Igcse Chemistry Solutions

1.
A) i) Calcium is able to displace aluminium from aluminium chloride because calcium is more
reactive than aluminium.
ii) one word equation for the displacement reaction is
calcium + aluminium chloride -> calcium chloride + aluminium
iii) 2AlCl3 + 3Ca -> 2Al + 3CaCl2
B) i) Al3+ + 3e- -> Al

ii) Bauxite
iii) The electrolyte is a molten/liquid mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite which is
maintained at 900 C.
iv) Oxygen is formed at the anode. It reacts with the carbon anode to form carbon dioxide.
C) i) Packaging of food/window frames/roofs/cans

ii) Property: Low density -> Use: Light alloy for aircraft Property:
Good conductor -> Use: Electrical cables
Property: Malleable -> Use: Foil
2. A) i)*High densities
* High fixed points mp or bp
*colored compounds
* hardness
*complex ions
ii) 13
B) i)Manganese Chloride , water
ii)Manganese (III) and (IV) OXIDES
C) i) rate decreases or becomes zero, , COND concentration decrease, Hydrogen peroxide used
up
ii) steeper initial gradient , double final volume
iii ) initial gradient less, final volume the same, must relate to the shape of the graph
3. A) i) wiring, pipes, utensils, electroplating, lightning conductor

ii) not able to draw the diagram over here but giving you the instructions..regular array,
different sizes, delocalized or mobile or free electrons.
B) i)copper deposited or mass increases
ii)copper goes into solution or mass decreases
iii) Cu2+ + 2 e- Cu
iv) Oxygen , Sulphuric acid accept Hydrogen Sulphate
C) Cells produce electricity or exothermic or change chemical energy into electrical energy.
Electrolysis uses it or endothermic or change electrical energy into chemical energy.
d) i) 2CuO+C2 Cu +CO2
ii)Copper(II) Hydroxide = Copper Oxide + Water
iii) 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO+ 4NO2+O2
4. A) Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe+ 3CO

B) i) C+O2CO2
ii) (higher in furnace) no oxygen left , Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to give carbon
monoxide. Or incomplete combustion of carbon or either equation CO2 +C= 2CO; 2C+O2=2CO
C) LIMESTONE + SAND SLAG

OR Calcium Carbonate+ silicon(IV) Oxide Calcium Silicate + Carbon Dioxide
D) i) Cutlery or Surgical instruments or Sinks or Aircrafts or Chemical Plant
ii)Nickel or Chromium or Molybdenum or Niobium or Titanium
iii) blow air or oxygen ; carbon becomes carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide escapes as gas ; silicon
and phosphorus become oxides ; Calcium Oxide or Calcium Carbonate forms slag.
E) anode is Tin; cathode is iron or steel ;electrolyte is tin salt or tin ions
5. A ) i) Heat or roast in the air

ii) ZnO +C Zn+ CO or 2ZnO + C 2Zn+ Co2
iii) boiling point of lead is above 1400 degree Celsius ,so it remains in the furnace but boiling
point of zinc is below 1400 degree Celsius so it boils away in the form of vapour .
B)i) making brass or galvanizing or batteries
ii)lattice or layers of positive ions, delocalized or free or mobile electrons ; layers or atoms or
particles can slip.
iii) different size atom prevent layers from moving
C)i) one involving lead- change 2 because oxidation number less.
ii) Zn + 2 Ag+ = 2 Ag+ Zn2+
6. A) i) any use that depends on malleability or ductility- jewellery, pipes, wires, sheets, roofs or
ornaments.
ii) electrical wire or cooking utensils or electrodes
iii) making alloys
B) i) Cu2+ +2 e- = Cu
ii) gas is oxygen. Copper(II) sulphate changes to sulphuric acid or copper ions removed from
solution.
C) i) copper atoms electrons = copper ions
ii) concentration of copper ions does not change ; copper is transferred from anode to cathode
iii) refining copper or plating ;extraction of boulder copper
7. A)i) any metal above zinc Mg Mg2+ + 2e

ii)loss of electron
iii)because they can accept electrons
iv) silver or silver (I)
8. A) i) Bauxite
ii)to reduce melting point or improve conductivity or as a solvent or reduce the working
temperature.
iii)carbon di oxide or carbon monoxide
B) i) Aluminium
ii)solution goes colorless or copper formed or a brown solid forms or blue color disappears.
iii) covered with an oxide layer
C ) Magnesium Reaction No reaction
Aluminium - Reaction Reaction
D) i) 2 Al(OH)3=Al2O3 + 3 H2O
ii)Aluminium Nitrate = aluminium oxide + nitrogen dioxide+ oxygen
9. A) i) Heat zinc blende in air to form oxide.

