B9 Reinforced Concrete Corbel

FRILO Software GmbH

www.frilo.com
[email protected]
As of 09/09/2016
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B9 Reinforced Concrete Corbel

Note: The present document describes the Eurocode-specific application. Documents referring to
former standards are available in our document archive at www.frilo.eu >> Service >>
Documentation >>Manuals.

Contents

Application options 4
Basis of calculation 5
Calculation in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 5
Bond conditions 10
Bending roll diameter and minimum distances of the reinforcement 11
Automatic dimensioning of the corbel and reinforcement proposal 11
Definition of the structural system 13
Loading 15
Reinforcement 16
Tension stirrups 17
Tension loops 17
Longitudinal stirrup 17
Web stirrups 18
Vertical stirrups 18
Verification options - settings 19
Output 22
Application-specific icons 22
Reference literature 23

Further information and descriptions are available in the relevant documentations:

FDC Basic Operating Instructions General instructions for the manipulation of the user interface
FDC Menu items General description of the typical menu items of Frilo software
applications
FDC Output and printing Output and printing
FDC - Import and export Interfaces to other applications (ASCII, RTF, DXF )
FCC Frilo.Control.Center - the easy-to-use administration module for
projects and items
FDD Frilo.Document.Designer - document management based on PDF
Frilo.System.Next Installation, configuration, network, database

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Application options

The B9 application is suitable for the design of corbels with loads applying directly from above (corbel
with direct load introduction).

Available direct loading:

Vertical load
Additional horizontal load

Standards:
DIN EN 1992-1-1: 2012 + 2013 + 2015
NORM EN 1992-1-1:2011
BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004 + 2009 + 2015
NTC EN 1992-1-1:2008
DIN 1045/DIN 1045-1 is still optionally.

The following entities are determined:

Safety against compressive web fracture
Compressive strain under load
Required As of the tensile and web reinforcement
Anchorage and lap lengths of the reinforcement
Internal forces in the corbel section
Reinforcement drawing

a
The corbel condition 0,3 1,0 must be complied with.
h
a = distance of the vertical load from the column
h = structural height

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Basis of calculation
The calculation is based on the strut-and-tie model. The regulations of the different National Annexes
are taken into account.

Calculation in accordance with EN 1992-1-1

Illustration 1

The calculation is based on a simplified strut-and-tie-beam model in accordance with illustration 1. A

prerequisite to the application of this method is that the corbel loads are transferred downwards in the
column and that the corbel condition a/h <= 1.0 is complied with.

The software applies this method to corbels with a relation of a/h 0.3 in accordance with reference
/4/. Otherwise, a differentiated model with multiple tie beams would be produced depending on the
column forces.

Note: Booklet 600 DAfStb requires the inclusion of an additional horizontal force of Hed = 0.2 Fed
in order to account for restraint effects that are not considered in the calculation (Norm
B 1992-1-1: Hed = 0,1 Fed).

Strut-and-tie-beam model
First, the geometry of the strut-and-tie-beam model is determined in accordance with illustration 1. It is
assumed that a1 in node 2 can bear the force Fed. Based on this prerequisite and the given corbel
condition, a2 in node 2 and consequently the exact strut location can be determined.
According to Norm B 1992-1-1 Sect. 25.4.2, the length of the hypotenuse of the node 2 (compression -
compression node) is limited to 25% of the static height of the console.

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Fed
a1(2) a1 at node 2, k1 = 1.1, NA as per DIN EN 1992-1-1, 6.5.4 (4),
bK k1 fcd
k1 = 1.25, Norm B 1992-1-1, otherwise according to the
corresponing (NA)
2 c _hrz Fed
a2(2) h h2 a2 at node 2, k1: see above
bK k1 fcd
with
h = h K - d1 effective height

c _hrz = a + a1(2)/2

It follows that:
z _ vrt = h - 0,5 a2(2)

Verification of the strut inclination:

1 is limited in accordance with en 1992-1-1, Annex J.3.
z _ vrt
f1 = atn
c _hrz
When 1 is too large, a2(2), z_vrt and D are calculated with the condition 1 = max.

