IS 7091:1989

(Superseding IS 7377 : 1974 )

Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 1999 )

SHOTPEENINGOFSTEEL PARTS-
SPECIFICATION
(First Revision)

Stxwrd Reprint JUNE 1996

UDC 621.787.6

@ BIS 1989
l
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
M~AK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MAE
NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 4
Springs Sectional Committee, EDC 75

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 1 March 1989,
after the draft finalized by the Springs Sectional Committee had been approved by the Engineering
Division Council.

Shot peening is intended to induce surface compressive stresses in metal parts for the purpose of improving
resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. Springs, axles and aircraft landing gears are typical
examples of such parts. To have the desired effect, shot peening requires that specified intensity and
coverage be achieved on critical areas where the high tension stresses or stress ranges are most likely to
cause fatigue or stress corrosion failures in service. Actual experience *with service failures or fatigue tests
may sometimes be required to discover or confirm the location of areas subject to critical stressing as a
result of service, design, and/or manufacturing conditions.

To follow a uniform practice in shot peening, the standards IS 7001 : 1973 ‘Method for shot peening and
test for shot peened ferrous metal parts’ and IS 7377 : 1974 ‘Specification for intensity of shot peening of
helical and laminated springs ( railway rolling stock )’ have been revised and brought out as a single
standard. In the preparation of this standard, assistance has been derived from SAE J 442 Aug 79 ‘Test
strip; holder and Gauge for shot peening’ and SAE J 443 Jan 84 ‘Procedure for using standard shot
peening test strip’.

The main modifications are:

a>designation
Incorporation of general concept, method of control, recommendation for selection of test strip,
of intensity of measurement, present practice of measurement; correlation of A, N and
C strips as checked on an Almen gauge, tolerance for acceptance;

b) Deletion of tables of arc height in relation to cross section thickness of parts of simple shape to be
shot peened, and Almen arc height in respect of laminated springs made of steel of different
composition; and

c>Modification of earlier figures in respect of test strip sizes, gauge holder and Almen gauge.
 IS 7001 r 1989

Indian Standard
SHOTPEENINGOFSTEEL PARTS-
SPECIFICATION
(First Revision )
1 SCOPE Intensity is used mainly for two purposes:

Covers the engineering requirements for shot a) To check the performance of a_ peening
peening of steel parts by laying down the charac- machine including parts handling methods,
teristics and method of test. and
b) To specify a desired result on a part.
2 OUTLINE OF METHOD OF CONTROL
Specification of an intensity ( for instance, 12 A )
2.1 The control of a peening machine is prima- implies an arc measured when saturation has
rily a matter of control of properties of a blast of been obtained ( see 3.3 ). Complete visual cove-
shots in its relation to the work being peened. rage is an indication of saturation if uniform
The basis of measurement of these properties is shot is used for peening ( see 3.4 ).
as follows.
3.3 Saturation
2.1.1 If a flat piece of steel is clamped to a A plot of peening time versus arc height can be
solid block and exposed to a blast of shots, it will used to define saturation. By peening a series of
be curved upon removal from the block. The test strips, using increasingly longer peening
curvature will be convex on the peened side. The times, with all other conditions maintained cons-
extent of this curvature on a standard sample tant, and plotting the series of points on a graph
serves as a means of measurement of the blast. of time versus arc height, a curve will develop.
The degree of curvature depends upon the pro- These points define a curve with a general shape
perties of the blast, the properties of the test as shown in Fig. 1.
strip, and the nature of exposure to the blast, as
follows. 3.3.1 An arc height increase of 20 percent for
doubled peening time may be adequate for some
2.1.1.1 Properties of the blast are dependent on applications. An increase of 10 percent for double
the velocity, size, shape, density, kind of material peening time defines the knee for critical applica-
and hardness of the shots. tions. A smaller percentage increase than 10
percent requires longer peening time to reach
‘2.1.1.2 The properties of exposure to the blast this ‘knee’ in the curve.
are the length of time, angle of impact, and shot
flow rate. 3.4 Coverage
Complete visual coverage is defined as a uniform
2.1.1.3 The properties of the test strip depend and complete dimpling or obliterating of the
upon the physical dimensions and mechanical original surface of the part of work piece as
properties of the strip. determined by visual examination using a 10 x
magnifying glass. For practical purposes, 90
3 TERMINOLOGY percent coverage is considered complete.
3.1 Shot Peening 3.5 Arc Height
It is determined by measuring the camber or arc
A cold working method to induce compressive
stress by pelting the surface of steel parts with of test strip N, A or C which has been peened
shots for increasing the fatigue strength, one side only. Normally only the A strip is used
for evaluation of peening intensity for laminated
3.2 Peening Intensity and helical springs.
3.6 Shots
Intensity is expressed as the arc height of a shot-
peened test strip. The curvature is a function of Shots should be initially inspected before using
the mass of the shot, its hardness, its velocity, its and also controlled throughout the peening cycle.
angle of impingement on the peened surface, and The actual amount of sampling and inspection
the exposure time of the strip to the shot stream. required will vary with each operation and with

