4-Stroke Final Report

RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
SEMINAR REPORT
On
FOUR STROKE ENGINE

BY
Mumtaz Gaus
ROLL NO. 1403340125
Department of Mechanical Engineering

RKGIT COLLEGE
GHAZIABAD
SESSION- 2016-2017
PREFACE
I m presenting a project file on the topic FOUR STROKE

ENGINE . In this project i have tried to give all the important
things about my project.
This project contains knowledge about FOUR STROKE

ENGINE . I have given information in this project by
consulting books and useful websites.
I have tried my best to avoid mistakes. If there is minute

mistake please avoid it.
Thanks.....
MUMTAZ GAUS
M. E . 3RD YEAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would

not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals and R.K.G.I.T . I would like
to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Mr DEEPAK JHA for his
guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project
& also for their support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my

parents & my friends for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this
project.
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
1.INTRODUCTION.
2.CLASSIFICATION OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE
3.WORKING OF ENGINE.
4.PARTS OF ENGINE.
5.APPLICATION.
6.REFERENCE.
INTRODUCTION
Internal combustion engines are seen every day in automobiles,
trucks, and buses. The name internal combustion refers also to gas
turbines except that the name is usually applied to reciprocating
internal combustion (I.C.) engines like the ones found in everyday
automobiles. There are basically two types of I.C. ignition engines,
those which need a spark plug, and those that rely on compression
of a uid. Spark ignition engines take a mixture of fuel and air,
compress it, and ignite it using a spark plug. Figure 1.1 shows a
piston and some of its basic components. The name `reciprocating'
is given because of the motion that the crank mechanism goes
through. The piston-
cylinder engine is basically a crank-slider mechanism, where the
slider is the piston in this case. The piston is moved up and down by
the rotary motion of the two arms or links. The crankshaft rotates
which makes the two links rotate. The piston is encapsulated within
a combustion chamber. The bore is the diameter of the chamber. The
valves on top represent induction and exhaust valves necessary for
the intake of an air-fuel mixture and exhaust of chamber residuals.
In a spark ignition engine a spark plug is required to transfer an
electrical discharge to ignite the mixture. In compression ignition
engines the mixture ignites at high temperatures and pressures. The
lowest point where the piston reaches is called bottom dead center.
The highest point where the piston reaches is called top dead center.
The ratio of bottom dead center to top dead center is called the
compression ratio. The compres-sion ratio is very important in many
aspects of both compression and spark ignition engines, by de_ning
the e_ciency of engines.
CLASSIFICATION
-FOUR STROKE PETROLE ENGINE
-FOUR STROKE DESILE ENGINE
1-Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

The cycle of operation in a four stroke petrol engine is completed in two
revolutions of crank shaft or four strokes of piston. Stroke is defined as the
distance traveled by the piston from one of the dead centers to the other dead
centre. It is also equal to two times the crank radius. Hence in a four stroke
engine work is obtained only during one stroke out of the four strokes of the
piston required to complete one cycle.
This engine works on Otto or constant volume cycle.
1. Suction stroke: To start with the piston is at or very near T.D.C. and the
inlet valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. As the piston moves from
T.D.C. to B.D.C. rarefaction is formed in the cylinder which causes the
charge to rush in and fill the space vacated by the piston. The charge consists
of a mixture of air and petrol prepared by the carburetor. The admission of
charge inside the engine cylinder continues until the inlet valve closes at
B.D.C.
2. Compression stroke: Both the valves are closed and the piston moves from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. The charge is compressed up to a compression ratio of 5:1
to 9:1 and pressure and temperature at the end of compression are about 6 to
12 bar and 250 C to 300 C respectively.
3. Working, Power or Expansion stroke: When the piston reaches T.D.C.
position, or just at the end of compression stroke, the charge is ignited by
causing an electric spark between the electrodes of a spark plug, which is
located some where in the walls of cylinder head. During combustion the
chemical energy of fuel is released and there is rise in temperature and
pressure of gases. The temperature of gases increases to about 1800 C to
2000 C and the pressure reaches 30 to 40 bar. Up till now the volume of
gases formed however remains almost constant with both valves closed.
Now the combustion products expand and push the piston down the cylinder.
The reciprocating piston motion is converted into rotary motion of
crankshaft by a connecting rod and crank. During expansion the pressure
drops due to increase in the volume of gases and absorption of heat by
cylinder walls.
4. Exhaust stroke: Theoretically exhaust valve opens at the end of working
stroke when the piston is at B.D.C. position. But actually exhaust valve
begins to open when about 85 % of the working stroke is completed. A
pressure of 4 to 5 bar at this instant forces about 60 % of the burnt gases into
the exhaust manifold at high speed. The remaining burnt gases are cleared
off the swept volume when the piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. During
this stroke the pressure in side the cylinder is slightly above the atmospheric
value. Some of the burnt gases are however left in the clearance space. The
exhaust valve closes shortly after the piston reaches T.D.C. The inlet valve
opens slightly before the end of exhaust stroke and the cycle repeats.
2-Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

