Pessli1238 PDF
Pessli1238 PDF
Pessli1238 PDF
Interconnection
Area
Distributed
System Electric
Energy
Power
Resource Note: P1547 full revision started in
System
(DER) year 2015 is also addressing
interoperability and interfaces (EPS)
unit
3
IEEE Std 1547a Amendment 1, May 2014
(Amendment 1: revisions to 4.1.1, 4.2.3, and 4.2.4)
4
P1547 voltage regulation (Work In Progress)
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P1547 Example New Reactive Power Requirements
(Work In Progress)
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Voltage and Reactive Power Control
The DER shall provide the capabilities of the following modes of reactive power
control functions:
1. Adjustable Constant Power factor mode The capability is mandatory for
categories A and B
2. Voltage-reactive power (Volt-var) mode The capability is mandatory for
categories A and B
3. Active power-reactive power mode (watt-var) The capability is optional for
category A and mandatory for categories B
4. Reactive power mode The capability is mandatory for categories A and B
5. Dynamic reactive current? Still in progress
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P1547 Example New Reactive Power
Requirements (Work In Progress)
(V1,Q1)
Injecting (over-excited)
Reactive Power (% of Stated Capability)
Dead Band
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P1547 Example New Voltage Regulation
Requirements (Work In Progress)
Voltage-Real Power (Volt-Watt) Mode
When in this mode, the DER shall actively control the real output power as a
function of the system voltage following a target voltage active power (volt-
watt) characteristic curve.
Power Power
P4 P4
Ppre-disturbance
Ppre-disturbance
Voltage
P3
V3 (% of VN)
V4 V1 V2 V3 Voltage V4 V1 V2
(% of VN)
P3
ESS going into
Charge mode
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P1547 Example New Power Quality Requirements
(Work in progress)
Harmonics:
When the DER is serving balanced linear loads, harmonic current injection into the Area
EPS at the Point of DER interconnection shall not exceed the limits stated below.
The harmonic current injections shall be exclusive of any harmonic currents due to
harmonic voltage distortion present in the Area EPS without the DER connected.
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P1547 Example New Power Quality Requirements
Temporary Over Voltage (Work in progress)
The DER shall not cause the RMS Line-Ground voltage on any portion of
the Area EPS that is designed to operate effectively grounded, as defined
by IEEE C62.92.1, to exceed 130% of its nominal line-ground RMS voltage.
The DER shall not cause the L-L RMS voltage to exceed 130% of its nominal
L-L RMS voltage at any location on the Area EPS distribution system.
The RMS voltage measurements of this sub-clause shall be based on one
fundamental frequency period.
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P1547 Example New Power Quality Requirements
Transient Over Voltage (Work in progress)
The DER shall not cause the instantaneous voltage to be outside the acceptable region.
Figure TBD defines the acceptable total duration of instantaneous voltage exceeding a
specified magnitude over a period of 10 cycles.
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Interoperability and interfaces: Significant New Additions
to IEEE 1547
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Other topics?
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1
4
5
Afternoon ramp ~
0.7 MW / hour
MW
No solar DER on
any of the three
distribution feeders
MVAR yet
2 x 5 MW
solar DER on
one
MW distribution
feeder
Afternoon
~100% ramp ~
MVAR
penetration 3 MW /
(compared hour
to peak)
MW
Range of axes: 8 MW
over 2 hours. No solar
generation on the Does load variability
distribution feeders have a variability or
sourced from this volatility index? If so,
substation. This heres the baseline.
represents how power
flow changes from one
minute to the next over
a two hour period in
mid-day. Changes are ~
0.1 MW to 0.4 MW per
minute.
8
Duke Energy Progress, Lagrange 115 kV / 12 kV Substation near
LaGrange, NC: October 4 & 5, 2014
Range of axes: Still 8 MW over Whatever the baseline,
2 hours. There are now two 5 this is in a whole other
MW solar facilities operating on league. Can we manage
distribution feeders sourced this with step regulators
out of this substation. This and remote control of
shows the intermittent power capacitor banks?
flow across a substation due to
solar back-feed, from minute to
minute. In some cases power
flow changes by 3 to 4 MW in
one minute.