1
 IS 7991 f I989

LESS THAN 10’

WHEN EXPOSU
DOUBLED. USE
Y LESS CRITICA
2
0
c-’

g
I

0 T 2T
EXPOSURE TIME

FIN. 1 INTENSITY DETERMINATIONCURVE

requirements for shots quality, cleanliness, etc. strips shall be at the discretion of the inspecting
’ This control should serve as a check on the officer to a maximum of 1 per 8 hours shift of
effectiveness of equipment including the shot production, shot peened under similar operating
separator. The same reasoning applies to other conditions.
peening media, such as, glass beads, slurries, etc.
The shot peening media such as cut wire shots 4.1.2 Almen Strips
shall be free from sharp edges.
These are steel strips of standard dimensions
Unless otherwise specified on the drawings, if according to details given in Fig. 2. These are
only a minimum intensity is specified, the maxi- used purely as a means of duplicating a peening
mum intensity should not exceed the minimum intensity that has already been established on the
intensity by more than 2C for C strip, 4A for A specified part.
strip, and 6N for N strip. At all times, intensity
is assumed to be at 90 percent coverage. The
4.1.3 Almen Test Strip Holder
maximum intensity shall not cause undue warpage
of the part and shall be below the threshold of
The holding fixture of test strips for shot peening
erosion of the base material.
shall be of standard dimensions given in Fig. 3.
‘3.6.J Ideally, shots for peening should be tough
and harder than the steel parts or springs to be 4.1.4 Almen Gauge
tested. The roughness of the shot peened surface
shall be agreed between the manufacturer and The gauge for determining the curvature of the
the purchaser. test strip is shown in Fig. 4. The curvature of
the strip is determined by a measurement of the
3.7 Angle of Impact height of combined longitudinal and transverse
This is the angle between the surface of piece arcs across standard chords. This arc height is
that is to be shot peened and the direction of the obtained by measuring the displacement of a
stream of shots. The intensity of peening is central point on the non-peened surface from the
directly proportional to the impact angle. plane of the four balls forming the corners of a
particular rectangle. To use this gauge, the
4 TEST test strip is located so that the indication stem
4.1 Almen Strip Test bears against the non-peened surface. The
details of Almen gauge and the method of
4.1.1 Frequency of Test
measurement of intensity of blast are given in
The frequency of test with Almen strips or similar Annex A.
 I

f
19.0
18.9

I 1 I
N
I--
i i

1.29zg 1 2.39zo.02

All dimensionr in millimetren.

FIG.2 TEST STR~~PSPECIFICATIONS

HOLDER TEST STRIP FOUR M5 PAN HEAD MACHINE

\ \ SCREWS WITH HEX NUTS

’ 18 LO

L-1 76.2

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fm.3 ASSEMBLED TEST STRIP AND HOLDER

3
 STEEL

IN ONE PLANE?O.os

*Did indicator to be grduated iu value uf 0’01 mm, c~er cluckwha dw, back adjustable bracket, luw
fdctiun jeweled m equipped with CXtCrwion&It.
All dimen#iont in millimetret.
Fro. 4 ALMEN GAUOB

4.1.5 &ale of MIorrrrrnmr E,“‘B” of intensity of sbot peening are given in

.
There are three measuring scales for the intensity
of shot peening, each being distinct from the other 4.1.6 Dcsignolion of I&nsit’ Measnrmd
according to the type of test piece used.
The standard designation of intensity measure-
TJmt! ment includes the gauge reading, the test strip
used and number of this standard. This can .be
4 AJmen N scale for test piece of type N, considered a dimensionless number relating to
low intensity of shot peening; the number of graduation read on the dial indi-
cator of the AJmen gauge.
b) Almen A scale for test piece of type A,
medium intensity of shot pcening; and Exarnplr
4 Almm C scale for test piece of type C, a) The gauge reading of the pemed test strip
high inteusity of shot. peeniog. ‘A’ as measured on gauge 13 shall be
designated asz
With the test pieces of Type N, A and C, the
ISA-IS7001
maximum cambers 045, 060 and 0.58 mm,
respectively can be measured. b) 6- 8C IS 7001

