AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION:

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning
process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and
teaching learning process.

Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs.  It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. A.V. aids
are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning
experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.

Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned
educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear
understanding.

DEFINITIONS:

1.      According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the
learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

2.      According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.

3.      According to Carter.v.Good: audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the
triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.

4.      According to good’s dictionary of education: audio visual aids are any thing by means of which
learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.

5.      According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is
helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.

6.       According to McKean and Roberts: audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which the
teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and
correlate concepts, interpretations andappreciations.

7.      According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the message
can be heard as well as seen.

PURPOSES:

         To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching- learning more concrete.

         To serve an instructional role in itself.

         To create interest among the group.

         To make teaching as an effective process.

ADVANTAGES:

1.      A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.

2.      A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.

3.      A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.

4.      A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.

5.      A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.

6.       A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.

7.      A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.

8.      A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS:

Teaching aids should be:

  Meaningful and purposeful

  Motivates the learners

  Accurate in every aspect

  Simple and cheap

  Improvised

  Large in size

  Up-to-date

  Easily portable

According to intellectual level of students Sources of A.V.Aids:

  Government

  Educational institutions

  Professional organizations
  Non-governmental organizations

  Voluntary organizations(national and international)

  Commercial producers of educational material

  Commercial advertisement

  In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC...etc.

PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF A.V.AIDS :

         Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational program.

         A.v. aids should be centralized, under specialized direction and leadership in educational
programs.

         An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum should be
appointed to assist in selection and coordination of a.v. materials.

         An education program should be flexible.

         A.v. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy accessibility and
convenient use.

         A.v. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for effective utilization
as an integral part of curriculum.

         Budget appropriations should be made regularly for a.v. education programs.

         Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization and expenditure of the
program.

CLASSIFICATION OF A.V.AIDS:

 Various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the type of projection by various
authors.

I)             Classification of A.V.Aids

I)                    Audio aids

Audio materials are those which can be heard. Ex: - radio, tape recorder, walkman, Headphones.

II)                  Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things. Ex:- graphic aids, 3d-aids, display
boards, and print material.

III)                Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: - projected aids,
TV, films.
II)     Classification of A.V.Aids

I)                    Simple A.V.Aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3d-aids, print material...etc.

II)                  Sophisticated A.V.Aids: includes audio-visual aids.

PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:

The over head projector is the most used in all a.v. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen
images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency
while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.

During presentation:

   Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.

   Keep the screen in full view of participants

   Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting.

   Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by.

   Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.

   Talk to the audience, not to the screen

PURPOSES:

  To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.

  To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry with out
exposing them to the class.

  To test students performances, while other classmates observe.

  To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.

  To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.

ADVANTAGES:

  It permits the teacher to stand in front of the  class while using the projector, thus enabling her to
point out features appearing on the  screen by pointing to the materials at the projector it self  and at
the same  time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion.

  Gains attention of the student.

OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES:

                           Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and
easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight.

A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector
and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.

The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside,
facing the student.

GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES:

         Have one main idea an each transparency.

         Include only related figures and diagrams.

         Use simple lettering style in writing.

         Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.

         Keep the message clear and simple.

         Emphasize the key messages.

         Use color and lettering with discretion.

ADVANTAGES:

         Permits face to face interaction with the students.

         Can be used in daylight conditions.

         Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.

         Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods.

         Easily available.

THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR

                              Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of
materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-
transparent.

                               The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the
originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher.
It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.

ADVANTAGES:

        Stimulates attention and arouses interest.

         Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is
available.

         Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.

         Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used.

         Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.

         Review instructional problems.

         Test knowledge and ability.

         Simple operation.

DISADVANTAGES:

         Costly equipment.

         Needs to use it with care.

         Needs a dark room for projection

 SLIDE PROJECTOR

                                           A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial

image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.

Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film
which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The standard size
of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.

TYPES OF SLIDES

1.      Photographic slides: 2” X 2”

3” X 4”

a)      Black and white

b)      Colored  

     2. Hand made slides: can be made with

a)      Acetate sheet

b)      Cellophane

c)      Etched glass

d)      Plain glass

e)      Lumarith

                                    Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking
photographs and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific
excursions.

The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect
of teaching with them.

ADVANTAGES:

1.      Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.

2.      Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject.

3.      Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.

4.      Easy to revise and up-date.

 5.      Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.

6.      Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.