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Utility-scale DER:
random site survey results
2014 sites in 2015 sites in
compliance compliance
Per inverter mfr.,
transformer configuration
11 of 15 23 of 41
will not create an open
phase detection problem
As-built drawings on file
6 of 15 11 of 41
match site installation
Inverters comply with the
utilitys required
0 of 15 9 of 41
interconnection protection
settings
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Underground primary
cable neutral bonded to
very small wire. Weak
link.
15
16
No lightning arresters
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60,000
50,000
(MWdc)
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015E 2016E 2017E 2018E 2019E 2020E
Year (2015-2020 are forecasts)
Ride-Through Requirements
Q&A
Bulk and distribution system needs
Voltage/Reactive
Transmission
Power PowerDistribution
quality: voltage
limits/power factor
Frequency
Stability
Health & Safety: protection
coordination/anti-islanding
Frequency
Stability
Health & Safety: protection
coordination/anti-islanding
Category
Category I
A
Voltage
Regulation
Authority
DER Having
Vendors Category Category Juris-
II B diction1
Category
III
Market Analysis
Impact Assessment
Costs
Technical conditions: type & capacity & future
Market segment
penetration of DER, type of grid configuration, etc.
Etc.
Non-technical issues: DER use case, impacts on
1 State Regulator, Area EPS or bulk system environment, emissions, and sustainability, etc.
operator, etc.
Ride-Through Requirements
Foundations and Justifications
Requirement Category Foundation Justification
Voltage Ride- Category I German grid code for medium voltage- Essential bulk system needs.
Through connected synchronous generator-based Attainable by all state-of-the-art DER
DER technologies.
Category II NERC PRC-024-2 but w/o stability All bulk system needs.
exception, extended LVRT duration for Coordinated with existing reliability
65-88% Vnom standards.
based on EPRI White Paper (May Considering fault-induced delayed voltage
2015) recovery.
Category III CA Rule 21 and Hawaii, minor All bulk system needs.
modifications Considering fault-induced delayed voltage
recovery.
Distribution system operation.
Frequency Ride- All Categories CA Rule 21 and Hawaii, exceeds PRC- All bulk system needs.
Through (harmonized) 024-2 Low inertia grids.
based on EPRI White Paper (May
2015)
Frequency Trip Requirements
IEEE Std 1547-2003
Source: NERC, Performance of Distributed Energy Resources During and After System Disturbance:
Voltage and Frequency Ride-Through Requirements, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, 2013.
Frequency Ride-Through Requirements
IEEE P1547 Draft 3 (January 2016)
Category I, II, and III
66.0 Hz (harmonized) 66.0 Hz
63.0
may ride-through
shall trip
62.5 or may trip
0.16 s
62.0 Hz 1 000 s
62.0 2
299 s
61.5
Mandatory Operation
Overfrequency-
180 s 61.0 Hz 1 000 s droop
61.0 1 may ride-through
60.6 Hz or may trip
60.5
Frequency (Hz)
60.0
Continuous Operation
59.5
(V/f 1.1)
59.0 Underfrequency-
59.0 Hz
180 s 1 000 s
droop
58.5
Legend 1
may ride-through or
Mandatory Operation range of adustability may trip zones
58.0 299 s
default value shall ride-through zones
and operating regions
57.5 shall trip zones describing performance
57.0 Hz
57.0
may ride-through 0.16 s may ride-through or may trip 1 000 s
56.5 or may trip 2
shall trip
56.0
0.01 0.1 50.0 Hz 1 10 100 50.0 Hz 1000
Time (s)
Source: Draft Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with
Associated Electric Power Systems, IEEE P1547/D3, 2016.
