0568
0568
0568
o Entomology – (Greek word) – ‘Entomo’ means insect (cut into) and ‘logos’ means –
discourse
o Pest - Latin meaning – Noxious/ troublesome
o French meaning – Plague/ contagious disease
o Arthropoda – (Greek word) ‘Arthros’ means segmented and ‘Podus’ means leg
o Status of different pests in India
Weeds = 40%; Insects = 15-30%; Diseases = 15 – 20%; Others = 10-30%
Moisture/ Humidity
o War layer of cuticle prevents water loss.
o White halo fungus Verticillium lecanii on coffee green scale Coccus viridis requires high
RH for multiplication and spread.
o High RH induces BPH in rice and aphids in other crops; Termites prefer high humidity of
90-95% RH.
o Low RH in rainfed groundnut crop induces leaf miner incidence.
Photoperiod
o Photo period influences induction of diapause (a resting stage) in many insects e.g. Long
day during embryonic development causes adult to lay diapausing eggs in Bombyx mori.
o Seasonal dimorphism occurs in aphids due to change in photo period - Short day induces
sexual forms and long day induces asexual or parthenogenetic forms.
o Fruit flies lays eggs only in light.
o Cotton bollworm, Red hairy caterpillar (RHC) oviposit in dark.
AO/Entomology/Page 1
Rainfall
o Rainfall is essential for adult emergence of cutworms and RHC.
o Heavy rain washes aphids, diamond back moth (DBM).
o Intermittent low rain increases BPH and thrips.
Wind
o Interferes with feeding, mating, oviposition and helps in insect dispersal.
o Eg. Aphids, mites (Eriophyid mites also) disperse through wind.
Topography- Mountains, lakes, sea, etc. act as physical barrier for spread of insects.
Soil Type
o Wire worm, multiplies in clay soil with poor drainage.
o White grubs and cut worm - multiply in loose soil with good drainage.
Water current
o Standing water aids in multiplication of mosquitoes.
o Running water is preferred by Odonata and Caddis flies.
Nutritional factors
o Insects heterotrophic - cant synthesize their own food - depend on plants for food.
o The quantity and quality of food/nutrition plays important role in survival, distribution,
reproduction and speed of development.
3. Some terminologies
➢ Parasites - An organism that is dependent for some essential metabolic factor on another
throughout its all life stages
➢ Parasitoid - An insect parasite of an arthropod that is parasitic in its immature stage,
killing the host in the process of development and adults are free living
➢ Predators - Predators are free living organisms, feed their prey, devouring them
completely and rapidly
➢ Insects are poikilothermic- do not have mechanism to regulate body temperature which
depends on environmental conditions
➢ Nocturnal – night active insects. eg. – Noctuids and other moths
➢ Diurnal – insects that active during the day time. eg. Butterflies, honey bees
➢ Crepuscular - Some insects are active during dawn and dusk. eg. Mosquitoes
➢ Integrated pest Management (FAO) - a pest management system- considering
population dynamics of the pest and its associated environment- utilizes all suitable
management methods – to maintain pest population < EIL
➢ General equilibrium position (GEP) - The average density of a population over a long
period of time, in the absence of permanent environmental changes
➢ Economic threshold level (ETL) - Population density at which control measure should
be implemented to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the ETL- Provides
sufficient time for control measures. [Always ETL < EIL]
➢ Economic injury level (EIL) - The lowest population density that will cause economic
damage
➢ Damage boundary (DB) - The measurable lowest level of damage
AO/Entomology/Page 2
Categories of insect pest
Category Criteria Examples
Based on occurrence
1. Regular pest occur more frequently, close Cardamom capsule borer, Brinjal shoot
association with the crop and fruit borer, Chilli and cardamom
thrips, Codling moth, Mango nut weevil
2. Occasional pest Occurs infrequently, no close Mango stem borer, Castor slug, Rice
association with crop caseworm, Rice BPH
3. Seasonal pest Occurs during a particular season Red hairy caterpillar on groundnut,
every year Mango hoppers
4. Persistent pest Occur throughout the year and is Chilli thrips, mealy bug on guava
difficult to control
5. Sporadic pest occurs in isolated localities during Coconut slug caterpillar, Sugarcane
some period, GEP < EIL pyrilla, White grub, Hairy caterpillar
Based on level of infestation
6. Epidemic pest Sudden outbreak in a severe form in a BPH in Tanjore, RHC in Madurai,
region at a particular time Pollachi
7. Endemic pest Occur in a low level in few pockets, Rice gall midge in Madurai, Mango
regularly and confined to particular area hoppers in Periyakulam
Based on ETL and EIL
8. Major pest GEP lies very close to EIL, can be Cotton jassid, Rice stem borer
managed by repeated sprays (cause
>10% economic damage)
9. Minor pest Usually GEP < EIL (cause >10% Rice hispa, Ash weevils
economic damage)
10. Key pest Always GEP > EIL, persistent pests, Cotton bollworm, Diamond back
environment must be changed to bring moth
GEP below EIL
11. Potential pest Not a pest at present, GEP < EIL Spodoptera litura on cotton, wheat
If environment changed may cause armyworm
economic
AO/Entomology/Page 3
Larval diapauses
o Rice gall midge - Orseolia oryzae
o Cotton pink boll worm - Pectinophora gossypiella
o Cotton leaf folder - Sylepta derogata
Pupal diapauses
o Coconut white grub - Holotrachia consanguinea
o Red hairy caterpillar - Amsacta albistriga
o Sesame sphingid - Acherontia styx
Adult diapause
o Coconut white grub - Holotrachia consanguinea
o Mango nut weevil - Sternochetes mangiferae
o Mango hopper - Idioscopes spp.
