Botany : Entrance Exam Study

Material
BIODIVERSITY
-:- Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Click Here
-:- Two Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here

-:- The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here

-:- Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Click Here

-:- Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Click Here

-:- Classification of virus - Click Here

-:- Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Click Here

-:- Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS

Virion - Click Here

-:- A new disease called SARS Virion - Click Here

-:- Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Click Here

-:- Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement -

Click Here
-:- Flagellation in Bacteria - Click Here

-:- Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Click Here

-:- Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Click Here

-:- Reproduction of Bacteria - Click Here

-:- Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings -

 Click Here
-:- Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Click Here

-:- Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition,

Saprotrophs - Click Here

-:- Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Click Here

-:- Fungi Symbiosis - Click Here

-:- Classification of Fungi - Click Here

-:- Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of

fungi - Click Here

-:- Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Click

Here
-:- Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus

organization - Click Here

-:- Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Click Here

-:- Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Click Here

-:- Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Click

Here
-:- Classification of Algea - Click Here

-:- Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry,

space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Click Here

-:- Harmful effects of Algae - Click Here

-:- Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Click Here

-:- Algea : Reproduction - Click Here

-:- Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes -

Click Here
-:- Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Click Here
-:- Classification of Bryophyta - Click Here
-:- Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Click Here

-:- Reproduction of Riccia - Click Here

-:- Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Click Here

-:- Life cycle of Riccia - Click Here

-:- Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance -

Click Here
-:- Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here

-:- Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Click Here

-:- Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Click Here

-:- Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Click Here

-:- Classification and Characteristic of

Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Click Here

-:- Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms -

Click Here
-:- Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here

-:- Anatomy of Cycas - Click Here

-:- Cycas - Reproduction - Click Here

CELL BIOLOGY
-:- A brief history about the discovery of cells - Click Here
-:- Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And

Animal cell - Click Here

-:- Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory -
 Click Here
-:- prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Click

Here
-:- Eukaryotes - Click Here

-:- Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells)

- Click Here
-:- Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM -

Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron

Microscope ) - Click Here
-:- Formation of the cell wall - Click Here

-:- Structure of the cell wall - Click Here

-:- Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Click Here

-:- Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model,

Lipids, Proteins - Click Here

-:- Functions of plasma membrane - Click Here

-:- Cell Membrane Transport - Click Here

-:- List of Plant Cell Organelles - Click Here

-:- Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Click

Here
-:- Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Click Here

-:- Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts -

Click Here
-:- Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Click Here

-:- Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis

- Click Here
-:- Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase
3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Click Here
-:- Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase and Telophase - Click Here

PLANT MORPHOLOGY
-:- Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes -
Click Here
-:- Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General

Characteristic features of the root -Click Here

-:- Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Click Here

-:- Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Click Here

-:- Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Click Here

-:- Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial

modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Click Here

-:- Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Click Here

-:- Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately -

Click Here
-:- Leaf Modification - Click Here

-:- Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types -

Click Here
-:- FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that

flower is a modified shoot -Click Here

-:- Description of a flower - Click Here

-:- Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal,

Superficial Placentation - Click Here

-:- Androecium And Gynoecium - Click Here
-:- Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Click Here

-:- Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla

- Click Here
-:- Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Click Here

-:- The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle,

Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Click Here

-:- Parts of a flower - Click Here

-:- Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Click Here

-:- Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe,

Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Click Here

-:- Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent

- Click Here
-:- aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Click Here

-:- Structure and Types of Seed - Click Here

-:- Structure of gram seed - Click Here

-:- Structure of Maize Grain - Click Here

GENETICS
-:- GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Click Here
-:- Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Click Here

-:- Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Click Here

-:- Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Click Here

-:- Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Click Here

 Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's
-:-

Laws of Inheritance - Click Here

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Cell as a Physiological Unit - Click Here
-:- Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature -

Click Here
-:- Cell - Water Relations - Click Here

-:- Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Click

Here
-:- Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Click Here

-:- Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Click Here

-:- Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Click Here

-:- Water Transport in Plant - Click Here

-:- Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Click Here

-:- Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Click Here

-:- Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and

Closing - Click Here

-:- Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Click Here

-:- Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Click Here

-:- Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics -

Click Here
-:- Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Click

Here
-:- Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral
Elements - Click Here
-:- Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and

Active Absorption - Click Here

-:- Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Click Here

-:- Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Click Here

-:- Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature -

Click Here
-:- Geotropism - Click Here

-:- Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Click Here

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY
-:- Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Click
Here
-:- Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem,

