EBCS-9-2013 - Plumbing Services Final Draft PDF
EBCS-9-2013 - Plumbing Services Final Draft PDF
EBCS-9-2013 - Plumbing Services Final Draft PDF
Final
To ensure public and environmental health, buildings should be provided with technically
sound water supply, sanitary and drainage systems. This requires a standard code of practice
that governs their planning, design, installation, use and maintenance. The code should
reflect the state-of-the-art in material science, technology and approach as much as practical.
In Ethiopia, the designs and installations of building water supply, sanitary systems, and
stromwater drainage have been practiced using EBCS9 1995. EBCS-9 2013 has been
prepared after having revised and updated EBCS-9 1995 that has been in use for 18 years.
Various model plumbing codes were referred in the preparation of EBCS-9 2013 and include
National Building Code of India, Uniform Plumbing Code, and British Plumbing Standards.
Local practitioners and experts who use the code have also been consulted and relevant
feedbacks incorporated.
Major improvements to the different sections of EBCS-9 1995 have been made. The section
on Fire Fighting Water Supply has been removed as there is a new full-fledged code under
preparation. EBCS-9 2013 has a total of eight sections with two of them being new-
Administration and Solid waste management.
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EBCS-9 Revision Team Members
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Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ i
1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Definition ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Terminology.............................................................................................................. 1
2 ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................................... 18
2.1 The Authority ................................................................................................................. 18
2.2 Permits for Connections ................................................................................................. 18
2.2.1 Water Supply Connection ....................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Drainage and Sanitation .......................................................................................... 19
2.3 Licensing/Registration of Plumbers ............................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Execution of Work .................................................................................................. 20
2.3.2 Examination and Certification ................................................................................ 20
2.3.3 Duration of the License ........................................................................................... 21
2.3.4 Revocation or Suspension of License ..................................................................... 21
2.4 Control of Licensed Plumbers ........................................................................................ 21
2.4.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................ 21
2.4.2 Payment of All Lawful Charges ............................................................................. 21
2.4.3 No Work Should be done without Permission........................................................ 21
2.4.4 Pipes and Fittings to be Approved .......................................................................... 22
2.5 Obligations of Licensed Plumber ................................................................................... 22
3 SANITARY FIXTURES................................................................................................ 23
3.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1 Quality..................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.2 Standards to be Complied With .............................................................................. 23
3.2.3 Delivery and Storage............................................................................................... 23
3.3 Design Considerations.................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Sanitary Accommodation........................................................................................ 23
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3.3.2 Fixture ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.3 Hygiene ................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.4 Support .................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Provision of Fixtures (Appliances) ................................................................................ 25
3.5 Selection and Installation of Fixtures ............................................................................. 25
3.5.1 General .................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.2 Bath-tubs ................................................................................................................. 25
3.5.3 Shower Units ........................................................................................................... 26
3.5.4 Bidets ...................................................................................................................... 26
3.5.5 Sinks........................................................................................................................ 27
3.5.6 WC Pans.................................................................................................................. 27
3.5.7 WC Seats and Covers.............................................................................................. 28
3.5.8 Flushing Cisterns for WCs ...................................................................................... 28
3.5.9 WC Flush Pipes....................................................................................................... 28
3.5.10 WC Flush Valves .................................................................................................... 28
3.5.11 Urinals ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.5.12 Wash Basins ............................................................................................................ 30
3.5.13 Floor Drains (Floor Waste Gullies) ........................................................................ 30
3.6 Inspection and Maintenance ........................................................................................... 30
3.6.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................ 30
3.6.2 Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 30
4 WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION ................................................................... 32
4.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 General .................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 Pipes and Fittings .................................................................................................... 32
4.2.3 Materials Handling and Preparation ....................................................................... 34
4.2.4 Choice of Materials ................................................................................................. 34
4.3 Water supply .................................................................................................................. 35
4.3.1 General .................................................................................................................... 35
4.3.2 Quality of Water supply .......................................................................................... 35
4.3.3 Identification of Potable and Non Potable Water System ...................................... 37
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4.3.4 Preservation qf Water Quality ................................................................................ 38
4.3.5 Water Supply Daily Requirements for Buildings ................................................... 40
4.4 Storage Cisterns.............................................................................................................. 42
4.4.1 General .................................................................................................................... 42
4.4.2 Underground Cisterns ............................................................................................. 43
4.4.3 Elevated and Ground Cisterns ................................................................................ 43
4.4.4 Cistern Accessories ................................................................................................. 44
4.4.5 Cistern Capacity Design ......................................................................................... 45
4.4.6 Effective Storage Capacity of Pump Suction Cistern ............................................. 46
4.5 Pipes and Isolating Valves ............................................................................................. 48
4.5.1 Pipes ........................................................................................................................ 48
4.5.2 Isolating Valves ...................................................................................................... 48
4.6 Pumps and Equipment.................................................................................................... 48
4.6.1 General .................................................................................................................... 48
4.6.2 Pump Room ............................................................................................................ 50
4.6.3 Installation of Pumps .............................................................................................. 50
4.7 Water Meters .................................................................................................................. 50
4.7.1 Location of Water Meters ....................................................................................... 50
4.7.2 Installation of Water Meters ................................................................................... 50
4.8 Design of Water Distribution System ............................................................................ 51
4.8.1 General Requirements ............................................................................................. 51
4.8.2 Rate of Flow ............................................................................................................ 52
4.8.3 Pipe Sizing .............................................................................................................. 53
4.8.4 Distribution system in multi-story buildings .......................................................... 67
4.8.5 Water Pressure, Pressure Regulators, Pressure Relief Valves and Vacuum relief
Valves 71
4.9 Hot water supply installation ......................................................................................... 72
4.9.1 Design Consideration .............................................................................................. 72
4.9.2 Storage Temperature and Capacity ......................................................................... 72
4.9.3 Rate of Hot Water Flow .......................................................................................... 73
4.9.4 Materials, location and Installation of hot water storage tanks (Vessel) ................ 73
4.9.5 Types of System ...................................................................................................... 74
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4.9.6 Cold Feed and Hot Water Distribution Pipes ......................................................... 75
4.9.7 Safety Devices ........................................................................................................ 76
4.10 Water Service Pipe ......................................................................................................... 77
4.11 Minimum Pressure ......................................................................................................... 77
4.12 Water Hammer ............................................................................................................... 78
4.13 Installation of Pipe Work in Buildings ........................................................................... 78
4.13.1 General .................................................................................................................... 78
4.13.2 Handling of Materials ............................................................................................. 78
4.13.3 Allowance for Thermal Movement ......................................................................... 78
4.13.4 Accessibility Pipes and Water Fittings ................................................................... 78
4.13.5 Support & fixing of pipes ....................................................................................... 80
4.14 Underground Pipe Laying .............................................................................................. 83
4.14.1 Trench Excavations ................................................................................................. 83
4.14.2 Bedding and Backfilling ......................................................................................... 83
4.14.3 Proximity to Other Services .................................................................................... 83
4.14.4 Ingress of Dirt ......................................................................................................... 85
4.14.5 Corrosion................................................................................................................. 85
4.14.6 Thrust Blocks .......................................................................................................... 85
4.15 Identifying and Recording Piping Locations ................................................................. 86
4.15.1 Location of Pipes and Valves ................................................................................. 86
4.15.2 Recording Drawings ............................................................................................... 87
4.16 Inspection and Testing ................................................................................................... 87
4.16.1 General .................................................................................................................... 87
4.16.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 87
4.16.3 Inspection ................................................................................................................ 87
4.16.4 Leakage Testing ...................................................................................................... 88
4.17 Cleaning and Disinfection .............................................................................................. 89
4.17.1 Storage tanks ........................................................................................................... 89
4.17.2 Water services in buildings ..................................................................................... 89
4.18 Maintenance ................................................................................................................... 90
4.18.1 General .................................................................................................................... 90
4.18.2 Pipe work ................................................................................................................ 90
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4.18.3 Terminal Fittings and Valves .................................................................................. 90
4.18.4 Cisterns ................................................................................................................... 91
4.18.5 Ducts ....................................................................................................................... 91
4.18.6 Vessels under Pressure ............................................................................................ 91
4.18.7 Disconnection of Unused Pipes and Fittings .......................................................... 91
4.18.8 Pumps...................................................................................................................... 91
5 Internal Drainage for Buildings ..................................................................................... 92
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 92
5.1.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 92
5.1.2 Basic Principles ....................................................................................................... 92
5.2 Types of Appliances ....................................................................................................... 94
5.2.1 Soil Appliances ....................................................................................................... 94
5.2.2 Waste Appliances.................................................................................................... 94
5.2.3 Requirements of Various Appliances ..................................................................... 95
5.3 Drainage System Requirements ..................................................................................... 95
5.3.1 General .................................................................................................................... 95
5.3.2 For Residences ........................................................................................................ 96
5.3.3 For Buildings Other than Residences ..................................................................... 96
5.3.4 Number of Occupants of Each Sex ....................................................................... 110
5.3.5 Installation of Fixtures .......................................................................................... 110
5.3.6 Drainage Piping Installation ................................................................................. 111
5.4 Materials, Fittings and Appliances ............................................................................... 112
5.4.1 Standards for Materials, Fittings and Sanitary Appliances ................................... 112
5.4.2 Choice of Material for Pipes ................................................................................. 112
5.4.3 Quality of Fixtures ................................................................................................ 113
5.4.4 Connections Between Drainage Piping And Fittings ........................................... 113
5.4.5 Cleanouts............................................................................................................... 114
5.5 Vents............................................................................................................................. 115
5.5.1 General .................................................................................................................. 115
5.5.2 Materials ............................................................................................................... 116
5.5.3 Outdoor Vent Extension ....................................................................................... 116
5.5.4 Vent Terminals...................................................................................................... 117
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5.5.5 Vent Connections and Grades ............................................................................... 118
5.5.6 Fixture Vents ......................................................................................................... 118
5.5.7 Individual Vent ..................................................................................................... 119
5.5.8 Common Vent ....................................................................................................... 119
5.5.9 Wet Venting .......................................................................................................... 120
5.5.10 Waste Stack Vent .................................................................................................. 121
5.5.11 Circuit Venting...................................................................................................... 122
5.5.12 Combination Drain and Vent System ................................................................... 123
5.5.13 Island Fixture Venting .......................................................................................... 124
5.5.14 Relief Vents-Stacks of More Than 10 Branch Intervals ...................................... 125
5.5.15 Vents For Stack Offsets ........................................................................................ 125
5.5.16 Vent Pipe Sizing ................................................................................................... 125
5.5.17 Air Admittance Valves ......................................................................................... 128
5.5.18 Engineered Vent Systems ..................................................................................... 129
5.5.19 Computerized Vent Design ................................................................................... 131
5.6 Traps, Interceptors-And Separators.............................................................................. 131
5.6.1 General .................................................................................................................. 131
5.6.2 Trap Requirements ................................................................................................ 132
5.6.3 Materials, Joints And Connections ....................................................................... 134
5.7 Preliminary Data for Design ........................................................................................ 134
5.7.1 General .................................................................................................................. 134
5.7.2 Fixture Units ......................................................................................................... 134
5.8 Planning and Design considerations ............................................................................ 136
5.8.1 Aim ....................................................................................................................... 136
5.8.2 Layout ................................................................................................................... 137
5.8.3 Drainage (Soil, Waste and Ventilating) Pipes ...................................................... 139
5.8.4 Drainage System Sizing ........................................................................................ 149
5.8.5 Offsets In Drainage Piping In Buildings of Five Stories or More ........................ 150
5.8.6 Computerized Drainage Design ............................................................................ 150
6 EXTERNAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR BUILDINGS ........................................... 152
6.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 152
6.2 General ......................................................................................................................... 152
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6.3 Foul Drainage ............................................................................................................... 153
6.3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 153
6.3.2 Determination of Pipe Size and Gradient ............................................................. 154
6.3.3 Determination of Pipe Size and Gradient ............................................................. 158
6.4 Groundwater Drainage ................................................................................................. 159
6.4.1 General .................................................................................................................. 159
6.4.2 Groundwater Drains under Buildings ................................................................... 159
6.4.3 Disposal of Groundwater Discharge ..................................................................... 160
6.4.4 Disposal of Groundwater Discharge ..................................................................... 160
6.4.5 Drain Pipe Sizes .................................................................................................... 160
6.5 Laying of Drain Pipes .................................................................................................. 160
6.5.1 General .................................................................................................................. 160
6.5.2 Proximity to Other Services .................................................................................. 161
6.5.3 Depth of Cover ...................................................................................................... 161
6.6 Excavation, Bedding, Support and Backfilling ............................................................ 163
6.6.1 Excavation of Trenches......................................................................................... 163
6.6.2 Bedding of Drains ................................................................................................. 165
6.7 Inspection Chambers and Manholes ............................................................................ 166
6.7.1 General .................................................................................................................. 166
6.7.2 Dimensions ........................................................................................................... 167
6.7.3 Materials of construction for Inspection Chambers and Manholes ...................... 167
6.7.4 Channels and Bending .......................................................................................... 168
6.7.5 Access to Manholes-Step Irons ............................................................................. 169
6.7.6 Drop-Pipe Manholes (See Figure 6.7) .................................................................. 169
6.7.7 Inspection Chamber and Manhole Covers and Slabs ........................................... 170
6.8 Interceptors, Sewage Treatment and Disposal Units ................................................... 170
6.8.1 Interceptors ........................................................................................................... 170
6.8.2 Septic Tanks .......................................................................................................... 172
6.8.3 Cesspools .............................................................................................................. 175
6.8.4 Effluent Disposal .................................................................................................. 177
6.9 Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Drainage Works ........................................... 180
6.9.1 Inspection and Testing of Drainage Works .......................................................... 180
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6.9.2 Maintenance and Periodic Inspection ................................................................... 184
6.9.3 Pipes, Fittings and Joints....................................................................................... 184
7 STROM WATER DRAINAGE ................................................................................... 185
7.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 185
7.2 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 185
7.2.1 Standards to be Complied With ............................................................................ 185
7.3 Joints............................................................................................................................. 185
7.4 Design........................................................................................................................... 185
7.4.1 General .................................................................................................................. 185
7.4.2 Run-off .................................................................................................................. 185
7.4.3 Roof Drainage ....................................................................................................... 192
7.4.4 Surface Water Drainage ........................................................................................ 203
7.5 Installation .................................................................................................................... 205
7.5.1 Gutters ................................................................................................................... 205
7.5.2 Downpipes ............................................................................................................ 205
7.5.3 Storm Water Drains .............................................................................................. 205
7.5.4 Strom Water Pits and Inlets Pits ........................................................................... 206
7.5.5 Inlets ...................................................................................................................... 206
7.6 Inspection, Testing and Maintenance ........................................................................... 206
7.6.1 Inspection .............................................................................................................. 206
7.6.2 Testing................................................................................................................... 206
7.6.3 Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 207
8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 208
8.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 208
8.1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 208
8.1.2 Basic Principles (Reduce/Reuse/Recycle) ............................................................ 208
8.2 Solid Waste Management Systems .............................................................................. 209
8.2.1 Refuse Chute System ............................................................................................ 209
8.2.2 Treatment by Vermi-Composting ......................................................................... 210
8.3 Refuse Chute System ................................................................................................... 211
8.3.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 211
8.3.2 Components .......................................................................................................... 211
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8.3.3 Requirements ........................................................................................................ 211
ANNEX A ............................................................................................................................. 212
ANNEX B ............................................................................................................................. 214
ANNEX C ............................................................................................................................. 215
ANNEX D ............................................................................................................................. 216
ANNEX E ............................................................................................................................. 219
ANNEX F ............................................................................................................................. 220
ANNEX G ............................................................................................................................. 221
ANNEX H ............................................................................................................................. 226
ANNEX I .............................................................................................................................. 234
ANNEX J .............................................................................................................................. 241
ANNEX K ............................................................................................................................. 242
ANNEX L ............................................................................................................................. 246
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
SECTION 1
(1) This Standard lays down requirements for and given recommendations on the design,
installation, testing and maintenance of plumbing fixtures, water supply for domestic and
fire-fighting systems, drainage and venting and disposal systems for water-borne domestic
wastes, and storm-water drainage system within premises.
(2) A list of symbols in common use has been included in this Standard.
1.2 Definition
1.2.1 General
(1) Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following words and terms shall, for the purposes of
this code, have the meanings shown in this section.
(2) Words stated in the present tense include the future; words stated in the masculine gender
include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes the plural and the plural the
singular.
(3) Where terms are not defined in this code and are defined in other Codes, such terms shall
have the meanings ascribed to them as in those codes.
(4) Where terms are not defined through the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall
have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies.
1.2.2 Terminology
Accepted Engineering Practice: That which conforms to accepted principles, tests or standards
of nationally recognized technical or scientific authorities.
Access Cover: A removable plate, usually secured by bolts or screws, to permit access to a pipe
or pipe fitting for the purposes of inspection, repair or cleaning.
Adapter Fitting: An approved connecting device that suitably and properly joins or adjusts
pipes and fittings which do not otherwise fit together.
Air Admittance Valve: One-way valve designed to allow air to enter the plumbing drainage
system when negative pressures develop in the piping system. The device shall close by gravity
and seal the vent terminal at zero differential pressure (no flow conditions) and under positive
EBCS-9 2013 Plumbing Services of Buildings
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
internal pressures. The purpose of an air admittance valve is to provide a method of allowing air
to enter the plumbing drainage system without the use of a vent extended to open air and to
prevent sewer gases from escaping into a building.
Air Break (Drainage System): A piping arrangement in which a drain from a fixture, appliance
or device discharges indirectly into another fixture, receptacle or interceptor at a point below the
flood level rim and above the trap seal.
Access Panel: Removable panel mounted in a frame, normally secured with screws and mounted
in a wall or ceiling, to provide access to concealed appurtenances or items which may require
maintenance.
Air Gap: The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest
opening of a water service pipe of fixed outlet supplying water to a fixture or receptacle and the
highest possible water level of such fixture or receptacle.
Air Valve: A valve that releases air from a pipeline automatically without loss of water, or
introduce air into a line automatically if the internal pressure becomes less than that of the
atmosphere
Alternative Engineered Design: A plumbing system that performs in accordance with the intent
and provides an equivalent level of performance for the protection of public health, safety and
welfare.
Appliance: A receptacle with necessary appurtenances designed for a specific purpose the use or
operation of which results in a discharge into the sanitary drainage system.
Authority Having Jurisdiction: The Authority which has been created by a statute and which
for the purpose of administering the Code/Part may authorize a committee or an official to act on
its behalf, hereinafter called the Authority.
Back Siphonage: The flowing back of used, contaminated, or polluted water from a plumbing
fixture or vessel into a water supply due to a reduced pressure in such pipe (see Backflow).
Back Up: A condition where the wastewater may flow back into another fixture or compartment
but not back into the potable water system.
Backflow: The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes
of a system of supply of potable water from any source or sources other than its intended source.
Backflow Preventer: A device or means to prevent backflow.
Base: The lowest portion or lowest point of a stack of vertical pipe.
Base Flood Elevation: A reference point, determined in accordance with the building code,
based on the depth or peak elevation of flooding, including wave height, which has a 1 percent
(lOO-year flood) or greater chance of occurring in any given year.
Bathroom Group: A group of fixtures consisting of a water closet, lavatory, bathtub or shower,
including or excluding a bidet, an emergency floor drain or both. Such fixtures are located
together on the same floor level.
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
Battery of Fixtures: Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharge into a
common horizontal waste or soil pipe.
Bedding: The material on which the pipe is laid and which provides support for the pipe.
Bedding can be concrete, granular material or the prepared trench bottom
Branch:
a) Special form of sewer pipe used for making connections to a sewer or water main. The
various types are called T, Y, TY, double Y and V branches, according to their
respective shapes.
b) Any part of a piping system other than a main or stack.
Branch Soil Pipe: A pipe connecting one or more soil appliances to the main soil pipe.
Branch Soil Waste Pipe: A pipe connecting one or more soil and/or waste appliances to the
main soil waste pipe (one pipe system).
Branch Ventilating Pipe: A pipe, one end of which is connected to the system adjacent to the
trap of an appliance and the other to a main ventilating pipe or a drain-ventilating pipe. It is fitted
to prevent loss of water seal from a trap owing to partial vacuum, back-pressure, or surging
caused by air movement within the pipe system. It also provides ventilation for the branch waste
pipe.
Branch Waste Pipe: A pipe connecting one or more waste appliances to the main waste pipe.
Branch Discharge Pipe: A common discharge pipe to which plumbing-fixture traps at any one
floor level are connected.
Branch Drain: A line or pipes installed to discharge into another line or at a point of access; i.e.,
a manhole.
Branch Interval: A vertical measurement of distance, 8 feet (2438 mm) or more in developed
length, between the connections of horizontal branches to a drainage stack. Measurements are
taken down the stack from the highest horizontal branch connection.
Branch Vent: A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent.
Building Drain: That part of the lowest piping of a drainage system that receives the discharge
from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside and that extends 30 inches (762 mm) in
developed length of pipe beyond the exterior walls of the building and conveys the drainage to
the building sewer.
Building Trap: A device, fitting or assembly of fittings installed in the building drain to prevent
circulation of air between the drainage system of the building and the building sewer.
Building Sewer: That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which extends from the
end of the building drain to a public sewer, a treatment unit or cesspool.
Cesspool: A covered watertight tank used for receiving and storing sewage from premises which
cannot be connected to a public sewer and where ground conditions prevent the use of on-site
treatment works including a septic tank.
Chute: A vertical pipe system passing from floor to floor provided with ventilation and inlet
openings for receiving refuse from successive floors and ending at the ground floor on the top of
the collecting chambers.
Circuit Vent: A vent that connects to a horizontal drainage branch and vents two traps to a
maximum of eight traps or trapped fixtures connected into a battery.
Cleanout: A small access opening in a pipe or pipe fitting arranged to facilitate the clearing of
obstructions and fitted with removable cap or plug.
Cleaning Eye: An access opening in a pipe or pipe fitting arranged to facilitate the cleaning
obstructions and fitted with removable cover.
Code: These regulations, subsequent amendments thereto, or any emergency rule or regulation
that the administrative authority having jurisdiction has lawfully adopted.
