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    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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    JoshuaMondejar
    The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It outlines the key enzymes and functions involved in DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA, and translation of RNA to proteins. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to duplicate the DNA molecule. Transcription involves RNA polymerase producing an RNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation then uses ribosomes and other factors to link amino acids as directed by the RNA to synthesize proteins.

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    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    Uploaded by

    JoshuaMondejar
    148 views4 pages
    The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It outlines the key enzymes and functions involved in DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA, and translation of RNA to proteins. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to duplicate the DNA molecule. Transcription involves RNA polymerase producing an RNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation then uses ribosomes and other factors to link amino acids as directed by the RNA to synthesize proteins.

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    The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It outlines the key enzymes and functions involved in DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA, and translation of RNA to proteins. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to duplicate the DNA molecule. Transcription involves RNA polymerase producing an RNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation then uses ribosomes and other factors to link amino acids as directed by the RNA to synthesize proteins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    148 views4 pages

    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    Uploaded by

    JoshuaMondejar
    The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It outlines the key enzymes and functions involved in DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA, and translation of RNA to proteins. During replication, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to duplicate the DNA molecule. Transcription involves RNA polymerase producing an RNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation then uses ribosomes and other factors to link amino acids as directed by the RNA to synthesize proteins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF

    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    Replication
    ENZYME/PROT FUNCTION STAGE
    EIN
    DNA Helicase Unwinds the double-stranded
    DNA by breaking the H-bonds
    between the complementary
    strand
    Initiatio
    Single strand binding proteins
    (SSBPs)
    DNA Gyrase
    Keeps the single strands from
    reannealing
    Relaxes the twisting tension
    n
    (i.e. super coils) created on the
    DNA during unwinding
    Primase Synthesizes short stretches or
    segments of RNA to serve as
    primers for elongation of the
    complementary strand
    *RNA primers provide the 3-
    OH end needed by the DNA Pol
    III to catalyze the formation of
    phosphodiester bonds when
    nucleotides are added during
    the elongation

    Elongati
    DNA Polymerase III (DNA Pol Adds nucleotide triphosphate
    III) (dATP, dGTP, dTTP, dCTP)
    complementary to the DNA
    template starting from the 3

    DNA Polymerase I (DNA Pol I)


    OH end of the primer
    Proofreads the DNA molecule,
    and removes the primers by
    on
    digestion via its exonuclease
    activity starting from the 3 to
    5 direction
    Ligase Seals or joins the nicks left by
    the DNA Pol I during the
    proofreading
    Termination
    - Two daughter molecules
    that are exact copies of
    each other and the
    parent DNA are
    produced.
    Transcription (DNA RNA)
    ENZYME/PROT FUNCTION STAGE
    EIN
    Initiatio
    RNA Polymerase Attaches to a specific
    sequence in the DNA called
    the promoter located
    upstream from the gene being

    Sigma factor ()
    transcribed
    Recognizes the promoter
    sequence so the RNA
    n
    polymerase can selectively
    bind to it
    Once bound, the factor
    dissociates and is free for
    another round of initiaton
    Elongation
    - The RNA polymerase
    moves along the
    anticoding strand of the
    DNA, which is 3 to 5
    strand of the gene.
    Rho () factor Binds to the RNA polymerase
    and dissociates it from the Termination
    DNA to stop transcription. Production of RNA
    complementary to the
    anticoding strand
    Could be any of three types:
    1. mRNA- provides the
    template that contains the
    nucleotide code for the amino
    acid sequence of a protein
    2. tRNA- transfers amino acids
    from the cytoplasm to the
    ribosomes; assumes a
    cloverleaf configuration, and
    has an anticodon arm that
    contains three nucleotides
    (anticodon) that are
    complementary to the codon
    of the mRNA, which dictates
    the amino acid that the tRNA
    will carry.
    3. rRNA- complexed with
    ribosomal proteins to form
    ribosomes the protein
    synthesizing organelle of the
    cell

    Translation (RNA PROTEINS)


    ENZYME/PROT FUNCTION STAGE
    EIN
    Amino-acyl synthetase Attaches the amino acids to Activation of Amino Acids
    their respective tRNAs

    Initiatio
    Initiation factor 1 (IF1) Stimulates the dissociation of
    the small (30S) and large(50S)
    subunits of ribosomes
    Initiation factor 3 (IF3) Binds to the 30S subunit to
    prevent the reassociation of
    the 30S and 50S subunits and
    binds the 30S subunit to the
    n
    start codon of the mRNA
    Initiation factor 2 (IF2) With an attached GTP,
    attaches the first amino acyl-
    tRNA carrying formylated
    methionine (fmet) to the 30S
    subunit

    Elongati
    Peptidyl transferase Present in the 50S subunit
    Catalyzes the formation of a
    peptide bond between the
    fmet and the amino acid

    Elongation factor Tu (EFTu)


    carried by the tRNA in the A-
    site
    Brings the net tRNA enzyme
    on
    carrying the next amino acid
    Elongation factor G (EFG) Moves the ribosomes along
    the mRNA in the 5 to 3
    direction, displacing the amino
    acid-tRNA complex from the A-
    site to the P-site leaving the A-
    site free for the next amino
    acid-tRNA complex.

    Terminat
    Release factor 1 (RF1) Recognize UAA and UAG
    Effect breakage of the bond
    between the growing
    polypeptide chain and the
    tRNA it is attached to,
    releasing the polypeptide
    ion
    product from the ribosome
    Release factor 2 (RF2) Recognize UAA and UGA
    Effect breakage of the bond
    between the growing
    polypeptide chain and the
    tRNA it is attached to,
    releasing the polypeptide
    product from the ribosome
    Release factor 3 (RF3) Aids either RF1 or RF2 binds to
    the ribosome with the use of
    GTP
    Initiation factor 1 (IF1) Once the polypeptide has
    been released, the ribosome
    dissociates
    Prepares the ribosomal
    subunits for another round of
    translation

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