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Designation: G38 − 01 (Reapproved 2013)

Standard Practice for

Making and Using C-Ring Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G38; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope cracking of all types of alloys in a wide variety of product

1.1 This practice covers the essential features of the design forms. It is particularly suitable for making transverse tests of
and machining, and procedures for stressing, exposing, and tubing and rod and for making short-transverse tests of various
inspecting C-ring type of stress-corrosion test specimens. An products as illustrated for plate in Fig. 1.
analysis is given of the state and distribution of stress in the 5. Sampling
C-ring.
5.1 Test specimens shall be taken from a location and with
1.2 Specific considerations relating to the sampling process an orientation so that they adequately represent the material to
and to the selection of appropriate test environments are be tested.
outside the scope of this practice.
5.2 In testing thick sections that have a directional grain
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as structure, it is essential that the C-ring be oriented in the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information section so that the direction of principal stress (parallel to the
only. stressing bolt) is in the direction of minimum resistance to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the stress-corrosion cracking. For example, in the case of alumi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the num alloys (1),3 this is the short-transverse direction relative to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the grain structure. If the ring is not so oriented it will tend to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- crack off-center at a location where the stress is unknown.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Specimen Design
2. Referenced Documents
6.1 Sizes for C-rings may be varied over a wide range, but
2.1 NACE Document: C-rings with an outside diameter less than about 16 mm (5⁄8 in.)
NACE TM0177–96 Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resis- are not recommended because of increased difficulties in
tance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion machining and decreased precision in stressing. The dimen-
Cracking in H2S Environments2 sions of the ring can affect the stress state, and these consid-
3. Summary of Practice erations are discussed in Section 7. A typical shop drawing for
the manufacture of a C-ring is shown in Fig. 2.
3.1 This practice involves the preparation of and the quan-
titative stressing of a C-ring stress-corrosion test specimen by 7. Stress Considerations
application of a bending load. Characteristics of the stress 7.1 The stress of principal interest in the C-ring specimen is
system and the distribution of stresses are discussed. Guidance the circumferential stress. It should be recognized that this
is given for methods of exposure and inspection. stress is not uniform (2, 3). First, there is a gradient through the
4. Significance and Use thickness, varying from a maximum tension on one surface to
a maximum compression on the opposite surface. Secondly, the
4.1 The C-ring is a versatile, economical specimen for stress varies around the circumference of the C-ring from zero
quantitatively determining the susceptibility to stress-corrosion at each bolt hole to a maximum at the middle of the arc
opposite the stressing bolt; the nominal stress is present only
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion along a line across the ring at the middle of the arc. Thus, when
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.06 on Environmen-
the specimen is stressed by measuring the strain on the tension
tally Assisted Cracking.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approved surface of the C-ring, the strain gage should be positioned at
in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as G38-01 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/G0038-01R13.
2 3
Available from National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), P.O. Box The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
218340, Houston, TX 77218–8340. this practice.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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G38 − 01 (2013)
addition, the circumferential stress at the root of the notch will
be greater than the nominal stress and generally may be
expected to be in the plastic range.
7.4 The possibility of residual stress should always be
considered, especially when C-rings are machined from prod-
ucts that contain appreciable residual stress or when C-rings
over about 6.35 mm (1⁄4 in.) thick are heat treated after being
machined. It is generally not advisable to heat treat finish-
machined C-rings because of the likelihood of developing
residual stresses in the ring.
NOTE 1—When specimens are exposed to corrosive media at elevated
temperatures, the possibility of relaxation of stress during the exposure
period should be investigated. Relaxation can be estimated from known
creep data for both the ring and the stressing bolt.
7.5 An advantage of the C-ring is that it can be stressed with
high precision and bias by application of a measured deflec-
tion. The sources of error in stressing are those that are inherent
with the use of measuring instruments (micrometers, strain
gages, etc.) as discussed in 7.2 – 7.4 and Annex A1.
7.6 The calculated stress applies only to the state of stress
before initiation of cracks. Once cracking has initiated the
stress at the tip of the crack, as well as in uncracked areas, has
changed.

