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    Cell Junctions

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    Ahmad Mursyid
    This document discusses cell junctions and cell adhesion molecules. It defines cell junctions as connections between neighboring cells or contacts between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell junctions are classified into three main types: occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. The document then focuses on cell adhesion molecules, the major proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It describes the domains and functions of several major families of cell adhesion molecules, including cadherins, selectins, integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Finally, it provides details on specific junction types, such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

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    Cell Junctions

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Mursyid
    151 views40 pages
    This document discusses cell junctions and cell adhesion molecules. It defines cell junctions as connections between neighboring cells or contacts between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell junctions are classified into three main types: occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. The document then focuses on cell adhesion molecules, the major proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It describes the domains and functions of several major families of cell adhesion molecules, including cadherins, selectins, integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Finally, it provides details on specific junction types, such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

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    This document discusses cell junctions and cell adhesion molecules. It defines cell junctions as connections between neighboring cells or contacts between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell junctions are classified into three main types: occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. The document then focuses on cell adhesion molecules, the major proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It describes the domains and functions of several major families of cell adhesion molecules, including cadherins, selectins, integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Finally, it provides details on specific junction types, such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    151 views40 pages

    Cell Junctions

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Mursyid
    This document discusses cell junctions and cell adhesion molecules. It defines cell junctions as connections between neighboring cells or contacts between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell junctions are classified into three main types: occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. The document then focuses on cell adhesion molecules, the major proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It describes the domains and functions of several major families of cell adhesion molecules, including cadherins, selectins, integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Finally, it provides details on specific junction types, such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

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    Cell Connections & Junctions

    by Dr. Vani Gupta


    Definition and Classification of cell junction

    Cell junction is the connection between the neighbouring cells


    or the contact between the cell and extracellular matrix.

    It is also called membrane junction.

    Cell junction are classified into three types


    a-Occluding junction
    b-Communicating junction
    c-Anchoring junction.
    Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
    Important cell surface proteins molecules promoting
    cellcell and cellmatrix interactions.
    Important for many normal biological processes -
    embryonic cell migration, immune system functions,
    wound healing.
    Involved in intracellular signaling pathways (primarily
    for cell death/survival, secretion etc.)
    Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
    Express 3 major domains:
    The extracellular domain allows one CAM to bind to
    another on an adjacent cell.
    The transmembrane domain links the CAM to the
    plasma membrane through hydrophobic forces.
    The cytoplasmic domain is directly connected to the
    cytoskeleton by linker proteins.
    Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
    Interactions between CAMs can be mediated by :

    Binding of an adhesion
    An adhesion molecule
    molecule on one cell to The linker molecule in
    on one cell type binds
    the same adhesion most cases is Laminin,
    to a different type of
    molecule on a second a family of large cross
    cell adhesion molecule
    cell shaped molecules with
    on a second cell
    Cadherin - cadherin multiple receptor
    Selectins mucins
    domains.
    These cell adhesion molecules can be divided into 4
    major families
    The cadherin superfamily
    The selectins
    The immunoglobulin superfamily and
    The integrins
    The Cadherin superfamily
    Cadherins are the most prevalent CAMs in
    vertebrates.
    125 kD transmembrane glycoproteins - mediate
    intercellular adhesion in epithelial and endothelial
    cells by Ca2+ dependent homophilic adhesion.
    Primarily link epithelial and muscle cells to their
    neighbors
    Form desmosomes and adherens junctions
    Play critical role during development (cell sorting).
    Do not interact with extracellular matrix.
    The Cadherin superfamily
    Contain a short transmembrane domain
    and a relatively long extracellular
    domain containing four cadherin
    repeats (EC1-EC4), each of which
    contains calcium binding sequences
    Cadherins interact with specific
    cytoplasmic proteins, e.g., catenins (,
    and ), as a means of being linked to the
    actin cytoskeleton.
    The binding of cadherins to the
    catenins is crucial for cadherin function.
    The Selectins
    Structural features of selectins
    include:
    NH2-terminal C-type Ca2+
    dependent lectin like binding
    domain, which determines the
    ability of each selectin to bind to
    specific carbohydrate lingands.
    an epidermal growth factor-like
    region.
    a number of repeat sequences.
    a membrane-spanning region
    and
    a short cytoplasmic region
    Immunoglobulin Superfamily
    Molecules
    Consists of more than 25 molecules.
    Important ones being:
    Intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM1; CD54)
    Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2),
    Vascular cell adhesion molecule1 (VCAM1; CD106),
    Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM 1;
    CD31) and
    the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1
    (MAdCAM1).
    The integrins
    Fifteen different and eight different
    subunits give rise to over twently
    different heterodimeric combinations
    at cell surfaces.
    Bind epithelial and muscle cells to
    laminin in the basal lamina
    Allow platelets to stick to exposed
    collagen in a damaged blood vessel
    Allow fibroblasts and white blood cells
    to adhere to fibronectin and collagen as
    they move
    Types of cell junction in animal tissue
    Occluding Junction
    A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that
    prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to
    the other.

