much detail to give. In describing a process the mark
allocation should guide the candidate about how many steps to include. In explaining why
something happens, it guides you how many reasons to give, or how much detail to give for each
reason.

28

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

RESOURCE LIST (0610)

Textbooks endorsed by CIE as being highly suitable for the course:
M. Jones & G. Jones

Biology: International Edition (2002)

Cambridge University Press 0521891175

M. Jones

Biology for IGCSE (New edition 2002)

Heinemann 0435966782

D. G. Mackean

IGCSE Biology (2002)

John Murray 0719580536

Other textbooks that will be found helpful:

L. Chinnery, J. Glasgow,
M. Jones & G. Jones

CXC Biology (Third edition 2001)

Cambridge University Press 0521009022

B. Dawson, I. Honeysett

Revise GCSE Study Guide in Biology (2001)

Letts Educational 1858059291

W. R. Pickering

Oxford Revision Guide for Biology (1998)

Oxford University Press 0199147116

M. Jenkins

Biology Lives Second edition 2001 Hodder & Stoughton

Educational 0340790512

W. R. Pickering

Complete Biology (2000)

Oxford University Press 0199147396

Parsons (Ed)

GCSE Biology Revision Guides and Workbooks

Co-ordination Group Publications (www.cgpbooks.co.uk)

Useful websites available at the time of writing

http://www.cellsalive.com CELLS alive
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/ GCSE BITESIZE revision in biology
http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/lungemphysem.html American Lung Association
http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk:80/ SAPS (Science and Plants for Schools)
http://www.middleschoolscience.com Middleschoolscience
http://www.sciencespot.net The Science Spot

Copies of syllabuses, past papers and Examiners' reports can be ordered using the IGCSE, Publications
Price List/Order Form.

29

0610 BIOLOGY IGCSE 2005

30

SCIENCES
Experiment Form

IGCSE
Please read the instructions printed on the next page.
Centre Number

Centre Name

0 6 1 0

Syllabus Code

Component Number
June/November
Experiment
Number

4
0

Syllabus Title

BIOLOGY

Component Title

COURSEWORK

5
Experiment

WMS616

Skill(s)
Assessed

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/EX/05

31

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SCIENCES EXPERIMENT FORM

1.

Complete the information at the head of the form.

2.

Use a separate form for each syllabus.

3.

Give a brief description of each of the experiments your students performed for assessment
in the IGCSE Biology Syllabus. Use additional sheets as necessary.

4.

Copies of the Experiment Forms and the corresponding Worksheets/Instructions and Mark
Schemes will be required for each assessed task sampled, for each of skills C1 to C4
inclusive.

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/EX/05

32

33

BIOLOGY

(max 12)

C1

(max 12)

C2

(max 12)

C3

(max 12)

C4

Component Title

Teaching Group/Set

June/November

COURSEWORK

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/S/05

Relevant comments (for example, if help was given)

TOTAL
(max 48)

Component Number

Assess at least twice: ring highest two

marks for each skill
(max 6 for each assessment)

Syllabus Title

Experiment Number from

Sciences Experiment Form

Marks to be transferred to
Coursework Assessment Summary Form

Date of
Assessment

Candidate Name

Candidate Number

Syllabus Code

Centre Name

Centre Number

Please read the instructions printed on the next page and the General Coursework Regulations before completing this form.

IGCSE

SCIENCES
Individual Candidate Record Card

34

Mark each item of Coursework for each candidate according to instructions given in the Syllabus and in the Distance Training Pack.

Enter marks and total marks in the appropriate spaces. Complete any other sections of the form required.

Ensure that the addition of marks is independently checked.

It is essential that the marks of candidates from different teaching groups within each Centre are moderated internally. This
means that the marks awarded to all candidates within a Centre must be brought to a common standard by the teacher responsible for
coordinating the internal assessment (i.e. the internal moderator), and a single valid and reliable set of marks should be produced that
reflects the relative attainment of all the candidates in the Coursework component at the Centre.