7.      May be adapted to group or individual use

FILMSTRIPS

                                             Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual

frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip.

Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of
35mm film or 8mm film.

PRINCIPLES

1.      Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be
taught.

2.      Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.

3.      Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems.

4.      It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study brought out.

5.      Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.

TYPES OF FILMSTRIP:

1)      Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in

sequence usually with explanatory titles.

2)      Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion
recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.

ADVANTAGES:

1)      Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.

2)      Can be supplemented with recordings.

3)      Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.

4)      Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or user.

5)      Are projected with simple light weight equipment.

NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:

 GRAPHIC AIDS:

                                    It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and
logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative amounts
developments, processes, classification or organization. It includes the following

CHARTS

INTRODUCTION:

These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other services in
explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical
material, which presents a clear summary.

DEFINITION:

Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in systematic way
to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.

PURPOSES:

  To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.

  To highlight important points.

  To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.

  To show continuity in process.

  For creating problems and stimulating thinking.

  For showing development of structure.

TYPES OF CHARTS:

  Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or
development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an improvement over a
period of years.

   The cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship
between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions and change or conflict.

  The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.

  The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning data
and its projections in to future.

Strip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by          
It increases the interest and imagination of the audience.

The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by
wax, tape or sticky substance or pins.

As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate
strip or paper. It produces interest.

It increases learning and aids recall.

  Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The message
can be shown to the viewer, one after another by6 pulling out the concealing strips.

  Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or functional

relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines showing the directional
flow.

  Tabulation chart:  it shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-table of a

class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is
to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinction, and contrasts between
two or more things. While making the table charts the following points must be kept in the mind.

The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.

The chart should be captioned in bold letters.

The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

  Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a
supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in
sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be presented.

  Pie chart: a circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections, each section
will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the chart as legend. The
circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the component.

FLASH CARDS

DEFINITION: 

“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical
sequence.”

‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or drawing paper,
plane paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.’’

PURPOSES:

1.      To teach the students.

 2.      To give health education.

3.      Useful for small group.

4.      Used in group discussions

PRINCIPLES:

         The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content will
be written in few lines at the back of the each card.

         10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.

         10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.

         Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.

         The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better visualization.

USING THE FLASHCARDS:

                                          For class room instruction, the flash card s is to be properly used. The
following steps are used while displaying flash cards.

1.      Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.

2.      Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.

3.      Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all the students
can see it.

4.      Let the student respond as per instructions already given.

5.      Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.

ADVANTAGES:

         Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.

         It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations

         It can be used to review a topic.

         Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes

         To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.

         It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other material.

DISADVANTAGES:
         Can not be used for a large group

         Prone to get spoiled soon

         Preparation is time consuming.

                                            

POSTERS

DEFINITION:

 “Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing
paintings.”

PURPOSES:

         To provide general motivation.

         To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect.

         To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for leading to action.

         For the class room and community.

PREPARATION AND RULES:

         To do a special job.

         To promote one point.

         To support local demonstration.

         Planned for specified people

         Tell the message at single glance.

         Use bold letters.

         Use pleasing colors...

         It should place, where people pass or gather.

FEATURES OF A GOOD POSTER

         Brevity: message should be concise

         Simplicity: message should be easily understandable

         Idea: should base on single idea and it should be relevant.

         Color: suitable color and combination should be used to make the poster attractive and eye
catching.

         Display: while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is ad4equate light and
where the larger population will see it.

ADVANTAGES:

         It attracts attention.

         It conveys the message very quickly.

         It does not require a detailed study.

         Good poster leads to action with good motivation

         It can stand alone and is self explanatory.

DISADVANTAGES:

Poster does not always give enough information

When a poster is seen for longer time it may not attractive. So it should be dynamic

GRAPHS

DEFINITION:

  Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting the trends or
changes of certain attributes.

METHOD OF PREPARATION:

         Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book.

         For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x 72 cm size.

         Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.

         The bars should be equi-spaced.

         Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart paper.

         Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.

TYPES:
 Pie graph: These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented thorough the sections of portions
of a circle.

         In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take in to consideration a quantity

known as pie.

         The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree.

         The total frequencies or value us equated to 360 degree and then the angles corresponding to
component parts are calculated.

         After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are drawn.

Bar graph:

The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Each bar must be of
the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the corresponding time of the variable.
Graphs are available in 2 forms that is vertical and horizontal

Line graph:

To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the variation in the
quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The concepts are represented
with the help of lines drawn either horizontally or vertically. The plotted points are connected to one
another, instead of the base thus producing the curve.

