International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015

Power System State Estimation With and Without

Multiple FACTS Devices-SVC
Jenita Shanthini.D, Dr.R.Jegatheesan
Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Static Synchronous
AbstractIn this paper , State estimation of power systems Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow
with and without Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS) controller (UPFC) are able to change the network parameters
controllers has been presented and discussed in detail. Firing
in a fast and effective way in order to achieve better system
angle model for SVC is proposed to control the voltage at which
it is connected. The proposed model take firing angle as a state performance [1], [2], [3], [4]. These controllers are used for
variable. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model enhancing dynamic performance of power systems in terms of
Weighted Least Square Algorithm(WLS) is used in IEEE-14 bus voltage/angle stability while improving the power transfer
system and IEEE-30 bus system. Necessary changes are made in capability and voltage profile in steady-state conditions [5],
Jacobian matrix for incorporating SVC. Incorporation of one or [6]. Steady state modelling of SVC and TCSC and other
more FACTS devices into power system state estimation
FACTS devices in the power flow analysis using newton
algorithm are investigated. After an accurate estimation has
been carried out, the system quantities such as voltage and phase raphson algorithm, resulting in better voltage profile [7], [8].
angle has been calculated. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is the FACTS controller
based on Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-switched Reactor
Index Terms State estimation, Static VAR Compensator, (TCR and TSR); and Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC).
Firing Angle, Weighted Least Square(WLS) Algorithm. SVC is a shunt compensator used for voltage regulation which
is achieved by controlling the production, absorption and flow
of reactive power through the network. According to the IEEE
I. INTRODUCTION definition, a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is a shunt
With the fast development of power system, especially the connected static VAR generator or absorber whose output is
increased use of transmission facilities, it is necessary to adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current to
explore new ways of maximizing power transfer in existing maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power
transmission facilities, while at the same time maintaining the system (typically, the bus voltage) [2]. It is mainly used for
acceptable levels of the network reliability and stability. voltage regulation. For voltage control SVC is usually
Transmission systems are undergoing continuous changes installed at the receiving node of the transmission lines.
mainly from the strong increase in interconnected power
transfers, opening of the market for delivery of cheaper This paper focuses on the development of SVC model
energy to the customers, and economic and ecological and its implementation in Weighted Least Square(WLS)
constraints which delay the building of new transmission algorithm, to control voltage of the bus. Incorporation of
facilities. The need for more efficient power systems FACTS devices in an existing WLS algorithm results in
management, and the fast development of power electronics increased complexity of programming due to the following
based on new and powerful semiconductor devices, have reasons:
given rise to innovative technologies, such as FACTS New terms owing to the contributions from the FACTS
controllers[1]. devices need to be included in the existing power flow
equations of the concerned buses. These terms necessitate
modification of existing power flow codes.
FACTS devices can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a New power flow equations related to the FACTS devices
combination of both. The benefits they offer to the electrical come into the picture, which dictate formulation of separate
grid are widely referenced in scientific literature. These subroutine(s) for computing them.
benefits include improvement of the stability of the grid, The system Jacobian matrix contains entirely new
control of the flow of active and reactive power on the grid, Jacobian sub-blocks exclusively related to the FACTS
loss minimization, and increased grid efficiency. FACTS devices.
controllers such as Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM), Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Therefore, new codes have to be written for computation of
these Jacobian sub-blocks. Comparison with and without
Manuscript received April 16, 2015. FACTS controllers using WLS state estimation Algorithm has
Jenita Shanthini.D, Department of EEE, SRM University(Kattankulathur
Campus), Chennai, India.
been done. Further a Matlab code is developed for the
Dr.R.Jegatheesan, Department of EEE, SRM University(Kattankulathur proposed approach and applied to IEEE-14, 30 bus system
Campus), Chennai, India. and the results are tabulated.