Beam tie force Fs

c _hrz h + d + z _ vrt
FS = max Fed , (0,4 Fed ) + Hed S 1
z _ vrt z _ vrt

Compressive strut force Fc

c _hrz2
FC = Fed 1 +
z _ vrt2

Internal forces at the corbel face:

z _ vrt
z0 = h - a1(2)
c _hrz

M = Fed a + Hed (hS + d1 + z0)

V = Fed

Variables used:
bK corbel width
dK (total) corbel height
lP load plate length
bP load plate width
d1 centre of gravity of the reinforcement at the upper edge of the corbel
fcd design value of the concrete compression force
fyd design value of the yield point of the reinforced concrete

Other values, see illustration 1

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Tensile reinforcement
It is determined with the help of the tie beam force FS:
FS
req.As tension =
fyd

Tensile splitting reinforcement

The reinforcement for the compensation of tensile splitting forces is estimated as follows in accordance
with reference /6/ Booklet 600 DAfStb and the corbel condition a/h:

For (a/h <= 0.5) and (Fed > 0.3 VRd,max)

As,tensile splitting = 0.5 As,tension with closed horizontal stirrups
For ( a/h > 0,5 ) and (Fed > VRdc )
As,tensile splitting from F,b = 0.7 Fed with closed vertical stirrups
As,tensile splitting = F,b / fyd

The calculation of vRd,max can be carried out optionally:

- as per Booklet 600 DAfStb eq. (H.J-4):

VRd,max 0.5 b z (fck / c ) with (0.7 fck/200) 0.5 and z = 0.9 d, or

- as per EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.3 (3) eq. (6.9)

cw bK z _ vrt v1 fcd
VRd,max
c _hrz z _ vrt with cw = 1.0, 1 = 0.75 2, 2 = (1.1- fck/500) 1.0 according to

z _ vrt c _hrz
NA Germany, otherwise according to the corresponing (NA)
1
VRd,c 0,1 1 100 1 fck 3 0,12 cd bK h

Design value of the bearable shear force without shear reinforcement as per EN 1992-1-1. 6.2.2 (1)
200
k =1+ 2,0
h

1 = 1.0 for standard concrete

erf.Aszug
r1 = 0,02
bK h

Hed
scd =
bK dKa
dKa is taken as the height of the corbel cross section under vertical load (at a distance a from the corbel
cross section) and Hed < 0 with compression loading.

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Verification of the load-bearing capacity of the compressive concrete strut

Compliance with the following condition must be verified:
Fed Vrd _max

Prerequisite is cot (1 ) > 0.58 (see strut-and-tie-beam model) and

Vrd,max as per EN 1992-1-1 (see tensile splitting reinforcement).

Verification of the bearing stress under Fed

The verification of the compressive stress underneath the load plate (node 1 in illustration 1) is based on
Schlaich/Schfer or EN 1992-1-1:
With the following conditions underneath the load plate:
Fed
ld rd 0,85 fcd as per Schlaich/Schfer, or
lP bP
Fed
sld = srd = k2 v' fcd as per EN 1992-1-1, 6.5.4 (4)
lP bP
- Germany: k2 = 0.75, ' = 1.1 - fck / 500 <= 1.0
- Austria: k2 = 0.9, ' = 1.0 - fck / 250

and in node 1:
a1(1) = 2 d1 a1 at node 1

c _hrz
a2(1)= a1 (1) + lP sin(F1 ) a2 at node 1
z _ vrt
FC
s cd = srd = 0,85 fcd as per Schlaich/Schfer or
a2(1) bP
FC
cd rd k2 ' fcd as per EN 1992-1-1, 6.5.4 (4), k2 and ' as described above
a2(1) bP
FC compression strut force

Verification of the anchorage

You can realise the tie beam reinforcement by means of tension stirrups, tension loops or longitudinal
stirrups. The following verifications of the anchorage are performed, depending on the prerequisites:
- Verification as a straight bar end, loop or stirrup as per EN 1992-1-1 8.4.3 for tension and
longitudinal stirrups in the area of the column and for tension stirrups, tension loops and
longitudinal stirrups at the free corbel end.
- Verification of the lapping as per EN 1992-1-1 8.7.3 for tension loops and longitudinal stirrups in the
column.

Verification as a straight bar end or stirrup as per EN 1992-1-1 8.4.3

dS fyd
lb =
4 fbd
Note: In the case of EN-Standards the influence of the lateral compression p is determined
according to Table 8. by the factor 5 = 1 0.04 p mit 0.7 5 1.0.