Reduce oxide with carbon
ii) Galvanising, sacrificial protection ,alloys, batteries and roofing
10. i) Zinc + Water = Zinc oxide + Hydrogen ; CONDITION- Heat + Steam

ii) Sr +2 H2O =Sr(OH)2 +H2 ; CONDITION- COLD WATER
11. A) i) Limestone
ii)Slag
iii)Iron ore
B) to burn or to provide heat to make carbon monoxide
C) Mild Steel cars or machinery or fridges etc
Stainless steel cutlery or chemical plants etc
12. A) X W Z Y For most reactive X and least reactive Y

B) i) Magnesium- W
ii) Copper Y
C) i) goes pop with burning splint or mixed with air and ignited goes pop
ii)ph paper goes blue
iii)Group 1
iv) Electrolysis
13. A) The compounds are highly colored, The elements and their compounds are often used as
catalysts, They have more than one oxidation state.
14. A)composition by mass , sulphur= 4.8 ; number of moles of atoms ,
copper=0.075,iron=0.075,sulphur=0.15 ;simplest mole ratio of
atoms,copper=1,iron=1,sulphur=2
The empirical formulae is CuFeS2
B) i)Anode- Impure copper,Blister Copper,Boulder copper.

Cathode- Pure copper ; Electrolyte copper sulphate or nitrate or chloride
ii)Cu 2+ + 2e Cu
iii) Zinc
C) Copper has delocalized electrons but in sulphur electrons are localized and cannot move
In copper there are layers of electron atoms or ions that can slip but in sulphur there is no
layers.
15 A) i) heat or roast
ii) roast zinc sulphide to form zinc oxide; dissolve zinc oxide in sulphuric acid and electrolyze or
reduce zinc oxide with carbon
B) add hydrochloric acid which form zinc chloride and water.
C) i) Brass, Copper
ii)In Brass, it is bronze and in Copper it is aluminium.
D)Zinc is more reactive than iron / water / oxygen. Therefore ,Zinc will react first
1.A) i) Reaction conditions- Temp. 300 to 600 degree Celsius ; Pressure upto 10 atmos ;
vanadium (v) oxide as catalyst ; volume ratio of gases 2:1
ii)decrease as increase in temperature favours back reaction as forward reaction is

exothermic.
iii) the sulphur trioxide is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid: The product is known
as fuming sulphuric acid or oleum. The oleum is then added to water to form sulfuric acid which is very
concentrated.
B) sodium hydroxide orcarbonate or hydrogen carbonate ; zinc oxide or hydroxide or carbonate ;
barium nitrate or chloride or hydroxide ; neutralization.
C) i)copper sulphate or anhydrous copper sulphate
ii)goes blue or becomes hot or steam
iii) copper oxide
iv)5/250=0.02 mole ; Mr of CuO= 80 ; MASS of black powder= 80* 0.02= 1.6 gram
2.A) i) preserve food or sterilizing
ii)making paper
B) Making sulphuric acid by contact process
6.i) Bleach
ii) kills bacteria or germs or micro organisms.
1.A) i) Pb(NO3)2 PbO+ 2NO2+1/2O2
ii)potassium nitrate potassium nitrite + oxygen

B) i)closed or tightly packed ; ordered or lattice
ii) melting or freezing or fusion or solidification
C) i)oxygen and nitrogen react at high temperature and at high pressure
ii)by the help of catalytic converter
MCQS
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. B
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. B
22. D
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. C
30. A
31. A
32. D
33. D
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. D
38. D
39. B
40. D
41. B
42. A
43. D
44. D
45. A
46. A
47. B
48. D
49. B
50. C
51. D

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1.

B) i) Al3+ + 3e- -> Al

C) i) Packaging of food/window frames/roofs/cans

B) i)Manganese Chloride , water

ii)Manganese (III) and (IV) OXIDES

ii) steeper initial gradient , double final volume

3. A) i) wiring, pipes, utensils, electroplating, lightning conductor

4. A) Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe+ 3CO

C) LIMESTONE + SAND SLAG

5. A ) i) Heat or roast in the air

7. A)i) any metal above zinc Mg Mg2+ + 2e

iii) covered with an oxide layer

C ) Magnesium Reaction No reaction

Aluminium - Reaction Reaction

ii)Aluminium Nitrate = aluminium oxide + nitrogen dioxide+ oxygen

9. A) i) Heat zinc blende in air to form oxide.

10. i) Zinc + Water = Zinc oxide + Hydrogen ; CONDITION- Heat + Steam

12. A) X W Z Y For most reactive X and least reactive Y

B) i)Anode- Impure copper,Blister Copper,Boulder copper.

B) add hydrochloric acid which form zinc chloride and water.

ii)In Brass, it is bronze and in Copper it is aluminium.

ii)decrease as increase in temperature favours back reaction as forward reaction is

2.A) i) preserve food or sterilizing

ii) kills bacteria or germs or micro organisms.

1.A) i) Pb(NO3)2 PbO+ 2NO2+1/2O2

ii)potassium nitrate potassium nitrite + oxygen

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