Combination Fixture: A fixture combining one sink and laundry tray or a two- or three-
compartment sink or laundry tray in one unit.
Combination Waste And Vent System: A specially designed system of waste piping
embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a
common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow
line of the drain.
Common Discharge Pipe: See branch pipe
Communication Pipe: That part of the service pipe, extending from the water main up to the
water meter (see Figure 1.1)
Common Vent: A vent connecting at the junction of two fixture drains or to a fixture branch and
serving as a vent for both fixtures.
Concealed Fouling Surface: Any surface of a plumbing fixture which is not readily visible and
is not scoured or cleansed with each fixture operation.
Conductor: A pipe inside the building that conveys storm water from the roof to a storm or
combined building drain.
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
Construction Documents: All of the written, graphic and pictorial documents prepared or
assembled for describing the design, location and physical characteristics of the elements of the
project necessary for obtaining a building permit. The construction drawings shall be drawn to an
appropriate scale.
Consumer: Any person who uses or is supplied water or on whose application such water is
supplied by the Authority.
Consumers Pipe: The portion of service pipe used for supply of water and which is not the
property of the Authority (see Figure 1-1).
Cover:
Design Flood Elevation: The elevation of the "design flood," including wave height, relative to
the datum specified on the community's legally designated flood hazard map.
Diameter: The nominal internal diameter of pipes and fittings
Discharge Pipe: a pipe for carrying sewage (waste water) from any fixture (appliance) or
floor waste fully to a branch (common) discharge pipe, stack or drain.
Distributing Pipe: means any pipe (other than an overflow pipe or a flush pipe) conveying
water from a storage cistern or from any other pressure source (apart from mains pressure) to
one or more fixtures or appliance (see Figure 1.1).
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
Domestic Waste: Also known as residential waste consists of wastes produced by household
activities such as food preparation, sweeping, cleaning, fuel burning, and gardening. They also
can include old clothing, old furnishing, abandoned equipment, packaging and newsprint.
Downpipe: A conduit for the conveyance of roof water from an outlet of a gutter, box receiver or
sump to another roof or ground level or storm-water drain.
Drain a pipe installed or laid within the property boundary, intended to convey sewage, storm
water, sub-soil water, etc under gravity.
Drain Ventilating Pipe: A pipe installed to provide flow of air to or from a drain to prevent
undue concentration of foul air in the drain. The main soil pipe or main waste pipe may serve as
drain ventilating pipe wherever their upper portions, which do not receive discharges, are
extended to the roof level and let open to air.
Drainage Fittings: Type of fitting or fittings utilized in the drainage system. Drainage fittings
are similar to cast-iron fittings, except that instead of having a bell and spigot, drainage fittings
are recessed and tapped to eliminate ridges on the inside of the installed pipe.
Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU): A measure of the probable discharge into the drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures. The drainage fixture-unit value for a particular fixture
depends on its volume rate of drainage discharge, on the time duration of a single drainage
operation and on the average time between successive operations.
Drainage System: Piping within a public or private premise that conveys sewage, rainwater or
other liquid wastes to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of a
public sewer system or a private or public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
(a) Building gravity: A drainage system that drains by gravity into the building sewer.
(b) Sanitary: A drainage system that carries sewage and excludes storm, surface and ground
water.
(c) Storm: A drainage system that carries rainwater, surface water, subsurface water and
similar liquid wastes.
Drop Manhole: A manhole installed in a sewer where the elevation of the incoming sewer
considerably exceeds that of the outgoing sewer; a vertical waterway outside the manhole is
provided to divert the waste from the upper to the lower level so that it does not fall freely into
the manhole except at peak rate of flow.
Drop Pipe: Vertical section of drain jointing the drains at different levels.
Duct: An enclosure designed to accommodate water pipes and fittings and other services if
required and constructed so that access to the interior can be obtained either through its length or
at specified points by removal of a cover or covers.
Effluent: Liquid discharged from a waste water treatment unit (process).
Fire Hydrant: A fitting installed in a water pipeline which provides a valved outlet (above or
below ground) to permit a controlled supply of water.
Fittings: Fittings shall mean coupling, flange, branch, bend, tees, elbows, unions, waste with
plug, P or S trap with vent, stop ferrule, stop tap, bib tap, pillar tap, globe tap, ball valve, cistern
storage tank, baths, water-closets, boiler, geyser, pumping set with motor and accessories, meter,
hydrant, valve and any other article used in connection with water supply, drainage and
sanitation.
Fixture Unit: A quantity in terms of which the load producing effects on the plumbing system of
different kinds of plumbing fixtures is expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale.
Float Operated Valve: Ball valves or ball taps and equilibrium valves operated by means of a
float taken from the pipeline for fire fighting.
Fixture Branch: A drain serving two or more fixtures that discharges to another drain or to a
stack.
Fixture Drain: The drain from the trap of a fixture to a junction with any other drain pipe.
Fixture Fitting:
a) Supply fitting- A fitting that controls the volume and/or directional flow of water and is
either attached to or accessible from a fixture, or is used with an open or atmospheric
discharge
b) Waste fitting- A combination of components that conveys the sanitary waste from the
outlet of a fixture to the connection to the sanitary drainage system.
Flushing Cistern: A cistern provided with a device for discharging the stored water rapidly into
a water close pan or urinal.
French Drain or Rubble Drain: A shallow trench filled with coarse rubble, clinker, or similar
material with or without field drain pipes.
Foul Water: Any water contaminated by soil or any domestic waste water.
Gully (Trapped): An assembly used in a waste water system which provides a water seal to
prevent odours and gases from escaping into a building or into the atmosphere in the proximity
of the assembly.
Hydrant Valve: A valve controlling flow of water from the fire hydrant outlet with provision for
attachment of a fire hose.
Horizontal Branch Drain: A drainage branch pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack
or building drain, with or without vertical sections or branches, that receives the discharge from
two or more fixture drains or branches and conducts the discharge to the soil or waste stack or to
the building drain.
Horizontal Pipe: Any pipe or fitting that makes an angle of less than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) with
the horizontal.
Individual Vent: A pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and connects with the vent system above
the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
Inlet Pit: Chamber with an inlet, which may be side entry (herb inlet), granted inlet (gully-
grating) or combination, that permits the entry of storm water to a storm water drain and allow
access to the drain for maintenance purposes (see Figure H-2, ANNEX H, for kerb and granted
inlets).
Inspection Chamber: A covered chamber constructed on a drain or sewer so as to provide
access thereto, for inspecting, testing or the clearance and removal of obstructions, and usually
situated in areas subjected to light loading only.
Intercepting Trap: A trap used to aerially disconnect the building drain from the sewer.
Local Vent Stack: A vertical pipe to which connections are made from the fixture side of traps
and through which vapor or foul air is removed from the fixture or device utilized on bedpan
washers.
Manhole: Working chamber with cover constructed on a drain or sewer within which a person
may inspect, test or clear and remove obstruction in safety.
Nominal Size (DN): A numerical designation of the size of a pipe, bend or branch fitting, which
is a convenient round number approximately equal to a manufactured dimension.
EBCS-9 2013 Plumbing Services of Buildings
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Section 1: Scope and Definitions
Offset: The pipe and fittings used to provide continuity between pipes whose axes are parallel
but not collinear.
Paved Area: an area (a road or path, etc) covered with pointed stones, pointed brick, concrete,
asphalt, etc to make a hard and tight surface.
Peak Flow: The maximum rate of a fluctuating flow.
Pipe System: The system to be adopted will depend on the type and planning of the building in
which it is to be installed and will be one of the following:
a) Single stack system (see Fig.1. 2) The one pipe system in which there is no trap
ventilation.
b) Single stack Partially Vented A via media between the one-pipe system and the
single stack system (see one-pipe system, partially ventilated).
c) One-pipe system (see Fig.1. 3) The system of plumbing in which the wastes from the
sinks, baths and wash basins, and the soil pipe branches are all collected into one main
pipe, which is connected, directly to the drainage system. Gully traps and waste pipes are
completely dispersed with, but all the traps of the water closets, basins, etc, are
completely ventilated to preserve the water seal.
d) One-pipe system Partially vented (also called single stack, partially ventilated) A
system in which there is one soil pipe into which all water closets, baths, sinks, and
basins discharge. In addition, there is a relief vent, which ventilates only the traps of
water closets.
e) Two-pipe system (see Fig.1. 4) The system of plumbing in which soil and waste pipes
are distinct and separate. The soil pipes being connected to the drain direct and waste
pipes through a trapped gully. All traps of all appliances are completely ventilated in this
system.
Pipe Work: Any installation of piping with its fittings.
Puff Ventilation: The ventilation provided for waste traps in two-pipe system, in order to
preserve the water seal.
Plumbing: The practice, materials and fixtures utilized in the installation, maintenance,
extension and alteration of all piping, fixtures, plumbing appliances and plumbing
appurtenances, within or adjacent to any structure, in connection with sanitary drainage or storm
drainage facilities; venting systems; and public or private water supply systems.
Plumbing Appliance: Anyone of a special class of plumbing fixtures intended to perform a
special function. Included are fixtures having the operation or control dependent on one or more
energized components, such as motors, controls, heating elements, or pressure- or temperature-
sensing elements. Such fixtures are manually adjusted or controlled by the owner or operator, or
are operated automatically through one or more of the following actions: a time cycle, a
temperature range, a pressure range, a measured volume or weight.
Residual Head: The head available at any particular point in the distribution system
Roding: A system of road which are progressively jointed to clear drainage lines.
Roughing Work: The installation of all parts of the plumbing system which is completed prior
to the installation of fixtures.
Sand Trap: A chamber (may be a space provided within an inlet pit or a separate pit made for
the sole purpose) designed to intercept and retain sand or silt in a storm water drainage system.
Sanitary Fixture: See Appliance.
Soil Appliances: A sanitary appliance for the collection and discharge of excretory matter.
Soil Waste: The discharge from water closets, urinals, slop hopper, stable yard or cowshed
gullies and similar appliances.
Sprinkler System: An assembly of pipe work graded in size, erected throughout a building
and which sprinkler heads are installed at prescribed intervals. The pipe work is connected to a
set of installation (e.g. control valves, etc) for the operation of the system.
Stack: Any vertical waste water drainage or vent pipe including offsets extending through more
than one floor level.
Stack Vent: The extension of a soil or" waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected
to the stack.
Stack Venting: A method of venting a fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste stack
Storage Cistern: Any cistern or water tank other than a flushing cistern in which water is stored
at atmospheric pressure, the water being normally received through a float control valve set at a
predetermined level and incorporating an air gap.
Storm Water Drain: The conduit of a storm water drainage installation normally laid
underground for the collection and conveyance of storm water from a premise to the storm water
system.
Storm Water Manhole: see Storm Water Pit.
Storm Water Pit: A chamber constructed within a storm water drain in order to provide access
for inspecting, testing or the clearance of obstructions.
Supply Pipe: So much of any service pipe as is not a communication pipe (see Figure 1.1)
Sub-Soil Water: Water occurring naturally in the sub-soil.
Surface Water: Natural water from the ground surface, paved areas and roofs
Systems of Drainage:
a) Combined system- A system in which foul water (sewage) and surface water are
conveyed by the same sewers and drains.
b) Separate system- A system in which foul water (sewage) and surface water are
conveyed by the separate sewers and drains.
c) Partially separate system- A modification of the separate system in which part of the
surface water is conveyed by the foul (sanitary) sewers and drains
Trap: Any fitting designed to retain a water seal for the purpose of preventing the passage of
gases.
Trap Water Seal: The water retained in a trap which acts as a barrier to the passage of air
though the trap.
Trap Weir: The lowest point of the outlet leg of a trap.
Tundish: A fitting into which pipe work can discharge with an air gap.
Under Drain: A two pipe subsurface effluent disposal system with the pipes laid at different
elevations, with fine gravel media in between.
Vent Pipe: A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a
circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.
Wall-Hung Water Closet: A wall-mounted water closet installed in such a way that the fixture
does not touch the floor.
Waste: The discharge from any fixture, appliance, area or appurtenance that does not contain
fecal matter.
Water Fittings: Includes pipes (other than mains), taps, cocks, valves, ferrules, meters, cisterns,
baths, water closets, soil pans and other similar apparatus used in connection with the supply and
use of water.
Water Main (Street Main): A pipe laid by the water undertakers for the purpose of giving a
general supply of water as distinct from a supply to individual consumers and includes any
apparatus used in connection with such a pipe.
Water Service: That part of the cold water supply pipe work from the water main up to an
including the putlet valves at fixtures or appliances.
Water Supplier: Any regional or sub regional water supply organization including water
authorities.
Waste Appliance: A sanitary appliance for the collection and discharge of water after use for
ablutionary, culinary and other domestic purpose.
Waste Pipe: In plumbing, any pipe that receives the discharge of any fixtures, except water
closets or similar fixtures and conveys the same to the house drain or soil or waste stack. When
such pipe does not connect directly with a house drain or soil stack, it is called an indirect waste
pipe.
Water Seal: The water in a trap, which acts as a barrier to the passage of air through the trap.
Yoke Vent: A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose
of preventing pressure changes in the stacks.
SECTION 2
2 ADMINISTRATION
2.1 The Authority
The Ministry of Urban Development and Construction, the Authority which has been
created by a statute and which, for the purpose of administering the Code/Part, may authorize
a committee or an official or an agency to act on its behalf, hereinafter called the
Authority.
A separate site plan is not necessary if the necessary particulars to be shown in such a site
plan are already shown in the drainage plan.
(f) The position of refuse chute, inlet hopper and collection chamber.
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Section 2: Administration
2.2.2.4 In the case of an alteration or addition to an existing building, this clause shall be
deemed to be satisfied if the plans as furnished convey sufficient information for the
proposals to be readily identified with previous sanctioned plans and provided the locations
of tanks and other fittings are consistent with the structural safety of the building.
2.2.2.5 The plans for the building drainage shall in every case be accompanied by
specifications for the various items of work involved. This information shall be supplied in
the prescribed from given in Annex D.
2.2.2.6 In respect of open drains, cross-sectional details shall be prepared to a scale not
smaller than 1:50 showing the ground and invert levels and any arrangement already existing
or proposed for the inclusion of any or exclusion of all storm water from the sewers.
The work which is required to be carried out under the provisions of this Section shall be
executed only by a licensed plumber under the control of the Authority and shall be
responsible to carry out all lawful directions given by the Authority. No individual shall
engage in the business of plumbing unless so licensed under the provisions of this Section.
2.4.1 Inspection
The officer deputed by the Authority may inspect at any time without notice any work done by
licensed plumber or place of business.
2.5.1 Every licensed plumber shall proceed with any work undertaken by him diligently and
in a proper workman like manner and shall not cause any delay in the execution thereof
without sufficient cause.
2.5.2 Every licensed plumber shall report to the Authority defect noticed by him in any
premises in connection with any water pipes, fittings or other appliances causing waste of
water or in connection with any drains, water closets, privies, urinals or any fittings,
appliances connection therewith rendering such drains privy or urinal insufficient or
otherwise objectionable for sanitary reasons.
SECTION 3
3 SANITARY FIXTURES
3.1 Scope
(1) This section deals with the selection, installation, and maintenance of sanitary fixtures.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Quality
(1) Sanitary fixtures shall have smooth impervious surfaces, be free from defects and
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be of approved standards in quality and design (see
Clause 3.2.2).
3.3.2 Fixture
(1) Fixtures should be selected and installed to allow all connections to be correctly made
initially and so as to be easily disconnected for subsequent maintenance or replacement.
(2) Where fixtures will be subjected to heavy use, as in public conveniences, schools,
hospitals, factories, etc, they should be robust in construction and designed to withstand
misuse.
3.3.3 Hygiene
(1) (a) Sanitary fixtures should be designed, assembled and fitted so as to avoid harbouring
dirt.
(b) Where fixtures abut a floor and/or a wall or walls, the joint between the fixtures and
the floor and/or the walls should be impermeable.
(2) Shower traps and surrounding areas should be cleansable specially in the case of
communal showers.
(3) (a) Sanitary fixtures should be installed in a manner to afford easy access for cleaning.
(b) Fixtures having concealed slip-joints connections should be provided with an access
for or unity space so arranged as to make the slip connection accessible for inspection
and repair.
3.3.4 Support
3.3.4.1 General
(1) The design, choice and fixing of supports for sanitary fixtures are important and
consideration should be given to the dead weight of fixtures the load which may be
placed in it or on it and the nature of the structure to which it is to be fixed.
(2) All fixing screws should be of non-ferrous metal or stainless steel, and any low-carbon
steel in brackets or other supports should be galvanized, whether subsequently painted or
not.
3.3.4.2 Brackets
(1) Brackets should be of adequate strength and securely fixed having regard to the
cantilever effect of the weight of the fixture fully loaded.
3.5.1 General
(1) Care should be taken at all times, and particularly after fixing, to protect fixtures from
damage. Glazed, enameled and plated surfaces of fixtures can be irreparably damaged by
carelessness during subsequent operations.
(2) Water supply and discharge pipes should be installed before fixtures are put in place.
Before installing fixtures, it should be ensured that the discharge pipe is clear or
obstruction. Joints between fixtures and traps and/or pipes should be of the union or
detachable type.
(3) Cistern overflows should be arranged to give visible warning of discharge.
3.5.2 Bath-tubs
3.5.2.1 Selection
(1) Bath-tub is intended for bodily immersion in a reclining position and it should have a flat
bottom with a fall to the outlet.
(2) Anti-slip surfaces, if provided, should not interfere with comfort or ease of cleaning and
draining.
3.5.2.2 Installation
(1) Support should be adequate for the weight of the fixture, use and water and sufficiently
unyielding to obviate strain on service connections.
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Section 3: Sanitary Fixtures
(2) Supports should be adjustable to permit a bath-tab should be horizontal and care should
be taken to make a permanently watertight seal between the wall and the edge of the bath.
3.5.3.1 Selection
(1) Bodily ablutions under running water are more hygienic than washing by bodily
immersion in a bath. In addition, a shower unit is more economical in energy and water
consumption and convenient to use.
(2) Shower units shall be selected in accordance with approved standard (see Section 3.2).
3.5.3.2 Installation
(1) (a) Shower units should be installed in rooms that are adequately ventilated to reduce the
possibility of condensation.
(b) Adequate space should be provided to ensure convenience in use.
(c) Shower trays should be laid on a smooth and structurally sound base and shall be and
made watertight with acceptable material.
(2) (a) Public shower rooms shall be drained in such a manner that no waste water from any
head will pass over areas occupied by other users.
(b) Traps shall be constructed so that a shower tray may be securely fastened to the trap at
the seepage entrance, making a watertight joint between the shower tray and the trap.
3.5.4 Bidets
3.5.4.1 Selection
(1) There are two main types of bidets over-rim water feed and submersible spray.
(2) Either of the bidets in (1) above may be with pedestal (more frequently fitted), or wall
mounted (used where an unrestricted floor is required).
3.5.4.2 Installation
(1) Pedestal bidets should be set on a level floor or bed.
(2) Where fixing screws are used, they should be non-ferrous or stainless steel.
(3) Wall-hung type bidets may be fixed directly to load bearing walls by bolts or,
alternatively and for non-load bearing walls, by bolting to a support frame.
3.5.5.1 Selection
(1) The most hard-wearing material for sinks is stainless steel. Fire-clay sinks are hard-
wearing and strong, but care has to be taken in the use of utensils to avoid chipping,
especially on the front edge of the sink. Enamel steel sinks require careful use to prevent
chipping the enamel.
3.5.5.2 Installation
(1) Sinks fitted as an independent fixture shall be supported on cantilever brackets, wherever
possible, in order to avoid the use of leg supports.
(2) Where sinks are built into table-top units, care shall be taken to seal the joint between the
bowl rim and the surrounding to prevent water seeping below the surface of the table top.
3.5.6 WC Pans
3.5.6.1 Selection
(1) (a) A single flushing should clear all normal faecal matter from the WC pan, the flush
being so distributed over the internal surface of the pan as to cleanse every part thereof
without any of the contents of flushing water splashing on to the seat or the floor.
(b) WCs should be selected so that noise produced while flushing is minimum.
(2) Wash down WC pans have horizontal outlets and require purpose-made connector to
connect them to the drainage systems.
(3) Siphonic WC pans depend upon siphonic action generate in the trap for the removal of
the contents when flushed. The area of exposed water in siphonic pans is usually greater
than in the washdown type with less chance of the pan being soiled. Siphonic WC pans
have a quieter flush than washwoen types but are more prone to blocking.
(4) Squatting WC pans are designed to be used without a seat and consist of a floor level
bowl with a squatting plate, i,e impervious surround which normally has slightly raised
foot treads.
3.5.6.2 Installation
(1) To prevent the penetration of moisture, the joint between the underside of the WC
pedestal and the floor should be sealed.
(2) All pedestal-type WC pans should be secured to the floor using stainless steel or non-
ferrous fixing screws.
(3) Where pedestal WC pans are installed on solid floors, it is essential that provision be
made in the floor to receive the fixing screws.
3.5.7.1 Selection
(1) WC seats and covers should be smooth and non absorbent. Ring sears are the simplest
type of seats and the most suitable for general use.
(2) Open-front seats are mostly used in male sanitary blocks in such buildings as industrial
and commercial premises and public conveniences, as being less likely to be fouled than
ring seat.
3.5.7.2 Installation
(1) The seat and cover, where fitted, should be properly fixed direct to the WC pan with
hinges. Compressible protective washers should be used between the hinge fixings and
both sides of the ceramic-ware. When raised, all seats and covers should travel though an
angle greater than 900 to ensure stability.
3.5.8.1 Selection
(1) Flushing cisterns shall have a flushing capacity sufficient to properly flush WC bowls
with which they are connected.
(2) The float-operated valve should close tight and be selected to suit the water pressure and
to ensure a refilling time of not longer than 2.0 min,
3.5.8.2 Installation
(1) Flushing cisterns may be:
(a) Supported by direct wall fixing; or
(b) Supported by brackets of various types; or
(c) Close coupled to WC pan.
3.5.11 Urinals
3.5.11.1 Selection
(1) (a) Still urinal is heavy, takes up more space, and unless designed with great care with all
angles rounded, it is more difficult to keep clean.