Leaves - Click Here

-:- Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Click Here

-:- Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting

- Click Here
-:- Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Click Here

-:- Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2.

geitonogamy - Click Here

-:- Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction

- Click Here
-:- Development of male and female gametophyte - Click Here

-:- Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll,

Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Click Here
-:- Types of Plant Ovule - Click Here

-:- Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Click Here

-:- Development of dicot embryo - Click Here

-:- Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Click Here

-:- Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Click Here

-:- Process of seed germination - Click Here

-:- Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination,

Vivipary - Click Here

-:- Factors necessary for seed gamination - Click Here

-:- Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Click Here

-:- senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence -

Click Here

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
-:- Organisms and their Environment - Click Here
-:- Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Click Here

-:- Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Click Here

-:- Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic -

Click Here
-:- Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative

Interactions - Click Here

-:- Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Click Here

-:- Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes -

Click Here
-:- Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Click Here
-:- Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of

Xerophytes - Click Here

-:- Mesophytes - Click Here

-:- natural resources and Types of natural resources - Click Here

-:- Sources of Energy resources - Click Here

-:- Conservation of Energy - Click Here

-:- Forest Resources - Click Here

-:- Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Click Here

-:- Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater -

Click Here

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
-:- TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification -
Click Here
-:- Biosystematics nomenclature - Click Here

-:- Binomial nomenclature - Click Here

-:- Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Click Here

-:- Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae,

Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Click Here

-:- Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of

plants - Click Here

-:- DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Click

Here
-:- Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Click Here
-:- FABACEAE - the bean family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Click

Here
-:- RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora

coccinea - Click Here

-:- ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax

procumbens - Click Here

-:- SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal

- Click Here
-:- EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus

communis - Click Here

-:- MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Click

Here
-:- Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa

paradisiaca - Click Here

-:- ARECACEAE - the palm family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos

nucifera - Click Here

PLANT ANATOMY
-:- Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Click
Here
-:- Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue -

Click Here
-:- Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and

sclerenchyma - Click Here

-:- Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Click

Here
-:- Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma,

Phloem fibres - Click Here

-:- Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Click Here

-:- Vascular tissue system - Click Here

-:- Ground or fundamental tissue system - Click Here

-:- Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Click

Here
-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Click

Here
-:- Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Click Here

-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem -

Click Here
-:- Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Click Here

-:- Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Click Here

-:- Secondary growth in dicot stem - Click Here

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

-:- Structure of chromosome - Click Here
-:- Types of chromosomes - Click Here
-:- Special types of chromosomes - Click Here

-:- Gene and genome - Click Here

-:- Linkage and crossing over - Click Here

-:- Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Click

Here
-:- Recombination of chromosome - Click Here

-:- Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents -

Click Here
-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here

-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here

-:- Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Click Here

-:- Structure of DNA - Click Here

-:- Function and Replication of DNA - Click Here

-:- Structure of RNA and its types - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular

biology - Click Here

BIOTECHNOLOGY
-:- Recombinant DNA technology - Click Here
-:- Gene transfer in plants - Click Here

-:- How DNA is cut? - Click Here

-:- Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants -

Click Here
-:- Practical application of genetic transformation - Click Here
-:- Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Click Here
-:- Concept of Plant tissue culture - Click Here

-:- Applications of plant tissue culture - Click Here

-:- Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Click Here

-:- Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and

Enzymatic method - Click Here

-:- Single cell protein (SCP) - Click Here

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Click Here
-:- Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Click

Here
-:- Significance of photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- Site of photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of

photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light

screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Click Here

-:- Plant Mode of nutrition - Click Here

-:- Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs -

Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Click Here

-:- Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Click Here

-:- Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle -

Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Click Here

-:- Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Click Here

-:- Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Click Here

-:- auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Click Here

-:- Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Click Here

-:- Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Click

Here
-:- Photoperiodism and vernalization - Click Here

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

-:- BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Click
Here
-:- Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Click

Here
-:- Plant Breeding : Selection - Click Here

-:- Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Click Here

-:- Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Click Here

-:- Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Click

Here
-:- Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Click Here

-:- Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea -

Click Here
-:- Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Click Here

-:- Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Click Here

-:- Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies -
Click Here
-:- Bio-war - Click Here

-:- Bio-piracy - Click Here

-:- Bio-patent - Click Here

-:- Sustained agriculture - Click Here

-:- Medicinal plants including microbes - Click Here

-:- Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Click Here

-:- Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber

yielding plant - Click Here