Transfer the marks to the Coursework Assessment Summary Form in accordance with the instructions given on that document.

Retain all Individual Candidate Record Cards and Coursework, which will be required for external moderation. Further detailed
instructions about external moderation will be sent in late March of the year of the June examination and early October of the year of the
November examination. See also the instructions on the Coursework Assessment Summary Form.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/S/05

Note: These Record Cards are to be used by teachers only for students who have undertaken Coursework as part of their IGCSE.

Complete the information at the head of the form.

1.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING INDIVIDUAL CANDIDATE RECORD CARDS

35

Signature

C2
(max12)

Component Number

Name of internal moderator

C1
(max 12)

BIOLOGY

Teaching
Group/Set

Syllabus Title

Candidate Name

Signature

Centre Name

Name of teacher completing this form

Candidate
Number

Syllabus Code

Centre Number
4

C3
(max 12)

Total Mark
(max48)

Date

Date

Internally
Moderated Mark
(max 48)

COURSEWORK

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/S/05

C4
(max 12)

Component Title

June/November

Please read the instructions printed on the next page and the General Coursework Regulations before completing this form.

IGCSE

SCIENCES
Coursework Assessment Summary Form

36

If there are 10 or fewer candidates submitting Coursework, send all the Coursework that contributed to the final mark for every candidate.

Photocopies of the samples may be sent but candidates' original work, with marks and comments from the teacher, is preferred.

The samples should be arranged separately, by tasks, for each of skills C2, C3 and C4, the skill suitably identified and in some mark order, e.g.
high to low.

The pieces of work for each skill should not be stapled together, nor should individual sheets be enclosed in plastic wallets.

Each piece of work should be clearly labelled with the skill being assessed, Centre name, candidate name and index number and the mark
awarded. For each task, supply the information requested in B.4. above.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

8.

IGCSE/BIOLOGY/CW/S/05

If there is more than one teaching group, the sample should include examples from each group.

6.

CIE reserves the right to ask for further samples of Coursework.

For each of skills C2, C3 and C4, Centres must send three examples of a high mark, three examples of an intermediate mark and three examples of a low
mark- i.e. 27 examples in total. The examples must be from at least ten candidates and must have contributed to the final mark of those candidates.

5.

10.

Experiment Forms, Work Sheets and Mark Schemes must be included for each assessed task for each of skills C1 to C4 inclusive.

4.

The top copy of the computer-printed Coursework mark sheet MS1 must be despatched in the specially provided envelope to arrive as soon as possible at CIE
but no later than 30 April for the June examination and 31 October for the November examination.

2.

Send samples of the candidates' work covering the full ability range with the corresponding Individual Candidate Record Cards, this summary form and the
second copy of MS1, to reach CIE by 30 April for the June examination and 31 October for the November examination.

Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) sends a computer-printed Coursework mark sheet MS1 to each Centre (in late March for the June examination
and in early October for the November examination) showing the names and index numbers of each candidate. Transfer the total internally moderated mark
for each candidate from the Coursework Assessment Summary Form to the computer-printed Coursework mark sheet MS1.

3.

PROCEDURES FOR EXTERNAL MODERATION

1.

In the column headed Internally Moderated Mark, enter the total mark awarded after internal moderation took place.

(c)

B.

In the column headed Total Mark, enter the total mark awarded before internal moderation took place.

(b)

Both the teacher completing the form and the internal moderator (or moderators) should check the form and complete and sign the bottom portion.

In the columns headed C1, C2, C3 and C4, enter the marks initially awarded (i.e. before internal moderation took place).

(a)

Complete the information at the head of the form.

List the candidates in an order that will allow ease of transfer of information to a computer-printed Coursework mark sheet MS1 at a later stage (i.e. in
candidate index number order, where this is known; see item B.1. below). Show the teaching group or set for each candidate. The initials of the teacher may
be used to indicate the group or set.
Transfer each candidate's marks from his or her Individual Candidate Record Card to this form as follows.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY FORMS

4.

3.

1.
2.

A.