(b) it affords greater privacy than other types and is better able to withstand rough usage.
(c) Flushing should be by means of a spreader to each stall to clean the whole surface
likely to be fouled.
(2) (a) Bowl urinal are less restrictive to planning and are more suitable for use where floor
movement might occur.
(b) Spreader should be provided to ensure that the flushing water washes the whole of the
internal surface of the bowl likely to be fouled.
(c) Bowl urinals are recommended only where responsibility in use can be anticipated, as
they are vulnerable to misuse.
(d) Independent divisions securely bolted to the wall surface should be used for privacy.
(3) (a) Trough urinals should be rigidly supported along the whole of their length and should
discharge to a trapped outlet.
(b) Flushing may be by spreader to other means which can produce an even curtain of
water against the back of the urinal.
(c) Trough urinals shall be smooth and non absorbent.
3.5.11.2 Installation
(1) The area behind, under and around urinals should be carefully made (made smooth and
non-absorbent) to take into account water and urine penetration.
(2) (a) The maximum fun of channel (through urinal) to an outlet should not exceed
2400.0mm.
(b) The floor surface should be non-slip and hard wearing.
(c) Trough urinal should preferably be made so that the front lip is 600.0mm high for
men on 500.0mm high for junior boys.
3.5.12.1 Selection
(1) Vitreous China basins serve most purposes.
(2) Fire clay can be used, but is subject to the disadvantage of chipping, and it usually needs
replacement.
(3) Stainless steel gives good service under most conditions.
(4) Porcelain channeled sheet steel is suitable for light duty, but better service is usually
obtained from porcelain channeled cast iron for normal and heavy duty.
3.5.12.2 Installation
(1) The following types of support are normally used for the installation of wash basins;
(a) Wall fixing by means of built-in cantilever or brackets, screwed brackets, or by screwing
direct to the wall.
(b) A pedestal securely fixed to the floor. The basin should be properly bedded on the
pedestal and anchored to the wall. It may be advisable to carry the weight of the basin on
wall fixings.
(c) Insert into a table top. Care should be taken to seal the joint between the rim and the
surround to prevent water seeping below the surface of the table top.
3.6.1 Inspection
(1) Upon completion of the work, all fixtures, materials and workmanship should be
carefully examined for defects and for faults in installation which should be corrected before
the fixtures are handed over for use.
3.6.2 Maintenance
3.6.2.1 General
(1) Fixture should be cleaned frequently to maintain them in good sanitary condition and to
preserve their appearance.
SECTION 4
4 WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
4.1 Scope
(1) This section covers basic requirements of water supply and distribution for residential,
commercial and other types of buildings, including traffic terminal stations and gives
recommendations on the design, installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance of
water supply and distribution services.
(2) It covers the system of pipes, fittings and connected appliances (fixtures) installed to
supply buildings.
(3) This section deals only with low temperature systems; it does not cover systems that are
designed to operate with steam or high temperature hot water.
(4) This section does not take into consideration the requirements of water supply for
industrial plants and processes and other purposes.
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 General
(1) The plumbing system shall have durable material, free from defective workmanship and
so designed and installed as to give satisfactory service for its reasonable expected life.
(2) Materials that have been used for a purpose other than the distribution of potable water
shall not be subsequently used in a potable water system.
(3) Every length of pipe and every fitting shall have case, stamped or indelibly marked on it
the makers name or mark and the weight or class or quality of the product, or it shall be
marked in accordance with the relevant standard; and such markings shall be visible after
installation.
(4) Water distribution pipes and fittings shall be of brass, copper, cast iron, UPVC,
galvanized malleable iron, galvanized wrought iron, and galvanized steel, PEX, PPR or
other approved materials manufactured to recognized standards may be used for water
distribution system. All materials used in the water supply system, except valves and
similar devices, shall be of a like material, unless and otherwise approved by the
Authority Having Jurisdiction.
(2) Every part of a water installation shall be cable of operating effectively under the
conditions which it will experience in service. Accordingly;
(a) Every pipe, pipe joint and connected fitting used for domestic water supply shall be
capable of withstanding, without damage or deterioration, sustained temperature of up
to 400C for cold water installation and up to 700C, with occasional short-term
excursions up to 1000C to allow for malfunctions, for heated water installations.
(b) Every draw-off tap shall be capable of operating effectively at any water temperature
and internal water pressure to which it is to be subject.
(c) Discharge pipes connected to temperature or expansion relief valves shall be capable
of withstanding any continuous hot water or steam discharge at temperatures up to
1250C.
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Section 4: Water Supply and Distribution
(3) (a) If pipes, pipe joints or connected fittings are of dissimilar metals, necessary measures
shall be taken to prevent corrosion.
(b) Dissimilar metals should be avoided in below-ground installation wherever
practicable.
4.3.1 General
(1) Any cold water tap which is likely to be used for drinking water and all such taps not
connected directly to the potable water supply mains shall be supplied from a storage
cistern which is protected in accordance with clause 4.3.4.
(2) No drinking water point shall be installed at the end of a long pipe where only small
volumes of water are drawn-off.
(3) To reduce the risk of stagnation, the layout of the pipe work should be arranged, where
possible, so that fittings downstream of a drinking water point have a high demand.
(4) All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be provided with
supply of potable water. This water supply shall not be connected with unsafe water
resources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards of backflow.
(5) Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be provided with water in sufficient
volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function properly and without undue
noise under normal conditions of use. There should be at least a residual head of 0.5 bar
(5 m) at the consumers tap at critical water outlet and whenever fixtures or fixture
fittings that require a residual pressure higher than 0.5 bar are installed, that minimum
residual pressure shall be provided.
(6) Plumbing system shall be designed, installed and adjusted to use the optimum quantity of
water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4.3.2.1 General
(1) Public water suppliers are obliged to provide a supply of wholesome water which is
suitable and safe for drinking and culinary or cooking purposes.
CHEMICAL
Total hardness mg/L as CaCO3 300
Total dissolved solids mg/L 1000
Total iron mg/L 0.3
Manganese mg/L 0.01
Ammonia (NH3+NH4+) mg/L 1.5
Residual free chlorine mg/L as MBAS 0.5
Anionic surfactants mg/L 1.0
Magnesium mg/L 50
Calcium mg/L 75
Copper mg/L 2
Zinc mg/L 5
Sulfate mg/L 250
Chloride mg/L 250
Total alkalinity mg/L 200
Sodium mg/L 200
Potassium mg/L 1.5
Aluminum mg/L 0.2
pH - 6.5-8.5
Barium mg/L 0.7
Total mercury mg/L 0.001
Cadmium mg/L 0.003
Arsenic mg/L 0.01
Cyanide mg/L 0.07
Nitrite mg/L 3
Nitrate mg/L 50
Phenolic compounds as phenol mg/L 0.002
Lead mg/L 0.01
Boron mg/L 0.3
Selenium mg/L 0.01
Fluoride mg/L 1.5
Chromium mg/L 0.05
Pesticides mg/L 2
Lindane mg/L 0.03
Aldrin/Dieldrine mg/L 30
1,2 Dichloroethane
BACTERIOLOGICAL
Total viable organisms Colonies per 100 mL Must not be detectable
Faecal streptococci MPN per 100 mL Must not be detectable
Coliform organisms MPN per 100 mL Must not be detectable
E.Coli MPN per 100 mL Must not be detectable
(2) Potable and Non potable water systems installed shall be clearly identified by the
following color code.
a) Potable water - Green background with white lettering.
b) Non potable Yellow background with black lettering , with words
d) A colored identification band shall be indicated every 6 meters, but at least once per
room and shall be visible from the floor level.
4.3.4.1 General
(1) Water supply installations shall be carried out so that delivered water is not liable to
become contaminated to the extent that it is hazardous to health or is unfit for its intended
use.
(2) The installation in (1) above, in particular, shall not adversely affect drinking water in
any of the following ways;
(a) By materials in contact with water being unsuitable for the purpose (see Clause 4.3.4.2).
(b) By cross connection between pipes conveying water supplied by the water undertaker
with pipes conveying water from some other source.
(c) By stagnation particularly at high temperatures.
(d) As a result of backflow of water from water-fittings or water-using appliances into pipe
work connected to mains or to other fittings and appliances (see Clause 4.3.4.3).
4.3.4.3.1 General
(1) Positive measures shall be taken to prevent:
(a) The ingress of contaminated water to any part of a water installation,
(b) The backflow of water from the installation to the supply mains; and
(2) Paragraph (1b) above shall not apply to a supply pipe conveying water to a cistern:
*
i. Low consumption is dwelling unit with only one wet corner, fitted with shower, Hand wash basin,
WC, traditional kitchen without kitchen sink, but with manual Laundry trough.
ii. Medium consumption is dwelling unit with two wet corners, fitted with shower, Bath tub, Hand
wash basin, WC, kitchen sink and laundry sink or machine.
iii. High consumption is dwelling unit with more than two wet corners, fitted with all mentioned in (ii)
above and sauna facilities and others.
4.3.5.4 Water Supply for Fire Fighting Purposes (Refer Fire Code EBCS-13)
Due reference should be made to the fire code (EBCS-13) to estimate the water supply
requirements for firefighting purpose as a function of building type and material and the fire
extinguishing system.
4.4.1 General
(1) In a building, provisions shall be made for storage of water:
a) to provide against interruptions of the supply caused by repairs to mains, etc;
b) to reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mains;
c) to tide over periods of intermittent supply; and
d) to maintain a storage for the fire fighting requirement of the building
(2) Every storage tank shall be easily accessible and placed in such a position as to enable
thorough inspection and cleaning to be carried out. In large storage tanks, the outlet shall
be at the end opposite the inlet to avoid stagnation of the water.
(3) Storage cisterns and their lids for domestic water supply purposes should not impart taste,
color, odor or toxicity to the water, nor promote microbial growth.
(4) The water may be stored either in overhead tanks (OHT) and/or underground tanks
(UGT) and storage cisterns above 5000 liter capacity shall be divided into two or more
compartments or tanks to avoid interruption of the water supply when carrying out
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cleaning, inspection or maintenance of the cistern without interfering with the water
supply system.
(2) Unless used only for non-potable water, every underground cistern shall be protected
from ingress of surface water or ground water and such cisterns shall be well ventilated
and protected from ingress of animals and insects and accessible for maintenance.
(3) The underground tanks should not be located in low lying areas or near any public or
private sewer, septic tank, leaching pool or soakage pit to prevent any contamination. For
tanks with at least one side exposed to a basement, it is safer to discharge the overflow
into the basement level provided that the basement has proper drainage system.
(4) The tank structure shall also be designed to carry the load due to fire tender movement.
(5) There shall be no common wall between the tanks storing safe water and tanks storing
water from unsafe sources.
(3) There should be no common wall between the tanks storing safe water and tanks storing
water from unsafe sources.
(4) In tall buildings, the top of the tank shall be provided with the safe ladder or staircase.
The top slab shall be provided with railing or a parapet wall.
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4.4.4 Cistern Accessories
Each tank shall be provided with the followings
(1) Manholes Provide adequate number of manholes for access and repair. The manholes
shall made of corrosion resistant material ( For example, cast iron, reinforced cement
concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete, galvanized steel, high density polyethylene,
fiber glass reinforced plastic or such other materials acceptable to the Authority).
Manholes shall be provided with locking arrangement to avoid misuse and tampering.
(2) Ladders Tanks higher than 1m deep shall be provided with internal corrosion steps or
ladders according to the depth to enable a person to reach the bottom of the tank.
(3) Overflow Pipe Each tank shall be provided with an overflow pipe made of rigid,
corrosion resistance material, preferably terminating above the ground level to act as a
Warning Pipe to indicate overflow conditions. The size of the overflow pipe shall be
adequate to accept the flow. The overflow pipe size shall be at least one size higher than
the inlet pipe. When the inlet pipe diameter is large, two or more overflow pipes of
equivalent cross section may be provided. The overflow of the tank should be well above
(preferably 600 mm) the external surface level and terminate as a warning pipe with a
mosquito proof grating. Care must be taken to prevent backflow of local surface water
into the tank in case of local flooding. Otherwise the overflow must be terminated in a
safer manner as per the site conditions. For tanks with at least one side exposed to a
basement, it is safer to discharge the overflow into the basement level provided that the
basement has proper drainage system.
(4) Vent Pipes Tanks shall be provided with vent pipes to prevent development of
pressure in the tank which might result in NO FLOW condition or inward collapse of the
tank.
(5) Scour/Drain Pipe Each tank shall be provided with a scour pipe with an accessible
drain valve located at their lowest point with the floor of the cisterns laid to a slight fall to
the drains for emptying the tank.
(6) Connection of Overflow and Scour/Drain Pipe Under no circumstances tank overflow
and scour pipe shall be connected to any drain, gully trap or manhole to prevent back
flow and contamination of the water. All such connections shall be discharged over a
grating with an air gap of minimum 50 mm. All overflow and vent pipes shall be
provided with a mosquito proof corrosion resistant grating to prevent ingress of
mosquito, vermin and other insects.
(7) The top slab of the tank must be suitable sloped away from its, centre for proper drainage
of the rainwater.
(8) Tanks on terraces and above ground shall be supported by appropriate structural members
so as to transfer the load of the tank and the water directly on the structural members of
the building.
(9) Outlet pipes : Outlet pipes shall conform to the following:
(10) Inlet Pipes - Inlet pipes and float-operated control valves shall confirm to the following:
(a) Except for interconnected cisterns arranged to store water at the same level, every
pipe supplying water to a storage cistern shall be fitted with a float-operated valve
or some other equally effective and approved device to control the inflow of water
and maintain it at the required level.
(b) The water level shall be at least 50.0 mm below the lowest point of the lowest
overflow pipe connection.
(c) The inlet control device shall be suitable for the particular application, bearing in
mind the supply pressure and the temperature of the water in the cistern.
(d) Every float-operated valve shall be securely fixed to the storage cistern it supplies
and, where necessary, braced to prevent the thrust of the float causing the valve to
move and so effect the water level.
(1) (a) The effective storage capacity shall be taken as the measurement between the normal
water level in the cistern or tank and the low water level designated X as shown in Figure
4.2.
(b) Low water level X is taken to be the lowest level before a vortex is created causing the
pump to draw air.
(c) The effective depth is then multiplied by the average surface area of the storage to obtain
the effective capacity.
(2) Where the suction pipe is taken from the side of the storage, as shown in Figure 4.2 (b)
and (e), the clearance between the base of the storage and the lowest part of the pump-
suction pipe shall not be less than the dimension B as given in the figure.
(3) (a) Where a suction pipe draws from a sump in the base of a storage, the sump length
shall be not less than the dimensions indicated in Figure 4.2 (d), (e) and (f).
(b) In addition, the sump width shall be not less than 3.6D where D is the nominal
diameter of the suction pipe.
(c) The point of entry shall be located centrally across the width of the sump.
(4) When an approved vertex inhibitor is installed, the following variation to the dimensions
given in (3) above shall apply:
(a) Dimension A in Figure 4.2 may be disregarded and low water level X may be taken
as the level at which vortex action commences.
(b) Dimension B in Figure 4.2 may be taken from the base of the tank to the level at
which a vertex action commences in Figure 4.2(a).
Notes: (i) Vortex inhibitors are not suitable for use in sump.
(ii) Figure 4.2(b) is unlikely to be appropriate to arrangement employing a vortex inhibitor.
(5) Where arrangements depicted in Figure 4.2 are not applicable, different intake design
may be accepted in agreement with Building Official.
4.5.1 Pipes
(1) For water supply pipes and fittings refer to clause 4.2 and any approved standards.
4.6.1 General
(1) Electrically driven centrifugal pumping plant are normally used and pumps shall be
duplicated and use alternatively
(2) Where prudent, provision shall be made for the pumps to be supplied by an alternative power
supply in the event of mains failure.
(3) Pumps may be of either a horizontal or vertical type, directly coupled to their electric motors.
(4) Pumps shall be sized so that each pump is capable of overcoming the static lift plus the
friction losses in the pipe work and valves.
(5) Where pumps are connected directly to the service pipe, full allowance shall be made when
calculating the required pump head for the pressure already in the service pipe, since the pump
head is added to this and does not cancel out an existing pressure.
(6)The fittings of motors with sleeve-type super-silent bearings shall be considered in order to
achieve quite running
(7) (a) Automatic control of a pumping plant is essential and pressure switches, level switches or
high-level and low-level electrodes will give reliable control. Other methods of control, both
mechanical and electrical, can be adopted.
(b) Pumping equipment shall be controlled via a pump selector switch and an
ON/OFF/AUTO Control.
(d) Pumps shall be controlled to limit the number of starts per hour to within the capacity of
the pump.
(a) General
Notes: (i) Stop valve is a valve which can be operated to stop the flow in a pipeline.
(ii) Service valve is a valve which can be operated to stop the flow into an appliance or fixture.
(8) (a) Most small air compressor used for charging pneumatic pressure vessels or pressure
tanks are of the reciprocating type, shall be either air or water cooled.
(b) The air to be compressed shall be drawn from a clean cool source and should be
protected from contamination.
(1) A pump room shall be of adequate size to accommodate all the plant and also to provide
adequate space for maintenance and replacement of parts.
(2) A pump room shall be dry, ventilated and protected from flooding.
(3) Entry of birds and small animals shall be prevented and access should be restricted to
authorized persons
Note: where a standby pump arrangement is installed, the pumps shall be electrically coupled in such a manner that
each pump can operate individually but can be changed over for standby or alternative duty.
(2) Water meters to be installed inside buildings shall be fixed with the distance not more than
1.5m above floor level and readily visible for reading.
(3) Water meters to be installed below ground level shall be located in a chamber that has a
cover removable by one person and provided with a base that enable drainage. Where liable
to vehicular damage, water meters shall be protected.
(4) Water meters DN 50 mm or larger in size shall be supported independently of the pipe work.
2) The installation shall be sized so that design flow rates given in Table 4.8 shall be
available at each outlet when only that outlet is open and at all outlets for most of the
time. The pipes and fittings shall also be sized so that the water velocity in any pipe does
not exceed those given in Table 4.11.
3) (a) In small, simple installations such as those in small dwellings, it is often possible to
size pipes on the basis of experience and convention.
(b) In all other cases, the pipe sizes shall be calculated in accordance with good
engineering practice.
4) The amount of either hot or cold water used in any building is variable, depending on the
type of occupancy and time of day. Optimum pipe sizes shall be designed to meet peak
demand.
5) All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be provided with
supply of potable water. This water supply shall not be contaminated with unsafe water
sources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards backflow.
6) Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be provided with water in sufficient
volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function properly and without undue
noise under normal conditions of use.
7) The system shall be designed, installed and adjusted to use the optimum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
8) The system shall be designed and installed with safety devices to safeguard against
dangers from contamination, explosion, overheating, etc.
(4) In larger and more complex buildings, or with supply pipes that are very long, it is
necessary to use a recognized method of calculation such as that shown in sections
4.8.3.1 and 4.8.3.2.
The procedure below is followed by an explanation of each step with appropriate examples.
(1) Assume a pipe diameter.
(2) Determine the flow rate:
(a) by using loading units;
(b) for continuous flows;
(c) obtain the design flow rate by adding (a) and (b).
(3) Determine the effective pipe length:
(d) work out the measured pipe length;
(e) work out the equivalent pipe length for fittings;
(f) work out the equivalent pipe length for draw-offs;
(g) obtain the effective pipe length by adding (d), (e) and (f).
(4) Calculate the permissible loss of head:
(h) determine the available head:
(i) determine the head loss per metre run through pipes;
(j) determine the head loss through fittings;
(k) calculate the permissible head loss.
(5) Determine the pipe diameter:
(l) decide whether the assumed pipe size will give the design flow rate in (c) without
exceeding the permissible head loss in (k).
(b) Continuous flows. For some appliances, such as automatic flushing cisterns, the flow rate
must be considered as a continuous flow instead of applying probability theory and using
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loading units. For such appliances the full design flow rate for the outlet fitting must be used,
as given in Table 4.8. However, in the example shown in Figure 4.5, the continuous flow for
the two urinals of 0.008 l/s (from table 4.8) is negligible and can be ignored for design
purposes.
(c) Design flow rate. The design flow rate for a pipe is the sum of the flow rate determined
from loading units (a) and the continuous flows (b).
(e, f ) Find the equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and draw-offs. For convenience the
frictional resistances to flow through fittings are expressed in terms of pipe lengths
having the same resistance to flow as the fitting. Hence the term equivalent pipe length
(see table 4.9). For example, a 20 mm elbow offers the same resistance to flow as a 20
mm pipe 0.8 m long. Figure 4.7 shows the equivalent pipe lengths for the fittings in the
example in Figure 4.6.
Table 4-9 Equivalent pipe length (copper, galvanized steel and plastics)
(g) Effective pipe length. The effective pipe length is the sum of the measured pipe length
(d) and the equivalent pipe lengths for fittings (e) and draw-offs (f).
Therefore, for the example shown in Figure 4.6 the effective pipe length would be:
Measured pipe length 4.75 m
Equivalent pipe lengths
elbows 2 0.8 = 1.6 m
tee 1 1.0 = 1.0 m
stopvalve 1 7.0 = 7.0 m
taps 2 3.7 = 7.4 m
check valves 2 4.3 = 8.6 m
Effective pipe length = 30.35 m
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Figure 4-7 Examples of equivalent pipe length (using the example from Figure 4.6)
In the sizing of pipes, any of these units can be used. However, meter head shall be used for
giving a more visual indication of pressure that compares readily to the height and position of
fittings and storage vessels in the building.
(h) Available head. This is the static head or pressure at the pipe or fitting under consideration,
measured in meter head (see Figure 4.3).
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(i) Head loss through pipes. The loss of head (pressure) through pipes due to frictional resistance
to water flow is directly related to the length of the pipe run and the diameter of the pipe. Pipes
of different materials will have different head losses, depending on the roughness of the bore of
the pipe and on the water temperature. Copper, stainless steel and plastics pipes have smooth
bores and only pipes of these materials are considered in this section.
(j) Head loss through fittings. In some cases it is preferable to subtract the likely resistances in
fittings (particularly draw-offs) from the available head, rather than using equivalent pipe
lengths. Table 4.10 gives typical head losses in taps for average flows compared with equivalent
pipe lengths. Figures 4.8 and 4.9 provide a method for determining head losses through stop
valves and float-operated valves respectively.
