1

SEMINAR

ON
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Annamma Jacob Daisy D J Tharakan

Associate Professor 1 st Year MSc Nursing
Josco College of Nursing Josco College of Nursing

Submitted On: 28/10/15

INDEX
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Sl No Content

1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Purpose
4. Advantages
5. Objectives
6. Principles
7. Classification
8. Projected Aids
9. Steps in effective use of a v aids
10. Sources of a v aids
11. Role of teacher in procuring and managing
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a
whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning
process. Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. AV aids are
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multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more
concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning. Audio visual aids are
sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal
to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

DEFENITION

According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the
learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

According to Carter.v.Good: Audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the
triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.

According to goods dictionary of education: Audio visual aids are anything by means of which
learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.

According to Edger Dale: Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication
of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These
are also termed as multi sensory materials.

According to McKean and Roberts: Audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which the
teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and
correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciations.

According to KP. Neeraja: An audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can
be heard as well as seen
PURPOSE

To Supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning more concrete.
To serve an instructional role in itself.
To create interest among the group.
To make teaching as an effective process.
ADVANTAGES

Helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.

Helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.
Arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
A.V. Aids is helpful in new learning.
Helps in saving energy and time of both the teachers and students.
Provides near realistic experience.
A.V. Aids can meet individual demands.
A.V. Aids is useful in for education of masses.
OBJECTIVES

To strengthen teachers skills in making teaching-learning process more effective.

To attract and retain learners attention.
To generate interest across different levels of students.
To develop lesson plans those are simple and easy to follow.
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To make class more interactive and interesting.

To focus on student-centered approach.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS

Teaching Aids Should be:

Meaningful and purposeful.

Motivates the learners.
Accurate in every aspect.
Simple and cheap.
Improvised.
Large in size.
Up-to-date.
Easily portable.

PRINCIPLES

Principles of Planning :

This step is concerned with the formulation of objectives, selection of the content, organization of the content
and selection of teaching learning methods.

Principles of Selection:
Depending upon the kind of material to be used the teacher may want to look into any of the following various
factors relating to quality:

Recency - Up to date, reflecting currently thought, original or revised.

Availability - Obtainable when needed.
Appeal - Aesthetics, attention building.
Cost - Within the budget.

Principles of Preparation:
This deals with the cost effective ways of preparing aids. In addition to purchasing commercially available
teaching aids, whenever possible teacher should try to prepare teaching aids by using locally available materials
with the help of students.

Principles of Presentation:

It suggests the following points for the effective use of an aid:

The instructional program should be so organized and administered that the audio visual material must
function as an integral part of the teaching activity. i.e., teacher has to plan well in advance.
Visual instruction in the classroom should not be confused with entertainment.
Teacher should check the adequacy or working condition of an aid before using it so that she can
conduct teaching properly.
Teacher should be confident in handling the aid.

Principles of Evaluation:
It stipulates that there should be continuous evaluation of both the audio visual aids and accompanying
techniques in the light of the realization of the desired objectives.
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CLASSIFICATION

Various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the type of projection by various authors.

A. Classification of A.V. Aids

Audio aids:
Audio materials are those which can be heard. Ex: - radio, tape recorder, walkman, Headphones.
Visual aids:
These are helpful to visualize the things. Ex: - graphic aids, 3d-aids, display boards, and print material.
Audio visual aids:
These aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: - projected aids, TV, films.

B. Classification of A.V. Aids

Simple A.V. Aids:

It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3d-aids, print material...etc.
Sophisticated A.V. Aids:
Includes audio-visual aids.

C. These audio-visual aids are also divided into:

Projected aids:
Film strips Opaque projector OHP-over head projector.
Non projected aids:
Audio aids, Graphic aids, Display boards, Activity aids, Radio ,Television, recordings, Charts, Cartoon,
Diagrams, Flash cards, Graphs, Maps, Photographs ,Pictures, Posters, models, Black board, Bulletin
boards ,Flannel boards, Magnetic board, Peg board, Demonstrations, Experimentation, Field trips.
PROJECTED A.V. AIDS - OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

The over head projector is the most used in all A.V. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images
suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches;
these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.

During presentation:
Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.
Keep the screen in full view of participants
Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting.
Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming nearby.
Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.
Talk to the audience, not to the screen
Purposes:
To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry without exposing them
to the class.
To test students performances, while other classmates observe.
To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.
To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.
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Advantages:
It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out
features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to
observe the students reactions to her discussion.
Gains attention of the student

Limitations:
Use of the overhead projector for very large audience is limited.

Equipment and materials for making sophisticated transparencies are expensive.

