IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 1

The chart below shows the change in mass number and atomic number of an atom for different types of
radioactive decay.

change in atomic change in mass

number number
A -1 0
B -2 -4
C 0 0
D +1 0

(a) Write down the letter which shows how the mass number and atomic number change for the
following:
(i) emission of an alpha particle

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) emission of a beta particle

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iii) emission of gamma radiation

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1] 238
(b) Complete the equation below to show the decay 92 U
of to an isotope of thorium (Th) [2]
when it emits an alpha particle.
238

92 U

238 235
(c) 92 U and 92 U are both forms of uranium.

(i) What do we call different forms of the same element?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Describe how their nuclei differ from each other.

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 7
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 2

A radioactive source is used in a factory to monitor the level of washing powder in cardboard boxes as
they
move along a conveyer belt.

hopper washing powder

X GM tube

radioactive source
cardboard box

(a) A beta source is used.

Why is an alpha source unsuitable?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) Why could a gamma source not be used?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(c) Explain what happen when the level of powder in the box reaches
X.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
.................................................................................................................................................................. .
...... [4]

TOTAL / 6
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 3

Before Lord Rutherfords alpha particle scattering experiment in 1909, the atom was thought of as
something
like a plum pudding.
(a) Describe the plum pudding model.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b)We now think of the atom as having a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively
charged
electrons. Briefly describe how Rutherfords experiments provided the evidence for this model.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [5]
(c) Nuclear reactors make use of a process called nuclear
fusion.
How does nuclear fusion result in a release of energy?
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [4]

TOTAL / 6
 IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 4

Paul is a medical physicist. He uses an iodine-123 tracer in diagnosis of thyroid

problems.

800

700

600

500

400
Counts
per
minute

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Hours

The graph shows the decay curve for iodine-123.

(Continued...)
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 4 CONTINUED

(a) Explain what is meant by the half-life of a radioactive

substance.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b)(i) Using the graph, write down the half-life of iodine-123.

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) What is the count rate after 24 hours?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(c)(i) If 0.08 g of iodine-123 in solution is injected into a patient, what is the maximum amount
still
in the body after 39 hours?
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Why is it unlikely to actually be this much?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(d) (i) Iodine-123 is a gamma emitter.
Another isotope, iodine-131, with a half-life of 8 days is a beta
emitter.
Give two reasons why iodine-131 is not suitable as a tracer in the
body.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the decay of iodine-131 to form xenon (Xe).
131
53
I

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]

TOTAL / 9
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 5

The table below shows a list of radionuclides, their half-lives and the types of radiation
emitted.
No of No of half-life
radionuclide radiation emitted
protons neutrons
220
86
Rn 54.5 s alpha

24
gamma
11 Na 15 hr

32
beta
15 P 14 days

90
beta
38 Sr 28 yr.

14
beta & gamma
6 C 5700 yr.

(a) In the appropriate spaces in the table, write down the numbers of protons and neutrons in each
[5]
nucleus.
(b) Many radioactive substances have industrial, and scientific
uses.
Choose the most suitable substances for the following tasks.
(i) finding the age of prehistoric remains

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) tracing leaks in oil pipes

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 7
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 6

A source, which emits beta radiation, is used in a factory to control thickness of sheet metal as it is being
rolled.
Pressure
control

Detector
Rollers
Metal sheet

Source

(a) Name a suitable detector.

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b)Explain how this arrangement controls the metal
thickness.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [5]
(c)One worker suggests that an alpha source would be safer to
use.
Why is this not a sensible idea?
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 7
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 7

Freya is excavating a prehistoric site.

She finds human bones in the ground and decides to send them for carbon
dating.
(a) (i) Which isotope of carbon is measured in carbon dating?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Why is the element carbon chosen as the one to
measure?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) The graph below shows the decay curve for radioactive
carbon

100

90

80

Counts
70
per
minute
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Years

(Continued...)
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 7 CONTINUED

(i) The count rate at A is 100 counts per minute.