2. Pest surveillance - constant watch on the population dynamics of pests - its incidence - damage
on each crop - fixed intervals - to forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop protection measures.
4. Pest Forecasting and outbreak based on information obtained from pest surveillance
It is useful to predict the suitable stage at which control measure gives maximum protection
7. Survey
o To study the abundance of a pest species
o Two types of survey - Roving survey and fixed plot survey
AO/Entomology/Page 4
o Roving survey: Assessment of pest population/damage from randomly selected spots
representing larger area in short period - provides information on pest level over large area
o Fixed plot survey: Assessment of pest population/ damage from a fixed plot selected in a
field recorded periodically from sowing till harvest.
o Qualitative survey: For detection of pest; Quantitative survey - for enumeration of
pest
8. Sampling Techniques
o Absolute sampling- To count all the pests occurring in a plot
o Relative sampling- To measure pest in terms of some values which can be compared
over time and space e.g. Light trap, Pheromone trap
9. Methods of sampling
o In situ counts - Visual observation on number of insects on plant canopy
o Knock down - Collecting insects from an area by removing from crop and counting
o Netting- Use of sweep net for hoppers, odonates, grasshopper
o Norcotised collection - Quick moving insects anaesthesised and counter
o Trapping
- Light trap - Positively phototropic insects
- Pheromone trap - Species specific
- Sticky trap - Sucking insects
- Bait trap - Sorghum shootfly - Fishmeal trap
- Emergence trap - For soil insects
- Water trap – BPH, GLH
o Crop samples- Plant parts removed and pest counted e.g. Bollworms
2. PHYSICAL CONTROL
AO/Entomology/Page 5
Modification of physical factors in the environment to minimise (or) prevent pest
problems. Use of physical forces like temperature, moisture, etc. in managing the insect pests.
A. Manipulation of temperature
o Sun drying the seeds to kill the eggs of stored product pests.
o Hot water treatment (50-55oC for 15 min) against rice white tip nematode.
o Flame throwers against locusts.
o Burning torch against hairy caterpillars.
o Cold storage of fruits and vegetables to kill fruitflies (1-2oC for 12-20 days).
B. Manipulation of moisture
o Alternate drying and wetting rice fields against BPH.
o Drying seeds (below 10% moisture level) affects insect development.
C. Manipulation of light
o Treating the grains for storage using IR light to kill insects (eg.) IR seed treatment unit
o Providing light in storage go downs as the lighting reduces the fertility of Indian meal
moth
D. Manipulation of air
o Increasing the CO2 concentration in controlled atmosphere of stored grains to cause
asphyxiation in stored product pests.
E. Use of irradiation
o Gamma irradiation from Co60 is used to sterilize the insects in laboratory which compete
with the fertile males for mating when released in natural condition. (eg.) cattle screw
worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax control in Curacao Island by E. F. Knipling.
3. MECHANICAL CONTROL
Use of mechanical devices or manual forces for destruction or exclusion of pests.