Not easy to adopt for self study.
THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials ex: - book pages, objects,
coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-transparent.
The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals, printed matter, all
kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector
is large and not reality movables.
Advantages:
Stimulates attention and arouses interest.
Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is available.
Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.
Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used.
Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.
Review instructional problems.
Test knowledge and ability.
Simple operation.

Disadvantages:
Costly equipment.
Needs to use it with care.
Needs a dark room for projection
SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image

or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.
Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still
pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself
or send to a film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2 X 2 any 35mm
camera will make satisfactory slides.
Types of slides:
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Photographic slides: 2 X 2, 3 X 4
Black and white
Colored
Handmade slides: can be made with
Acetate sheet
Cellophane
Etched glass
Plain glass
Lumarith
Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs and snapshots
when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific excursions.
The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect of
teaching with them.

Advantages:
Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.
Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
Easy to revise and up-date.
Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.
May be adapted to group or individual use.
Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.

Disadvantages:
Dark room often required
Required maintenance
Installation can be more involved
Separate audio system required.
FILMSTRIPS

Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded
narration can be synchronized with film strip. Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed
sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

Principles:
Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be
taught.
Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems.
It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study brought out.
Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.

Types of filmstrip:

Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence
usually with explanatory titles.
Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded
explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
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Advantages:

Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.

Can be supplemented with recordings.
Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or user.
Are projected with simple light weight equipment

STEPS IN EFFECTIVE USE OF A.V AIDS

Planning by the instructor

Selection of the aid
Preparation of the equipment
Preparation of the student or class members
Summary of the information
Discussion of the information

SOURCES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Government
Educational Institution
Professional Organization
Non-Governmental Organization
Voluntary Organization
Commercial Producers of educational material
Commercial advertisement in nursing organization like TNAI, INC etc.
ROLE OF TEACHER IN PROCURING AND MANAGING

The selection and uses of instructional media

Instructional media facilitate teaching and learning activities and consequently, the attainment of the
lesson objectives. However this depends on the adequacy and appropriateness of material so selected.
This in effect means that learning resources are not selected haphazardly. Indeed resource material to
be used should be carefully selected by the teacher. This is an aspect of the teachers duty where special
skills in educational technology and psychology of learning will come to his assistance.

Helpful in attracting attention

The teacher should have the responsibility to attract the attention of the students. Attention is the true
factor of any process in teaching and learning. Audio visual aids help the teacher to provide proper
environment for capturing as well as sustaining the attention and interest of the students in the
classroom world.

Guides for selecting and making AV aids

The new generation of teachers should become more and more aware of the change, and prepare
themselves to supplement the present teaching activity with new techniques. Thus, in a changing world
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of higher education, the teacher ceases to be a lecturer but transforms into an agent of change. All
kinds of teaching can be greatly improved by the use of audio-visual aids.

Main merits are

Motivation
Concept Formation
Interest
Developmental Learning
Reality of experience
Continuity of thought

Source of AV aids finding

The teacher has a vital role in finding the source of a v aids. The audio-visual aids when systematically
and timely used to cater the high degree of interests in the students, as they are always interested in
things which they can see, hear about, touch, taste and smell themselves. Interest always motivates the
students to plan, make do and try to fabricate themselves.

the teaching-learning process and enhances the memory level of the students. At present, education
has spread wide and the entirely oral teaching cannot be the key to successful pedagogy. Therefore, the
teacher has to use instructional materials to make the teaching-learning process interesting. The use of
instructional material can enhance the learning achievement.

CONCLUSION

Instructional material plays a very important role in Audio visual aids are the important tool for teachers to use
and enhance the education of their students. There are a variety of audio visual aids that can be used in the
classroom. It is important to use a variety of teaching methods to teach all students with their varying learning
preferences. There are many modes of instruction which requires use of many media. Teachers, pupils and
software designers have responsibility for developing multimedia information in handling skills.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B. T. Basavanthappa , communication and education technology for nurses 1st edition

,Jaypee Publication Page No :227-272.
Clement , Text book of education and communication technology ,2nd edition ,Emmess medical
publication , page No :273-324.
B .Sankaranarayanan , Learning and Teaching Nursing , 3rd edition ,Brainfill Publication, Page
No :201-260.
K .P .Neeraja , Text book of Nursing Education ,1st edition ,Jaypee Publication ,Page No:206-211.
S.Malarvazhi & S .Amirtha Santi ,Text book on communication and Education Technology ,1st
edition ,Emmess Publication, Page No :259-326.
Barbara .A.Moyer & Ruth .A.Witmann , Nursing Education ,1st edition ,Jaypee Brothers
Publication.Page No :Page No :129-131.
Diane .M .Billings ,Teaching in Nursing ,3rd edition ,Elsevier Publication ,Page No :336-338.