8. Stressing Methods
8.1 The C-ring, as generally used, is a constant-strain
specimen with tensile stress produced on the exterior of the
ring by tightening a bolt centered on the diameter of the ring.
FIG. 1 Sampling Procedure for Testing Various Products However, a nearly constant load can be developed by the use of
a calibrated spring placed on the loading bolt. C-rings also can
be stressed in the reverse direction by spreading the ring and
the middle of the arc in order to indicate the maximum strain. creating a tensile stress on the inside surface. These methods of
Thirdly, the circumferential stress may vary across the width of stressing are illustrated in Fig. 3. Proper choice of a minimum
the ring, the extent of the variation depending on the width- bolt diameter or a spring constant is, of course, required to
to-thickness and diameter-to-thickness ratios of the C-ring. In assure achieving true constant strain or constant load stressing.
general, when loaded as shown in Fig. 3 (a, b), the tensile stress
on the outer surface will be greater at the extreme edge than at 8.2 The most accurate stressing procedure is to attach
the center, while when loaded as shown in Fig. 3 (c), the tensile circumferential and transverse electrical strain gages to the
stress on the inner surface will be less at the edge than at the surface stressed in tension and to tighten the bolt until the strain
center (4). measurements indicate the desired circumferential stress. The
circumferential (σC) and transverse (σT), stresses are calculated
7.2 Another characteristic of the stress system in the C-ring as follows:
is the presence of biaxial stresses; that is, transverse as well as
circumferential stresses are developed on the critical test σ C 5 E/ ~ 1 2 µ 2 ! · ~ ε C 1µε T ! , and
σ T 5 E/ ~ 1 2 µ 2 ! · ~ ε T 1µε C !
section. The transverse stress will vary from a maximum at the
mid-width to zero at the edges, and will be the same sign as the where:
circumferential stress. In general, the transverse stress may be E = Young’s modulus of elasticity,
expected to decrease with decreasing width to thickness and µ = Poisson’s ratio,
increasing diameter to thickness ratios. An example is shown in εC = circumferential strain, and
Fig. 4 where the transverse tensile stress at the mid-width of a εT = transverse strain.
19.00 mm (0.748 in.) outside diameter by 1.537 mm (0.0605 NOTE 2—When using electrical strain gages with thin-walled C-rings, a
in.) thick by 19.0 mm (0.75 in.) wide C-ring of aluminum alloy correction should be allowed for the displacement of the gage from the
7075-T6 was equal to about one third of the circumferential surface of the ring. All traces of the gage and the adhesive must be
removed from the C-ring before it is exposed.
tensile stress. In this example the circumferential stress was NOTE 3—Stresses may be calculated from measured strains using the
uniform over most of the width of the C-ring; measurements modulus of elasticity, provided the stresses and strains do not exceed the
were not made at the extreme edge. proportional limit.
7.3 In the case of the notched C-ring (Fig. 3(d)) a triaxial 8.3 When several rings of the same alloy and dimensions
stress state is present adjacent to the root of the notch (5). In are to be loaded, it is convenient to determine a calibration

2
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G38 − 01 (2013)

NOTE 1—If stock is undersize or tube stock is used dimensions can be varied to suit size of section from which the specimen must be cut.
FIG. 2 C-Ring Type of Stress-Corrosion Specimen

NOTE 1—For Fig 3 (d) a similar notch could be used on the tension side of (b) or (c).
FIG. 3 Methods of Stressing C-Rings

curve of circumferential stress versus ring deflection as in Fig.

4 to avoid the inconvenience of strain gaging each ring.
8.4 The amount of compression required on the C-ring to
produce elastic straining only, and the degree of elastic strains
can be predicted theoretically (2, 3). Therefore, C-rings may be
stressed by calculating the deflection required to develop a
desired elastic stress by using the individual ring dimensions in
a modified curved beam equation as shown in Table A1.1. The
accuracy of calculated stresses is shown in Fig. 4 by the
agreement of the calculated curve and the actual data points.
See Annex A1 for the equation for stressing C-ring specimens.
8.5 In the case of notched specimens a nominal stress is
assumed using the ring outside diameter measured at the root
of the notch. Consideration then should be given to the stress
concentration factor (KT) for the specific notch when calculat-
ing the ∆ required to develop the intended stress.
NOTE 4—The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
Standard TM0177–96 provides procedures for stressing C-Rings to the
0.2% offset yield strength of the material to be tested. Experimentation
under the review and scrutiny of the ASTM subcommittee holding
jurisdiction of this standard was conducted to assess the accuracy and FIG. 4 Stresses in 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy C-Ring Stress-
validity of such procedures. It was found that for a wide range of alloy Corrosion Specimen (4)
systems, heat treatments, and test specimen dimensions, errors in the

3
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G38 − 01 (2013)