A. Mechanical destruction : Life stages are killed by manual (or) mechanical force.
o Hand picking the caterpillars
o Beating: Swatting housefly and mosquito
o Sieving and winnowing: Red flour beetle (sieving) rice weevil (winnowing)
o Shaking the plants: Passing rope across rice field to dislodge caseworm and shaking neem
tree to dislodge June beetles
o Hooking: Iron hook is used against adult rhinoceros beetle
o Crushing: Bed bugs and lice
AO/Entomology/Page 6
o Combing: Delousing method for Head louse
o Brushing: Woolen fabrics for clothes moth, carper beetle.
B. Mechanical force
o Entoletter: Centrifugal force - breaks infested kernels - kill insect stages - whole grains
unaffected - storage pests.
o Hopper dozer: Kill nymphs of locusts by hording into trenches and filled with soil.
o Tillage implements: Soil borne insects, red hairy caterpillar.
o Mechnical traps: Rat traps of various shapes like box trap, back break trap, wonder trap,
Tanjore bow trap.
AO/Entomology/Page 7
B. Based on biotype reaction
o Vertical resistance: Effective against specific biotypes (specific resistance)
o Horizontal resistance: Effective against all the known biotypes (Non specific resistance)
D. Miscellaneous categories
o Cross resistance: Variety with resistance incorporated against a primary pest, confers
resistance to another insect
o Multiple resistance: Resistance incorporated in a variety against different environmental
stresses like insects, diseases, nematodes, heat, drought, cold, etc.
3. Plant Quarantine -Legal restriction of movement of plant materials between countries and
between states within the country to prevent or limit introduction and spread of pests and
diseases in areas where they do not exist
4. Pest Legislations
o 1905 - ‘Federal Insect Pest Act’ - first Quarantine act against SanJose scale
o 1912 - ‘US Plant Quarantine Act’
o 1914 - ‘Destructive Insects and Pests Act’ of India (DIPA)
o 1919 - ‘Madras Agricultural Pests and Diseases Act’
o 1968 - ‘The Insecticides Act’
Phytosanitary certificate is issued by State Entomologist and Pathologists to the effect that the
plant or seed material is free from any pest or disease
AO/Entomology/Page 10
- Article V of the convention makes it mandatory for member countries to issue
Phytosanitory certificate (PSC)
1. Sex pheromones
• Released by one sex only and trigger behaviour patterns in the other sex that facilitate in
mating. They are most commonly released by females but may be released by males also.
• Sex pheromone producing male insects are Cotton boll weevil- Anthonomas grandis,
Cabbage looper- Trichoplusia ni and Mediterranean fruitfly- Ceratitis capitata
• In Lepidoptera, sex pheromonal system is highly evolved.
• In Lepidoptera they are produced by eversible glands at the tip of the abdomen of the
females
• Female sex pheromones are usually received by olfactory sensillae on male antennae
• Butenandt et al. (1959) isolated 12mg of pheromone from the abdomen of half a million
virgin females of silkworm. They named the pheromene as Bombykol. The chemical
name is 10, 12 – hexadeca dienol.
AO/Entomology/Page 11
- The sex pheromone of two different species may contain same chemical compounds but
the ratio of the compounds may vary. This brings about species specificity
• Pest Management with Sex Pheromones
- Synthetic analogues of insect sex pheromones used in pest management in 3 different ways
a) In sampling and detection (Monitoring)
b) To attract and kill (Mass trapping)
c) To disrupt mating (Confusion or Decoy method)
2. Aggregation pheromone
- Substance produced by one sex will attract both sexes together for feeding and mating
- Eg. Synthetic analogue- Ferrulure- attract Red palm weevil and Rhinolure – attract coconut
Rhinoceros beetle
II. Allelochemicals
Non nutrient substances originating from one organism affect the behaviour and
physiology of other species
➢ Allomone- Benefit to releaser
➢ Kairomone - Benefit to the receiver
➢ Synomone - benefit to both releaser and receiver
➢ Apneuomone - Substance emitted by non living material attract an organism but detrimental
to the another organism living on that material
o Compounds interfere with the growth, development and metamorphosis of insects- IGR
o IGRs include synthetic analogues of insect hormones such as ecdysoids and juvenoids and
non-hormonal compounds such as precocenes (Anti JH) and chitin synthesis inhibitors.
o Natural hormones of insects
8. ANTIFEEDANTS
They inhibit feeding in insects when applied on the foliage (food) without impairing their
appetite and gustatory receptors or driving (repelling) them away from the food. The insect slowly
dies due to starvation.