Pictorial graph:

It is an out standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the expression of ideal; they
are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be used to create rapid association with the
graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to indicate quantity.

MAPS

DEFINITION:
 A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the earth, world
or parts there of. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colors.

TYPES OF MAPS:

  Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.

  Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.

  Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, and region.

  Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an area, region
country.

  Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of region, country.

  Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites.etc..

  Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.

  Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.

  Air maps: shows the air routes between various points.

  Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports

CARTOONS

The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms of visual
art and illustration. The term has evolved over time.
The original meaning was in fine art, and there cartoon meant a preparatory drawing for a piece of art
such as a painting.

DEFINITION:

 A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message.

In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized
symbols.
 PRINCIPLES:

         The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectiveness.

         The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which students can
react intellectually.

ADVANTAGES:

 A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.

         It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting.

         Fantasy

         Satire

         Exaggeration.

NEWS PAPERS

                             It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the public
easily. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language .the
people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.

Advantages

  Best method to reach a large group

  Pictures will help in easy understanding

  Attractive and easy to understand

  Lot of information can be obtained in various fields

Disadvantages
 useful for literates only

 detailed information cannot be produces

COMIC STRIPS

Definition:

 A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some character and events
full of action.

This medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by children.

Uses:

         Comic strips fire the imagination of children

         It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.

         It communication detailed and vivid.

         It stimulates reality and involvement.

Limitations:

         Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers divorced
from the hard realities of life.

         Comic strips hamper the development of language of children.

         Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore or by
pas s the original work.

         Comics can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid serious
studies
 3- DIMENTIONAL AIDS

MODELS

Definition: a model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is height,
width, and depth is felt as reality.  

 Types of models:

1.      Solid models: it is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material like clay,
plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the external parts of the things. Ex: globe, clay model of
human and animal.

2.      Cutaway and x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to show internal parts of a
thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or institutions as they require
expertise to construct them. Ex: cross sectional model of human body.

3.      Working models: these models are either actual working things or their miniature replicas. For
illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.

4.      Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest area.

Advantages:

          Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are three
dimensional.

         Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.

         Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus make
comprehension easier.

         Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.

         Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes, pins,
clips, nails, and clay.

         Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle.

         Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

Limitations:

         It requires expertise to make.

         Time consuming.

         Some of the models may be very expensive.

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
Definition:

                      A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects.

A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.

Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher
must keep the following points in her mind.

         Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen being
referred to.

         Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or specimen
under observation.

         Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under observation

         Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Sources of objects and specimens:

         Local markets

         Manufacturers and factories

         Discarded material from  the houses

         Specimen found in the nature can be collected by students from field trips and nature hunt

         Plasters casts can be purchased

         Wild flowers, leaves shells, stones butterflies moths, insects can also be procured.
 Mounting the objects and specimens:

                    Objects and specimens should be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way and the
boxes should be covered with cellophane paper. Also label each object or specimen using self
adhesive paper.

Advantages of objects and specimens:

         Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others leading to
development of social skills and values.

         Students when collect and display objects and specimens derive satisfaction of contributing to
the school and teacher something worthwhile.

         Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by collection of objects
and specimens.

         Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing
investigatory projects.

         Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the teacher
and students alike.

         It arouse some interest among students in learning

         Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning

         It heighten the reality in the class room

         It makes teaching lively.

EXHIBITIONS

                        Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work for
showing it to the people out side the school, and such a show called exhibitions.

The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

Requisites for exhibition:

         The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention to a
particular  concept

         The exhibits should be clean , labeled properly

         The concepts  of contrast  in color and size should be used  for lying out the exhibitions

         The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors , can see them

         The place and exhibits should be well lighted

         To capture attention and interest of visitors , both motion and sound  should be utilized

         The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches,
handles, to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.

         The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the students and
the visitors

         The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated learning.

Advantages:

         Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a sense of
involvement

         Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement

         Exhibitions develop social skills of communication , cooperation, coordination

         Exhibitions foster  better school community relations and make community

members  conscious about the school

         Exhibitions couple information with pleasure

         Exhibitions foster creativity among students.

Disadvantages:

         Requires thorough preparation

         Time consuming

         Require funds or budget.

PUPPETS

                      One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an education
cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person termed as a characters
in a story to be depicted.

Definition:
 A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as a
puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is
used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.