Note: Where meters are installed in a pipeline the loss of head through the meter shall be
deducted from the available head.
Table 4-10 Typical head losses and equivalent pipe lengths for taps
In the example in Figure 4.6 a pipe size of 20 mm has been assumed. This pipe size must give
the design flow rate without the permissible head loss being exceeded. If it does not, a fresh pipe
size must be assumed and the procedure worked through again.
Figure 4.10 relates pipe size to flow rate, flow velocity and head loss. Knowing the assumed pipe
size and the calculated design flow rate, the flow velocity and the head loss can be found from
the figure as follows.
(1) Draw a line joining the assumed pipe size (20 mm) and the design flow rate (0.4 l/s).
(2) Continue this line across the velocity and head loss scales.
(3) Check that the loss of head (0.12 m/m run) does not exceed the calculated permissible head
loss of 1.48 m/m run.
(4) Check that the flow velocity (1.4 m/s) is not too high by referring to 4.11.
The tabular method uses a work sheet which can be completed as each of the steps is followed in
the pipe sizing procedure. An example of the method follows with some explanation of each
step.
(3) Calculate percentage demand (number of stages for which frictional resistances need be
allowed). See Figure 4.13.
Therefore only 60% of the installation need be considered. For example, if we were designing
for a multi-storey building 20 storeys high, only the first 12 storeys need to be calculated.
However, in the example followed here, the whole system has been sized because the last fitting
on the run has a high flow rate in continuous use. For branches only the pipes to the largest draw
off, i.e. the bath tap, need be sized.
Convert loading units to flow rate (figure 4.4) (3) Flow rate (l/s)
Make assumption as to pipe size (inside diameter) (4) Pipe size (mm diameter)
Work out frictional resistance per metre (figure 4.10) (5) Loss of head (m/m run)
Measure length of pipe under consideration (7) Measured pipe run (m)
Consider frictional resistances in fittings (table 4.11 and figures 4.8 and 4.9 (8) Equivalent pipe length
(m)
Add head consumed in column 10 to progressive head in previous row of (11) Progressive head (m)
Compare progressive head with available head to confirm pipe diameter or not (13) Final pipe size (mm)
(1) The water supply distribution line after the water meter shall be directly connected to
sanitary fixtures without any storage.
(1) The water distribution line after water meter shall be directly connected to elevated water
tank and the fixtures are supplied via gravity from the elevated water tank.
a) The pump shall be connected to a water distribution line after the water meter and
provides water to all fixtures without any storage.
b) Direct pumping systems shall be used for buildings where a certain amount of
constant use of water is always occurring.
(3) Direct pumping from water supply line to elevated water tank
a) The pump shall be connected to a water distribution line after the water meter and
delivers to an elevated water tank from which fixtures are supplied via gravity.
(1) The municipal water shall be stored at ground or low level water reservoir and be
pumped to elevated or roof water tanks as shown in Figure 4.14.
(2) Water collected in the elevated or overhead tank shall be distributed to the various parts
of the building or fixtures via gravity system.
(3) Care shall be taken to avoid dry running of pump when the water level in the lower
reservoir reaches its minimum level.
(4) The system shall ensure automatic operation of the pumps by providing level control
switches in the elevated water tank or approved control methods.
(1) An operation of the pumps shall be regulated using an air-tight pressure vessel as shown
in Figure 4.15.
(2) The vessel capacity shall be based on the cut-in and cut-out pressure of the pumping
system depending upon allowable start/stops of the pumps and capacity shall be
determined by approved standard or manufacturer recommendation.
(3) Adequate capacity clean/filtered and free from oil of compressed air shall be connected to
feed air into the vessel, so as to maintain the required air-water ratio within the system.
4.8.4.2.4. Direct pumping from ground reservoir using Variable Speed Drive Pumps
(1) Variable speed drive pumping system shall be used where a pump with a large variation
in its pressure-discharge and speed of the pump is efficiently used to deliver water at
rates of flow as required by the system by changing its speed by varying it with the
assistance of an electronic device which will reduce the rate of flow from speed of the
motor about 960 rpm to 3000 rpm.
(2) Proper dry running protection shall be provided to protect bearings and shaft seals from
being damaged using inlet pressure of the booster system or the level in the water
reservoir.
(3) Expansion joints shall be installed in the suction and delivery sides of the pump system
to:
(a) absorb expansion/contractions in the pipe work caused by changing liquid temperature
(b) reduce mechanical strains in connection with pressure surges in the pipe work
(c) isolate mechanical structure born noise in the pipe work (only rubber bellows expansion
joints)
(4) It is advisable to isolate the booster system foundation from building parts by means of
vibration dampers to prevent the transmission of vibration to buildings.
(2) Whenever fixtures and /or fixture fittings are installed that require residual pressure higher
than fifteen 5meters (0.5bar), that minimum residual pressure shall be provided.
(3) Each such regulator and strainer shall be accessibly located and shall have the strainer
readily accessible for cleaning without removing the regulator or strainer body or
disconnecting the supply piping.
(2) Relief valves located inside a building shall be provided with a drain, not smaller than the
relief valve outlet.
(3) No shutoff valve shall be installed between the relief valve and the system or in the drain
line.
(2) In electric water heating the common practice for domestic purposes is to use storage heaters
in which water is steadily heated up to a predetermined temperature and stored until required
for use.
(3) In modern hotels and apartment blocks and service apartments, centralized storage and
distribution systems are adopted, where other energy sources such as oil, gas, heat pumps,
solar panels, etc, may be used for the generation of hot water as these options prove more
economical and convenient in heating large volumes of water for storage.
(4) When water supplied to the buildings contain dissolved salts resulting in hardness of water,
measures such as installation of water softening plants etc shall be taken to avoid formation
of scales in the hot water installations.
(5) For on-domestic uses, hot water consumption values shall be taken from good
engineering practices in agreement with the building official
(6) The hot water storage vessel shall be fitted with a thermostat, safety valves and drain
valves
With storage type installation, the recommended minimum rates of flow for different types of
fixtures are given in Table 4.13.
4.9.4 Materials, location and Installation of hot water storage tanks (Vessel)
1) Materials
a) Under no circumstances shall un galvanized (black) mild steel pipes and fittings be used
in any part of a hot water installation, including the cold feed pipe and the vent pipe.
b) Materials resistant to the chemical action of water supplied shall be used in construction
of vessels and pipes.
c) Each installation shall be restricted to one type of metal only, such as all copper or all
galvanized mild steel.
d) When water supplied is known to have appreciable salt content, galvanized iron vessels
and pipes shall not be used.
e) Where required it is also advisable to use vessels lined internally with glass, stainless
steel, etc.
2) The suitability of galvanized mild steel for storage tanks depends upon the pH value of the
water and the extent of its temporary hardness. For values of pH 7.2 or less, galvanized mild
Table 4-14 pH and required minimum temporary hardness to use galvanized mild steel for
hot water storage
7.3 210
7.4 150
7.5 140
7.6 110
7.7 90
7.8 80
7.9-8.5 70
4.9.5.1 General
(1) The choice of the hot-water heating system (between instantaneous and hot-water storage
system) shall be made bearing in mind the objectives expressed in Clause 4.9.1 and the
characteristics of the different systems. Furthermore, the system shall be sized to meet the
requirements of the user as closely as possible.
(2) Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters installed in bath rooms shall be of the room-sealed
type.
(a) Vented hot-water storage systems are fed with cold water from a storage cistern which is
situated above the highest outlet to provide the necessary pressure in the system and
which accommodates expansion of the water when it is heated. An open vent pipe shall
be installed from the top of the hot water storage vessel to a point above the cold water
storage cistern, into which it is arranged to discharge. The main characteristics of vented
systems are:
(i) Explosion protection is provided by the open vent pipe and the cistern, involving no
mechanical device;
(ii) The storage provides a constant low pressure and needs to be protected against the
ingress of contaminants.
(b) Non-vented systems can be fed from a storage cistern, either directly or through a booster
pump or fed from the municipal supply pipe, either directly or via a pressure reducing
valve. The main characteristics of non-vented systems are as follows;
(i) Explosion protection is provided by safety devices that need periodic inspection and
maintenance.
(ii) They allow quicker installation than vented system but involve more costly
components.
4.13.1 General
(1) All joints shall be gas-tight and water-tight, and no paint, varnish, or putty shall be
permitted on the joint until after the joint has been tested and approved.
(2) All joints shall be made in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
(3) Care shall be taken to establish satisfactory jointing techniques for all water services pipe
work.
(4) All piping and fittings shall be cleaned internally and be made free from particles of sand,
soil, metal fillings and chips.
(2) Manufacturers advice should be followed concerning how their products should be
loaded, transported, unloaded and stored.
(2) In installation with limited straight runs and many bends and offsets, thermal movement
is accommodating automatically.
4.13.4.1 General
(1) A designer of a water supply system should consider the advantage and disadvantages
of arranging the pipe work so that it is freely accessible for repair and maintenance.
(2) The main factors that should be considered deciding the degree of accessibility to be
provided are the following:
(b) The increase or decrease in capital or maintenance costs arising from the provision of
improved accessibility, ease of forming ducts or chases, changes of pipe runs, ease of
provision removable access panels or covers, availability of multi-service walkways or
crawl ways in which water pipes may be installed.
(c) The pipe work materials and jointing methods, reliability of joints, resistance to both
internal and external corrosion, flexibility of pipe when inserted in curved ducts or
sleeves.
(2) Where a sleeve is used for this purpose, it shall be capable of resisting external loading
and shall be sealed at each end with material of permanently flexible form to allow
movement of the pipe.
(3) The diameter of the sleeve and the radius of any bends there in shall be such as to permit
the ready insertion and withdrawal of the pipe.
(4) No sleeve intended for carrying a water pipe shall contain within it any other pipe or
cable.
(a) The embedding of any pipe and associated pipe joints in a properly formed chases in a
wall or solid floor that is subsequently plastered or screened if the pipes or pope joints
can be exposed for repair or replacement by cutting or chipping away the surface layers
of the plaster or screed.
(b) The enclosing of any pipe and associated pipe joints in a purpose-made duct or chase in
a solid floor in such a way that the pipe and pipe joints can be exposed for purpose of
examination, repair or replacement without endangering the structural integrity of the
building.
(c) The enclosing of any pipe and associated pipe joints in a purpose-made chase in a solid
wall in such a way that the pipe and pipe joints can either be capped off and isolated or
(2) Alternatively, vertical guard pipes or precast concrete encasement can be provided to
enclose valves.
(3) Brick or concrete chamber shall be constructed of sufficient dimensions to permit repairs
to be carried out to the fittings.
4.13.4.7 Cisterns
(1) Every storage cistern shall be so placed and equipped that the interior there of can be
inspected and cleaned and the float-operated valve can be maintained.
4.13.5.1 General
(1) Piping shall be retained in position by brackets, clips or hangers.
(3) The method of supporting of spacing of pipes by means of brazing or welding a short
section of any material to the surface of each pipe shall not be permitted.
Note: Due to water pressure effects, additional brackets, clips or hangers may be required
to prevent movements.
(2) Mud, rock projections, boulders, hard sport and local soft spots shall be removed and replace
with selected material consolidated to the required level.
(3) Pipes laid in the ground shall be provided with a minimum cover given in Table 4.17
Note: For pipes to be buried in heavy truck areas, special consideration shall be taken to protect
them from damage.
(2) Any below-ground cross-over of water service, within the exclusion zone, shall:
(a) cross at angle not less than 45
(b) have a vertical separation of not less than 100.0mm, and
(c) be suitably marked with bricks, stone masonry or equivalent durable material, painted red.
Figure 4-17 Laying of water supply pipe work in same trench as foul drains
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4.14.5 Corrosion
(1) Pipes passing through corrosive materials shall be provided with approved coatings,
sheathings or wrappings or other means of protection against damage from external
corrosion.
(2) Where ferrous and non-ferrous pipes or fittings are jointed together, protection against
galvanic corrosion shall be provided by:
(a) fitting a plastic connector or a short length of plastic pipe between the dissimilar
metals, for threaded type joints, or
(b) fitting an insulated gasket between flanges, insulating sleeves along the bolts, and
insulating washers under the bolt head and nut, for flange type joints.
(2) Thrust blocks shall be constructed of concrete with one side bearing against a firm
vertical face of the excavation and designed to resist the thrust produced by the test
pressure to be transmitted to the surrounding soil without the maximum bearing pressures
of the soil and the pipe work material being exceeded.
4.16.1 General
(1) The procedures detailed in this section shall be used to ensure that:
(a) Materials and equipment installed comply with approved standards (see Clause 4.2)
(b) The work is done entirely within the specification for the job.
(c) The pipes and fittings shall be inspected on site before laying and shall be sounded to
disclose cracks. Any defective items shall be clearly marked as rejected and forthwith
removed from the site.
4.16.2 Procedure
4.16.2.1 General
(1) Inspection and tests shall be undertaken as the work proceeds. Records of all tests
required by the specification shall be kept by the installer.
4.16.2.2 Timing
(1) The timing of tests shall be arranged as follows:
(a) Interim tests as soon as practicable after completion of the particular section, with
particular attention to all work which will be concealed.
(b) Final tests to be carried out on completion of the work on the water services and prior
to handing over.
(2) Satisfactory completion of an interim test shall not constitute a final test.
4.16.2.3 Retests
(1) Items failing any tests shall be corrected immediately and re-tested before further work
proceeds.
4.16.3 Inspection
(1) Visual inspections shall be carried out at both interim and final testing in order to detect
faults in construction or material not shown up under test but which could lead to failure at a
later date, possibly after expiry of the contractual maintenance period.
4.16.4.1 General
After satisfactory visual inspection has been completed, hydraulic pressure testing shall be
carried out on the installation. Compressed air may be used as well for the pressure test.
(2) (a) The tank shall be drained and all debris and sludge removed.
(b) The surfaces of walls, floor and operating facilities shall be thoroughly cleaned using a
high pressure water jet, sweeping, scrubbing or other similar effective means.
(c) All water, dirt, and other material accumulated in this cleaning process shall be flushed
or otherwise removed from the tank.
(3) (a) After cleaning, the tank shall be disinfected by filling it to overflow level with potable
water to which enough chlorine is added to provide a free chlorine residual, in the tank of
not less than 10.0mg/l, at the end of retention time.
(b) The retention time shall not be less than 6.0 hr and the tank shall be drained after
disinfection and flushed out with potable water prior to being put back into service.
4.18 Maintenance
4.18.1 General
(1) Appropriate maintenance procedures shall be adopted to maintain the performance of the
installation taking into account the requirements and recommendations given in Clauses
4.18.2 through 4.18.8.
(2) The installation shall be inspected at periods by the person responsible for maintenance.
Faults noticed on inspection shall be attended to without delay.
4.18.2.2 Joints
Leaking joints shall be tightened or re-made or, where necessary, the pipe work shall be
renewed, to stop all leakage.
4.18.2.3 Compatibility
When carrying out renewals, the existing pipe work shall be indentified and appropriate adaptor
shall be used as necessary.
4.18.4 Cisterns
(1) (a) Cisterns shall be inspected from time to time to ensure that overflow pipes are clean, that
covers are adequate and securely fixed, and there are no signs of leakage or deterioration
likely to result in leakage.
(b) Cisterns storing more than 1000.0 liter drinking water shall be inspected at least once
every 6 months.
(c) Cisterns storing less than 1000.0 liter drinking water shall ne inspected at least once a
year.
(2) (a) Overflow pipes shall be examined and kept free from obstructions.
(b) Ends of overflow pipes shall be protected from entry of insects and vermin.
4.18.5 Ducts
(1) Ducts shall be kept accessible, clear of extraneous material and free from vermin.
(2) All access points should be checked to ensure that they have not been obstructed
4.18.8 Pumps
A responsible person should be appointed to oversee the proper execution of the scheme and the
user should arrange for regular inspection and maintenance of the pump and equipment.
SECTION 5
5 INTERNAL DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS
5.1 General
5.1.1 Scope
This Section sets out requirements and standards.
(a) For the design, installation, testing and maintenance of Internal Drainage System for
residential and non- residential buildings.
(b) The term Internal Drainage System includes all Soil and Waste-Water drainage pipe work
within or on the buildings including any basement(s).
(c) This Section also sets out requirements regarding pipe materials and their jointing.
5.1.2.9 Maintenance
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition.
5.1.2.10 Accessibility
All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be accessible for their
intended use and for cleaning. All doors, windows and any other device needing access within
the toilet shall be so located that they have proper access.
5.1.2.13 Signage
Required public facilities shall be designated by a legible sign for each sex. Signs shall be readily
visible and located near the entrance to each toilet facility.
5.2.1.1 Water-closet
It shall essentially consist of a closet consisting of a bowl to receive excretory matter, trap and a
flushing apparatus. It is recommended to provide ablution tap adjacent to the water-closet,
preferably on right hand sidewall. The various types/style of water-closets may be:
a) Squatting Indian type water closet,
b) Wash down type water closet,
c) Siphonic wash down type water closet, and
d) Universal or Anglo-Indian water closet.
5.2.1.2 Bidet
It is provided with hot and cold water connection. The bidet outlet should essentially connect to
soil pipe in a two-pipe system.
5.2.1.3 Urinal
It is a soil appliance and is connected to soil pipe after a suitable trap. Urinal should have
adequate provision of flushing apparatus. The various types/style of urinal may be:
a) Bowl type urinal: Flat back or Angle back,
b) Slab (single) type urinal,
c) Stall (single) type urinal,
d) Squatting plate type urinal, and
e) Syphon jet urinal with integral trap.
5.2.2.1 Washbasin
It is of one piece construction having a combined overflow and preferably should have soap
holding recess or recesses that should properly drain into the bowl. Each basin shall have circular
waste hole through which the liquid content of the basin shall drain.
5.2.2.2 Wash-trough
It is a linear trough for simultaneous use by number of persons.
5.3.1 General
(1) There should be at least one water tap and arrangement for drainage in the vicinity of each
water-closet or group of water-closet in all the buildings.
(2) Each family dwelling unit on premises shall have, at least, one water-closet and one kitchen
type sink. A bath or shower shall also be installed to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
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Section5: Internal Drainage for Buildings
(3) All other structures for human occupancy or use on premises shall have adequate sanitary
facilities, but in no case less than one water-closet and one other fixture for cleaning
purposes.
1 per floor
Add @ 3% for
Add @ 2.5 %
d) Washbasins
e) Drinking water fountain
f) Cleaners sink
i) Water Closets (Workers & Staff) 1 for up to 25 1 for up to15 1 for up to15 1 for up to15
2 for 16 -35 2 for 16 -25 2 for 16 -25 2 for 13 -25
3 for 36 -65 3 for 26 -40 3 for 26 -40 3 for 26 -40
4 for 66 -100 4 for 41 -57 4 for 41 -57 4 for 41 -57
5 for 58 -77 5 for 58 -77
6 for 78 -100 6 for 78 -100
For persons 101-200 add 3% 5% 3% 5%
For persons over 200 add 2.5 % 4% 2.50% 4%
1 in each water closed 1 in each water closed 1 in each water closed 1 in each water closed
ii) Ablution tap
Nil up to 6 Nil up to 6
iii) Urinals
1 for 7-20 1 for 7-20
3 for 46 - 70 3 for 46 - 70
iv) Washbasins 1 per 25 or part thereof 1 per 25 or part thereof 1 per 25 or part 1 per 25 or part
thereof thereof
v) Drinking water fountain 1 per every 100 or part thereof with minimum 1 per every 100 or part thereof with minimum
one on each floor one each floor
vi) Cleaners sink 1 on each floor 1 on each floor 1 on each floor 1 on each floor
viii) Emergency shower and eye wash 1 per every shop floor per 500 persons
fountain
NOTE - For factories requiring workers to be engaged in dirty and dangerous operations or requiring them to being extremely clean and
sanitized conditions additional and separate (if required so) toilet facilities and if required by applicable Industrial and Safety laws
and the Factories Act must be provided in consultations with the user.
SI
Fixtures Public Staff
No.
(1)
(2) Male Females Male Female
(3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Water -Closets 1 per 100 up to 400 3 per 100 up to 200 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12
Over 400 add at 1 per Over 200 add at 2 per
250 or part thereof 100 or part thereof
ii)
1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet
iii) Ablution tap
1 water tap with draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water-closets and
urinals
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired.
2. Male population may be assumed as two third and female population as one-third
i) Water -Closets 1 per 200 up to 400 1 per 100 up to 200 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12
Over 400 add at 1 per Over 200 add at 2 per 2 for 16 35 2 for 13 -25
250 or part thereof 150 or part thereof
ii) Ablution tap 1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet 1 in each water-closet
I water tap with draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part hereof in the vicinity of water
iii) Urinals
closets and urinals
1 per 50 Nil up to 6
iv) Washbasins 1 for 7-20
2 for 21-45
1 for every 200 or part 1 for every 200 or part 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12
thereof. For over 400, add at thereof. For over 400, add at 2 for 16 -35 2 for 13 -25
1 per 250 persons or part 1 per 250 persons or part
thereof thereof
v) Drinking water fountain 1 per 100 persons or part thereof
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired.
2. Male population may be assumed as two third and female population as one-third
SI
No. Fixtures
i. Toilet suite comprising Private room with up to 4 patients For individual doctors/officers rooms
one WC and one
washbasin and shower
stall
ii. Water-closets 1 per 8 beds or part thereof 1 per 8 beds or part thereof 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12
iii. Ablution tap One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and
urinals
iv. Urinals 1 per 30 beds Nil up to 6
1 for 7 to 20
2 for 21 -45
v. Washbasins 2 for every 30 beds or part thereof Add 1 per 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 2
additional 30 beds or part thereof 2 for 16 35 2 for 13 25
vi. Drinking water fountain 1 per ward 1 per 100 persons or part thereof
SI
Fixtures
No
iii) Ablution tap One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and
urinals
iv) Urinals 1 per 50 persons or part Nil up to 6
thereof 1 for 7 to 20
2 for 21 -45
v) Washbasins 1 per 100 persons or part 2 per 100 persons or part thereof 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12
thereof 2 for 16 -35 2 for 13 -25
vi) Drinking water fountain 1 per 500 persons or part thereof 1 per 100 persons or part thereof
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired.