1. Groups of antifeedants
i. Triazenes: Eg. AC 24055 inhibit feeding of caterpillars, cockroaches and beetles
ii. Organotins- Triphenyl tin acetate against Colarado potato beetle and caterpillars
iii. Carbamates- Baygon is a systemic antifeedants against cotton boll weevil
iv. Botanicals
a) Pyrethrum: Extracted from flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium acts as
antifeedants at low doses against biting fly, Glossina sp.
b) Neem: Extracted from leaves and fruits of neem (Azadirachta indica) is an
antifeedant against many chewing pests and desert locust
c) Apple factor: Phlorizin is extracted from apple which is effective against non-apple
feeding aphids
d) Solanum alkaloids: Leptine, tomatine and solanine are alkaloids extracted from
Solanum plants and are antifeedants to leaf hoppers
9. INSECT ATTRACTANTS
Chemicals that cause insects to make oriented movements towards their source are called
insect attractants. They influence both gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) receptors.
1. Types of Attractants
▪ Pheromones
▪ Food lures : Chemical present in plants that attract insect for feeding
AO/Entomology/Page 13
Insects Lure
Natural
Pests of cruciferae Isothiocyanates from seeds of cruciferae
Onion fly (Hylemya antiqua) Propylmercaptan from onions
Bark beetle Terpenes from barks
Housefly Sugar and molasses
Synthetic (Parapheromones)
Oriental fruitfly (Bactrocera dorsalis) Methyl eugenol- used in Male annihiliation
technique
Melon fruitfly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Cuelure
Mediterranean fruitfly (Ceratitis capitata) Trimedlure
2. Chemical repellents
a) Repellents of Plant origin: Essentials oils of Citronella, Camphor and cedarwood act as
repellents. Commercial mosquito repellent ‘Odomos’ uses citronella oil extracted from
lemongrass, Andrpogon pardus as repellent.
b) Synthetic repellents
List of important synthetic repellents
Insects Repellents
Mosquito, blood suckers Dimethyl pthalate
Wood feeders Pentachlorophenol
Fabric eaters Naphthalene or mothballs
Bees Smoke
Biorational control
o Controlling insects using chemicals that affect insect behaviour, growth or reproduction,
is called biorational control.
AO/Entomology/Page 14
o Includes IGR, Chitin synthesis inhibitor, JH analogues, Anti JH, Pheromones, Attractant,
Repellent, Antifeedant, Sterile male release
o An insect parasite of an arthropod that is parasitic in its immature stage, killing the host in
the process of development and adults are free living
o Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%)
1. Kinds of parasitism
➢ Simple parasitism- Single attack of the parasitoid on the host irrespective of the number
of eggs laid. Eg. Parasierola nephantidis on O. arenosella
➢ Super parasitism- Many individuals of the same species of parasitoid attack a single host
Eg. Trichospilus pupivora on the pupae of O. arenosella
➢ Multiparasitism- Parasitism by different species of parasitoids on the same host at a time
Eg. Bethylids and braconids attacking on O. arenosella at the same time
AO/Entomology/Page 16
Pupal Tetrastichus howardii -
parasitoids Brachymeria nephantidis -
Xanthopimpla punctate
Aphelinus mali - Apple wooly aphid
Encarsia Formosa - Cotton whitefly
Nymphal Epiricarnea melanoleuca 5000 cocoons/ ha Sugarcane pyrilla
adult Acerophagous -
Encyrtidae
parasitoid papaya Papaya mealy bug, Paracoccus
Pesudleptomastix - marginatus
Mexicana
Anagyrus loeki -
4. Microbial Control
Management of insect by use of microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi,
rickettsia and nematodes
I. Viruses
o Viruses coming under family Baculoviridae cause disease in lepidoptera larvae. Two types
of viruses are common.
AO/Entomology/Page 17
o NPV (Nucleopolyhedro virus) e.g. HaNPV (against Helicoverpa), SlNPV (against
Spodoptera litura) and marketed as Elcar
o GV (Granulovirus)- e.g. CiGV
o Mode of entry: The virus should be ingested to produce the disease. Due to alkaline gut
juice, the virions are liberated from the polyhedral coat which attack nuclei of cells of tissues
viz., fat body tracheal matrix, haemocytes, sarcolemma of muscles, neurilemma and nerve
cells of ganglion and brain.