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 Power System State Estimation With and Without Multiple FACTS Devices-SVC

In section (II) of this paper carries the Static VAR ; (6)

Compensator (SVC) concept and modeling, while section (III) At the iteration ,the firing angle is upgraded as
demonstrates the Weighted Least Square (WLS) Algorithm.
The results and different cases are presented in section where, is the real part of and is the
(IV).Finally; conclusion is discussed in section (V). imaginary part of
is the reactance of TCR, and are the inductive
II. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR and capacitive reactance
- equivalent reactance, - transformer reactance,
A. Modeling of SVC - SVC reactance, - firing angle of SVC,
- transformer resistance. - voltage at node k,
SVC device is a parallel combination of thyristor controlled and are active and reactive power injected
reactor with a bank of capacitors. Its a shunt connected at node k.
variable reactance, which either generates or absorbs reactive
power in order to regulate the voltage magnitude where it is B. SVC V-I Characteristics
connected to the AC network. Mainly used for voltage
regulation. As an important component for voltage control, it Use SVC is a shunt controlled susceptance which injects
is usually installed at the receiving node of the transmission reactive power into thereby increasing the bus voltage back to
lines.Fig.1 shows a SVC model with step down transformer. its net desired voltage level. If bus voltage increases, the SVC
will inject less (or TCR will absorb more) reactive power, and
the result will be to achieve the desired bus voltage. The SVC
can be operated in two different modes:

(i)In voltage regulation mode (the voltage is regulated with-

in limits as explained below).
(ii)In VAR control mode (the SVC susceptance is kept
constant).
From V-I curve of SVC, From Fig.2,
V= + ;
In regulation range (- <B< )
V= ;SVC is fully capacitive (B= )
V= ; SVC is fully inductive (B= )

Fig.1 SVC-Transformer representation

In this case, the firing angle is adjusted, within limits, to

constrain a voltage magnitude at a specified value [9]. The
total admittance of the combined SVC-transformer set ,
as seen from the high-voltage side of the transformer, consists
of the series combination of admittances and :

The total admittance of the combined SVC-Transformer

set,
(1)
where and can be found from the following
equations
( )
(2)
( )

(3)

= (4) Fig 2. Steady-state V-I characteristics of SVC

= =- (5)
III. WLS STATE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM
The active and reactive powers injected at node k by the
single model are,

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015
A. WLS Algorithm without FACTS Devices h=42x28, g=28x28.
(ii) 14bus with three SVCs connected,
WLS State Estimation involves the iterative solution of the No. of state variables =30
normal equations given by the following equation , No. of measurements z=47
G( ) = ( ) ( ) h=47x30, g=30x30.
The iterative solution algorithm for WLS state estimation For IEEE-30 bus system,
problem can be outlined as follows: (i) 30 bus without SVC
No. of state variables =59
1. Read the network data ; measurements and their standard No. of measurements z=93
deviations. h=93x59, g=59x59.
2. Set iteration count k=0 ; Initialize the state vector , (ii) 30 bus with Three SVCs connected,
typically as a flat start. No. of state variables =62
3. Knowing the measurement equations, compute the No. of measurements z=93
measurement Jacobian matrix H( ). h=93x62, g=62x62.
4.Calculate the gain matrix, G( ) using
G( ) = ( ) H( ). x^ is the state variable vector, z is vector of measurements.
5. Calculate the right hand side vector , given by =
( ) ( )
6.Decompose G( ) and solve
G( ) = ( ) ( ) for
= (7)
Update +
7.Test for convergence , max | | ?
8.If no, set k=k+1; go to step 3. Else Stop. [ ]

B. WLS Algorithm with facts controllers Changes made when SVC is added, increase in state
variable and changes in gain and corresponding residual
Changes are made with WLS algorithm. matrix. An extra column ( )is added to the jacobian matrix
with respect to the real and reactive power injection. All the
1.Read the system input data; line data, bus data, generator other terms in the column will become zero. Since we are
and load data. taking the transformer resistance to be zero, will
2.Modified admittance matrix Y bus when svc added to node also equal to zero. First derivative of real and reactive power
k. injections of SVC with respect to the state variable are,
3.Combining the SVC power equations with network
equation, (8)
4.The conventional jacobian matrix are formed due to the
( )+sin(2 )]]
inclusion of SVC. The inclusion of these variables increases
the dimensions of the jacobian matrix. (9)
5. Increase in size of gain matrix. ( )+sin(2 )]] (10)
6. Then steps are followed WLS state estimation algorithm.
( ) (11)
C. Jacobian matrix formation with FACTS controller

Here Firing Angle of SVC is taken as an additional

state variable which it is added to the Jacobian matrix. If we
are incorporating a single SVC, then one state variable added
to the jacobian matrix with respect to the injection bus. If we = (12)
are incorporating Three SVCs, then three state variables are
added to the jacobian matrix.
[ ]
For IEEE-14 bus system,
(i) 14bus without SVC
No. of state variables =27
No. of measurements z=47
h=47x27, g=27x27.
(ii) 14bus with one SVC connected
No. of state variables =28 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
No. of measurements z=42