2. Male population may be assumed as two-third and female population as one-third.
3. Provisions for additional and special hospital fittings where required shall be made.
Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Toilet Suite comprising one WC and one for individual doctors/Officers rooms
washbasin (with optional shower stall if
building used for 24 hr)
ii) Water-closets 1 per25 persons or part thereof 1 per15 persons or part thereof
i) Water-closets 1 per 4 persons or part thereof 1 per 4 persons or part thereof 1 per 4 persons or part thereof 1 per 4 persons or part
2 for 16 -35 thereof
2 for 13 -25
ii) Ablution tap One in each water- closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets
I water tap with draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and
urinals
iii) Washbasin 1 per 8 persons or part thereof 1 per 8 persons or part thereof
iv) Bath (Showers) 1 per 4 persons or part thereof 1 per 4 to 6 persons or part thereof
v) Drinking water 1 per 100 persons or part thereof Minimum 1 per 100 persons or part thereof, thereof
fountain 1 per floor 1 per floor
ii) Water-closets 1 per100 persons up to 400 2 per 100 persons up to 200 1 for up to15 1 for up to 12
Over 400 add at 1 per 250 or Over 200 add at 1 per 100 2 for 16 -35 2 for 13 -25
part thereof or part thereof 3 for 36 65 3 for 26 40
4 fro 66 -100 4 for 41-57
5 for 58 -77
6 for 78 -100
iii) Ablution tap One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water- One in each water-closets
closets
I water tap with draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water
closets and urinals
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired.
2. Male population may be assumed as two-third and female population as one-third.
3. Provisions for additional and special hospital fittings where required shall be made.
ii) Ablution tap One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets One in each water-closets
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and
urinals
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired.
2. Male population may be assumed as two-third and female population as one-third.
3. Provisions for additional and special hospital fittings where required shall be made.
Non-Residential Residential
part thereof part thereof part thereof part thereof part thereof
ii) Ablution tap One in each water - One in each water One in each water One in each water - One in each water -
closet closet closet closet
closet
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and
urinals
iv) Washbasins 1per15 pupils 1 per 60 pupils 1 per 40 pupils or 1 per 8 pupils or 1 per 6 pupils or
or Part or part part thereof part thereof part thereof
thereof thereof
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired
2. For teaching staff, the schedule of fixtures to be
provided shall be the same as in case of office building.
i) Water-closets 1 per 8or part 1 per 6 or 1 for up to 15 1 for up to 12 1 per 100 2 per 100
thereof part thereof 2 for 16 -34 2 for 13-25 Up to Up to 200
3 for 36 65 3 for 26 40 400 Over 200 add
4 for 66 100 4 for 41 -57 Over 400 at
5 for 58-77 add at 1 per 100
6 for 78 -100 1 per 250
ii) Ablution tap One in each One in each One in each water-closet One in each water- One in One in each
water- closet water-closet closet each water-closet
water-
closet
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water
closets and urinals
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and urinals
Nil up to 6 - 1 per 50 -
iii) Urinals 1 for 7-20
2 for 21 -45
3 for 46 -70
4 for 71-100
1 per 8 persons or part thereof 1 for up to 15 1 for upto 12 - -
iv) Washbasins 1 for up to 12 2 for 13-25
2 for 16 -35 3 for 26-40
3 for 36 -65 4 for 41-57
4 for 66 -100
1 per 8 persons or 1 per 6 persons - - 1 per 50 persons 1 per 50 persons
v)Bath/Showers part thereof or part thereof
NOTES
1. Toilet facilities for individual buildings in a market should be taken
some as that for office buildings.
2. Common toilets in the market buildings provide facilities for
persons working in shops and their regular visions.
3. Special toilet facilities for a large floating population of out of town
buyers/sellers., labor, drivers of vehicles for whom special toilet (public toilets)
SI. Junctions Stations, Intermediate Terminal Railway and Bus Domestic and International
No Stations and Bus Stations Stations Airports
Fixtures
(i) Water-closets 3 for up to 1000 4 for up to 1000 4 for up to 1000 5 for up to 1000 Minimum 2 Minimum 2
add 1 per add 1 per add 1 per Add 1 per For 200 5 For 200 5
additional 1000 additional 1000 additional 1000 Additional 1000 For 400 9 For 400 9
or part thereof or part thereof or part thereof Or part thereof For 600 12 For 600 12
For 800 16 For 800 16
For 1000 18 For 1000 18
(ii) Ablution tap One in each water-closet One in each water- One in each One in each water- One in each water-
closet water-closet closet closet
I water tap wit draining arrangements shall be provided for every 50 persons or part thereof in the vicinity of water closets and urinals
(iv) Washbasins 1 per WC/Urinal 1 per WC 1 per WC/Urinal 1 per WC 1 per WC/Urinal 1 per WC
(vi) Drinking water fountain or 2 per 1000 or part thereof 3 per 1000 or part thereof 4 per 1000 or part thereof
taps (in common lobby for
male/female)
(vii) Cleaners sink 1 per toilet 1 per toilet 1 per toilet 1 per toilet 1 per toilet 1 per toilet
compartment with WCs compartment with compartment compartment with compartment with compartment
WCs with WCs WCs WCs with WCs
(viii) Toilet for disabled 1 per 4000 1 per 4000 1 per 4000 1 per 4000 1 per 4000 1 per 4000
NOTES
1. Some WCs may be European style if desired
2. Male population may be assumed as there-fifth and female
population as two fifth
3. Separate provision shall be made for staff and workers.
5.3.5.3 Setting
Fixtures shall be set level and in proper alignment with reference to adjacent walls. Water
closets, urinals, lavatories and bidets. A water closet, urinal, lavatory or bidet shall not be set
closer than 15 inches (381 mm) from its center to any side wall, partition, vanity or other
obstruction, or closer than 30 inches (762 mm) center-to-center between adjacent fixtures. There
shall be at least a 21-inch (533 mm) clearance in front of the water closet, urinal, lavatory or
bidet to any wall, fixture or door. Water closet compartments shall not be less than 30 inches
(762mm) wide and 60 inches (1524 mm) deep.( see Figure 5.1)
3 to 6 1/8
8 or larger 1/16
5.4.4.2 Obstructions
The fittings shall not have ledges, shoulders or reductions capable of retarding or obstructing
flow in the piping. Threaded drainage pipe fittings shall be of the recessed drainage type.
Sixteenth bend X X X
Eighth bend X X X
Sixth bend X X X
Quarter bend X Xa Xa
Short Sweep X Xa,b Xa
Long Sweep X X X
c
Sanitary tee X - -
Wye X X X
Combination X X X
wye and eighth
bend
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
a. The fittings shall only be permitted for a 2 inch or smaller fixture drain
b. There inches or larger.
c. For a limitation double sanitary tees, see section 5.4.4.3
5.4.5 Cleanouts
5.4.5.1 Scope
This section shall govern the size, location, installation and maintenance of drainage pipe
cleanouts .
5.4.5.7 Clearances
Cleanouts on 6-inch (153 mm) and smaller pipes shall be provided with a clearance of not less
than18 inches (457 mm) for rodding. Cleanouts on 8-inch (203 mm) and larger pipes shall be
provided with a clearance of not less than 36 inches (914 mm) for rodding.
5.4.5.8 Access
Access shall be provided to all cleanouts.
5.5 Vents
5.5.1 General
5.5.1.1 Scope
The provisions of this section shall govern the materials, design, construction and installation of
vent systems.
5.5.2 Materials
5.5.2.1 Vents
The materials and methods utilized for the construction and installation of venting systems shall
comply with acceptable standards.
5.5.3.1.1 Installation
The required vent shall be a dry vent that connects to the building drain or an extension of a
drain that connects to the building drain.
5.5.3.1.2 Size
The required vent shall be sized in accordance with Section 5.5.16.2 based on the required size
of the building drain.
5.5.4.2 Flashings
The juncture of each vent pipe with the roof line shall be made water tight by an approved
flashing.
5.5.5.1 Connection
All individual, branch and circuit vents shall connect to a vent stack, stack vent, air admittance
valve or extend to the open air.
5.5.5.2 Grade
All vent and branch vent pipes shall be so graded and connected as to drain back to the drainage
pipe by gravity.
1 1/4 6
2 1/4 8
3 1/8 12
4 1/8 16
Maximum Discharge
Pipe Size
from Upper
(Inches)
Fixture drain (dfu)
1 1
2 4
2 to 3 6
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
5.5.9.3 Size
The dry vent serving the wet vent shall be sized based on the largest required diameter of pipe
within the wet vent system served by the dry vent. The wet vent shall be of a minimum size as
specified in Table 5.19, based on the fixture unit discharge to the wet vent.
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Section5: Internal Drainage for Buildings
1 1 2
2 2 4
2 No limit 8
3 No limit 24
4 No limit 50
5 No limit 75
6 No limit 100
For SI: 1 inch = 25. 4 mm.
5.5.12.2 Installation
The only vertical pipe of a combination I drain and vent system shall be the connection between
the fixture drain and the horizontal combination drain and vent pipe.
The maximum vertical distance shall be 8 feet (2438 mm).
5.5.12.2.1 Slope
The horizontal combination drain and vent pipe shall have a maximum slope of one-half unit
vertical in 12 units horizontal (4-percent slope). The minimum slope shall be in accordance with
Table 5.15.
5.5.12.2.2 Connection
The combination drain and vent system shall be provided with a dry vent connected at any point
within the system or the system shall connect to a horizontal drain that is vented in accordance
with one of the venting methods specified in this chapter. Combination drain and vent systems
5.5.13.1 Limitation
Island fixture venting shall not be permitted for fixtures other than sinks and lavatories.
Residential kitchen sinks with a dishwasher waste connection, a food waste grinder, or both, in
combination with the kitchen sink waste, shall be permitted to be vented in accordance with this
section.
1 3 2 4 8
2 6 6 10 24
2 12 9 20 42
3 20 20 48 72
a. Does not include branches of the building drain. Refer to Table 5.25
b. Stacks shall be sized based on the total accumulated connected load at each story or branch
interval. As the total accumulated connected load decreases, stacks are permitted to be reduced in size.
Stack diameters shall not be reduced to less than one half of the diameters of the largest stack size
required.
c. Sizing load based on design criteria
5.5.17.1 General
Vent systems utilizing air admittance valves shall comply with this section. Stack-type air
admittance valves shall conform to accepted standards. Individual and branch-type air
admittance valves shall conform to accepted standards.
5.5.17.2 Installation
The valves shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of this section and the
manufacturer's installation instructions.
5.5.17.4 Location
Individual and branch-type air admittance valves shall be located a minimum of 4 inches (102
mm) above the horizontal branch drain or fixture drain being vented. Stack-type air admittance
valves shall be located not less than 6 inches (152 mm) above the flood level rim of the highest
fixture being vented. The air admittance valve shall be located within the maximum developed
length permitted for the vent. The air admittance valve shall be installed a minimum of 6 inches
(152mm) above insulation materials.
5.5.17.6 Size
The air admittance valve shall be rated in accordance with the standard for the size of the vent to
which the valve is connected.
5.5.18.1 General
Engineered vent systems shall comply with this section for the design, submittal, approval,
inspection and testing requirements
The individual vent airflow rate shall be determined in accordance with the following:
Qh,b =Nn,b Qv
Where:
Nn,b = Number of fixtures per header (or vent branch) + total number of fixtures
connected to vent stack.
Qh,b =Vent branch or vent header airflow rate (cfm).
Where:
D = Drainage stack diameter (inches).
95 25 13 8 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 88 47 30 20 15 10 9 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1
1 - - 100 94 65 48 37 29 24 29 17 14 12 11 9 8 7 7 6 6
1 - - - - - - - 100 87 73 62 53 46 40 36 32 29 26 23 21
1 - - - - - - - - - - - 100 96 84 75 65 60 54 49 45
2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.4719 L/s, = 304.88 mm.
5.6.1 General
5.6.1.1 Scope
This section shall govern the material and installation of traps, interceptors and separators.
5.6.3.1 General
The materials and methods utilized for the construction and installation of traps, interceptors and
separators shall comply with this section and the applicable accepted standard. The fittings shall
not have ledges, shoulders or reductions capable of retarding or obstructing flow of the piping.
5.7.1 General
Before the drainage system for a building or group of buildings is designed and constructed,
accurate information regarding the site conditions is essential. This information may vary with
the individual scheme.
1 1 1
1 3 3
2 21 26
2 24 31
3 36 42 50
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 inch per foot = 83.3 mm/m.
a)The minimum size of any building drain serving a water closet shall be 3
inches
1 2
1 2
2 3
2 4
3 5
4 6
5.8.1 Aim
The efficient collection and disposal of foul and waste water from a building is of great
importance to public health and is an essential part of the construction of the building. In
designing a drainage system for an individual building the aim shall be to provide a system of
self cleaning conduits for the conveyance of foul and waste and for the removal of such wastes
speedily and efficiently to a sewer or other outlet without risk of nuisance and hazard to health.
(1) To achieve this aim a drainage system shall satisfy the following requirements:
a) rapid and efficient removal of liquid wastes without leakage;
b) prevention of access of foul gases to the building and provision for their escape from the
system,
c) adequate and easy access for clearing obstructions;
d) prevention of undue external or internal corrosion, or erosion of joints and protection of
materials of construction; and
e) avoidance of air locks, siphonage, proneness to obstruction, deposit and damage.
(2) The realization of an economical drainage system is added by compact grouping of fixtures
in both horizontal and vertical directions. This implies that if care is taken and ingenuity brought
into play when designing the original building or buildings to be drained, it is possible to group
5.8.2 Layout
5.8.2.1 General
The following requirements are suggested to be considered in the design of drainage system:
a) The layout shall be as simple and direct as practicable.
b) The pipes should be laid in straight lines, as far as possible, in both vertical and horizontal
planes.
c) Anything that is likely to cause irregularity of flow, as abrupt changes of direction, shall be
avoided.
d) The pipes should be non-absorbent, durable, smooth in bore and of adequate strength.
e) The pipes should be adequately supported without restricting movement.
f) Drains should be well ventilated, to prevent the accumulation of foul gases and fluctuation
of air pressure within the pipe, which could lead to unsealing of gully or water-closet traps.
g) All the parts of the drainage system should be accessible for feasibility of inspection and
practical maintenance.
NOTE When connection is made through floor trap, no separate seals are required for
individual fixtures.
d) branches and stacks which receive discharges from WC pans should not be less than 100
mm, except where the outlet from the siphonic water closet is 80 mm, in which case a branch
pipe of 80 mm may be used. For outlet of floor traps 75 mm diameter pipes may be used;
e) the horizontal branch distance for fixtures from stack, bend(s) at the foot of stack to avoid
back pressure as well as vertical distance between the lowest connection and the invert of
drain shall be as shown in Figure 5.1; and
f) for tall buildings, ground floor appliances are recommended to be connected directly to
manhole/inspection chamber.
(3) All vertical soil, waste, ventilating and antisiphonage pipes shall be covered on top with a
copper or heavily galvanized iron wire dome or cast iron terminal guards. All cast iron pipes,
which are to be painted periodically, shall be fixed to give a minimum clearance of 50 mm
clear from the finished surface of the wall by means of a suitable clamps.
NOTE Asbestos cement cowls maybe used in case asbestos cement pipes are used as soil pipes.
(4) Drainage pipes shall be carried to a height above the buildings as specified for ventilating
pipe (see 5.8.3.4).
(b) The diameter of the main ventilating pipe in any case should not be less than 50 mm;
(c) A branch ventilating pipe on a waste pipe in both one-and two-pipe systems shall be of
not less than two-thirds the diameter of the branch waste ventilated pipe; subject to a
minimum of 25 mm; and
(d) A branch ventilating pipe on a soil pipe in both one-and two-pipe systems shall be not
less than 32 mm in diameter.
1) The maximum flow in a building drain or a stack depends on the probable maximum number
of simultaneously discharging appliances. For the calculation of this peak flow certain loading
factors have been assigned to appliances in terms of fixture units, considering their probability
and frequency of use. These fixture unit values are given in Table 5.27.
2) For any fixtures not covered under Table 5.27, Table 5.28 may be referred to for deciding
their fixture unit rating depending on their drain or trap size.
3) From Tables 5.27 and 5.28, the total load on any pipe in terms of fixtures units may be
calculated knowing the number and type of appliances connected to this pipe.
4) For converting the total load in fixture units to the peak flow in liters per minute, Figure 5.3 is
to be used.
5) The maximum number of fixture units that are permissible various recommended pipe size in
the drainage system are given in Tables 5.29 and 5.30.
6) Results should be checked to see that the soil, waste and building sewer pipes are not reduced
in diameter in the direction of flow. Where appliances are to be added in fixture, these should be
taken into account in assessing the pipe sizes by using the fixture units given in Tables 5.27 and
5.28.
a) Tank water-closet 6
Table 5-28 Fixture Units for Fixtures Based on Fixture Drain on Trap Size
i 30 1 2 2 1
ii 40 3 4 8 2
iii 50 6 10 24 6
iv 65 12 20 42 9
v 75 20 30 60 16
Table 5-31 Different Diameter Pipes Giving Velocity and Corresponding Discharge at
Minimum and Maximum Gradient
5.8.3.6.1 Trap
All traps shall be protected against siphonage and back pressure ensuring access to atmospheric
air for air circulation and preserving the trap seal in all conditions.
1) A trap may be formed as an integral trap with the appliance during manufacture or may be a
separate fitting called an attached trap which may be connected to the waste outlet of the
appliance.
2) Traps should always be of a self-cleansing pattern. A trap, which is not an integral part of an
appliance, should be directly attached to its outlet and the pipe should be uniform throughout and
have a smooth surface,
3) The trap should have minimum size of outlet/exit, same as that of largest waste inlet pipe.
4) Traps for use in domestic waste installations and all other traps should be conveniently
accessible and provided with cleansing eyes or other means of cleaning.
5) The minimum internal diameter for sanitary appliances shall be as follows:
Soil appliance
5.8.3.6.3 Cleanouts
The cleanout provides access to horizontal and vertical lines and stacks to facilitate inspection
and means to remove obstructions common to all piping systems, such as solid objects, greasy
wastes, hair and the like.
SECTION 6
6 EXTERNAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR BUILDINGS
6.1 Scope
(1) This Section sets out requirements and recommendations.
a) For the design, layout, construction, testing and maintenance of foul and
groundwater drainage system construction in the ground under and around buildings;
b) For the design and construction of septic tanks, cesspools and subsoil disposal
systems; and
6.2 General
(1) Layout
The layout of the drainage system should be as simple as possible. Changes of direction and
gradient should be minimized and as easy as practicable. Access points should be provided
only if blockages could not be cleared without them. Connections of drains to other drains or
to sewers should be made obliquely, and in the direction of flow.
Pipes should be laid to even gradients and any change of gradient should be combined with
an access point
(2) A drainage system should be designed, installed and maintained so as to convey and
discharge its contents without causing a nuisance or danger to health arising from
leakage, blockage or surcharge.
(3) Every building in which plumbing fixture are installed and premises having thereon,
shall have a connection to a public sewer. Where no public sewer line exists, the drains
shall be connected to a sewage disposal system approved by the Building Official.
(4) Ground water (subsoil water) should be drained from around and underneath buildings,
structures, etc. Whenever required. This should be effected through plain open-jointed
porous or perforated pipes laid in trenches or graded granular or other porous material fills
or packs around and underneath the area to be drained.
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(5) Access should be provided at all bends junctions. Access, in this context, is meant to be an
inspection chamber or manhole. Inspection chambers and manholes should be sited so as to
avoid the need for acute changes in direction of flow from branch drains.
(6) For drains laid outside buildings, the following shall be satisfied.
(a) Part of pipework laid under buildings should be limited to short branches and should be
made to enter manholes (or inspection chamber) at no more than 2.0m from the building
line whenever possible.
(b) The drain trench should not impair the stability of a building. When drains are laid
parallel to the foundation, care should be taken not to undermine the foundations.
(7) For drains laid under buildings the following shall be met:
(a)The effects of possible differential settlement between the building and the drains shall be
limited to acceptable standards
(b) Differential settlement in drains shall be accommodated by means of flexible joints or
other considerations by a qualified engineer.
(9) (a) Existing drains which are or will be disused when superseded by new installations
should be traced, grubbed up and removed.
(b) Where the requirement in (a) above is impracticable, discussed drains should be filled
with suitable material such as weak concrete, cement grout or similar material to prevent
their collapse or, in appropriate circumstances, sealed against ingress of water and
vermin.
6.3.1 General
(1) Clause 6.3 applies to drains of the separate system.
(2) All subsoil drainage system and surface runoff due to rain shall be excluded from the
system; i.e., foul drainage system up to a treatment unit, collection point or disposal
system.
(3) In determining the size and gradient of the building sewer (external drain), the following
shall be observed.
(4) The fixture-unit values contributing to the flow in a given drain shall be added and the
equivalent peak flow rate (l/s) obtained. When the drain carries continuous flows from
other sources, their rates can be added to the above peak flow rate.
(2) Risk of recurring blockages during normal use shall be minimized by ensuring a high
standard of drain and manhole construction throughout the system and that pipes are not
unacceptably oversized.
(3) (a) Foul drains, starting from manholes adjacent to or within buildings, should be of
minimum size DN100, except for WC discharges which should be DN150.
(c) The size of a drain pipe and its gradient should be so chosen that at peak flow, the
risk of induced trap siphonage is minimized by ensuring adequate air movement in
the drain, but not exceeding a proportional depth of 0.75.
(b) Where it is expected that a drain may be affected by settlement, selected gradient
should be such as to ensure a satisfactory fall will be maintained.
Figure 6-1 Design for foul drainage pipes-Conversion of fixture units to flow rates
Figure 6-2 Discharge capacities of drain pipes running full, ,2/3 proportional depth
(Hydraulic roughness = 0.6mm)
Figure 6-3 Discharge capacities of drain pipes running full, , 2/3 proportional depth
(Hydraulic roughness = 1.5mm)
(3) (a) Where the invert level of an incoming drain is 1.0m or more above that of the
manhole, a drop-pipe shall be provided to convey the discharge to the lower level.