o The dose of virus is expressed as larval equivalent (LE) - One LE is 6 x 109 POB
o One LE can be had from three fully grown up and virus infected larvae
o Symptoms- Dead larva hang from top of plant with prolegs attached (Tree top disease or
“Wipfelkrankeit”)
o Body becomes fragile and ruptures to release polyhedra (virus occlusion bodies)
Obligate Facultative
III. Fungi
o Green muscardine fungus- Metarhizium anisopliae (marketed as Biomax) against coconut
rhinoceros beetle
o White muscardine fungus - Beaveria bassiana against lepidopteran larvae
o White halo fungus - Verticillium lecanii on coffee green scale.
o Hirsutella thompsoni (Mycar) on Red spider mite
IV. Nematodes
o Infective juveniles enter in to host insect and cause death of insect either alone or with the
help of symbiotic bacteria
o Steinernema spp., Heterorhabtidis spp. on lepidopteran larvae
o Romanomermis culicivorax against mosquitoes
AO/Entomology/Page 18
4. Insect Weed killers
• Insects destroy weeds by killing vital plant parts and by creating favourable condition to
plant pathogens
• Desirable characters of weed killers
✓ Should be self propagater and an internal feeder on weeds
✓ Should not be a a pest on crops
✓ Faster growth, rapid multiplication and reproduction
Pyramiding of genes
▪ Engineering transgenic crops with more than one gene to get multi-mechanistic resistance
PRODUCTIVE INSECTS
o Silk worm- The silk worm filament secreted from the salivary gland of the larva is used
in producing silk
o Honey bee- It provides honey and many other byproducts like bees wax and royal jelly
o Lac insects- The secretion from the body of these scale insects is called lac.
3. Workers - concentrate on both indoor and outdoor activities- life span is around 6 weeks
I week : 1-3 days- Cleaning and incubating the brood cells
4-7 days- Feeding the larvae (Feeder bees)
II week - Royal jelly and wax secretions
III week - Role of house bees- Buarding, storing of food
Day 22 – old age –Foragers - pollen and nectar collection
Honeybee communication
Honey bee caste Producing substance Gland responsible
Queen Queen substance Mandibular gland
Worker Venom Accessory gland – sting
Royal gelly Pharyngeal gland
Colony odour scent Vasanov gland of last abdominal gland
Wax for comb building Wax gland - 4 to 7 abdominal ventral segment
Alarm pheromone Sting and tarsal gland
2. SERICULTURE
Mulberry Silkworm – Bombyx mori, (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Host: Mulberry – Morus alba (Moraceae)
Mulberry
➢ Varieties preferred
o Var. S36- chawki worms (more watery, quick growth and succulent with the
yield of 45t/ha)
o V 1 = Late age worms (Yield – 60 t/ha)
➢ Propagation of varieties by Stem cuttings
➢ Age of sapling in the nursery (raised nursery bed systems) - 90 to 120 days
➢ Spacing: Pit system (45x45x45 cm), Row system (60 x 60 cm), Paired row system(105/75 x
90 cm)
➢ Fertilizers (NPK): Pit system (300:120:120 kg/ ha), Row system (280:120:120 kg/ ha)
➢ Pruning: 8 time harvest schedule and 12 time harvest schedule
Silkworm breeds
✓ Multivoltine – eg. Pure Mysore (PM) – Yellow cocoon. (Yield- 60kg/ 100 DFL)
✓ Bivoltine – eg. CSR 2, CSR 4 – White cocoon
✓ Bivoltine hybrid – eg. CSR 2 x CSR (Yield – 65 to 75 Kg/ 100 DFL)
AO/Entomology/Page 23
✓ Cross breed - PM x CSR 2 (Kolar Gold), PM x CSR 4, PM x NB4 D2. (Yield – 60 to 70
Kg/ 100 DFL). In India, over 95% of the commercial silk being produced is from
multivoltine female x bivoltine made parent (cross breed)
✓ Double hybrid – eg. (CSR 6 x CSR 26) X (CSR 2 x CSR 27) = Double hybrid 1
Silkworm rearing
➢ Chawki rearing
o 18 to 25 kg of leaves required per 50 DFL (Top 3 leaves of plant is preferred
o Leaf moisture should be 80 to 85 %
➢ Late age worms rearing = 500 kg leaves are required per 50 DFL with a rearing space of 1m2/
DFL; Leaf moisture – 75 to 80%
➢ 2 types: shoot rearing method (mulberry shoots), Tray rearing method (Mulberry leaves
➢ Bed disinfectants: Lime 2%, Vigetha 2% (moulting care)
➢ Rearing room: temperature = 24 to 27oC and RH 80 to 85%
➢ Disinfectants for the rearing room and appliances: Formalin, Bleaching powder, Lime 2%,
