A Seminar Report ON: Cdma Technology
A Seminar Report ON: Cdma Technology
A Seminar Report ON: Cdma Technology
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
CDMA TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY:
ANKUR BANSAL
Roll No. 0722631011
BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY
SESSION – 2010-2011
MODINAGAR-201204(U.P.)
2010-2011
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ABSTRACT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Appreciation can make a day, even change a life. Your willingness to put it
into words is all that is necessary”.
Last but not the least; I would like to thank my friends for their valuable inputs
without which this seminar would not have been complete.
ANKUR BANSAL
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CONTENT
What is CDMA
Multiple Access Comparison
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
CDMA Technology
Spread Spectrum
Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communication
Three types of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Coding
Generating Pseudo-Random Code
Code Correlation
Pseudo-Noise Spreading
System Capicity
The Spreading Process
CDMA Benefits
CDMA Implementation
CDMA Channel
CDMA forward Channel
Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channel
Forward Traffic Channel
CDMA Reverse Channel
Access Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
CDMA Modulation
Transmitting Data
Receiving Data
Demodulation
Code acquisition lock
Correlation & data dispreading
Automatic power control
Receiving an incoming call in CDMA
Conclusion
Refrence
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WHAT IS CDMA?
CDMA phones are noted for their excellent call quality and
low current draw CDMA is less costly to implement, requiring
fewer cell sites than the GSM and TDMA digital cell phone
systems and providing three to five times the calling capacity. It
provides more than 10 times the capacity of the analog cell
phone system (AMPS). CDMA is also expected to become the
third-generation (3G) technology for GSM.
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MULTIPLE ACCESS COMPARISON
The key point to make about TDMA is that users are still
assigned a discrete slice of RF spectrum, but multiple users now
share that RF carrier on a time slot basis. Each of the users
alternate their use of the RF channel. Frequency division is still
employed, but these carriers are now further sub-divided into
some number of time slots per carrier.
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CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
(DS) CDMA.
Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code
during a call. The DS code is a signal generated by linear
modulation with wideband Pseudorandorn Noise (PN) sequences.
As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used
in other technologies. Wideband signals reduce interference and
allow onecell frequency reuse.
Figure 3: DS-CDMA
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CDMA TECHNOLOGY
Spread Spectrum
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Signal reception consists of the following steps:
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Spreading takes place prior to any modulation, entirely in
the binary domain, and the transmitted signals are carefully
bandlimited.
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CODING
Code Correlation
Pseudo-Noise Spreading
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System Capacity
Gp 1
C max=
Eb 1+ β
No
Where
Cmax Is the maximum number of simultaneous calls
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process is done by directly combining the baseband information
to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the ratio
of the chips (UMTS = 3. 84Mchips/s) to baseband information
rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS.
Spreading process gain can in expressed in dBs (Spreading factor
128 = 21dB gain).
CDMA spreading
CDMA BENEFITS
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CDMA anti Cell Reuse
Eb/No and Interference Threshold
Examples of Capacity Improvements
Other influence on Capacity
CDMA IMPLEMENTATION
CDMA Channels
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CDMA traffic channels are different: they are dependent
on the equipment platform. Channels are designated in three
ways-effective traffic channels, actual traffic channels and
physical traffic channels.
The number of “Effective” traffic channels includes the
traffic carrying channels less the soft handoff channels.
The capacity of an effective traffic channel is equivalent to
the traffic carrying capacity of an analog traffic channel.
The number of “Actual” traffic channels includes the
effective traffic channels, plus channels allocated for soft
handoff.
The number of “Physical” traffic channels includes the
Pilot channels, the Sync channels, the Paging channels, the
Soft Handoff Overhead channels and the Effective (voice
and data) traffic channels.
Pilot Channel
The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit to obtain
initial system synchronization and to provide time, frequency,
and phase tracking of signals from the cell site.
Sync Channel
This channel provides cell site identification, pilot
transmit
power, and the cell site pilot pseudo-random (PN) phase offset
information. With this information the mobile units can establish
the System Time as well as the proper transmit power level to
use to initiate a call.
Paging Channel
The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel
after it has set its timing to the System Time provided by the
sync channel. Once a mobile unit has been paged and
acknowledges that page, call setup and traffic channel
assignment information is then passed on this channel to the
mobile unit.
Access Channel
When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it
will communicate to the base station over the access channel.
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This communication includes registration requests, responses to
pages, and call originations. The access channels are paired with
a corresponding paging channel.
CDMA Modulation
Input data
Transmitting Data
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convention, the phase shifts are 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees.
Since there are four possible states used to encode binary
information, each state represents two bits. This two bit “word”
is called a symbol.
Receiving Data
Demodulation
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It represents the end-to-end wireless system and all the
necessary specifications that govern its operation. cdmaOne
provides a family of related services including cellular, PCS and
fixed wireless (wireless local loop).
CONCLUSION
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consumers are using their phones more frequently. Add in
exciting Third-Generation (3G) wireless data services and
applications - such as wireless email, web, digital picture
taking/sending and assisted-GPS position location applications -
and wireless networks are asked to do much more than just a few
years ago. And these networks will be asked to do more
tomorrow.
REFERENCE
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