(b) Suitable access should be provided to facilitate testing and clearing of blockages.
(c) Where space is available without adversely affecting access of working space, a drop-
pipe may be installed inside a manhole.
(d) When the drop-pipe is larger than 150.omm, it should be constructed outside the
manhole and provided with structural protection and support suited to the pipe material
and ground conditions (see Figure 6.7).
(4) (a) the drain connection to a public sewer system should be agreed with the appropriate
drainage authority.
(b) The connector drain (to sewer system) should be laid so as to provide an adequate
hydraulic gradient and to ensure that the minimum length of drain is subjected to
backflow would the sewer surcharge.
(d) When a drain is connected to a septic or settlement tank, the entry velocity should
be restricted so as to ensure that quiescent conditions within the tank are disturbed as
little as possible.
(e) Provision should be made for effectively rodding the incoming drain and its
connection to any tank or unit.
6.4.1 General
(1) (a) All pipes for field drains should be laid to planned lines and gradients
(b) Plain pipes should be laid with open-joints; but perforated and porous pipes should be
fitted tightly together. Perforated pipes should be laid with holes equally distributed about the
vertical axis of the drain.
(c) Trenches for plain-ended or ogee0jointed pipes should be just wide enough at the bottom
to accommodate the pipes and should be trimmed to form a uniform bed for the pipes.
(2) Where a rubble drain is required, it should be constructed by excavating a trench and filling it
with selected rubble or stone through which water can percolate. Renewal may be necessary
from time to time.
(3) (a) where a trench drain is required, it should be constructed by excavating a trench and
laying therein open-jointed pipes, perforated or porous material.
(b) The pipes should be surrounded with fill through which water can percolate freely.
(4) (a) Where it is essential to prevent the migration of some soil particles with groundwater,
filter drain shall be used.
(b) The pipe should be surrounded with graded granular material or a polypropylene or
fabric filter designed in accordance with acceptable engineering practice.
(5) The selection of an appropriate layout of ground-water drain shall depend on the nature of
the subsoil and the topography of the site.
(2) Should it be necessary to route a groundwater drainage system under a building, this should
be done using jointed non-porous pipes.
(2) In suitable ground conditions, groundwater drainage system shall discharge to a soakaway,
preferably, through a sand trap.
(3) Where the alternatives in (a) or (b) above for groundwater disposal are not available; a
groundwater drainage system may discharge into a surface water through a sand trap.
(4) Under special circumstances, a groundwater drainage system may discharge into a foul drain
(after treatment) through an intercepting trap.
6.5.1 General
Where a drain is to be located in a road, public place or like in an open trench, it shall be
installed as follows:
(a) It shall be laid to an even grade, straight, and have no lipped joints or internal projections.
(c) It shall be continuously supported under the barrel, other than for cast iron and ductile iron
pipes and fittings.
(d) It shall be protected against damage by a minimum cover as specified in Table 6.1.
(f) It shall have the interior of each pipe cleared of any foreign matter before it is laid and prior
to commissioning.
(g) It shall have a drop manhole installed to connect drains at different elevations.
(h) Where the presence of any obstacle prevents the drain from being laid at an even grade and
with the required cover, then, whenever practicable, the drain shall pass beneath the
obstacle at an even grade with a drop permitted only at the point of connection or in any
other way approved by the Building Official.
(b) When installed belowground, shall not be within 600.0mm of either side of a below
ground drain. Whenever this separation cannot be achieved, the distance may be reduced
to 300mm provided that the electric cable or gas pipe is suitably marked with bricks,
stone masonry or equivalent durable material painted red, within the exclusion zone (see
Figure 6.4).
(2) Any belowground cross-over of a drain within the exclusion zone shall:
(a) Cross at an angle of not less than 450;
(b) Have a vertical separation of not less than 100.0mm; and
(c) Be suitably marked with bricks, stone masonry or equivalent durable material,
painted red.
(3) Stormwater pipes shall be located at least 100.0mm clear of any part of the foul drain. The
pipes shall be watertight and properly supported.
(4) The proximity of foul drain pipes to water service pipes shall be as in 4.14.3(3).
(5) Where services, other than electric cables or gas pipes, cross any part of the drain, the
service shall be not less than 25.0mm above the drain and access fir maintenance shall not
be impeded.
(2) Drains shall be laid with a depth of cover, measured from the top of the pipe socket to the
finished ground surface, as specified in Table 6.1.
Figure 6-4 Exclusion zone for electric cables and gas pipes
Table 6-1 Minimum depth of cover
(3) Drains constructed of materials other than cast iron or ductile iron, having less than the
minimum cover as specified in Table 6.1. shall be covered by at least 50.0mm of overlay
and then shall be paved with:
(a) 100.0mm minimum thickness of reinforced concrete, where subject to heavy vehicular
loading,
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(b) 75.0mm minimum thickness of brick or concrete paving, where subject to light
vehicular traffic, or
(c) 50.0mm minimum thickness of brick or concrete paving, where not subject to
vehicular traffic.
(4) Drains below ground and under buildings may be laid with less than the minimum cover
specified in Table 6.1 provided that:
(a) 25.0mm overly separates the drain from a reinforced concrete slab; or
(b) The drain is adequately protected from mechanical damage.
(5) Drains in proximity to footings and foundations shall comply with the following:
(a) Drains passing under a strip footing at not less than 450 (between the drain and the
longer side of the footing) shall have a minimum clearance of 25.0mm from the top of
the pipe to the underside of any footing.
(b) Drains laid through footings or walls, other than below-ground external walls, shall
be left with an annular space of not less than 25.0mm filled with a liner of flexible
material.
(c) Pipes may be laid through below-ground external walls provided that:
(d) Where the excavation is to be laid parallel to a footing, the excavation shall comply
with Clause 6.61 and the trench shall be located beyond a 450 angle from the base of
the footing (see Figure 6.5).
(2) Trenches shall be made with a minimum clearance of 100.0mm on each side of the drain
barrel measured to the inside of the sheeting or side of trench. The trench width up to the
level of the top of the drain shall be kept as narrow as practicable, but not less than the
above minimum clearance.
(4) Excavation by a machine shall not be carried out within 600.0mm of the point of
connection to the municipal sewer main or any other sewage receiving unit such as tanks,
channels, etc.
6.6.2.1 General
(1) The bed on to which drains are laid shall be adequate to continuously support the
installed drain accommodating the loads from the pipeline and surrounding ground, in
accordance with the following:
(a) In stable sand, drains shall be directly supported on the undisturbed base of the trench
provided that the base of the trench is free any rocks or tree roots.
(b) In loam, clay, rock, shale, gravel, or ground containing hard objects, drains shall be
supported on a bedding material placed in the base of the trench.
(c) Ground water or surface water entering the trench shall not disturb the bedding
materials.
6.6.2.2 Materials
(1) Materials used for bedding of rains shall comply with the following:
(a) Quarry crushed hard stone shall have a maximum aggregate size of 10.0mm.
(b) Uniform crushed hard stone shall be of size ranging from 2.5mm to 10.0mm.
(c) Sand shall be free from clay, gravel, shells, or hard particles
(d) Cement mortar shall be composed of 1:4, Portland cement to clean sand, and clean
water.
(e) Excavated material shall be free from clay, gravel, shells, or other hard particles.
6.6.2.3 Installation
(1) Bedding shall be installed in accordance with the following:
(a) Crushed hard stone shall:
(i) Extend across the full width of the base of the trench;
(ii) Be a minimum depth of 75.0mm measured below the bottom of the pipe; and
(iii) Directly support the pipes and fittings.
6.7.1 General
(1) Every drain length should accessible for maintenance, rodding and cleaning through the
provision of inspection chambers and manholes or otherwise.
(2) Inspection chambers and manholes should be provided at the head of each run of drain, at
changes in direction, gradient or pipe diameter and every 30.0m straight run of drains.
(3) Inspection chambers and manholes should be resistant to water penetration, be durable
and designed to minimize the risk of blockage.
(2) The design of manhole should permit entry without restricting operational space.
(3) Subject to the minima given in Table 6.2, internal dimensions for manholes with a
number of branches may be estimated for straight inverts as follows:
a) Length: The length should be the sum of 100.0mm on each side of the branch pipe, the
diameter of the pipe on the side having most branches for each pipe, plus an allowance
at the downstream end for the angle of entry.
b) Width: The width should be the sum of the widths of the benching plus 150.0mm or
the diameter of the main drain, whichever is greater. The benching width should be
300.0mm where there are branches or 150.0mm where there is no branch. Where
manhole or inspection chambers with curved channels cannot be avoided, their
dimensions should be based on the foregoing principles.
e) Pipes of size DN300 or larger, when built into walls, should have either one brick
relieving arch turned over the pipe to the full thickness of the brick work or a
concrete lintel or other effective means of relieving the load,
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f) The pipes in and out of manholes should be bedded on mortar and built in as the
brickwork proceeds.
(3) For inspection chambers and manholes constructed of in-situ concrete, the walls
should be of adequate thickness to resist external pressures. Roofing and base of
inspection chambers and manholes are as in (2) above.
(4) (a) Inspection chambers and manholes of precast concrete shall be built in sections.
(b) Materials, dimensions and test methods should comply with the relevant
standards.
(c) The base may be either of precast concrete or in situ concrete similar to that
described as in (2) above.
(d) Where manholes or inspection chambers are constructed wholly above the water
table, joints sealed with cement mortar can be satisfactory. In waterlogged
ground or where the water table is above the base, joints should be made
watertight, preferably using a non-rigid jointing materials such as a mastic
sealant or a rubber ring joint.
(5) Plastics manholes, if employed either as integral bases or as complete chamber units,
should comply with the relevant Ethiopian Standards or equivalent.
(4) (a) In inspection chambers and manholes of brickwork, precast concrete or in situ
concrete, main and branch channels should be bedded and jointed in 1:3 cement
mortar.
(b) To ensure that the channel and the branch junctions are properly supported, the
bedding and the benching should be laid in a single operation.
2. (a) The step irons should preferable be set and staggered in two vertical runs which
should be constant at approximately 300.0mm centres horizontally.
(b) The top step iron should be positioned so that direct access to it by an operator is
practicable and should be fixed not more than 750.0mm below the surface, depending
on the cover and slab arrangement.
(c) The lowest step iron should be fixed not more than 300.0mm above the benching.
Precast concrete manholes should have step irons let in.
6.8.1 Interceptors
(1) (a) Interceptors shall be provided, where necessary, for the proper handling of wastes
containing grease, oil, flammable wastes, sand and other ingredients harmful to the
building drainage system and the public sewer.
(b) Only wasters having a mixture of light and heavy solids or-liquids and solids having
various specific gravities may be treated and then separated in an interceptor.
(c) The size, type and location of each interceptor shall be approved by the Building
Official.
(2) (a) A grease and oil interceptor (separator) ,when it is deemed necessary, shall be
installed in the drainage line leading from sinks, drains or other appliances in the
following establishments:
(i) Restaurants,
(ii) Hotel kitchens,
(iii) Cafeterias,
(iv) Clubs or others from which grease and oil can be introduced into the drainage
system.
(3) Sand and heavy-solids interceptors shall be so designed and located as to be readily
accessible for cleaning and shall have a water seal of not less than 150.0mm.
(4) Discharge from commercial laundries, bottling plants and slaughterhouses, which include
rags, buttons, broken glass, feathers and other solids, should be intercepted before being
discharged into the drainage system.
(5) (a) Interceptors shall be so designed that they will not become air bound if closed covers
are used (otherwise their contents might be siphoned).
(6) Each interceptor shall be so installed as to provide ready accessibility to the cover and
means for servicing and maintaining the interceptor in working and operating condition.
(7) (a) Interceptors shall be maintained in efficient operating condition by periodic removal
of accumulated grease, oil, sand, grit, solids, etc.
(b) A maintenance schedule shall be worked out to this effect alongside the design proper.
(2) The design criteria shall assume that surface water and subsoil water be excluded from
entering septic tanks.
(3) Septic tanks should be watertight so that they permit neither ingress of groundwater nor
egress of sewage to the ground.
(4) Septic tanks could be constructed from bricks, stone masonry, in-situ concrete and large
precast concrete pipes.
(5) Septic tanks could also be prefabricated from steel and plastic materials.
(9) The design of septic tanks shall be such that the discharge of solids in the tank effluent is
kept to a minimum.
(10) The following formula is recommended for general use where dislodging is carried out
at a reasonable number of times per year, two years, etc.
V= sed.p.q/103+u1.ac.p/103 (6.1)
Where:-
V is effective volume of tank, in m3
sed is hydraulic detention time, in day (s) (minimum, 1.0 day).
p is user population
q is water consumption per capita per day, in litres (see Table 4.4, Section 4).
V1 is sludge production per capita per day, in litres (0.15l)
ac is number of days between de-sludgings (minimum, 365.0 days).
(11) For rectangular tanks, at least two or three should be used in series either by
constructing two or three separate tanks or by dividing a single tank into two or three
by partitions (see Figure 6.8).
(12) (a) In all cases of (11) above, the compartments should be not less than 1200.0mm deep
below the top water level.
(b) The first compartment should have a capacity of not less than two-third of the total
tank capacity with a length of not less than twice its width and the subsequent
compartments should have a combined capacity of not less than one third of the total
capacity.
(c) In order to facilitate desludging operations, the floor of the first compartment should
have a fall of 1:4 towards the inlet end.
(13) Duplicate tanks, preferably with half calculated capacities could be provided in parallel.
(14) The design of septic tank inlets and outlets shall be such that they facilitate introduction
of crude sewage and removed of the clarified liquid with the least possible disturbance
of the settled sludge or the surface scum.
a) An inlet for rectangular tanks of not more than 1200.0mm wide should be a T-shaped
dip pipe not less than the nominal bore of the incoming drain, fixed inside the tank,
(15) (a) The final outlet for tanks which are less than 1200.0mm wide should be by a
100.0mm nominal bore dip pipe fixed inside the tank in a similar manner to the inlet
dip pipe in 14(a) above and 25.0mm below it.
(b)For wider tanks, it is necessary to use a weir outlet extending the full width of the
tank and protected by a scumbcard such as suitable protected timber, plastics or
asbestos cement fixed 150.0mm from the weir and extending 150.0mm above and
450.0mm below the top water level.
(16) (a) A roof should be provided to a septic tank, in which case it may be wholly or
partially removable and be of concrete or timber.
(b)If fixed, the roof should have adequate access openings, with covers including those
necessary for inspection and cleansing of the inlet and outlet arrangements.
(17) Where it is not roofed, a septic tank should be provided with a protective fence to
prevent unauthorized access.
(18) (a) Septic tanks should be located as far away as practicable from buildings, water wells
and water reservoirs (underground) to prevent contamination of domestic water supply
and reduce the risk of nuisance in case of malfunctioning; i.e. overflow through
manholes, gas emission through vent pipes, etc.
6.8.3 Cesspools
(1) where an appropriate sewer is not available and sewage treatment is impracticable,
cesspools, could be provided.
(2) Cesspools should be and remain impervious to ingress of ground or surface water and to
leakage.
(3) Cesspools should be provided only where emptying facilities are available or are possible
to introduce.
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(6) Effective storage time shall depend on the population served, the water consumption and
whether there is any infiltration into the foul drains.
(7) (a) A cesspool shall be cylindrical, square or rectangular in plan to suit the condition of the
site.
(b) The depth from the cover of the access opening to the floor of the tank should not
normally exceed 4.0m on a flat site and may need to be further restricted on a sloping site
to limit the suction lift when emptying.
(8) The inlet drain should be provided with access appropriate for the drainage system and
should terminate with the pipe projection about 75.0mm clear of the inside of the wall of
the cesspool.
(10) (a) The access to cesspools should not be less than 600.0mm clear opening to enable
inspection, maintenance or removal of consolidated sludge.
(b) The chamber should be made as sage a place of work as possible and sage methods of
working should be adopted.
(11) (a) The site selected for a cesspool should not be so near to any inhabited building as to be
liable to become a source of nuisance or a danger to health ( a minimum of 15.0m is
desirable) and it is essential that not well, stream, river, spring or aquifer likely to be used
for drinking or domestic purposes is liable to be polluted.
(b) The site of the cesspool should preferably be on ground sloping away from and sited
lower than any existing building in the immediate vicinity.
(c) the prevailing wind direction should be from the buildings served towards the
cesspool.
(d) Adequate means of vehicular access should be provided to the cesspool where
emptying by tankers is envisaged.
(12) (a) When a cesspool is to be abandoned, it shall be left in a condition that is neither
dangerous nor prejudicial to health.
(2) (a) Percolation ditches should be very carefully designed and should consist of a system
of field drains which should be constructed using porous or perforated pipes, laid in
trenches, with a uniform gradient which should be not steeper than 1:200.
(b)The pipes should be laid on a 150.0mm layer of clean gravel or broken stone 20.0mm
to 50.0mm grade and the trenches filled to a level 50.0mm above the pipe and covered
with strips of plastics material or equivalent laid to prevent the entry of silt.
(c) The remainder of the trench should be filled with normal soil and pipes laid at a
minimum depth of 500.0mm below the surface.
(3) If the level of water table rises to within 1.0m of the proposed invert of the irrigation
system, it is not normally advisable to use subsurface irrigation.
(b) Areas of undisturbed ground 2.0m wide should be maintained between parallel
tranches.
6.8.4.4 Underdrains
(1) Where underdrains are necessary, drainage trenches should be constructed not less than
600.0mm deeper than the above trenches and the lower part filled with fine gravel (see
Figure 6.49).
(2) A second system of drainage pipes should be laid on the bottom of the trenches to covey
surplus drainage to an outfall in a surface ditch or water course.
A percolation area typically consists of a system of sub-surface irrigation pipes which allow
the effluent to percolate gradually into the surrounding soil. Biological treatment takes place
naturally in the aerated layers of soil.
Percolation mounds are essentially percolation areas placed above the natural surface of the
ground providing an aerated layer of soil to treat the effluent. Percolation areas should be
designed by the design engineer
3. Constructed wetlands
Constructed wetland is the generic term used to describe both (gravel- and sand-based)
horizontal and vertical flow reed bed systems and soil-based constructed wetlands. The main
difference between a constructed wetland and other filter systems is the planting of
vegetation in the media where the thick root mass acts as a pathway for the transfer of
oxygen from the atmosphere to the root zone (rhizosphere). Pumping may or may not be
required for constructed wetland systems depending on the slope of the site and the wetland
configuration. They can be used to provide secondary or tertiary treatment to effluent from
septic tank or tertiary treatment to packaged wastewater treatment systems. The design and
construction of wetlands should comply with the BMP.
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This comprises a pump chamber which transfers the partially treated effluent, (generally
from a septic tank), onto the filter at regular intervals. The filter may consist of soil, sand,
peat or other media. A range of configurations may be considered:
(a) an intermittent soil filter system (soil polishing filter is built in);
(b) an intermittent sand filter followed by a polishing filter (may be inbuilt or offset);
(c) an intermittent peat filter followed by a polishing filter;
(d) an intermittent plastic or media filter followed by a polishing filter;
(e) a constructed wetland or reed bed followed by a polishing filter.
Where a pumped distribution system is used, an alarm should be fitted to alert the user to any
malfunction. A polishing filter should be used in conjunction with all intermittent filters.
5. Polishing filters
A polishing filter is a filter system the purpose of which is to provide additional treatment of
the effluent and to reduce pollutants such as micro-organisms, phosphorous and in certain
cases nitrate nitrogen. It also provides for the hydraulic conveyance of the treated effluent to
the ground.
Packaged wastewater treatment systems may be used to treat wastewater from a building
where the site is unsuitable for a septic tank system or they may be used as an alternative to
septic tank systems.
The system should be designed for a minimum hydraulic daily load of 150 l/person/day
based on the number and size of bedrooms and a minimum organic daily load of 60g
BOD/person/day to ensure adequate treatment is provided.
All such systems must have treatment efficiency capable of meeting the minimum applicable
performance effluent standards. Monitoring and maintenance of these systems is required to
ensure that the effluent is treated to this standard. In nutrient sensitive areas, more stringent
performance standards for nitrogen and phosphorous may be necessary.
The sludge storage capacity should be checked with the manufacturer to establish the
necessary frequency of de-sludging. All package wastewater treatment systems should be
provided with an alarm to indicate operation failure.
Many systems are available including: -
(a) Biofilm Aerated Filter (BAF) systems;
(b) Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) systems;
(i) Tests should be carried out to locate and remedy any defects in soundness that
may exist at the time of construction.
(ii) Such test should take place immediately before the work is covered up so as to
facilitate replacement of any faulty pipes or pipe fittings or to rectify any joint
defect.
(c) All obstruction, debris and superfluous matter should be removed from sections of
pipeline, inspection chambers, manholes, or similar underground chambers and
they should be flushed out before testing.
(d) Before any tests are applied, a disc or ball-type profile testing device should be
passed through all drains and private sewers between inspection chambers,
manholes or other suitable points of access and through all accessible branch
drains.
The leakage over thirty minutes should then be measured and should not be more
than 0.05 litres for each metre run of drain for a 100 mm drain - a drop in water
level of 6.4 mm/m, and not more than 0.08 litres for a 150 mm drain - a drop in
water level of 4.5 mm/m.
To prevent damage to the drain, the head of water at the lower end of the section
should not be more than 4 m and it may be necessary to test a drain in several
sections.
(b) Interpretation of results: A change in water level in the test apparatus could be due
to one or more of the following causes, which shall be rectified or appropriate
allowances made for in the testing procedure:
(c) Air test: an air test may be applied to the completed work, either in its entirety or in
sections, in accordance with the following procedure:
(i) The air pressure test shall consist of applying a pressure of 3.0m water head to
the drain and holding this pressure for 3.0min to allow the air temperature to
stabilized.
(ii) The air supply shall then be shut off and the time taken for the pressure in the
pipe to drop from 2.5m to 2.0m head of water shall be measured.
(iii) The drain is considered to have passed the test if the time taken is greater than
90.os for pipes of size DN225 or smaller, or 180.0s for pipes of sizes DN300
and DN375.
(3) The drainage system should be cleaned, as appropriate, using one or more of the
following methods:
(a) Rodding:
(i) Appropriate cleaning tools and techniques should be chosen to avoid damage to
the pipework to be cleaned
(ii) It is important that correctly designed proprietary ends used on the rods.