4
 This signifies gauge reading on the C size tert 5 PRBPARATION OF PARTS POR
strip measured with same gauge. Tbia example is PEENING
typical of tbe method used for spcciijhg a gauge
reading tolerance for an application, 5.1 Parts &au- be free from grease, dirt, oil,
corrosion and corrosion preventive coatings; -mcb
4.1.7 Rdztionship Betwee Tat &i$+s aa, anodic coatings, plahg, and paintr.
The relationship between test strip6 N, A and C 5.2 AlI beat treatmenta to meet requirements for
are shown in Fig. 5. This curve shows N, A and mechanical propcrtiea sbal1 be completed prior
C strips readings for conditions of identical blast to peer&g.
and exposure.
5.3 Unless otherwise specified, all machining and
’ 4.1.S Gtnrrat Prows Carol
required lirbing of areas to be peened shall be
The process of pee&g, in common with many complete x”, all fillet8 shall be properly formed, all
other processes, cannot at present be adequately burra shall be removed and all sharp edges and
controlled by non-destructive inspection of tbe comers to be peened shall be broken prior to
peened parts. Therefore; it is nuxsaary to control peening.
the proccsa itself to achieve &n&tent, and
reliable results. Meastirements of surface residual 5.4 When magnetic particle 07 fluorescent iuspec-
stresses by X-ray diffraction can be a us&l tool, tion is required, parta may be subjected to such
where applicable, to monitor variation in sbot yA~ctiye=e the parts being peened wbere-
peeuing proccas. .

4.1.9 It is recommended that tbe standard test 6 POST TREATMENT

strip A be used for intensitiea that produce IVC
heights of 6A to 24A. For intensities below SA, After peening and removal of protecting maska,
the standard N strip is recommended and for all Jots shall be removed from surface of partn
intensities above 24A, the wdard C strip is and only methods wbicb will not erode m scratch
recommended. surfices sbdl be used.
28

21

20

16

Fro. 5 CORRZLATION OF A, N AM, C STR~ M CHECXED ON AN ALMEN GAVQB

 IS 7001 I 1989

6.1 Temperatures of stresses to which parts are of suitable rust preventive as agreed between
subjected in subsequent processing shall not be the purchaser and the manufacturer.
so high as to reduce stresses imposed by peening
or to affect the mechanical properties of the 6.3 F&goe Test
material adversely.
Subject to mutual agreement between the pur-
6.2 Protection chaser and the manufacturer, fatigue test on
readily shot peened helical springs or spring plates
Helical springs and spring plates shall be coated shall be carried out for ascertaining the improved
immediately after shot peening with a thin film fatigue life.

ANNEX A
( Clause4.1.4 )

PROCEDURE FOR USING STANDARD SHOT PEENING TEST STRIP

A-1 PROCEDURE BASED ON ARC HEXGHT A-2.2 With an estimated setting of the machine
VERSUS PEENING TIME RELATIONSHIP ( shot type and size, shot flow rate, shot velocity,
and angle of impingement ) , a series of test strips
A-l.1 Fasten the test strip tightly and centrally should be exposed to the flow of shot, each for a
to the test strip holder. different exposure time so that a curve shown in
Fig. 1 may be established.
A-1.2 Expose the surface ‘X’ ( Fig. 3 ) of the
strip to the blast to bemeasured. Record the time A-2.3 If the intensity measurement obtained from
of exposure or its equivalent, the curve does not fall within the desired limit,
the machine settings must be changed, If a
A-1.3 Remove the strip from the holder and
higher arc height is desired, either greater shot
measure the arc height of the non-peened side of
velocity or larger shot is necessary, assuming a
the strip on the Almen gauge.
given type of shot. If lower arc height is desired,
A-l.4 Using different exposure times and a new a lower shot velocity or smaller shot is needed.
test strip, repeat steps A-1.1, A-1.2 and A-l.3 These velocity changes may be made by chang-
sufficiently to determine a curve similar to Fig. 1 ing wheel speed or air pressure. In certain cases,
making sure to plot points well beyond the knee an adjustment may be made in the direction of
of the curve. the shot stream but the most efficient peening is
obtained with the direction of the main part of
A-l.5 Visually examine the surface of the test the blast stream normal to the critical section of
strip to determine full surface area coverage, the part being peened.
using 10 x magnifying glass.
A-2.4 After new settings are made, arc heights
A-l.6 Good practice requires the use of a new test are again determined using new test strips as
strip for each arc height measurement. A used prescribed in A-1.2.
strip will not fit as tightly against the block as a
new strip and will give erroneous reading of arc A-2.5 Suppose with the first trial, curve B of
height. Fig. 6 is obtained, and the desired arc height is
as indicated by the horizontal broken line. The
A-l.7 Movement of test strip holder will be shot velocity or shot size is accordingly too high
required during peening if surface ‘X’ is not fully and one or both must be reduced. Suppose the
exposed within the blast stream. second trial resulted in curve C. Here, either the
shot velocity or shot size is too small. Repeat
A-2 PRODUCTION SET UP PROCEDURE - trials until the desired curve, such as, ‘D’ in
PEENING MEASUREMENT Fig. 6 is obtained for the required arc height.
The procedure to be used in making a produc- A-2.6 When the machine settings are found that
tion set up in which a setting of the machine is yield the desired arc height and coverage, the
to be determined for a desired arc height and time of exposure is also indicated. For example,
shot size may be described as follows. from curve D in Fig. 6, the time of exposure T,
corresponding with point Q on the curve, is that
A-2.1 Provide a fixture to support the test strip in which would ordinarily be used.
a manner to simulate the most ‘critical Surface Of
the part to be pecned. In cases where more than A-2.6.1 A typical production peening specifica-
one critical surface is to be peened, the fixture tion designates a peening intensity range, such
should provide for mounting of the rquired as, 10A to 14A and 9 percent coverage, which
additional test strips. means an arc height between IOA and 14A as