Chlorine di oxide (ClO2) 2%, Formaldehyde and Formalin + KMnO4
➢ Different mountages like rotary mountage, bamboo mountage, Chandrika, Netrike et… are
used to facilitate cocoon spinning by larvae
➢ Silk is separated in Reeling unit
Important diseases
1. Virus disease - Grasserie
2. Bacterial disease
Flacherie – Chain like excreta, rupturing of body, oozing of black or brown fluid
3. Protozoan disease – Transovarial transmission
Pebrine – Nosema bombysis – Malformed adults, overlapping of eggs, malformed larvae;
protection by Mother moth examination and use of disinfectants
4. Muscardine – Fungal disease
AO/Entomology/Page 25
Borers
7. Paddy stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas, (Lepidoptera : Pyraustidae)
Damage: Dead heart and white ear head
o The incidence is mild in June to September, but intensified from Oct to Jan and Feb
o The caterpillar enters the stem and feeds on the growing shoot
Biology
Egg
o Each egg mass consists of 15-80 eggs and covered with buff coloured hairs
o They are laid mostly near the tip of the leaves
Larva
o Larvae enter in to the leaf sheath
o Deposition of silica in the epidermal layer of the stem and leaf sheath acts as an obstacle
to the first instar larvae
o Generally only one caterpillar is seen inside a tiller.
o The full-grown caterpillar measures about 20 mm, white or yellowish white in colour with
a conspicuous prothoracic shield.
Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the rice stem, straw or stubble.
Adult
o The female moth is bright yellowish brown with a black spot at the centre of the forewing
and a tuft of yellow hairs at the anal region
o The male is small in size and brownish
12. Grass hoppers : Hieroglyphus banian (Large grasshopper) Oxya nitidula (Small grasshopper)
: Acrididae: Orthoptera
o The nymphs and adults nibble leaves and also earheads
o Leaves folded longitudinally and scrapped patches
Minor pests
o Stripped bug, Tetroda histeroides, (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae)
o White leafhopper, Cofana spectra, (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae
o Zigzag leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis, (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae)
o Black bug, Scotinophara lurida, (Hemiptera : Podopidae)
o Rice skipper: Pelopidas mathias (Lepidoptera : Hesperidae)
Pests ETL
2
Stem borer 2 egg masses/m or 2% white ear head or 10% dead hearts
Leaf folder 10% leaf damage at vegetative phase and 5% of flag leaf damage at
flowering
Gall midge 10% silver shoots
Whorl maggot 25% damaged leaves
Thrips 60 numbers in 12 passes or rolling of the first and second leaves in
10% of seedlings.
Brown plant hopper 1 hopper/ tiller in the absence of predatory spider and 2 hoppers
/tiller when spider is present at 1/hill.
Green leafhopper 60/25 net sweeps or 5/hill at vegetative stage or 10/hill at flowering
or 2/hill in tungro endemic area
Ear head bug 5 bugs/100 ear heads at flowering and 16 bugs/100 ear heads from
milky stage to grain maturity
2. SORGHUM
I. BORERS
1. Shoot fly: Atherigona soccata (Diptera: Muscidae)
Damage
o Dead heats or drying of central shoots
o Production of profuse side tillers in main plants.
o The infestation often goes as high as 60%.
o The high yielding hybrid varieties are severely attacked.
o In South India, heavy damage - October to December and also in summer
o ETL = 10% of dead heart or 1 egg/ plant
o Egg: cigar shaped, laid singly on the under surface of the leaf blade
o Pupates at the base of the stem or soil
Management
✓ Higher seed rate – 12.5 kg/ ha
✓ Fish meal trap – 12/ ha
✓ Seed pelleting with Chlorpyriphos 4ml/ kg or Monocrotophos – 4ml/ kg
✓ Spraying of Dimethoate – 500 ml/ ha
AO/Entomology/Page 28
2. Stem borer: Chilo partellus: (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Damage
o Presence of parallel bore unfolded leaves
o Dead hearts in the early stages and the damage is about 70 – 80%. ETL – 10% dead heart
Biology
o Egg are yellowish in colour, flat and oval, laid on the underside of the leaves, near the
midrib.
o Larva is dirty white with four longitudinal stripes on its dorsal surface
o Pupation takes place inside the stem.