(iii) Makeshift devices attached to the ends of rods should be avoided as they are not as
effective as the correctly designed article and could become detached and create a
blockage which would be difficult to remove. Furthermore, it is possible that such
devices could cause damage to the pipeline.
(b) High pressure jetting techniques could be suitable for use with all currently available
pipe materials and should also be considered.
(c) Shock waves could be induced and transmitted by water to the point of blockage,
where the pipe is surcharged or can be filled with water from the blockage to a point
where the shock wave is introduced.
SECTION 7
7 STROM WATER DRAINAGE
7.1 Scope
(1) The materials to be used shall be selected to ensure satisfactory service for the life of the
installation.
7.2 Materials
(2) Factors to be taken into consideration for compliance with (1) above shall include:
(a) cost,
(b) the nature of the ground and the possibility of chemical attack there from,
(c) the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials, and
(d) the possibility of abrasion by solids in the flow, or of chemical attack of materials.
7.3 Joints
(1) Gutters and downpipes should be jointed in accordance with good engineering practice.
(2) Manufactures instructions on the methods of jointing should be strictly following where
available.
7.4 Design
7.4.1 General
When designing drainage systems for roofs, paved and unpaved areas, it is normally
impracticable to guard against very infrequent, extremely heavy rainfall events. The designer
should aim to achieve safe evacuation of floods of 10 year return period within reasonable time.
7.4.2 Run-off
(b) Where slopping or vertical surface drains to a flat roof, paved or unpaved area, the
additional area of catchment should be calculated as described in (3) and (4) below.
(3) (a) The effective catchment area, Ae, for slopping roofs of a freely exposed surface draining to
an eaves or a parapet wall gutter is equal to the plan area of the roof plus half its maximum
area in elevation (see Figure 7.1 (b). for a valley gutter, one side of the roof will tend to be
exposed to the wind and the other side will tend to be sheltered; the method of calculating the
effective catchment area is illustrated in Figure 7.1 (c). Run-off from any vertical walls should
be allowed for (see (4) below).
(b) The effect of wind can be appreciated by noting that, compared to a horizontal roof of the
same plan width, the run-off will be 25% greater if the roof has a slope of one unit vertical to
two horizontal, and 50% greater if it has a slope of one unit vertical to one unit horizontal.
(4) (a) Wind-driven rain will cause run-off from walls and other vertical surfaces that are freely
exposed to the wind, but where the run-off is to paved area, run-off from vertical surfaces will
normally need to be considered only where flooding of the paved area cannot be tolerated.
(b) for a single wall, the effective catchment area, Ae, should be taken as half the exposed
vertical area of the wall. Where two or more walls form an angle of bay, the direction of the
wind should be assumed to be such that the walls, considered together, present the maximum
vertical area to the rain. The method of calculating Ae is illustrated in Figure 7.2. Surrounding
walls are of unequal height. In the latter case the value of Ae should be increased by half the
area in elevation by which the higher wall exceeds the lower wall.
(7.1)
Where,
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7-2 Calculation of effective catchment area, Ae, for vertical surfaces
Note: Rainfall data used in the preparation of this figure have been collected from many Ministry of Water Resources
meteorology stations. In the course of the preparation of this manual, they have been subjected to statistical techniques.
The results indicate that the country can be divided into the above hydrological regions displaying similar rainfall
patterns. The information is subject to review, and future data may indicate the need for a further refinement in both
values and regional boundaries.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Regions A1 & A4
Figure 5-9
Figure 7.3(b)
400,0
350,0
300,0
250,0 2 Year
Intensity, mm/hr
5 Year
10 Year
200,0 25 year
50 Year
100 Year
150,0
100,0
50,0
0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Duration, min.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Regions A2 & A3
Figure 5-10
400 Figure 7.3 (c)
350
300
250 2 Year
Intensity, mm/hr
5 Year
10 Year
200 25 year
50 Year
100 Year
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Duration, min.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency
Regions B, C & D
Figure 5-11
Figure 7.3(d)
400.0
350.0
300.0
2 Year
r 250.0
h
/ 5 Year
m
m 10 Year
,y 200.0
ti 25 year
s
n 50 Year
e
t
In 150.0 100 Year
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Duration, min.
(3) Gutters and downpipes may be omitted form a roof at any height provided that is has an area of
6.0m2 or less and provided that no roof or other surface drains onto it. Consideration may be
given to the omission of gutters and downpipes from tall structures where run-off would be
dispersed before reaching the grounds; such run-off should be directed so as to avoid
undesirable pattern, staining and splashing of windows.
(2) Eaves gutters should, wherever possible, be designed to discharge freely. If the length of an
eaves gutter exceeds the limits given in (1d) above, it is necessary to reduce its design capacity.
Methods of designing gutters that cant discharge freely or that exceed the limits in (1d) above
are given in Annex G.
(c) Figure 7.4(b) and 7.4(c) show how the capacity of a gutter can be used most efficiently. In
Figure 7.4(b), the outlets split the gutter into three sections, of which the middle one collects
half the flow and discharges at both ends; if the total flow from the roof is Q, then each section
of the gutter needs to have a discharge capacity of Q/4.
(d) Figure 7.4 (c) shows a less efficient arrangement in which the outlets are positioned at the
ends of the gutter; in this case, a large gutter is required since each section needs to have a
discharge capacity of Q/2.
(2) (a) Although there is an optimum arrangement for the outlets(see (1) above), their number and
position will often be determined by the layout of the building or other architectural factors.
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Section 7: Stormwater Drainage
(b) If for any reason internal downpipes are fitted, underfloor drainage should be avoided
where possible.
(c) Outlets for gutters should be located, where possible, near each angle; i.e, where there is a
change in direction of flow.
Note. For the same total flow, the gutter in (c) requires twice the capacity of the gutter in (b).
(3) (a) The overall depth of a gutter should be greater than the depth needed to give the design
capacity so as to prevent it from being over-topped by splashing or by waves produced by
strong winds.
(b) The amount of free-board should be taken as two-fifth of the maximum depth of flow in the
gutter, with an upper limit of 75.0mm.
(4) (a) In a level gutter, the depth of flow is greatest at the upstream end and decrease towards the
outlet. Subtracting the allowable free-board from the overall depth of the gutter, therefore,
gives the design depth of flow at the upstream end u, the discharge that produces the depth u
is the design capacity of the gutter. A level gutter attains its maximum capacity when the outlet
is large enough to allow the gutter to discharge freely. When this occurs, the depth of the flow
in the gutter just upstream of the outlet is equal to the critical depth c.
(b) The ratio of the depth of flow at the upstream end of the gutter, u, to the critical depth at the
downstream end c, depends only upon the cross-sectional shape of the gutter provided that the
requirement of 7.4.3.2 are met. The effect of flow resistance is normally small so that the depth
of the gutter does not affect the value of u/ c unless the gutter is longer than the limit given in
7.4.3.2(1d). c can be read from Figure 7.5 once the upstream flow width , Bu, and the sloe
width, Bs (see Figure 7.4) of the gutter are determined. The discharge capacity, Q,
corresponding to the critical depth, c, can be calculated directly from Equations (G-1) of
Annex G if the cross-sectional shape of the gutter is known. The calculated value of Q assumes
that the outlet is large enough to allow the gutter to discharge freely. The method of
determining the capacity of trapezoidal gutters with restricted discharge is described in G.2,
Annex G.
(c) Rectangular and triangular gutters may be considered as special types of trapezoidal gutter
and can, therefore, be designed in the same way as trapezoidal gutters.
(b) Box-receivers are preferable to outlets in the sole of the gutter because they ensure that the
flow discharges freely from the gutter and may allow smaller outlets to be used. The use of
box-receivers is recommended for valley, parapet and boundary wall gutters
(c) the design of structural framework should take account of any internal box receivers (see
Figure 7.7 (b) or outlets in the sole of the gutter.
(2) (a) The dimensions of a box receive need to be larger enough to allow the flow to discharge
freely from the gutter to which it is connected. Typical designs for box-receivers are shown in
Figure 7.6
(b) The minimum width of the box should not be less than the width of the flow in the gutter at
a depth equal of half the overall depth of the gutter, g. If the flow enters the box-receiver from
one direction (see Figure 7.7(a)), the length of the box in the direction of flow should be not
less than 0.75 g. If the flow enters the box-receiver from opposite directions (see Figure 7.7
(b)); in the later case, the length of the box should be not less than 1.5g. the top of the box
should be level with the top of the gutter except where the box is external to the building (see
Figure 7.6 (a)); in the latter case, the outer edge of the box may be lowered to act as an
emergency overflow.
(c) The depth of the box below the sole of the gutter should not be less than h+25.0mm, where
h is the depth of the water above the outlet. The method of designing such box-receivers is
described in G.4, Annex G.
(d) If it is necessary to make the dimensions of a box-receiver smaller than those recommended
above the gutter may be prevented from discharging freely.
(3) (a) At small depth of flow, the perimeter of an outlet (outlet in box-receiver) to a downpipe
acts as a weir while at large depths of flow the outlet acts as an orifice. An outlet with a
rounded edge has a large capacity than a sharp- edged outlet (see Figure 7.8 (a)) having the
same size of throat. A suitable type of round-edged circular outlet is shown in Figure 7.8(b); in
terms of its discharge capacity, this type of outlet has an effective diameter,D, equal to 0.99
times its top diameter, Do.
(b) Suitable type of tapered outlets allow smaller size of downpipes to be used without
reducing the capacity of the outlet. A tapered outlet with a top diameter Do will have the same
discharge capacity as a sharp-edged outlet of diameter Do provided that the diameter of the
throat is not less than 2/3 Do and the transition is gradual over a distance not less than Do (see
Figure 7.7(c)). Equations relating the depth of water above an outlet, h, to the size of the outlet
and the discharge, Qi, passing through it are given in G.4.1 Annex G. The use of a grating over
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Section 7: Stormwater Drainage
an outlet will reduce its capacity; the method of designing grated outlets is described in G.4.2,
Annex G.
(4) If a downpipe is connected directly to the sole of a valley, parapet or boundary wall gutter, it is
necessary to determine whether the outlet (downpipe) is large enough to allow the flow to
discharge freely from the gutter. As a rough guide, the effective diameter of an outlet in a
rectangular gutter needs to be at least three- quarters of the width of the flow to ensure free
discharge. The method of determining whether the gutter discharge freely or not is described in
G.4.3. Outlet connected to the sides of gutter are inefficient and their use is not recommended.
7.4.3.6 Downpipes
(1) (a) The size of circular downpipes (outlets) shall not be less than diameter 60.0mm and that
of spouts not less than diameter 50.0mm.
(b) The length of the shorter side of rectangular downpipes (outlets) shall not be less than
60.0mm.
Di > 2Do/3
(2) Tapered outlet (vertical pipes) for valley and parapet wall gutters may be used to reduce the
size of the downpipe to not less than two-thirds of the top diameter of the outlets (see
7.4.3.5(3). Pipes sized according to these criteria will tends to flow full so that joints between
the downpipes and the gutter or box receivers should be sealed.
(3) (a) Horizontal lengths of pipe should, where possible, be given a small fall to prevent the
ponding of water.
(b) Long runs of pipework should be designed according to the standard engineering
principles for steady flow in pipes.
(c) All joints on horizontal pipes should be sealed, and access for inspection and rodding
should be provided in accordance with 7.5.2(2).
(c) In general, an economic scheme will include few outlets; but the number needed may often
be determined by the plan of the roof rather than by the area to be drained.
(3) On a roof laid to falls, a water depth of upto 30mm may be acceptable if it is confined t o
relatively small area around the outlets or to a value which may be allowed by
manufacturers of water-roofing materials (see 7.4.3.7(1)), which ever is smaller.
(4) (a) Run-off from a flat roof may be discharged at the edge of the roof into;
(b) The eaves gutters and their outlets should be designed in the same way as in 7.4.3 and
7.4.3.5.
(c) The entrance to a chute acts as a weir and the width that is required can be estimated from
Equation (G-6) in G.4.1, Annex G in which Lw is the width of the chute (in mm) and h is the
head of water above the invert of the chute.
(5) (a) Run-off from a flat roof may be discharged within the perimeter of the foot into:
(b) Roof channels and their outlets should be designed in the same way as in (4) above.
(c) Sumps and roof outlets normally act as weirs, and should be sized so as to limit the depth
given in (3) above. The depth of a sump is determined by the capacity of the outlet that drains
it, and should be not less than h+25mm where h is the depth of water above the outlets.
(6) The procedure given in (a) through (e) hereunder may be used for determining the required
dimensions of a sump:
(a)Locate the position of the sump and calculate the rate of run-off from the catchment areas
that is drains. Where possible, the sump should be positioned centrally.
(b) Calculate the total rate of run-off Q (in l/s) assuming that the roof is impermeable.
(c)Calculate the length of the wetted perimeter of the sump, Lw, using the appropriate equation
in G.4.1, Annex G, after selecting the design depth of water on the roof (see 7.4.3.7(1)). The
(b) Vertical pipe with bellmouth and grating (d) Vertical pipe either from channel or box receiver
(e) Calculate the head h required to pass the total discharge, Q, through the outlet using the
appropriate equation in E.4.1; if the outlet is covered by grating see G.4.2, Annex G.
(f) The depth of the sump above the level of the outlet should be a minimum of h+25mm.
(g) The downpipe connected to the outlet should be designed in accordance with the
provisions of 7.4.3.6.
(7) (a) Ungrated roof outlets shall be designed using the appropriate equation in G.4.1, Annex G.
(b) The capacities of grated outlets are best determined experimentally; if suitable
measurements are not available, the method described in G.4.2., Annex G, shall be used.
(2) Run-off from unpaved areas should be prevented from draining onto paved areas unless
appropriate measure is taken to protect the drainage system from blockage.
(3) Design flow rates from unpaved areas should be calculated as described in 7.4.2.2.
(4) The design of drainage appurtenances for unpaved areas should be made in accordance with
good engineering practice.
(b) the design method of collecting channels and inlets in described in ANNEX H. (Other
methods of design satisfactory to the Building Official are also acceptable.)
(2)
(a) The irregular shape of the areas between buildings will often determine the number of
inlets that are required rather than the permissible area that can be drained to an inlet.
Small paved areas may be drained to central terminal inlets. Larger areas can be split
into panels with central terminal inlets, or may more conveniently be drained by
collecting channels with intermediate and terminal inlets.
(b) The levels of a paved area should be determined in relation to the levels of the
following features:
(c) Water drainage from a paved area should not be allowed to concentrated along the side
of the building.
(f) The drainage system for road entrances and approaches of public roads should be
arranged so as to prevent surface water from flowing across the entrance, either to or
from a public road.
(g) Gradients of paved areas should be designed to permit quick drainage to collecting
channels or inlets.
(3) (a) The general layout of the stormwater drainage system should first be decided and the
total area then split into suitable sub-areas. The design flow from each sub-area is then
calculated as described in 7.4.2.2.
(b) Collecting channels of shallow triangular cross-section have the same longitudinal
slopes and cross falls as the paved surfaces that they drain (see Figure H-2, ANNEX H).
channels with other cross-sectional shapes may, however, be used. The discharge
capacity of a particular channel will normally be limited by the maximum depth of width
of flow that it is convenient to allow. Where pedestrians need to cross collecting
channels, the width of the flow should not exceed 500.0mm. The method of calculating
the capacity of collecting channels is described in H-2, ANNEX H.
(4) (a) Intermediate inlets (kerb inlets or grated inlets (gully-gratings) are generally used
where:
(b) Kerb-inlets generally have a lower capacity than grated inlets of the same length, but
are less liable to damage by vehicles. The design of intermediate inlets is given in
ANNEX H.
(c) Terminal inlets (terminal gullies) are situated at low points in the paved area or
collecting channel. The capacity of a terminal inlet is normally determined by the depth
and area of ponded water that can be permitted at the low point. Such inlets should be
generously sized as they are more likely to cause flooding than intermediate inlets. The
method of determining the capacity terminal inlets is given in H-7, ANNEX H.
7.5 Installation
7.5.1 Gutters
(1) Eaves gutters, especially when fixed on rafter brackets, shall be given a fall to allow from
any settlement and recommended rate of fall is 1 in 350.
(2) Gutters shall be adequately supported so as to prevent sagging and ponding, and care shall
be taken that there is no sideways tilt.
7.5.2 Downpipes
(1) (a) Downpipes may fixed by holderbats, etc, screwed or built-in.
(b) All holderbats should be adequately protected against corrosion.
(c) Downpipes that require painting should be fixed at least 30.0mm clear of the building
structure using spacers or projecting ears.
(d) Materials for fixing should be selected to avoid electrolytic action,
(2) One or more cleaning eyes (cleanouts) for access and rodding should be provided at
appropriate points in horizontal runs of pipe and on long vertical pipes. This is particularly
important at the foot of each down pipe and at changes in direction.
(3) It is essential that downpipes are not encased in concrete columns or structural walls and
it is important that downpipes in castings or ducts are accessible for maintenance and
replacement.
(4) (a) Where there is no alternative to a downpipe discharging on to a lower roof or paved
area, a rainwater shoe should be fitted.
(b) Where downpipes discharge on to lower roof, especially onto a flat roof, it is advisable to
reinforce the covering of the flat roof at the point where the rainwater shoe discharges onto it
because of the excessive localized wear that can occur under such conditions.
(4) The provisions for excavation, bedding and back filling shall be as in Section 6.6
(5) (a) Storm drains shall be joined to each other by means of:
(i) An oblique junction fitting or swept junction at an upstream angle of not greater
than 600, all swept in the direction of flow, except for concrete pipes;
(ii) A storm water pit or an inlet pit.
(b) Where storm water drains on grade and a vertical downpipe connect, the upstream angle
shall not be greater than 600.
7.5.5 Inlets
(1) Inlets shall be installed at intermediate and terminal locations (see 7.4.4.2 (1)) to permit the
entry of storm water to inlet pits.
(2) Inlets bars or gratings shall be designed and installed to withstand external pressures (e.g.
vehicle), and shall be adequately spaced in accordance with good engineering practice.
7.6.1 Inspection
(1) The work should be visually inspected during installation to check compliance with the
specification and design.
(2) On completion of the installation, all aboveground and underground installations should
be inspected to ensure that no obstructions are present.
7.6.2 Testing
(1) (a) Each new, repaired or altered section of an internal gutter and/or internal downpipe,
when plugged and filled with water to the immediate upstream overflow level for not less
than 5.0min, shall be free from leaks.
(b) External downpipes and gutters should be tested as in for the corresponding internal
elements in (a) above where necessary.
7.6.3 Maintenance
(1) (a) Gutters, downpipes and gratings should be inspected and thoroughly cleaned before and
after every rainy season, or more often if the building is in or near dusty area, or is near to
trees, or may be subject to extremes of temperature.
(b) Inlet pits, channels and storm water drains should be inspected and cleaned out regularly.
The frequency of inspection and cleaning will need to be based on local experience. Defects
should be remedied as soon as possible after being noted.
All ferrous metals require protection against corrosion and, if not supplied with an adequate
protective coating, they should be painted.
Section 8
8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
8.1 General
8.1.1 Scope
(a) Efficient collection and disposal of domestic garbage from a building or activity area is of
significant importance to public health and environmental sanitation and, therefore, an
essential part of the construction of the built in environment.
(b) The provisions relating to solid waste management given in 8.2 are applicable to wastes in
general, and specifically exclude the hazardous chemical wastes and bio-medical waste.
8.2.1.1 General
Refuse chute system is a convenient and safe mode of collection of domestic solid wastes from
buildings exceeding 3 storeys. The internal diameter of the chute shall be at least 300 mm. The
access to the refuse chute shall be provided from well ventilated and well illuminated common
corridor or lobby and preferably it should not be located opposite or adjacent to entry of
individual flats or lift.
8.2.1.6 Dumb-Waiter
In high rise buildings with more than 8 storeys, electrically operated dumb-waiters may be used
for carrying domestic garbage in packets or closed containers. For handling of garbage by dumb-
waiters in a building, a garbage chamber shall have to provide either at ground floor or basement
level and the provisions of garbage collection chamber for chute as given in 8.2.2 shall apply.
(d) Initiation of composting pits shall be done by providing a 75 mm thick layer of cow dung
(fresh or partially decomposed) spreading 1 kg of vermin-compost and covering it with 75
mm to 100 mm thick layer of dry leaves/grass, etc and sprinkling of water and allowing to
decompose naturally for about 10 to 15 days.
(e) Sorted garbage free from inert and toxic matters shall be applied in the composting pit in
layers of 75 mm and spread, and covered with a layer of 75 mm thick dry leaves followed by
sprinkling of water.
(f) The compost may be removed from the bottom of the compost pit after intervals of 3 to 6
months. The compost so made may be used in appropriate horticultural and related
applications.
8.3.1 Purpose
Refuse chute system is provided in multistoried buildings for transporting and collecting in a
sanitary way the refuse from floors at different heights. The refuse is received from the
successive floor through the inlets located on the vertical system of pipes that convey refuse
through it and discharge it into the collecting chamber from where the refuse is cleared at
suitable intervals.
8.3.2 Components
This system has got three functionally important components, namely, the chutes, the inlet
hopper and the collection chamber.
(a)The chute may be carried through service shafts meant for carrying drainage pipes. However,
the location shall be mostly determined by the position of the inlet hopper and the collecting
chamber that is most convenient for the user. It should also be considered to locate the chute
away from living rooms in order to avoid noise and smell nuisance.
(b) In individual chute system, the inlet hopper shall be located in the passage near the kitchen
and in the common chute system towards the end of the common passage. Natural ventilation
should be adequate to prevent any possible odor nuisance. There should be adequate lighting
at this location. For ground floor (floor 1), the inlet hopper may be placed at a higher level
and a flight of steps maybe provided for using the same.
(c)The collection chamber shall be situated at ground level.
8.3.3 Requirements
Requirements in regard to the design and construction of refuse chute system shall be in
accordance with good practice (See Annex I).
ANNEXES
ANNEX A
(a) I/We request that one connection be granted for the whole of the premises.
(b) I/We request that separate connections may be granted for each floor and I/we undertake
to pay the cost of the separate connections.