Types of puppets

1. String or marionettes puppets:-Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged body parts which are
controlled by nine strings produces required movements in the puppet. These puppets are mainly
manipulated by professional puppeteers.

2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cutouts attached by sticks. The actions of these
puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are
visible to the audience or the class.

3. Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produce shadows on white
screen. The motion of these silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and students.

4. Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with overflowing colorful
costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their movements. These are operated from below
the stage.

Selection:

In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and tastes of the students should be taken in
to consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.

Advantages:

1) Creates interest

2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period

3) Puppet is an effective method in teaching.

4) Motivate students
 5) Easy to carry and operate

Disadvantages

1) Needs group cooperation and coordination

2) Requires skills in preparation and supply

3) Skills needed in presentation

CHALK BOARD
DEFINITION 

A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made

with chalk or other erasable markers.Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black
or dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus sometimes called a
greenboard or brownboard instead.
          A blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted with matte dark paint (usually black or
dark green). A more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn across two parallel
rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while saving what has been written.
The highest grade chalkboards are made of a rougher version porcelain enameled steel (black, green,
blue or sometimes other colours). Porcelain is very hard wearing and chalkboards made of porcelain
usually last 10-20 years in intensive use.

Blackboards have disadvantages:

They produce a fair amount of dust, depending on the quality of chalk used.
 Some people find this uncomfortable or may be allergic to it, and there has been speculation about links
between chalk dust and respiratory problems. 
The dust also precludes the use of chalk in areas shared with dust-sensitive equipment such as computers.
However, these alternative methods of displaying information have drawbacks of their own.
The scratching of fingernails on a blackboard is a sound that is well-known for being extremely irritating.
Blackboards are also used in many establishments (typically public houses) as a form of advertising
often for upcoming events and menus - as well as to keep the score in darts matches

FLANNEL BOARD

 Sometimes called a flannel graph.

This teaching tool is called by different names:

Visual Board , Frick Board,  Slap Board,  Felt Board, Coherograph, Video graph

Flannelgraph is a storytelling system that uses a board covered with flannelfabric, usually resting on
an easel. It is very similar to Fuzzy felt, although its primary use is as a storytelling medium, rather
than as a toyHow to use

The principle involved is the inter1ooking of fibers of two rough or bairy surfaces, so that the pieces
pressed on to a background which is hard and vertical will stay. It can be illustrated on a larger scale
by pressing two tooth brushes or hair brushes together, so the bristle inter-1ook. In case of flannel
graph similar principle of friction helps an object to cling to the surface of the board.

The flannel board is usually painted to depict a background scene appropriate to the story being told.
Paper cutouts of characters and objects in the story are then placeon the board, and moved around, as
the story unfolds. These cutouts are backed, either with flannel, or with some other substance that
adheres lightly to the flannelbackground, such as coarse sandpaper.

ADVANTAGES

1) Permits numerous and varied arrangements of visua1 materials.

2) Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material Materials can be packed and transported
complete notes. 3) Permits the development of a complete story.

4) Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the material in the first
place.

5) Challenges one to develop symbols to portray such things as abstractions.

 6) Easier to construct materials for flannel board than to make slides or movies.

Disadvantages:

1) Transportation and storing of boards and materials is a problem. Suitable tables to support boards
must be available.

2) Time and cost of making material for presentation present a problem.

3) Cost of boards themselves can't be overlooked.

 4) Presentation is limited a new idea involves a lapse of time before the new material can be added

.5) Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques when it is evident
that other methods might be more appropriate.

6) To tell a complete story it often takes either too much board space or smaller designs and materials
some of which cannot be seen well.

BULLETIN BOARD

DEFINITION

It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple device placed either indoor or
outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs, publications, posters, news paper cut outs.

Advantages

Explains important eventsReports special activities

Disadvantages

Not effective for illiterate group.

Takes lot of preplanning and preparation

A bulletin board (pinboard, pin board or notice board in British English) is a place where people

can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell, announce events or provide
information.Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have
cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts, bollards,
trees, and walls often become impromptu postering sites in areas where official boards are sparse in
number.

PEG BOARD

It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix certain letters into the holes which is used
especially in the offices to display certain items, name of the personal or faculty member.

MAGNETIC BOARDS

It is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark color generally black or green. It can
be used to display pictures, cutouts and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic holders.

Advantages

Movement of visual material is easy.

 AUDITORY AIDS

These are also an effective aid, usually radios, recorders, gram phones come under this category.