FIG. 5 Protection Against Galvanic Effects

target strain associated with the 0.2% offset yield strength occurred which 12. Exposure Methods
would be of significance. However, it was also determined that in all cases
the actual strain realized following the procedures exceeded that associ- 12.1 The C-ring, because of its small size and the simple
ated with the 0.2% offset yield stress, rendering results following such methods of stressing, can be exposed to almost any kind of
procedures conservative from an engineering analysis standpoint.
corrosive environment (6). The specimens should be supported
in such a way that nothing except the corrosive medium comes
9. Machining
in contact with the critically stressed area. No part of an
9.1 When rings are machined from solid stock, precautions exposure rack should be allowed to touch the surface or the
should be taken to avoid practices that overheat, plastically edges of the critically stressed region.
deform, or develop residual stress in the metal surface.
Machining should be done in stages so that the final cut leaves 12.2 Care must be exercised to avoid galvanic effects
the principal surface with a clean finish of 0.7 µm (30 µin.) rms between the C-ring, the stressing bolt, and exposure racks. It is
or better. Necessary machining sequences, type of tool, feed essential also to prevent crevice corrosion that could develop
rate, etc., depend upon the alloy and temper of the test piece. corrosion products between ring and bolt and alter the stress in
Lapping, mechanical polishing, and similar operations that the C-ring. Protection can readily be applied by means of
produce flow of the metal should be avoided. suitable coatings or by insulating bushing as shown in Fig. 5.
Consideration must be given to the selection of coatings or
10. Surface Preparation insulators that will neither contaminate the corroding medium
10.1 A high-quality machined surface is the most desirable nor be deteriorated by it. An insulating bushing, for example,
for corrosion test purposes unless one wants to test the that would deteriorate or creep, and thus allow the stress in the
as-fabricated surface of a tube or bar; it should, of course, be specimen to decrease, would be unsatisfactory.
degreased before exposing the specimen. In order to remove NOTE 5—Specimens should be placed in the intended corrosive
heat treat films or thin layers of surface metal that may have environment as soon as possible after being stressed, as some alloys may
become distorted during machining, chemical or electrochemi- crack in moderately humid air.
cal etches may be used. The choice of such a treatment will NOTE 6—Hemispheric glazed ceramic insulators (S-151 Steatite) are
depend upon the alloy of the test piece. Care should be excellent for use outdoors and in neutral aqueous solutions.4 Beeswax, and
exercised to choose an etchant that will not selectively attack other adherent wax-type coatings, are suitable for room temperature tests
in aqueous solutions. For tests in acidic or alkaline solutions, fast drying
constituents in the metal or will not deposit undesirable vinyl-type lacquers have been used successfully; an example is an
residues on the surface. Etching or pickling should not be used electroplaters stop-off.5
for alloys that may undergo hydrogen embrittlement.
12.3 Determination of cracking time is a subjective proce-
10.2 It is generally the best procedure to complete the dure involving visual examination that under some conditions
surface preparation before the C-ring is stressed except for a can be very difficult, as noted in Section 13, and depends on the
possible final degreasing of the critically stressed area. skill and experience of the inspector.
10.3 Every precaution should be taken to maintain the
integrity of the surface after the final preparation; that is, avoid
finger printing and any rough handling that could mar the 4
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
finish. is Saxonburg Ceramics, Inc., P. O. Box 157, Saxonburg, PA 16056. If you are aware
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
11. Specimen Identification Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
11.1 Specimen numbers may be scribed on one of the tips 5
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
adjacent to the cut-away segment of the C-ring. No markings is “Micro Shield,” available from the Michigan Chrome and Chemical Co., Dept.
T-R, 8615 Grinnell Ave., Detroit, MI 48213. If you are aware of alternative
of any kind should be made on the critically stressed arc
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
between the bolt holes. Nonmetallic tags may be attached to Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
the stressing bolt by means of a second nut. technical committee,1 which you may attend.