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 Power System State Estimation With and Without Multiple FACTS Devices-SVC

IEEE 14bus and 30-bus test system is used to assess the CASE II:
effectiveness of SVC model developed in this paper. Four Table-II gives the state estimation of IEEE-14 bus
cases are considered, one SVC is connected at bus 10 and system with FACTS devices (SVC) connected at buses 7, 10
three SVCs are connected at bus 7,10 and 14 in IEEE 14-bus and 14. Initial Firing angle is set to be 90 which lies on the
system and, three SVCs are connected at bus 11,15 and 24. capacitive region. and values are chosen as 2.07 and
1.28. SVC absorbs 13. 2 MVAR from bus 10 and injects 24.6
CASE I: MVAR to bus 14 in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1
Table-I gives the state estimation of IEEE-14 bus system pu, with final firing angle of 153.
without FACTS devices and with FACTS devices (SVC)
connected at buses 10. Initial Firing angle is set to be 130 Table-II
which lies on the capacitive region. and values are IEEE-14 bus system with SVC connected at buses 7, 10, 14
chosen as 1.07pu and 0.288pu. The firing angle can vary from
90 180. The specified voltage calculated is 1.0405. Bus No. Three SVCs connected at bus 7,10

Table-I and 14
IEEE-14 bus system with SVC connected at bus 10
Voltage Phase Angle
With SVC connected
Bu Without SVC 1 1.0630 0.0000
at bus 10
s 2 1.0463 -4.9002
Phase PhaseAng
No. V(pu) V(pu) 3 1.0186 -11.1253
Angle le
4 1.0119 -10.7169
1 1.0500 0.0000 1.0592 0.0000
5 1.0154 -9.2193
2 1.0313 -5.4327 1.0425 -4.9358
6 0.9955 -15.6237

3 0.9979 -12.0144 1.0146 -11.2071 7 1.0000 -13.5383

4 0.9896 -11.5493 1.0080 -10.7945 8 1.0790 -13.5152

9 1.0277 -15.0625
5 0.9934 -10.0134 1.0114 -9.2910
10 1.0000 -15.8144
6 1.0356 -16.5087 1.0622 -15.4374
11 0.9704 -16.7216
7 1.0259 -14.5229 1.0427 -13.5734
12 0.9756 -16.7729
8 1.0623 -14.4965 1.0774 -13.5428
13 0.9703 -16.6692

9 1.0105 -16.1555 1.0282 -15.0784 14 1.0000 -16.2457

10 1.0020 -16.8402 1.0405 -16.3545

CASE III:
11 0.9961 -17.6053 1.0316 -16.6659
Table-III gives the state estimation of IEEE-30 bus system
with FACTS devices (SVC) connected at buses 11, 15 and 24.
12 1.0158 -17.6226 1.0435 -16.4443 Initial Firing angle is set to be 90 which lies on the capacitive
region. and values are chosen as 2.07 and 1.28. SVC
13 1.0104 -17.5188 1.0385 -16.3530 injects11.71 MVAR to bus 15 and 8.82 MVAR to bus 24 in
order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu, with final firing
14 0.9985 -17.0632 1.0208 -15.9321 angle of 143.

239 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015
Table-III
IEEE-30 bus system with SVC connected at buses 11,15,24 REFERENCES