o Adult: Male moth has pale brown forewings provided with dark brown scales forming a
dark area along the coastal margin. Hindwings are light straw light straw in colour. Female
possesses forewing of a lighter colour and nearly white hind wings
Management
✓ Intercropping with lab lab or cowpea @ 4:1ratio
✓ Destroy the stubbles, Light traps
✓ Mix Insecticides (Phorate- 8 kg/ ha or Carbofuran – 17 kg/ ha) with sand 25 kg and apply
in leaf whorls
✓ Foliar spray with Carbaryl – 1kg/ ha
3. Pink Stem borer : Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) - Presence of dead heart.
AO/Entomology/Page 29
2. Corn worm/ Earworm, Helicoverpa armigera, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
o Damage on grains and presence of broken grains in the earhead
o Feeds on silk and developing grains.
3. Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
o Cutting of tender stem and defoliation.
4. Stem borer, Chilo partellus, (Lepidoptera : Crambidae)
5. Pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
6. Webworm, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, (Lepidoptera : Pyraustidae)
7. Cutworm, Mythimna separata, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
8. Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
9. Shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis, (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
4. MINOR MILLETS
1. Pink borer, Sesamia inferens, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
o Deadheart (ETL – 10% dead heart)
o Larva congregate inside the leaf whorls and feed on the central leaves causing typical ‘pin
hole’ symptom; Pupa is present inside the stem
o Light traps, Carbaryl – 1 kg/ ha
5. WHEAT
Shoot fly, A. noquii - ETL – 10% Dead heart
Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, Mythimna separata
o Nocturnal feeder, Cut seedlings 2 collar region, as a result toppling of seedlings
Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Termites, Odentotermes obesus (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor
Stem saw fly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera : Tenthridinidae)
6. PULSES
1. Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
o Larva feeding on flowers, developing pods and seeds
o ETL – 5 to 6 eggs/ plant or 2-3 larva/ plant
Biology
Egg
o Spherical wiith a flattened base, surface is sculptured in the form of longitudinal ribs.
Yellowish-white, glistening and change to dark brown, before hatching
Larva
o Newly hatched caterpillar is sluggish and whitish-green in colour.
o Full-grown larva is 3.5-4.0 cm in length with pale-green body colour. However, the colour
varies according to the food intake
o Dorsal surface bears dark broken stripes.
AO/Entomology/Page 30
o Larva is highly cannibalistic and readily eats one another.
Pupa - It pupates in soil in earthen cell. Obtect type
Adult
o It is a medium-sized light brown coloured moth.
o On the forewings, there is speck that forms a V-shaped mark. Hind wings are dull grey
coloured with a black border on the distal end
o Female moth is bigger than male and presence of tuft of hairs on the tip of the abdomen
Management
✓ Light traps, Pheromone traps (Helilure) @ 12/ ha for adult monitoring
✓ Egg parasitoids, Trichogramma chilonis @ 5cc/ ha
✓ Spraying of HaNPV @ 250 LE/ ha
✓ Insecticides : Triazophos 40 EC @ 0.05%, Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 625ml/ ha
AO/Entomology/Page 31
o In pods, the larva devours many seeds. The pod always contains a mass of frass and held
together by a loosely spun web.
o Pink coloured, larva with five black spots on prothorax
14. Pod bug: Riptortus pedestris, Clavigrella horrens, Clavigrella gibbosa, Anoplocnemis
phasiana (Hemiptera : Coreidae)
Damage
o Nymphs and adults cause substantial damage to pods and also to stem, leaves and flower
buds
o Pods and seeds shrivel up
Adult
o R. pedestris: Slender elongated, two black bands on ventral side of the abdomen
o C. horrens: Robust, greyish brown in colour with spines at anterior margin of prothorax
o C. gibbosa: Greenish-brown with spines on either side of the middle of the prothorax
AO/Entomology/Page 32
o A. phasiana: Biggest of all the bugs with swollen curved hind legs
Other Pests
17. Leafhopper, Empoasca kerri, E. Binotata (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae)
18. Leaf cutter bee, Megachile antracena (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae)
19. Termites, Odonototermes sp., (Isoptera : Termitidae
20. Lablab bug/ Stink bug, Coptosoma cribraria (Hemiptera : Platuspidae)
7. GROUNDNUT
1. Red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)
o Damage: Defoliation, During severe attack, the caterpillars move in groups destroying
field after field.