Voltage Trip Requirements
IEEE Std 1547-2003
Source: NERC, Performance of Distributed Energy Resources During and After System Disturbance:
Voltage and Frequency Ride-Through Requirements, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, 2013.
Voltage Ride-Through Requirements
IEEE P1547 Draft 3 (January 2016) Category II
Category II
(based on NERC PRC-024-2 and considering FIDVR issues to a certain extent)
1.30
may ride-through0.16 s
or may trip 1.20 p.u. shall trip
1.20 2 13 s
1s voluntary
Permissive Operation ride-through 1
1.10
1.10 p.u.
Continuous Operation
1.00
PRC-024-2
0.70 1
0.65 p.u. 21 s Legend
0.32 s 2s
0.60 range of adustability
Permissive Operation
0.50 default value
0.45 p.u. 0.50 p.u.
shall trip zones
0.40 0.16 s
may ride-through or
0.16 s 2s may trip zones
0.30 2
shall ride-through zones
may ride-through and operating regions
0.20
or may trip describing performance
0.10
0.00 p.u. 0.00 p.u. shall trip
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time (s)
Source: Draft Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with
Associated Electric Power Systems, IEEE P1547/D3, 2016.
Other Advances in Proposed Requirements
Technology
2015 2016 Innovation
White Paper
PSCAD modeling of a feeder DIgSILENT PowerFactory modeling GE PSLF modeling of WECC, to PSCAD modeling of a feeder
with stability models date with CMPLDWG model, in
A/C induction motor models A/C induction motor models
future with PVD1 model
Validation of PVD1 model against
Point on wave fault studies With DERs
detailed positive-sequence Focused on California with ~11%
Validation of CMPLDW model models DER PV penetration Verification of distributed PV
model (PVD1)
No DERs Further development of Test CA Rule 21 requirements
distributed PV model (PVD1) Verification and justification of
VRT, FRT, P or Q priority, etc.
fast voltage control
Fast voltage control
Questions & Answers
TogetherShaping the Future of Electricity
John Kotula
System Protection Engineering
2
Scope of Presentation
DVP Service Territory and Renewable MWs Installed, Interconnection Agreements Executed,
and Active Applications.
Conclusion
3
Approximately 520MW of Utility Scale Photovoltaic Nominal Capacity Interconnection Agreements Executed.
1) Although voltage regulation was not allowed by IEEE Std. 1547-2003, Ammendment 1 approved on 16 May
2014, now allows the Distributed Resource to participate in voltage regulation.
2) Prior to Ammendment 1 being approved, one way to get around the language, was to set the fixed power
factor at a value other than unity. Then you were not actively regulating the voltage.
3) Would that always resolve the voltage issue? No. Thats why the revision of IEEE Std. 1547-2003 will offer a
family of voltage regulation options.
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At nominal output, ITDD = ITDH. ITHD can exhibit higher values when operating at lower output. Should this be a
concern given the total rms magnitude of harmonic current can be lower, even though its relative distortion is
high?
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Photovoltaic Plant was not only a source of current harmonics, but also a sink for grid
current harmonics.
Capacitor in inverter LCL filter is acting as a harmonic sink.
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Check the cease to energize functionality by operating a load interrupting device and
verify the equipment ceases to energize its output terminals and does not
restart/reconnect for the required time delay. The test shall be performed on each
phase individually.
If we look at the above filtered event file, the fundamental frequency positive sequence voltage
magnitude, VZ1(Mag), exhibits little deviation. Since inverters make their control and protection
decisions based on the fundamental frequency positive sequence voltage, the inverter stayed
online. (Single Phase Testing FAILED)
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Conclusion
In order for distributed energy resources to become part of a reliable electric grid,
there needs to be more validation of installed hardware and inverter in-service
settings. More support functionality is becoming available, but confidence is low
that the correct settings are in-service, or will be in-service.
Field witness testing has its limitations. Validated inverter models are necessary to
gather insight into inverter-grid interaction and inverter-inverter interaction.