4
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G38 − 01 (2013)
13. Inspection 14. Report
13.1 Highly stressed C-rings of alloys that are appreciably 14.1 In addition to reporting the number of specimens failed
susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking tend to fracture and the time to “failure” of each specimen, particulars should
through the entire thickness or to crack in a way that is be reported concerning the following:
conspicuous. Frequently, however, with lower applied stresses, 14.1.1 Stressing methods,
or with more stress-corrosion-resistant alloys, cracking begins 14.1.2 Magnitude of applied stress,
slowly and is difficult to detect. Small cracks may initiate at 14.1.3 Specimen orientation,
multiple sites and be obscured by corrosion products, and an 14.1.4 Dimensions and surface preparation,
arbitrary decision must be made to declare a specimen “failed.” 14.1.5 Test medium,
Inasmuch as C-rings do not always fracture, it is preferable to 14.1.6 Test duration, and
report the first crack as the criterion of failure. It is common 14.1.7 Criterion of failure.
practice to make this inspection with the naked eye or at a low
14.2 Full information should also be reported about the
magnification. If there are indications noted that cannot be
alloy(s) being tested, including the following:
established definitely as a crack by this type of examination,
14.2.1 Alloy designation or specification number,
the investigator should either (1) note the date of this first
14.2.2 Composition of the test lot,
suspicion of cracking and continue the exposure of the
14.2.3 Fabrication history,
specimen, watching for further growth that will confirm the
first indication as the failure date, or (2) discontinue exposure 14.2.4 Heat treatment, and
of the specimen and perform a metallographic examination of 14.2.5 Mechanical properties.
a cross section taken through the suspected crack to establish
whether there is cracking. Metallographic examination of 15. Keywords
fractured or cracked C-rings can also be helpful in determining 15.1 C-rings; constant load; constant strain; notches; quan-
whether the failure was caused by stress-corrosion cracking or titative stress; stress-corrosion cracking; stress-corrosion test
by some other form of localized corrosion. specimen

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. EQUATION FOR STRESSING C-RING SPECIMENS

A1.1 Calculate the final diameter (ODf) required to give the E = modulus of elasticity, MPa (or psi), and
desired stress using the following equations: Z = a correction factor for curved beams (see Fig. A1.1).
ODf 5 OD 2 ∆, and NOTE A1.1—Tables such as Table A1.1 can be developed to avoid
repetitive calculations for investigations involving many tests of a given
∆ 5 fπD 2 /4EtZ
nominal size C-ring.
where: NOTE A1.2—The main source of error in this procedure lies in the
OD = outside diameter of C-ring before stressing, in. (or measurements of the C-ring dimensions. If in a typical example of a 19.05
mm (0.750 in.) OD by 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) wall thickness C-ring the
mm), measurements are made to the nearest 0.03 mm (0.001 in.), the random
ODf = outside diameter of stressed C-ring, in. (or mm), error in the calculated value of ∆ should not exceed about 3 %; and the
f = desired stress, MPa (or psi) (within the proportional error would be less for larger and thicker rings. An error of 0.001 in. in
limit), measuring OD and ODf, however, will have a variable effect upon the
∆ = change of OD giving desired stress, mm (or in.), stress actually developed, depending upon the magnitudes of the desired
D = mean diameter (OD − t), mm (or in.), stress and the OD of the ring. For the size of ring mentioned the percent
error in applying ∆ would be 63 % for f = 345 MPa (50 ksi) ranging to
t = wall thickness, mm (or in.), 630 % for f = 34 MPa (5 ksi).

5
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FIG. A1.1 Correction Factor for Curved Beams

6
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TABLE A1.1 Deflections for a C-Ring of Nominal 0.750 in. OD by 0.060 in. Wall Thickness and Alloy with a Modulus of Elasticity of
68 900 MPa (10 000 ksi) for Stressing to 689 MPa (100 ksi)
NOTE 1—To obtain the deflection required to develop the intended stress, f, in a particular C-ring, locate the number corresponding to the actual OD
and t for that particular C-ring and multiply it by f × 10−5; for example, for a C-ring with an OD of 0.7520 in. and a t of 0.0620 in., multiply 0.0642 by
f/1000 × 1 ⁄ 100.
NOTE 2—For alloys with a different modulus of elasticity another table could be calculated, or divide the calculated value of ∆ by E × 10−7.
Actual OD, mm
Actual t, mm
18.974 18.999 19.025 19.050 19.075 19.101 19.126 19.152 19.177 19.202
1.422 1.808 1.816 1.819 1.826 1.831 1.836 1.841 1.846 1.852 1.857
1.435 1.791 1.796 1.801 1.806 1.811 1.816 1.821 1.826 1.834 1.839
1.448 1.773 1.778 1.783 1.788 1.793 1.798 1.803 1.808 1.814 1.819
1.460 1.755 1.760 1.765 1.770 1.775 1.780 1.786 1.791 1.796 1.801
1.473 1.737 1.742 1.748 1.753 1.758 1.763 1.768 1.773 1.778 1.783
1.486 1.720 1.725 1.730 1.735 1.740 1.745 1.750 1.755 1.760 1.765
1.499 1.702 1.707 1.712 1.717 1.722 1.727 1.732 1.737 1.742 1.747
1.511 1.687 1.692 1.697 1.702 1.707 1.709 1.714 1.720 1.725 1.730
1.524 1.669 1.674 1.679 1.684 1.689 1.694 1.699 1.704 1.709 1.714
1.537 1.653 1.659 1.664 1.669 1.671 1.676 1.681 1.687 1.692 1.697
1.549 1.638 1.643 1.646 1.651 1.656 1.661 1.666 1.671 1.676 1.681
1.562 1.620 1.626 1.631 1.636 1.641 1.646 1.650 1.656 1.659 1.664
1.575 1.605 1.610 1.615 1.620 1.626 1.631 1.633 1.638 1.643 1.648
1.587 1.590 1.595 1.600 1.605 1.610 1.615 1.618 1.623 1.628 1.633
1.600 1.577 1.580 1.585 1.590 1.595 1.600 1.603 1.608 1.613 1.618
1.613 1.562 1.565 1.570 1.575 1.580 1.585 1.590 1.593 1.598 1.603
1.626 1.547 1.552 1.557 1.560 1.565 1.570 1.575 1.580 1.582 1.588