The cycle of operation in a four stroke diesel engine is completed in two
revolutions of crankshaft or four strokes of piston using diesel oil as fuel.
This engine works on diesel cycle.
1. Suction Stroke: Starting of engine is done by an electric motor or
manually. In both cases the energy is supplied to the engine. In this stroke
the inlet valve opens and the outlet valve remains closed. Piston moves from
T.D.C. to B.D.C. and in this way a vacuum is created in the cylinder. This
vacuum is filled by air alone and piston reaches to B.D.C.
2. Compression Stroke: Both valves are closed. This time piston moves from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. Air is compressed in this stroke up to a compression ratio
of 15:1 to 22:1 and a very high temperature is produced due to high pressure.
The high temperature is the only cause of combustion of the fuel. The piston
takes the power in this stroke from the flywheel. During this stroke the
pressure and temperature attain a high value of 40 to 60 bar and 600 C to
700 C.
3. Working Stroke: At the end of compression stroke or when the piston
reaches the T.D.C. position, a fine spray of diesel is injected in the cylinder
through injector. The fuel burns by the heat of compressed air and due to its
burning the power is produced. This power pushes the piston downward i.e.
from T.D.C. to B.D.C. The excess energy of the piston is stored in the
flywheel of the engine, which is further used for the remaining three strokes
of the engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into the
rotary motion of the crankshaft by connecting rod and crank. During
expansion the pressure drops due to increase in volume of gases and
absorption of heat by cylinder walls.
4. Exhaust Stroke: The exhaust valve begins to open when about 85% of the
working stroke is completed. The force of piston coming from B.D.C. to
T.D.C. forces the burnt gases into the exhaust manifold. Some of the gases
are forced out due to higher pressure in the cylinder and the remaining gases
are forced out by the piston. Some of the burnt gases are however left inside
the clearance space. The exhaust valve closes shortly after T.D.C.
PARTS OF ENGINE
1.Piston is a component of reciprocating engines, gas compressors.It is a
moving component that is connected by a cylinder and is made tight by gas-
tight and rings.
2.Connectin rod The connecting rod transmits the piston load to the
crank .Thus it converts reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion
of crankshaft
3.valves A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a

fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.
5.camshaft The crankshaft is attached to the connecting rod in offset

areas called throws where the downward power pulses change into rotating
motion.
6.Cylinder head Its main purpose is to seal the working ends of the
cylinders and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valve
engines.
6.Cylinder:
It contains gas under pressure and guides the piston.
It is in direct contact with the products of combustion and it must be
cooled.
Application
Now that you understand the basics of four-stroke engines,

Four stroke engines are used in Bus,Car,Truck,Moter Cycle,scooter etc.
Now-a-days four strokes engine plays an important role in mechanical field
New techniques are adopted by engineers.
REFERENCE
www.icengine.org
www.wikipedia.com
www.mmsonline.com
www.aws.org

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RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF

FOUR STROKE ENGINE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

I m presenting a project file on the topic FOUR STROKE

This project contains knowledge about FOUR STROKE

I have tried my best to avoid mistakes. If there is minute

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would

I would like to express my gratitude towards my

1-Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

2-Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

3.valves A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a

5.camshaft The crankshaft is attached to the connecting rod in offset

Now that you understand the basics of four-stroke engines,

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