Using a record player for teaching:

-A record player can be used in the following ways in the actual class room situation

A record player can be used to supplement a lesson.

A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in music.

A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in literature.

A record player can be used for students to acquire the singing ability, deliver a speech properly, and
recite a poem in the right way.

The player can be used to end or conclude a lesson;

Introduce a lesson and review a lesson.

A record player can be used for physical exercises accompanied with music

TAPE RECORDER:

A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and re record sound on a
magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by any body by operating the following
press buttons attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play, wind, rewind, record, pause, and eject.

Uses: it is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity. GRAME PHONES Like
radio gramophones are also important teaching devices. Helps to listen to famous speeches.

ACTIVITY AIDS

There are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct experiences can be
easily incorporated, these are called activity aids. The activity teaching aids are really of great value as
they put students in a role of active seekers of knowledge. There are five important activity teaching
aids, which are listed below:-

1) Field trips

2) Demonstrations

3) Experiments

4) Dramatizations
 FIELD TRIPS

DEFINITIONS

According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure by which the student
studies firsthand objects and materials in their natural environment.”

Types of field trips: -

Depending on the place of visit and its duration, field trips are mainly of the following four types,
namely:-

a) Local school trips

b) Community trip

c) Educational trips

d) The natural hunt

Advantages of field trip:

Field trip provides learning experience in the real life situation by direct contact with objects, process,
and systems and thus has many advantages which are enumerated as follows:

->It provides accurate information objects, process, and systems in their real life setting.

->It provides meaningful direct experience and hence results in lasting learning.

->The students learning can be easily diverted towards effective learning.

->Field trips are valuable aids to what students are curious about the natural and man-made process
and objects.

->field trips can effectively supplement the classroom learning through application and reviewing the
experiences of student.

Limitations of field trip:

1) A field trip may be occasional activity which at best supplement some learning segments of the
syllabus.

2) They can be expensive and out of reach for many disadvantaged and poor students.

3) Field trips require proper and detailed planning to make them meaningful otherwise the trip leads to
confusion, and fails to fulfill the requirement

DEMONSTRATIONS:-
Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid, because of its wide use in the teaching of nurses. In
nursing education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinics, conferences, laboratory classes,
symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to patients. The demonstration method teaches by
explanation and exhibition. In short, it is a performance to show a process or activity to others. When
a teacher demonstrates, students observe and imitate to learn

Advantages of demonstration:-

The following are the advantages of demonstration method.

1) It activates several senses. This increases learning, because it gives a better opportunity for
observational learning.

2) It clarifies the underlying principles by demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the procedure.

3) It provokes interest by use of concrete illustrations.

4) It correlates theory with practice engages student’s attention and concentration.

 5) It encourages student’s participation in learning through questions and answers as the teacher
performs.

EXPERIMENT

An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret observations using
measuring instruments to reach some conclusions. In science subjects experiments are used invariably
used as instructional aid as they encourage learning by doing. While giving a lesson on an experiment,
the teacher should organize the instruction so as to make the students aware of the following steps of
the experiments:

1) Objectives of the experiments

2) Apparatus required

3) Procedure or methodology

4) Observations of data

5) Computation (totaling) of the observations made.

6) Results or conclusion

7) Precautions

8) Ideas for future work

The student performs the experiment and writes a report on it. Showing the cause and effect
relationship.

DRAMATIZATION
 Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively and interesting.
When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators and participants. This
makes learning easy and permanents.

Types of dramatizations suitable for class room instruction:-

1) Role-play

2) Play lets

3) Pageant

4) Pantomime

5) Tableaux

Advantages of dramatization:

1)Dramatization gives an added advantage of students working as both observers (spectators) and
doers (participants) unlike in experiment where there are just doers and in demonstration where there
are just observers.

2) Dramatization makes learning a pleasure children love to act and show off.

3) Dramatization involves students totally and they appreciate the lessons remember it better

4) Dramatization develops the social skills required for them such as cooperation, co-ordination,
punctuality, and human relations etc.

5) Dramatization makes students creative, sensitive, and alert.

Conclusion :-

At the end of lesson student will be able to understand the instructional media/ av aid it advantages &
Disadvantages

Bibliography :-

 “B.T. Basvanthapa”, “Nursing Education”, 1st edition, 2004, page:- 422-460.

 “Neeraja KP” A Textbook of “Communication & Education”, 2nd Edition , 2006. page:- 624-628.