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lb,min = 0,3 a A lb 10 ds

A S,erf
lb,net = a A lb > lb,min
A S,vorh

Verification of the lapping as per EN 1992-1-1, 3

lS,min = 0,3 a A a1 l b 15 ds 200mm
l S = l b,net a1 > l S,min

Anchorage verifications of the different stirrup types

Left to the load (in the column)

Tension stirrups and longitudinal stirrups are verified as straight bar ends. The existing anchorage length
is measured from the front edge of the column.
Tension loops and longitudinal stirrups if installed, lap with the column reinforcement and are
dimensioned in these zones in accordance with the required lap length.

Right of load (at the free corbel end)

Tension stirrups and loops are verified as stirrups in accordance with EN 1992-1-1. For eventually
existing longitudinal stirrups, the verification is performed on a straight bar end.
The existing anchorage length is measured from the rear edge of the load plate, i.e. the entire load plate
length is considered.
Depending on the type of stirrup, different bending roll diameters are available for selection.
As a rule, the required anchorage length increases with smaller bending roll diameters.

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Bond conditions
Depending on the selected option, the software calculates the bond areas specified by the user. If the
option "As cast-in-place concrete" was selected which means cast in upright position, the software uses
the following associated values:

Bond area In column At the corbel end

Tension stirrup I II/I IAW distance

Tension loop I II/I IAW distance

Longitudinal stirrup I I

For tension stirrup or a tension loop at the corbel end, the bond area is calculated in accordance with
the distance of the stirrup from the top edge or bottom edge of the corbel.
The following conditions apply:
Distance top = 30 cm
Distance bottom = 30 cm (with EN 1992-1-1)

If the distance of the upper tension stirrup or the upper tension loop from the top edge of the corbel is
larger than the value specified for "Distance top", good bond condition can be assumed.
Analogously, good bond condition (VB I) is assumed, if the distance of the top tension stirrup or the top
tension loop to the bottom edge of the corbel is not greater than the value specified for "Distance
bottom".

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Bending roll diameter and minimum distances of the reinforcement

The size of the bending roll diameter can optionally be specified in the detail dialogs of the
reinforcement.

The following applies with cR = minimum value of the concrete cover perpendicular to the bending
plane:

for EN 1992-1-1 and dbr 10 ds applies:

dbr = 10 ds with cR > 100 mm and cR > 7 ds
dbr = 15 ds with cR > 50 mm and cR > 3 ds
dbr = 20 ds others

In all other cases, the following applies:

dbr = 7 ds with ds < 20 mm
dbr = 4 ds others

The minimum reinforcement distances amin are calculated by the software on the conditions
amin ds and amin 20 mm.

Automatic dimensioning of the corbel and reinforcement proposal

If the corresponding option is activated in the "Settings" dialog, the software automatically dimensions
the corbel.
This is done as follows:

Corbel dimensions
Length = 1.5 load distance(a) + concrete cover
Width = column width
Height = load distance(a) F (empirical value, depends on the corbel relation)
F = 3 at a load distance(a) <= 9
F = 2 at a load distance(a) 36
F = (10/3 - load distance(a)/27) for values in-between

Plate dimensions
Length = Min(load distance(a) 2 , corbel length load distance(a) concrete cover) 2
Length corbel length/4
Width = corbel width 2 concrete cover 0.6 corbel width

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Reinforcement
Tensile reinforcement:
- strive for two layers maximum
- prefer several loops in a plane
- use large bending roll diameters first
- apply longitudinal stirrup in a non-structural manner
- use tension loops
- start with a diameter of 6 or use the default diameter
- two non-structural longitudinal stirrups with a diameter of 8 or 6

Web reinforcement:
- horizontal web stirrups in up to five layers, if necessary to prevent tensile splitting
- if non-structural, use two stirrups with a diameter of 8 or 6

- vertical stirrup with diameter of 6 if necessary to prevent tensile splitting

- if non-structural, use three stirrups with a diameter of 6

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Definition of the structural system

Select first the applicable standard in the main menu.