(c) My/Our probable requirements for trade purpose are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liters per day
and for domestic purposes are . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...liters per day.
(d) Our existing supply is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..liters per day. Our additional requirement
of supply is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..liters per day.
(e) The details as regards proposed additions and alterations in fittings are as follows:
......................................................................
......................................................................
NOTES
1 Please strike out whatever is not applicable.
2 The application should be signed by the owner of the premises or his constituted attorney and
shall be countersigned by the licensed plumber.
* Insert here the name of the Authority.
EBCS-9 2013 Plumbing Services of Buildings
213
Annex
ANNEX B
Form for Licenced Plumbers Completion Certificate
Certified that I/we have completed the plumbing work of water connection No .................. for
the premises as detailed below. This may be inspected and connection given.
City.......................Sub-City ...........................District.House No.
Existing water connection No. (if any) ......................................................................................
Owned by: ...................................................................
Owners address: ....................................................................................
....................................................................................
Applicants full name: .......................................................
Dated .....................................
Address ............................................................................................................................................
Situation ...........................................................................................................................................
Size of main ..................................on .........................
Street..........................................................................
Where main is situated ...............................................
Size of service pipe ..........................................................................
Size of ferrule ..........................................................................
No. of taps ................................................... No. of closets....................................................
No. of other fittings and appliances ........................................................................
Road cutting and repairing fee ..........................................................................
ANNEX C
Application for Drainage of Premises
NOTE The application should be signed by the owner of the premises and shall be
countersigned by the licensed plumber.
* Insert the name of the Authority.
ANNEX D
Form for Detailed Description of Work and Specification of Material
1) Separation of rain-water and foul water ...... ......................................................................
2) Rain-water drains, curbs and points of discharge ......................................................
3) Rain-water gutters, pipes or spouts where discharging ...................................................
4) Open-full-water drains, materials, sizes, curbs and other means places, verandahs, latrines
5) Silt-catcher and grating, size and position ... ..................................................................
6) Drains ...........................................................
a) Main sewage drains: Fall ......................
Size ......................
b) Branch drains: Fall ......................
Size ......................
c) Materials.....................................................
d) Method of jointing......................................
7) Bedding of pipes:
a) Method of bedding ..................................
b) Thickness and width of beds of concrete.
c) Thickness of concrete round pipes ..........................................................................
8) Protection of drain laid under wall ....................................................................................
9) Traps description and interceptor:
a) Lavatory waste pipes ..............................
b) Bath waste pipes .....................................
c) Sink .........................................................
d) Gully-traps ..............................................
e) Water-closet traps ..................................
f) Grease traps ............................................
g) Slope sink ................................................
h) Urinal .....................................................
i) Others .....................................................`
10) Manholes and inspection chambers:
a) Thickness of walls .................................
b) Description of bricks .............................
c) Description of rendering ........................
d) Description of invert channels ...............
e) Depth of chambers .................................
f) Size and description of cover and manner of fixing ................................................
11) Ventilation of drain:
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c) Distance of nearest manhole on sewer from the point at which the drain leaves the
premises .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .
ANNEX E
Certified that I/we have completed the plumbing work of drainage and sanitation system for the
premises as detailed below. This may be inspected, approved and connection given.
City .........................................Sub-City..District.House No.
Details of work:
.......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Certified that the plumbing work of drainage and sanitation system for the premises, have been
laid, applied, executed in accordance with EBCS-9: Plumbing Services of Buildings.
Drainage connection to the main sewer will be made on .................................................................
Date ..........................
The Authority
........................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
ANNEX F
Percolation Test
To determine the area of land required (for subsoil infiltration of septic tank effluent) a
percolation test is essential. The following method should be adopted for this purpose.
Excavate a hole 300.0mm square to a depth 250.0mm below the proposed invert level of the land
drain. Where deep drains are necessary, the hole should conform to this shape at the bottom but
may be enlarged above the 250.0mm level to enable safe excavation to be carried out. Fill the
300mm square section of the hole to a depth of at least 250.0mm with water and allow it to seep
away overnight. Next day, refill the test section with water to a depth of at least 250.0mm and
observe the time, in seconds, for the water to seep away completely.
Divide this by the depth in millimeters of water placed in the hole. The result gives the average
time required for the water to drop 1.0mm. The test should not be taken during abnormal
conditions such as heavy rain and severe drought. Carry out the test at least three times and take
the average.
Where deep excavations are necessary, a modified test procedure may be adopted using a
300.0mm earth auger. Bore the test hole vertically to the appropriate depth taking care to remove
all loose debris.
Make water level observation referring to fixed datum using a dip stick or some suitable
alternative water-level indicator.
The value found in this way is called the percolation value of the soil (vp in seconds) and can be
used to determine the area of drainage trench floors (walls) required to disperse effluents.
If the percolation value exceeds 140.0s, the soil is not suitable for drain fields. From 140.0s to
100.0s (about 10.0hr to 7.0hr to fall 250.0mm), underdrains are desirable.
ANNEX G
Supplementary Design Method for Roof Drainage
If a lever gutter discharges freely, the depth of flow at the downstream end is equal to the critical
depth c. (see 7.4.3.4(4), Section 7. The relationship between discharge, Q (in l/s, and the critical
depth is given by the equation.
Q = 9.90x10-5 (G-1)
Where
Ac is the cross sectional area (in mm2) corresponding to the critical depth c
Ac is the width (in mm) corresponding to the critical depth c
Flow conditions at the downstream end of a gutter can be expressed in terms of dimensionless
Froude Number, Fo, defined by the equation;
F0 = 1.010X105 (G-2)
Where
Ao is the cross-sectional area (in mm2) corresponding to the depth o at the outlet (calculated
from G.4);
Bo is the surface width of flow (in mm) corresponding to the depth c at the outlet (calculated
from G.4).
If Fo < 1, the depth c is greater than the critical depth c and the discharge of the gutter is
restricted.
To find the depth of flow c at the upstream and of the gutter, calculate F0 from Equation G-2,
calculated Bs/Bo (where Bs is the sole width of the gutter) and use Figure G-1 to find the value of
u/o from which u can be determined.
Flow resistance causes the depth of flow at the upstream end of the gutter to be somewhat greater
than the value of u calculated in G.1 and G.2. As an approximate guide, the increase in the
upstream depth of flow due to friction will be less than 5% if the length of the gutter is less than
50 times its upstream water depth. The increase in water depth can be estimated as follows:
a) Calculate the Froude number Fo, from Equation 2 at the downstream end of the gutter. If Fo
1, the gutter discharges freely; if Fo<1, the discharge is restricted.
b) Calculate the value of the ratio of Lg/d, where Lg is the length of the gutter (measured from
the outlet to the point at which the maximum depth of flow occurs), and Yd is the depth of
flow at the downstream end.
c) Estimate from Figure G-2 the percentage increases x, in the upstream depth of flow. The
depth Yuf at the upstream end taking into account the effect of friction is given by the
equation:
Yuf = Yu (G-3)
The effect of resistance can be neglected if the value of x is found to be less than 5%.
The curves in Figure G-2 are based on a Manning roughness coefficient of n=0.015 in small
gutters and n = 0.20 in large gutters.
Figure G.1 Design chart for trapezoidal gutters with restricted discharge
Where,
Qi is the total flow (in l/s) entering the outlet;
D is the effective diameter of the outlet (in mm);
h is t he head (in mm) above the top of the outlet.
The effective diameter, D, for a sharp-edged outlet is equal to the top diameter , Do (see Figure
7.7, Section 7); for a round-edged outlet of the types shown in figure 7.7, D= 0.9Do; for a
tapered outlet of the type shown in Figure 7.7, D =Do.
The behavior of rectangular outlets is similar to that of circular outlets. If the flow at a sharp-
edged outlet is of weir type:
Qi = (G-6)
Qi = (G-7)
Where,
Lw is the length of the perimeter (in mm) along which flow enter the outlet;
A A transition from weir-type to orificial type for occurs when the head exceeds the value of
h = 2Ai/Lw
The capacities of grated for box receivers and flat roofs are best determined experimentally.
Where measurements are not available, their capacity may be determined from Equations (G-6)
and (G-7. If the outlet acts as a weir, the required value of Lw in Equation (G-6) is the total length
of the openings measured around the perimeter of the outlet. If the outlet acts as an orifice, the
value of Ai in Equation (G-7) is the total area of the openings that are submerged by the flow;
and h is the depth of water above the level of the openings.
Flow at an outlet in the sole of a gutter may be either of a weir-type or of orifice-type. The
capacity of an outlet in the sole of a gutter can be calculated from the equations for outlets in
box-receivers (see G.4.1).
In order to determine whether a gutter will discharge freely, it is necessary to compare the head,
h, at the outlet with the corresponding value of critical depth, Yc, in the gutter (found from
7.4.3.4). If an outlet receives unequal flows from two or more direction, it is necessary to
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Annex
calculate separate values of critical depth for each length of gutter. If the head at the outlet, h,
less than the critical depth Yc, the length of gutter will discharge freely; if h is greater than Yc,
the discharge of the gutter will be restricted, and the depth of the flow at the downstream end of
the gutter, Yo, will be equal to the value of h (see G.2).
Flow conditions at outlets in gutters are complex, and the above procedure contain several
simplifying assumptions. More economic design may result from the use of experimental
measurements or a more accurate method of calculation.
ANNEX H
The spacing of inlets depends upon two separate quantities the capacity of the collecting channel
and the capacity of the inlet.
The capacity of a collecting channel is calculated using the Manning equation, Equation (H-1).
The capacity of the inlet is calculated using a semi-theoretical method which relates its capacity
to its geometry and is supported by a large number of experimental measurements.
The depth of flow in the channel is assumed to be controlled by its hydraulic resistance, and the
Manning equation is used to relate the depth of flow, Y, to discharge, Q. For a channel of
arbitrary cross-sectional shape, the Manning equation is:
Q = x (H-1)
Where
For channels of shallow triangular cross section, Equation (H-1 may be approximated by:
C is called a channel criterion and is constant for a particular channel since it only depends upon
the geometry and roughness of the channel. The factor 3.0x106 assumes that Q is in litres per
second and Y in millimeters. The quantity b is the effective side shape of the triangular channel
and is defined in Figure H-1. Values of Mannings n for channels with different surfaces are
given in Table H-1.
E = 1.010x104 (H-4)
Where E and Y are in millimeter and Q is in litres per second; Y is the depth of flow in the
channel just upstream of the inlet.
Combining Equation (H-2) and (H-4) gives for channels of triangular cross-section the equation:
In order to intercept all the flow in a collecting channel, a kerb-inlet should have a length Li of
clear opening given by the equation:
L1= K1 E (H-6)
Where E is the value of the inlet criterion given by Equation (H-5). Any struts or bars should be
placed so as not to obstruct the flow. K1 is a factor that varies with the effective cross-final of the
collecting channel; the following values of K1 have been determined experimentally:
Values of K1 for 12>b>24 should be interpolated linearly. If the actual length, L, of the inlet is
less than L1, then it will only intercept part of the flow in the collecting channel. The blow that
by passes the inlet, q, can be expressed as a proportion, p, of the total flow approaching the inlet
and if given by the equation:
P =1- (H-7)
H.4.1 General
Grated inlets should be installed in collecting channels as closed as possible to the kerb. Figure
H-2 shows the general case of flow to a rectangular grated inlets set in collecting channel of
triangular cross-section. Flow can by-pass an inlet in the following ways:
(a) Between the kerb and the slots of the grating (the carry-by flow, q1);
(b) Over the grating, by water passing over the bars (the carry-over flow,q2);
(c) Around the grating, by water flowing around the outside edge of the grating (the carry-past flow,
q3).
H.4.2 Carry-by-flow
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The flow between the kerb and the first slot (or slots) of the grating, q1, can be expressed as a
proportion, P1, of the total flow approaching the inlet, experiments show that:
P1 = = (H-8)
Where:
d is the width of the gup (inmm) between the kerb and the first slot;
L is the length of the grating (in mm) measured along the kerb (see Figure H-2);
Y is the depth of flow (in mm) in the collecting channel.
The value of P1 will often be small enough to be neglected when determining the spacing of
inlets.
H.4.3 Carry-overflow
The length of grating, L2, required to prevent any flow passing over the bars is related to the
inlet criterion, E, by the equation:
L1 = K2 (H-9)
Where b is the cross-fall of the channel and, k2 is a constant that depends upon the design of the
grating. For a grating with bars parallel to the kerb and with transverse bars at quarter points, k2
= 16. For heavy duty gratings with bars set at 450 to the kerb K2 =24 (see Figure H-2). For a
grating with transverse bars a value of K2= 24 can also be taken. If the actual length of the
grating, L1, is less than L2, some flow , q2, will pass over the bars. If this flow is expressed as a
proportion, P2, of the total flow approaching the inlet, it is found that:
P2 = = (H-10)
The length of grating, L3, required to prevent flow by passing the grating around its outer edge is
given by the equation.
= 2.4 E (H-11)
Where
B is the width of flow (in mm) in the collecting channel upstream if the inlet;
Wp is the distance (in mm) from the kerb to the outer edge of the grating (see Figure H-2)
If the actual length, L, of the grating is less than L3, some flow, q3, will pass around the inlet. If
this flow is expressed as a proportion, P3, of the total flow approaching the inlet, experiments
show that:
= (H-12)
A combined inlet consists of a grated inlet and an adjacent kerb inlet having the same length as
the grated inlet. This type of inlet is less susceptible to blockage than either the grated inlet or the
kerb inlet used separately; but its capacity will normally be only slightly greater than that of the
grated inlet.
The method of calculating the capacity of a combined inlet is similar to that for a gully-grating
(see H.4) apart from the following changes:
(a) Carry-by flow: The value of the constant in Equation (H-8) should be change from 24 to 16;
(b) Carry-overflow: The appropriate value of the constant K2 in Equation (H-9) should reduced
by 10%.
Terminal inlets should be located at the down-stream ends of collecting channels and at low
points in the paved area. Such inlets should be designed in the same way as grated inlets in roofs.
H.8.1 General
The determination of the spacing of inlets should begin at the upstream end of the system and
proceed in the downstream direction. The following factors may affect the spacing of inlets:
(a) Limitations on the maximum width and the maximum depth of flow in the collection
channel.
(b) Limitation on the amount of by-passing, if any, to be permitted at each inlet.
(c) The likelihood of blockage of the inlet and the frequency of clearing.
The capacity of an inlet can be increased if some flow is allowed to by-pass the inlet and
continue to an inlet further downstream. The increase in capacity can be significant in the case of
kerb-inlets, which have a relatively low efficiency in steep channels. The total proportion of flow
by-passing an inlet should not normally exceed one-fifth of the flow approaching the inlet.
The following design data are required: the slop, s, and the effective side slope, b, of the
collecting channel, the relevant dimensions of the inlet L, Wp, and (see Figure H-2), the design
rainfall intensity, I, the flow (if any) by passing the upstream inlet, q, the maximum width of
flow, B, or the maximum depth, Y.
(a) Calculate the value of the channel criterion C from Equation (H-3), using the appropriate
value of Mannings n from Table H-1.
(b) If the maximum width of flow, B, is specified, calculate the corresponding maximum depth
Y=B/b.
(c) Determine the discharge, Q, corresponding to the valves of C and Y using Equation (H-2),
then calculate the value of the inlet criterion, E, using Equation (H-5).
(e) If the proportion of flow by-passing is acceptable, calculate the area (in m2) that can be
drained, Ap, using equation.
Ap = 3600 (H-13)
Where I is in millimeters per hour, the equation assumes that the area Ap is impermeable,
(f) If the proportion of by-passing is excessive, reduce the maximum depth of flow or change
the size of the inlet; then repeat steps (a) to (e).
ANNEX I
1. CHUTES
1.1 Num.ber of Chutes-The number of chutes depends upon the convenience to the user and the
quantity of refuse to be handled between two subsequent clearings. Annex J gives the method of
calculation of quantity of refuse from residential buildings.
1.2 Individual or Combined System--In continuation to 1.1, if the chute system is designed as
individual system, where each flat is served by an independent hopper, it will be to the utmost
convenience to the user. However, a common hopper may be provided in each floor for each
chute whose number is further decided by the quantity of refuse to be handled.
1.3 Material of Construction - Chutes may be constructed out of asbestos cement or R.c.c. pipe
with smooth inside finish.
1.4. Diameter of the Pipe-Chutes shall be of a minimum internal diameter of 38 cm in order to
avoid any chokage inside the chute and to enable provision of a choke-free inlet hopper
connection.
1.5 Finish - The inside surface of the chute should be finished as smoothly as possible so as not
to allow any sticking of refuse particle that may cause choking eventually. .
1.6 Location-The chute may be carried through service shafts meant for carrying drainage pipes.
However, the location shall be mostly determined by the position of inlet hopper and the
collecting chamber that is most convenient for the user. It should also be considered to locate the
chute away from living rooms in order to avoid noise and smell nuisance.
1.7 Construction-The chute pipes should be assembled vertically and properly clamped to the
wall. The joints should be of cement mortar and the chute may be squarely embedded into the
surrounding walls. A section through a typical chute installation is given in Fig.8.1.
1.8 Ventilation - The upper end' of the chute, that is, beyond the uppermost floor should be
provided with a ventilation pipe to the full bore which should rise 2 to 25 m above the roof or
terrace of the building. An umbrella type cowl with wire mesh at the top will be helpful to
prevent rainfall and, other external objects of nuisance potential. For high rise buildings
mechanical ventilation of the exhaust type is recommended.
1.9.1 Access-Each chute pipe should be provided with an access door at intervals not greater than
every third floor.
1.9.2 Wrapping of Refuse-To help preventing spillage and blockage, the residents should be
encouraged to wrap their refuse.
1.9.3 Flushing of Chute- Y-connection at terrace level may preferably be provided in order to
direct a. water hose for cleaning purposes, if needed.
2. Inlet Hopper
2.1 Location - In individual chute system, the inlet hopper shall be located in the passage near
the kitchen and in the common chute system towards the end of the common passage. Natural
ventilation should be adequate to prevent any possible odour nuisance. There should be adequate
lighting at this location. For ground floor flats the inlet hoppers may be placed at a higher level
and a flight of steps may be provided for using the same.
2.2 Design and Construction-Hopper shall be constructed such that there should be mii1imum
escape of odour or any other vapour when the hopper door is kept open or closed that the inside
portion of the hopper does not lodge any refuse while projecting it into the chute. The door
and the frame should be fire-resistant. A typical construction of an inlet hopper is given in Fig.
8.2.
2.2.1 Size of the Mouth and Throat - The mouth shall have a maximum size of 25 cm height and
36 cm width. The throat should not be less than the size of the mouth. The diagonal of the mouth
should not be larger than the chute size.
2.2.2 Height of the Hopper-The hopper should be constructed at a height of 75 cm measured
from the floor level to the lower edge of the inlet opening.
2.2.3 Inner Surface - The interior of the hopper should slope towards the main chute at an angle
not less than 45 to the horizontal preferably 60 for better performance. This portion may be
specially built or may be had by providing a suitable Y-connection. If built specially, the
inside finish should be as smooth as possible. If provided by the use of Y-connection, it may be
of asbestos cement or cast iron or cement concrete pipe.
2.2.4 Door, Head, Frame and Receiving Unit - These should be of mild steel, cast iron or
aluminum adequately protected against corrosion. The door should be designed to be self-
closing, to have a latch for closing it securely after use and to have a rubber gasket in between
the door and the frame for ensuring gas tightness and minimizing noise. The receiving plate
should be fitted with two retaining side plates to prevent spillage (see Fig. 8.2).
2.2.5 Counterbalance of Door-The door when not in use, should fly back to its closed position
and be firmly closed,
2.2.6 Hinge - The hinge shall be such as to satisfy the requirements in 2.2. It should not have
sharp edges to harm the user. It should be fitted such that the door' can be taken out for
maintenance.
2.2.7 Handle-There should be a handle fixed properly to the door for operating the hopper door.
3. COLLECTION CHAMBER
3.3 Construction-The walls and roof of the chamber shall be constructed of brick masonry or any
non-combustible material. The door should be of steel or any fire resistant material. The door
fitting should be properly done with the provision of rebate and reveals in the opening
so as ,not to allow any gas or fume to escape. The inner surface of the walls, the floor and the
ceiling should be plastered with Cement mortar in, order to provide a smooth finish. Preferably
the chamber may be lined with glazed tiles for better cleaning and up keeping. The junctions of
the walls with each other and with the floor shall be smoothly rounded off to
prevent lodging of dust and refuse.
3.4 Cleaning and Maintenance-Provision of water tap in the vicinity and drainage facility with a
trapped gully shall be made in order to arrange for periodic cleaning of the chamber.
3.5 Shutter-There should be a cut-off plate or shutter at the chute bottom in order to close off the
chute at the time of handling refuse in the chamber or while cleaning. The shutter shall be made
of sheet iron sliding horizontally inside angle-iron rebates. These should be made non-corrodible
with proper painting.
3.6 Lighting- Adequate artificial light should ,be provided in the chamber with its control
switch located on the outside wall near entrance.
3.7 Access - There shall be easy access to the chamber for the cleaners and refuse collectors.
There should be a well paved pathway leading to the collection chamber from the nearest road in
order-to facilitate easy transport of refuse at site,
ANNEX J
Method of Calculation of Total Refuse and Guidelines for Determining
Number of Chutes and Size of Collection Chamber
Example:
To consider a multistoried building of20 flats with 2 flats per floor
Refuse/flat: 0.027 rn/day.
a) No. of Chutes
Assuming that individual hopper system will be convenient to the residents, the number of
chutes will be two.
To provide for irregularity in municipal refuse cleaning service, collection chamber be designed
to accommodate 2 days refuse.
ANNEX K
WHO Drinking Water Quality Guideline Values for Chemicals that have
Health Significance
Table K-1 Guideline values for naturally occurring chemicals that are of health significance
in drinking-water
Table K-2 Guideline values for chemicals from industrial sources and human dwellings that
are of health significance in drinking water
Table K-3 Guideline values for chemicals from agricultural activities that are of health
significance in drinking-water
Table K-4 Guideline values for chemicals used in water treatment or materials in contact
with drinking-water that are of health significance in drinking-water
ANNEX L
Symbols