Bus Without SVC SVC at bus 11,15,24 [1] N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts
and Technology of Flexible ac Transmission Systems, IEEE
No V(pu) Phase V(pu) Phase Press, NewYork, 1999.
Angle Angle [2] Enrique Acha et al., FACTS: Modeling and Simulation in Power
1 0.9865 0.0000 0.9948 0.0000 Networks, Wiley, 2004.
[3] A.Edris, FACTS technology development: an update, IEEE
2 0.9700 -6.2635 0.9910 -5.8146 Eng. Rev.20 (3), 2000, pp.4-9.
3 0.9474 -8.8420 0.9690 -8.2363 [4] R.MohanMarthur and Rajiv K.Varma Thyristor Based-FACTS
controllers for electrical transmission systems, Wiley, 2002.
4 0.9384 -10.9021 0.9615 -10.0701 [5] Kirschner L.; Retzmann D.; Thumm G.; Benefits of FACTS for
5 0.9335 -16.4941 0.9566 -15.0023 Power System Enhancement, Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, 2005 IEEE/PES,
6 0.9395 -12.9975 0.9622 -11.9257 pp.1 7.
7 0.9287 -15.0443 0.9502 -13.7010 [6] Yan Ou; Chanan Singh, Improvement of total transfer capability
using TCSC and SVC, Power Engineering Society Summer
8 0.9449 -13.9608 0.9667 -12.7741 Meeting, 2001.IEEE , Volume 2, 15-19 July 2001, pp. 944-948.
9 0.9667 -16.4813 0.9858 -15.1492 [7] Steady-State Modelling of SVC and TCSC for Power Flow
Analysis Mohammed Osman Hassan, S. J. Cheng, Senior
10 0.9472 -18.3445 0.9677 -16.8450 Member, IEEE, Zakaria Anwar Zakaria International Multi
Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2009 Vol II
11 1.0093 -16.4813 1.0000 -15.1492
IMECS 2009, March 18 - 20, 2009.
12 0.9746 -17.6918 0.9916 -16.2908 [8] Modelling FACTS Devices in Power System State Estimation S.
13 0.9954 -17.6918 1.0123 -16.2908 M. Mahaei*, M.TarafdarHagh, K. ZareAzarbaijan Regional
Electric Company Department of Power Engineering, University
14 0.9959 -18.7137 0.9739 -17.2280 of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran International Journal of Electrical and
Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol. 2, No. 1, February 2012, pp.
15 0.9491 -18.7299 1.0000 -17.2566
57~67 ISSN: 2088-8708.
16 0.9555 -18.2800 0.9747 -16.8044 [9] Zamora-Crdenas and Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel State
17 0.9441 -18.5714 0.9644 -17.0480 estimation of power systems containing facts controllers in
elsevier ,january 2011.
18 0.9352 -19.4195 0.9555 -17.8347
19 0.9306 -19.6063 0.9513 -17.9674
20 0.9339 -19.3581 0.9545 -17.7498 AUTHOR'S PROFILE
21 0.9328 -18.9821 0.9539 -17.4040
22 0.9372 -18.7111 0.9577 -17.1607
23 0.9331 -18.9957 0.9540 -17.4141
24 0.9231 -19.0788 1.0000 -17.4556
25 0.9270 -18.7784 0.9500 -17.1536 JENITA SHANTHINI.D Received B-tech in Electrical and
26 0.9070 -19.2593 0.9324 -17.5501 Electronics Engineering from Karunya University, Coimbatore in 2013,
currently pursuing M-tech with specialization in Power System Engineering
27 0.9395 -18.2962 0.9617 -16.7165 in SRM University, Kattankulathur campus, Chennai (2013-2015)
28 0.9398 -13.7910 0.9622 -12.6318
29 0.9177 -19.7604 0.9424 -17.9807
30 0.9051 -20.8172 0.9311 -18.8598

V. CONCLUSION Dr.R.JEGATHEESAN, B.E.(Hons.), M.Sc.(Engg.), Ph.D.

He is a professor in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
In this paper, SVC firing angle model is developed and SRM University, Kattankulathur campus, Chennai. He has produced two
doctorates. His research interest are Large Scale Power Systems, Power
discussed in detail. SVC firing angle model is considered in System Optimization, Power System, State Estimation, Congestion
which it injects and absorbs reactive power thereby increasing Management in Deregulated Power Systems, Economic Dispatch and Unit
the voltage profile by achieving the desired voltage at a Commitment, Hybrid Energy Systems. His area of interest is Power System
specified bus. The firing angle can vary within certain limits Engineering. He has published many National Level Publications and
International Publications. He has written two text books and they are
in order to achieve the desired voltage profile. MATLAB Electric Circuit Theory and Analyses Of Electric Circuits. His
coding has been carried out for IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus achievements and awards are 1) ITEX 2008 Gold Medal. 2)Best Invention
system in order to show the effectiveness and robustness of Award for Universities & Research Institutes Category. 3)ITEX 2008
KASS Best Invention Award. 4)World Intellectual Property Organization
the proposed model in State Estimation using WLS (WIPO) Best Invention Award. 5)The Belgian and International Trade Fair
Algorithm. The implemented model has been taken for for Technological Innovation 2008 Gold Medal. 6)Malaysia Technology
different case studies. Expo 2009 Bronze Medal.

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