To ensure best possible calculation results, check also the software settings.
Note: In the settings dialog, you can decide whether the software should propose the
dimensions of the corbel and the reinforcement automatically or not.
If the option for the proposal of the dimension is activated, the software sets the outer
dimensions of the corbel automatically when you set the focus on the bk input field
after having defined the material, the column dimensions and the loading - any
previous specifications are lost in this case!
Analogously, the dimensions of the load plate are filled in automatically when you set
the focus on the bp input field and the reinforcement is proposed when you change to
the "Number of tension stirrups" field.
After the proposed values have been set, automatic setting is disabled and you can
adjust the system values as required.

Material selection the available materials depend on the selected standard.

Concrete cover specification of nom c. If the concrete cover should vary on
the different sides, you can make detailed specifications
(c1 c5) in the advanced dialog (access via the button).
Note: If the concrete cover should be larger than the specified
value, because you have defined large stirrup diameters, the
software adjusts the value automatically.

Column specification of the column dimensions (column width, column thickness ds)

Corbel specification of the corbel dimensions.

bk = width in z-direction
lk = length of the corbel
hk = total height of the corbel at the column side
hkr = height of the corbel on the right (face side)

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Load introduction plate specification of the load plate dimensions

bp plate width
lp plate length
ep distance of the plate to outer edge of the corbel

If you change to the "bp" input field, the software centres the load plate in
regard to the load application point by adjusting the "ep" value. Analogously,
the software adjusts the "ep" value automatically when you exit the "lp" input
field.
Access the enhanced dialog ( ), to enter a value for "ep" manually.

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Loading
This section allows you to define the loading on the corbel. The available options and fields depend on
the selected standard.

Fed total vertical load (positive)

a distance of F,ed from the outer edge of the column
Hed horizontal load (positive, if acting away from the column)
hs distance of H,ed to the top edge of the column

According to Booklet 600 DAfStb, Hed should be at least 0.2 Fed (Norm B 1992-1-1 at least 0.1 Fed)!
This regulation was taken over by the Euro standards and has been implemented in the software
application accordingly.

Note: The corbel condition a/h <= 1.0 must be satisfied.

The software handles corbels up to a relation of a/h 0.3.

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Reinforcement
Select the number and diameter of the stirrup types that should be used as tensile reinforcement (main)
and tensile splitting reinforcement (web).

The definition is done by entering the values in tables.

"As" specifies the totalised area of the reinforcement cross sections of the respective stirrup type
longitudinal stirrups are considered as single-shear all other types as double-shear.
"V" refers to the anchorage. An exclamation mark is displayed when the corresponding stirrup type is
part of the main tensile reinforcement (applied structurally) and the anchorage verification that is
required in this case was unsuccessful.

Activate the button to specify further details on

the respective stirrup type.

See the chapter tension stirrups

See the chapter tension loops
See the chapter longitudinal stirrups
See the chapter web stirrups
See the chapter vertical stirrups

The total of the cross-sectional areas of the defined

reinforcement and a comparison to the required As values
is shown in the overview of the results:

At the same time, the internal forces at the face of the corbel are put out.
Note: You should also pay attention to the messages displayed in the information window below
the main menu. Information about non-compliance with verification conditions or conflicts
in the reinforcement layout is displayed there.

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Tension stirrups
Tension stirrups are used to bear tensile forces in addition to or instead of tension loops or longitudinal
stirrups.
You must specify the number, diameter and bending roll radius.

The stirrups are distributed evenly above the tension loops with the minimum spacing. The centre of
gravity of the reinforcement is displaced further down through this.
The bending roll diameter has an effect on the arrangement and dimensions of the longitudinal and
vertical stirrups as well as the anchorage verification.

If the corbel is sufficiently wide, you can arrange two tension stirrups in a single layer. This has a
favourable effect on the centre of gravity of the tensile reinforcement and, consequently, on the results
of the verification.
Installation of two staggered stirrups means that they do not lie next to each other in the same layer but
one immediately on top of the other with a lateral offset. The assumed lateral offset is determined on
the basis of the minimum spacing of the tension stirrups in line with the available corbel width.

The tension stirrups are anchored inside the column, which may produce conflicts of geometry with the
existing longitudinal reinforcement in the column. In particular, when the column width is identical to
that of the corbel you can solve this conflict by moving the stirrups further inwards. You can do this by
defining a corresponding offset via "cy". "cy" specifies the distance of the tension stirrups to the lateral
corbel edge in addition to the concrete cover.