What time period would a sample having this count rate come
from?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) The analysis of Freyas sample gave a count rate of 60 counts per
minute.
How old is the sample?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iii) If the sample was know to date from 0 AD, what count rate would you
expect?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iv) What is the half-life of this carbon isotope?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(c) Freya believes that there may have been civilizations in the world more than 10 000 years
ago.
Give two reasons why carbon dating would be unsuitable for testing any samples from this
period.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]

TOTAL / 8
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 8

The diagram below shows a nucleus of uranium-235 undergoing nuclear

fission.

A2

A1
235
u
A3

(a) (i) What type of particle is A1?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Continue the diagram to show what happens when particles A2 and A3 meet more uranium [1]
nuclei.
(iii) What type of reaction has been started?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iv) What is produced in nuclear fission which makes it very useful for electricity
generation?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) The diagram below shows a nuclear reactor.
boron control rods

heat
exchanger
steam to
turbo-
hot gas generators
uranium
fuel rods
core
graphite
moderator cold water
cold gas
gas flow
thick pump
concrete
shield

(i) What happens to the heated coolant?

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(ii) What is the purpose of the layer of concrete around the
reactor?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iii) What is the purpose of the control rods?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 8
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 9

(a) Choose words from this list to complete the sentence

below
electronsmoleculeselementsprotons
neutronscrystalnucleus

An atom is made up of a tiny ....................... which contains .................

and
..................... It is surrounded by a cloud of ................... [4]

(b) Explain what is meant by radioactivity.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
.................................................................................................................................................................. .
...... [4]

TOTAL / 8
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 10

(a) Complete the following table

type of radiation composition speed electrical charge

alpha slow positive
electron fast
gamma
[6]

(b) Radiation comes from the atomic nucleus, which only contains protons and
neutrons.
Explain how beta radiation arises.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
.................................................................................................................................................... ...............
...... [3]

TOTAL / 9
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 11

(a) Radiation can be detected by photographic film.

Workers in the radiation industry wear photographic film
badges.
Explain the purpose of these badges.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) (i) Name a device commonly used to measure radioactivity.

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) The device works by detecting the ionisation of a gas in a tube.
Explain the meaning of the word ionisation.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [3]

TOTAL / 5
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 12

A Geiger-Muller tube is attached to a ratemeter to measure the activity of a radioactive

sample.
A student records the measurements at two-minute intervals.

time interval (min) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8 - 10

counts per second 87 92 81 84 80

(a) Why do the measurements vary?

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b) Calculate the average measurement in a two-minute
period.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(c) (i) When the source is removed, the ratemeter continues to register a
count.
What is the origin of this count?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Is the average measurement of this count likely to be higher or lower than that with the source
present?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 6
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 13

Radiation is used in medicine to kill cancerous cells.

RADIATION

tumour
organ

RADIATION RADIATION

(a) What is the name we give to this treatment?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) What type of radiation is used?

................................................................................................................................................... ................
...... [1]
(c)Three weak beams of radiation are used.
Explain why?

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................................................................. ......
...... [4]

TOTAL / 6
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 14

Sophie found a school radioactive source without a label.

She decided to measure its count rate under different conditions using a Geiger-Muller
counter.
The table shows her results.

set up counts per min

source + no absorber 451
source + 1 mm foil absorber 455
source + 10 mm aluminium absorber 18
no source or absorber 15

(a) (i) What was the count rate due to background activity?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Name two sources of background radiation.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b) What was the count rate due to the source
alone?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(c) What type of radiation did the source emit?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(d) (i) Sophie then took further readings of count rate, without an absorber, at regular time
intervals.
She plotted a graph of count rate against time.
What quantity might she be able to read from the graph?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) Why is it likely that she would not actually be able to find this quantity?