6
 IS 7001 : 1989

measured on a standard test strip ‘A’ with 90 continuous residual fluorescent tracer on
percent of part covered by dimples. Production surface ( minute flecks are acceptable )
parts are then peened for a time equivalent to indicates that full coverage has not been
that required tp create this arc height, as deter- obtained.
mined on the saturation curve, and to visual Coat set-up part with dye marker ink.
4
coverage inspection. Because the shape and Peen part to intensity and exposure time
hardness of many parts differ from that of the determined in A-l.6 and then visually
test strip, peening time to achieve complete examine with white light for remains of
coverage may vary from the time required to dye marker ink. Any indication of con-
saturate the test strip. For optimum results, tinuous dye marker ink on surface ( minute
always peen a part with shot as hard or harder flecks are acceptable ) indicates that full
than the part to be peened. coverage has not been maintained.
A-2.7 Determination of Surface Area d) After a part has been shot peened, a trans-
Coverage parent replica of the surface can be made.
This replica can be compared with other
Full surface area coverage on part or test strip replicas having various degrees of coverage,
may be determined by using any one or combi- by projection on a screen.
nation of the following optional procedures:
e) Expose polished test strip to shot peening
Inspect all ( 100 percent ) surfaces of fillets, stream, identical to that used to determine
cavities, grooves, and holes using 10 x the arc height. Place in the field of metall-
magnification. A fully covered surface, is urgical camera. Using transparent paper,
indicated when it is covered by overlapp- and a magnification of approximately 50
ing dimples which obliterate all prior diameters, outline the dented areas which
surface definition. can be identified by the contrast of the
Coat set-up part with fluorescent sensitive polished strip and the inclined surfaces of
tracer. Peen part to intensity and exposure the indentations. Measure the area of all
time determined in A-1.6, then visually the indentations with a planimeter. The
examine using ultra-violet light to view ratio of indented area to the total area is
fluorescent tracer. Any indication of the percentage of coverage.

CURVE B -SHOT VELOCITY AND/OR

SHOT SIZE TOO GREAT
r-

CURVE 0 -SHOT VELOCITY AND

SHOT SIZE CORRECT

, 10“loINCRE AS&OR 20%

/
, FOR LESS CRITICAL PARTS
I
I
I
1
_. c -
,-a--
CURVE C-SHOT VELOCITY AND/OR
SHOT SIZE TOO SMALL

3 T 2T
TIME OF EXPOSURE OR QUANTITY OF SHOT
Fra. 6 IXTENSITY DETERMINATION CURVES B, C AND D

7
 ANNEX B
( Clause 4.1.5 )

SCALES OF INTENSITY OF SHOT PEENING

Intensity of Shot TVpeof Camber Value

Pccning ( Almcn Test Piece in mm
Degrcce ) *

4N 0.10
o-15
E 0.20
10N 0.25
N
12N o-30
14N 0.35
16N 0.40
18N o-45

6A 0.15
0.20
1% O-25
12A 0.30
14A 0.35
A
16A 0.40
18A 0.45
20A OF50
24A 0.60
_’

7c 0.18
9c 0.23
11c O-28
I3C o-33
15c 0.38
C
0 43
0.48
o-53
0.53

*Limit deviations on the intensity of shot peeoing: +2 1

0 ] Almen degree
Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.

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Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. EDC 75 ( 4954 )

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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