Tension loops
Tension loops are also used to bear tensile forces.
You must specify the number, diameter and bending roll radius.
If you have already defined tension stirrups, the tension loops are arranged below the tension stirrups
with a regular minimum spacing.
For further information about the geometry and the bending roll diameter, refer to the chapter
tension stirrups.

Longitudinal stirrup
Longitudinal stirrups serve typically non-structural purposes, but you can use them to bear tensile force
as well.
You must specify the number, diameter and bending roll radius.

They are evenly distributed over an area that is enclosed by the tension loops, tensions stirrups and web
stirrups, if installed.

When you define longitudinal stirrups as the main tensile reinforcement, you should note that those
stirrups which bend downwards at the free corbel end may only be used in accordance with reference
/11/, if the load plate does not project over the beginning curvature and no important horizontal loading
applies.

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Web stirrups
The horizontal web stirrups are used to counteract tensile splitting in the lower corbel web.
Depending on the selected calculation model and/or the relevant corbel condition, you can also arrange
them in a non-structural manner (see also Basis of calculation
You must specify the number, diameter and bending roll radius.

Web stirrups are arranged in such a way that they enclose the vertical stirrups, if the column and the
corbel have the same width. If the corbel is smaller than the column, the web stirrups lie always inside
the vertical stirrups, see also the reinforcement examples in reference /10/.
Vertically, they are distributed evenly below the tensile reinforcement.
If vertical stirrups have been defined and their number is greater than 1, a web stirrup is positioned at
the lower end of the vertical stirrup, if possible.
Please take note of the special case that is produced when defining exactly two stirrups:
This case can produce situations where the effect of the web stirrups in the area of applying tensile
splitting forces is affected by the non-structural arrangement. You should increase the number of
stirrups in this case.

Only with outer web stirrups (column and corbel have the same width), it may become necessary to
position a stirrup with an identical geometry above the vertical stirrup in the tension area of the corbel.
To do this, activate the option "Position web stirrup in tension area". Optionally, you can add this stirrup
to the (main) tensile reinforcement in the calculation.

Vertical stirrups
Vertical stirrups are mainly used for non-structural purposes. Depending on the selected calculation
model and/or the corbel condition, they can also bear tensile splitting forces in the lower corbel web
(see also the Basis of calculation).
You must specify the number, diameter and bending roll radius.

The stirrups are evenly distributed over a particular section of the corbel length. The distance to the free
corbel face is also determined by the tension and/or web stirrups and their bending roll diameter, if
those stirrups have been defined.

The detail dialog for the vertical stirrups is only enabled if a standard with partial safety concept was
selected. In this dialog, you can specify the number and the diameter of the stirrups and their resisting
shear force coverage.
The resisting shear force coverage can optionally be selected. If you activate the option, you must
specify a stirrup spacing that is smaller than the structurally required minimum spacing (see
Basis of calculation). The number of vertical stirrups depends on the specified spacing and is set
automatically.

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Verification options - settings

Main menuSettings.

Any changes of the settings in this dialog have an immediate effect on the defined corbel and the values
set in the system definition section. If you set up a new item, however, the software goes back to the
default settings. Activate the button "As default" to save the user-defined settings as a standard.

Definition options
Propose dimensions and reinforcement:
If this option is active, the software will propose values as soon as you perform defined operations such
as accessing or exiting particular input fields - previous specifications are overwritten by the proposed
values!
The defined operations are the following:
- Accessing the "bk" input field launches the proposal of the corbel geometry and the deletion of the
defined reinforcement automatically.
- Accessing the "bp" input field launches the proposal of the load plate geometry automatically.
- Accessing the "Number of tension stirrup" field launches the proposal of the reinforcement
automatically.
After the proposed values have been set, automatic setting is disabled and you can adjust the system
values as required.
Always calculate: a calculation is performed each time you edit and change any value. If this option is
not checked, you can launch the calculation manually by activating the "Calculate" button.