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]

(e) Give two precautions that Sophie should take when handling radioactive
sources.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................... .............
...... [2]

TOTAL / 10
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 15

Members of the public who do not work with radiation are allowed a certain dose per
year.
The table shows the percentage of that dose that each medical x-ray gives.
% of background
x-ray source
radiation dose
dental 1
chest 5
skull 3
pelvis 24
spine 40
leg 3
arm 2

(a) (i) Draw a bar graph to display the data. [4]

(ii) Jack has a chest x-ray.

How many dental x-rays would he need to have the same dose?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iii) Name two ways in which radiation can damage the body.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b) Mary is a radiographer who routinely works with x-rays.
Give two precautions she must take to keep her exposure as low as
possible.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]

TOTAL / 9
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 16

Bilal did an experiment to measure the penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma
radiation.
The diagram shows a summary of his results.

Source

Source

Source

Paper Aluminium Lead

(a) (i) Continue the arrows for each type of radiation. [1]

(ii) Bilal placed a strong magnet near each radiation

beam.
State what would happen to each radiation beam.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [3]
(iii) Why do the results described in (ii) happen?

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b) On a visit to a nuclear research laboratory, Bilal was shown a room containing a large cobalt-60
source.
Cobalt-60 is a gamma emitter.
(i) What would be the best material for the walls of the
room?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(ii) State a precaution which should be taken by workers at the laboratory to reduce their
dose of
gamma radiation.
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 8
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 17

(a) Write down two ways in which radioactivity is harmful to

humans.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(b) A source of radiation is outside a persons body.
Which type of radiation is least dangerous to the person?
(Give a reason for your answer)

Type of radiation

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
Reason (one line)

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(c) Describe how radioactivity can be used to sterilise medical
equipment.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]

TOTAL / 6
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 18

Nuclear power stations generate electricity

(a) Name a fuel that is used in a nuclear power

station.
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

(b)When the Russian nuclear power station at Chernobyl suffered damage some years ago,
there
was a leakage of radiation into the environment.
People in the UK were advised not to drink milk.
(i) Complete the flow chart to show how the radiation could have got into UK
milk. [3]
Choose phrases from the list below.
cows have calvesblown to UKleaks into sea
settles on grasscows produce milk

A B C
Radioactive Cows
gas eat
leaks grass

(ii) State two other possible harmful effects of the radiation from
Chernobyl.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(iii) Why has the area around the Chernobyl power station been cleared for a very long
time?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]

TOTAL / 7
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 19

Stephen is moving house. He would like to live in an area with low background radiation.. He looked at a
table
showing the average radiation levels from radon gas in air in different areas of the country.
The table is shown below.
units of radiation
area
dose per year
Cornwall 60
Sussex 15
Derbyshire 65
Scottish Highlands 36
North Yorkshire 9

(a) (i) Display the data in a bar chart. [3]

(ii) Where would he obtain the lowest dose?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(iii) Why is radon gas present in air?

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) Stephen had a holiday in the United States. His return flight gave him a radiation dose of 6 units.
How many return flights would he have to make to receive the equivalent of living in Cornwall for a
year?
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
TOTAL / 7
IGCSE PHYSICS RADIOACTIVITY

QUESTIONSHEET 20

There is radiation all around us. Some is artificial, but the greater proportion is
natural.
(a) (i) Give two sources of natural radiation.

..................................................................................................................................................................
............
...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [2]
(ii) Give one source of artificial radiation.

...................................................................................................................................................................
...... [1]
(b) Nuclear reactors provide only a small amount of the energy used in this country, yet many
people
are worried about them.
(i) Give two arguments against the setting up of more nuclear power
plants.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
................................................................................................................................................... ................
...... [2]
(ii) Give two arguments in favour of setting up more nuclear power
plants.
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
............................................................................................................................................. ......................
...... [2]
(c) What two important uses do radioactive isotopes have in
medicine?
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
..................................................................................................................................................................
............
.................................................................................................................................................................. .
...... [2]

TOTAL / 9