    Tight Junction

    Tight Junction- occluding junctions / zonulae occludens - zonula


    occludens), are the closely associated areas of two cells whose
    membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid.
    A type of junctional complex present only in vertebrates.
    Consist of linear array of several integral proteins.
    Junctional proteins occludins and claudins & members of IG suprfamily
    are transmembrane proteins.
    Function of Tight Junction
    Strength and stability
    Selective permeable for ions.
    Fencing function
    Maintance of cell polarity
    Blood-brain barrier
    Cludin -16 in Thick Junctions of Ascending Loop of
    henle.
    Cludin- 15 Permability of cations / anions.
    Adhering Junctions
    Desmosome- Connects intermediate filament of one
    cell with other cells.
    Claudin
    Hemidesmosome
    Desmoplakin is essential for normal desmosomal
    adhesion.
    Communicating Junction
    Cell junction which permit the
    intercellular exchange of substance are
    called communicating junction, these
    junction permit the movement of ions and
    molecules from one cell to another cell.
    a- Gap junction
    b- Chemical synapse
    Gap Junction
    Gap junctions are clusters of intercellular channels
    that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules
    between adjacent cells.
    At gap junctions, the intercellular space narrows from
    25 nm to 3 nm.
    gap junctions were first discovered in myocardium and
    nerve because of their properties of electrical
    transmission between adjacent cells (Weidmann 1952;
    Furshpan and Potter 1957).
    Low resistance intercellular junction that allows
    passage of ions and smaller molecules between the
    cells.
    It present in heart, basal part of epithelial cell of
    intestinal mucosa, etc
    Junctional unit-Connexons- 6 connexins
    Connexon of one cell have allignment with connexon
    of other cells.
    Gap Junction

    Electron microscopy of gap junctions joining adjacent hepatocytes in


    the mouse. The gap junction (GJ) is seen as an area of close plasma
    membrane apposition
    Function of gap junction-
    channel passage the substance have molecular
    weight less than 1000.
    Exchange of chemical messenger between cells
    Rapid propagation of action potential from one cell
    to another cell.
    Desmosomes
    Also known as macula adherens is a cell structure specialized
    for cell-to-cell adhesion.
    Are molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and
    linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins
    to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.
    The cell adhesion proteins of the desmosome, desmoglein
    and desmocollin, are members of the cadherin family.
    On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, there are
    two dense structures called the Outer Dense Plaque (ODP)
    and the Inner Dense Plaque (IDP).
    The Outer Dense Plaque is where the cytoplasmic domains of the
    cadherins attach to desmoplakin via plakoglobin and plakophillin.
    The Inner Dense Plaque is where desmoplakin attaches to the
    intermediate filaments of the cell.
    Desmosomes
    Hemidesmosomes

    Hemidesmosomes look like half-desmosomes that


    attach cells to the underlying basal lamina.
    Rather than using desmogleins, hemidesmosomes use
    desmopenetrin cell adhesion proteins,which are
    members of Integrin family.
    The integrin molecule attach to one of many multi-
    adhesive proteins such as laminin, resident within the
    extracellular matrix, thereby forming one of many
    potential adhesions between cell and matrix.
    Chemical synapse

    Chemical synapse is the junction between a nerve fibre and a


    muscle fiber or between two nerve fibre ,through which signals
    transmitted by the release of chemical transmitter.
    26
    Anchoring junction.
    Anchoring junction are the junction ,which provides strength to
    the cell by acting like mechanical attachment.

    These junction provide firm structural attachment between two


    cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix

    Anchoring junction are responsible for structural integrity of


    the tissue.
    various cell junctions found in a vertebrate epithelial cell, classified
    according to their primary functions
    Q1-which of the following is a cell adhesion
    molecule
    a-integrin
    b-lysin
    c-myosin
    d-keratin
    Q2-desmosomes differ from tight junction
    because
    a-allow molecules to pass in the intercellular
    space
    b-are non-communicating
    c-are present in plants
    d-lack proteins

    32
    Q3-the Cell Junctions allowing exchange of
    cytoplasmic molecules between two cells are called:
    A. Gap Junctions
    B. Tight Junctions
    C. Anchoring Junctions
    D. Focal Junctions

    33
    4- Desmosome has the following
    characters except:
    a- is a disk like attachment between cells
    b- is located only between epithelial cells
    c- is specialized for adhesion
    e-is called macula adherns

    34
    5- Gap junctions
    a- permit the passage of large proteins from cell to
    cell
    b- form part of the classical junctional complex
    c- exist only between epithelial cells
    d- are areas of low resistance for nerve
    stimulation

    35
    Q-6 Which of the following apply to intercellular
    junctions?
    a) The three major adhesive junctions of animal cells
    are adherens junctions, desmosomes and
    hemidesmosomes.
    b) Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes connect
    epithelial cells to their basement membrane and
    adjacent cells respectively.
    c) Gap junctions and plasmodesmata are homologous
    structures.
    d) The junctional complexes of gastrointestinal 36
    Q-7 tight junction
    a-are essential for metabolic coupling
    b-dont occur in vertebrates
    c-have the closest approach of two plasma membranes
    of any junction
    d-surround connexions

    37
    Q-8 hemi desmosome differs from spot desmosome
    because hemi desmosome
    a-connect cell to cell
    b-connect extracellular matrix to extracellular matrix
    c-connect cell to extracellular matrix
    d-having tonofilament ,made up of intermediate
    filament

    38
    Desmosomes are made-up of integral protein
    a. Integrein
    b. Connexin
    C. Selectin
    d. Claudin.

    39
    Hemidesmosomes are connections between
    a. Cell to cell
    b. Cell to internal organ
    c. Cell to matrix
    d. Cell to cell memberane

    40

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