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Design
Partial safety concept
Limitation of the mean concrete stress as per DAfStb, Booklet 600
Optional limitation of the mean reinforced concrete stress for the
calculation of VRd,max can be carried out as per Booklet 600 page 186 of
the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb or EN 1992-1-1,
eq. (6.9)
Manufacturing available options are "Cast-in-place concrete" or "Pre-cast component".
The selected option has en effect on the determination of the material
coefficients c and s.
SigmaRd node type 6 limit stress for the design of the compression strut underneath the load
plate in node type 6 as per EN 1992-1-1 or in accordance with
Schlaich/Schfer, as specified in "Betonkalender 2001" P2 p. 311 et seq.
No limitation lb of tensile reinforcement to load plate length
activate this option if the distance e1 of the support to the outer corbel
edge is low and requires a reduced width of the compression strut and
consequently, the consideration of the required lb without lateral
pressure.

Bond area
Cast-in-place concrete activate this option if the corbel is cast in place i.e. upright. The software
assigns the stirrup automatically to the applicable bond area:
Bond area In column At the corbel end
Tension stirrup I II/I IAW distance
Tension loop I II/I IAW distance
Longitudinal stirrup I I

Otherwise, define the decisive bond areas manually. They are registered in the
software without verification.

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Reinforcement

Offset of tension stirrups/loops offset of the tensile reinforcement due to the column
reinforcement (cy = distance to outer corbel edge minus lateral
concrete cover).

Longitudinal stirrups non-structural check this option if the defined longitudinal stirrups should not be
assigned to the (main) tensile reinforcement but used non-
structurally for constructive purposes. If they are assigned to the
tensile reinforcement, the software performs the corresponding
anchorage verification.

Web stirrups in tension area if the column and the corbel have the same width and vertical
stirrups have been defined, it can be useful to position a stirrup
with the same geometry as the web stirrups at the upper end of
the vertical stirrups in the tension area to create a reinforcement
cage.

Web stirrup non-structural if the previous option (web stirrup in tension area) has been
activated, this option allows you to decide whether the current
stirrup should be assigned to the (main) tensile reinforcement or
not. A separate verification of the anchorage is performed if the
stirrup fulfils a structural function.

Lateral compression activate this option if the tensile reinforcement at the free corbel
end should generally be under lateral compression in the
anchorage verification. In this case, factor 2 is set to 2/3 at least.

Preferred diameter if the option for the automatic proposal of the reinforcement is
active, the software tries to find a reasonable stirrup layout on
the basis of the smallest bar diameter in each case. You can
influence the proposed values by activating the preferred
diameter option and defining a minimum diameter for each
stirrup type that should be used. The software will propose a
stirrup layout with the user-defined diameters in this case.

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Output
Output of the system data, results and graphical representations on the screen or printer.
The Output item in the main menu allows you to start the output on a printer or the screen.

Screen displays the values in a text window on the screen

Printer starts the output on the printer
Word output to MS-Word, if this software is installed on the computer

Output profile
The output profile allows you to define the scope of the output.
Item comments output of your comments to the item.
System graph output of the structural system of the corbel
Reinforcement drawing output of the reinforcement drawing on an additional page

Application-specific icons
In addition to the standard icons, each software application offers application-specific functions via
additional icons and tool bars.

The buttons allow you to select the output on the screen

- system graph
- main stresses in state I (symbolically)
- side view of the corbel with reinforcement
- reinforcement drawing
- realistic three-dimensional view (GL)

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Reference literature
/1/ DIN 1045 7/88
/2/ DIN 1045 - 1
/3/ Booklet 220 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb
/4/ Booklet 399 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb
/5/ Booklet 400 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb
/6/ Booklet 600 of the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete DAfStb
/7/ Betonkalender 1997 Part 1, Bemessung Stahlbetonteile (GRASSER)
/8/ WALRAVEN, LEHWALTER (Beton und Stahlbetonbau 1989 S.81 ff )
/9/ Bemessungsbeispiele zur DIN 1045, Deutscher Beton- Verein e.V., Wiesbaden, Berlin, Bauverlag
1991, (p.143 et seq.)
/ 10 / Beispiele zur Bemessung nach DIN 1045-1, Volume 1 Hochbau
Deutscher Betonverein, Ernst & Sohn
/11/ LEONHARDT, Vorlesungen ber den Massivbau Part 3, p. 187 et seq.
/12/ Betonkalender 2001, Part 2, Konstruieren im Stahlbetonbau (SCHLAICH, SCHFER)
/13/ Betonkalender 2002, Part 1, Grundlagen der Bemessung nach DIN 1045-1 in Beispielen (LITZNER)
/14/ EN 1992-1-1:2010
/15/ DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA correction 1

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