Actual OD, in.

Actual t, in.
0.7470 0.7480 0.7490 0.7500 0.7510 0.7520 0.7530 0.7540 0.7550 0.7560
0.0560 0.0712 0.0715 0.0716 0.0719 0.0721 0.0723 0.0725 0.0727 0.0729 0.0731
0.0565 0.0705 0.0707 0.0709 0.0711 0.0713 0.0715 0.0717 0.0719 0.0722 0.0724
0.0570 0.0698 0.0700 0.0702 0.0704 0.0706 0.0708 0.0710 0.0712 0.0714 0.0716
0.0575 0.0691 0.0693 0.0695 0.0697 0.0699 0.0701 0.0703 0.0705 0.0707 0.0709
0.0580 0.0684 0.0686 0.0688 0.0690 0.0692 0.0694 0.0696 0.0698 0.0700 0.0702
0.0585 0.0677 0.0679 0.0681 0.0683 0.0685 0.0687 0.0689 0.0691 0.0693 0.0695
0.0590 0.0670 0.0672 0.0674 0.0676 0.0678 0.0680 0.0682 0.0684 0.0686 0.0688
0.0595 0.0664 0.0666 0.0668 0.0670 0.0672 0.0673 0.0675 0.0677 0.0679 0.0681
0.0600 0.0657 0.0659 0.0661 0.0663 0.0665 0.0667 0.0669 0.0671 0.0673 0.0675
0.0605 0.0651 0.0653 0.0655 0.0657 0.0658 0.0660 0.0662 0.0664 0.0666 0.0668
0.0610 0.0645 0.0647 0.0648 0.0650 0.0652 0.0654 0.0656 0.0658 0.0660 0.0662
0.0615 0.0638 0.0640 0.0642 0.0644 0.0646 0.0648 0.0650 0.0652 0.0653 0.0655
0.0620 0.0632 0.0634 0.0636 0.0638 0.0640 0.0642 0.0643 0.0645 0.0647 0.0649
0.0625 0.0626 0.0628 0.0630 0.0632 0.0634 0.0636 0.0637 0.0639 0.0641 0.0643
0.0630 0.0621 0.0622 0.0624 0.0626 0.0628 0.0630 0.0631 0.0633 0.0635 0.0637
0.0635 0.0615 0.0616 0.0618 0.0620 0.0622 0.0624 0.0626 0.0627 0.0629 0.0631
0.0640 0.0609 0.0611 0.0613 0.0614 0.0616 0.0618 0.0620 0.0622 0.0623 0.0625

REFERENCES

(1) Sprowls, D. O., and Brown, R. H., “What Every Engineer Should (4) Kelsey, R. A., “Unpublished Work,” Alcoa Research Laboratories,
Know About Stress Corrosion of Aluminum,” Metal Progress, Vol 81, Aluminum Company of America, New Kensington, PA, 1969.
No. 4, April 1962, pp. 79–85, and Vol 81, No. 5, May 1962, pp. 77–83. (5) Williams, F. S., Beck, W., and Jankowsky, E. J., “A Notched Ring
(2) Timoshenko, S., Strength of Materials, Part II, 2nd ed., D. Van Specimen for Hydrogen Embrittlement Studies,” Proceedings,
Nostrand, New York, NY, 1952, Chapter 2. ASTM, Vol 60, 1960, p. 1192.
(3) Fernandex, S. O., and Tisinai, G. F., “Stress Analysis of Unnotched (6) Romans, H. B., “Stress Corrosion Test Environments and Test
C-Rings Used for Stress Cracking Studies,” Journal of Engineering Duration,” Symposium on Stress Corrosion Testing, ASTM STP 425,
for Industry, Vol 90, 1968, pp. 147–152. ASTM, 1967, pp. 182–208.

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