Biology
o Egg- Light yellow spherical eggs are laid in clusters on the undersurface of the leaves.
o Larva- Hairy caterpillar reddish brown with black band on either end,long reddish brown
hairs all over the body
o Pupa- Reddish brown and elongate. Adults emerge after receiving the first monsoon
showers. Pupal diapause occurs
o Adult- Forewing white with brownish streak all over and yellowish streak along the
anterior margin and head; hindwings white with black markings
o Damage is more during monsoon
o ETL – 8 egg mass/ 100 m2
Management
✓ Deep summer ploughing, Light trap and bonfire
✓ Inter crop with cowpea @ 1:4 as oviposition attractant
✓ Trenching around the field to prevent migration of larvae
✓ Hand picking and mass killing of larvae
✓ Amsacta NPV @ 1.5 x 10 POB
✓ Predator: Cantheconidia furcellata
✓ Insecticides: Quinalphos 4D, Phosalone 50 EC
AO/Entomology/Page 33
Biology
o Egg: Yellow in colour, laid in mass and covered with hairs.
o Larva: Pale greenish with dark markings; gregarious in the early stages.
o Pupa: Brown colour, obtect pupa.
o Adult: Moth with wavy white markings on a brown forewing. Hindwings white with a
brown patch along the margin.
AO/Entomology/Page 34
13. Millipede, Spirostreptus sp., (Spriostreptidae)
o Damage: Empty pods with hole.
8. SESAME
1. Leaf webber, Antigastra catalaunalis (Lepidoptera : Pyraustidae)
Damage
o Top leaves rolled and webbed together and damaged
o I instar stage, acts as leaf miner, in later stage, comes out of the mine and acts as webber
and when capsule formed, it acts as capsule borer
o Pest is active during rainy season, ETL – 2 larvae/ m2, 10% leaf damage
9. SUNFLOWER
1. Capitulum borer, Helicoverpa armigera, (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
o Damage: Feeds on capitulum and leaves.
10. CASTOR
1. Shoot and capsule borer: Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera : Pyraustidae)
Damage
o Capsules with bore holes, damaged capsules webbed together, peduncle and capsules show
galleries made of silk and frass.
Biology
o Egg- Eggs are laid on tender parts of plants.
AO/Entomology/Page 35
o Larva- Pale greenish with pinkish tinge, black blotches with dark head and prothoracic
shield.
o Pupa: Pupation takes place in cocoons of silk, inside the stem or capsule.
o Adult: Yellowish with black spots on both pair of wings
11. COCONUT
1. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
o Damage- Inverted ‘V’ shaped cutting of leaves
o Adult – Stout beetle with dorsal spine, lays eggs in decaying matter
o Grub development on decaying matter and pupation occurs in earthern cocoon. Adult is
the only damaging stage
Management
✓ Remove and burn all dead coconut trees
✓ Collect and destroy the various bio-stages of the beetle from the manure pits
✓ Incorporate the fungus (Metarrhizium anisopliae) in manure pits to check the perpetuation
of the pest @ 5x1011 spores/ m2
✓ Keep castor cake at 1 kg / 5 l of water in small mud pots to attract and kill the adults
✓ Treat the longitudinally split tender coconut stem and green petiole of fronds with fresh
toddy to attract and trap the beetles.
✓ Hook out and kill the adults with iron rod.
AO/Entomology/Page 36
✓ For seedlings- 3 naphthalene balls/palm weighing 3.5 g each at the base of inter space in
leaf sheath in the 3 inner most leaves of the crown once in 45 days
✓ Set up light traps following the first rains in summer and monsoon period to attract and kill
the adult beetles
✓ Field release of Baculovirus inoculated adult rhinoceros beetle @ 15/ha reduces the leaf and
crown damage caused by this beetle.
✓ Apply mixture of either neem seed powder + sand (1:2) @150 g per palm or neem seed
kernel powder + sand (1:2) @150 g per palm in the base of the 3 inner most leaves
✓ Place phorate 10 G 5 g in perforated sachets in two inner most leaf axils for 2 times at 6
months intervals
✓ Set up rhinolure pheromone trap (Aggregartion pheromone) @ 1/ha
AO/Entomology/Page 37
o Damage- Premature nut shedding and delayed flowering
Management
✓ Collect and destroy the adult beetles attracted to trees like neem, Ailanthus and
Accasia on the receipt of monsoon showers
✓ Plant neem twigs with leaves in coconut gardens after rain to attract and kill adult beetles
✓ Set up light trap @ 1 / ha or bonfire
✓ Soil application- Malathion 5 D or endosulfan 4D 25 kg/ ha at the time of planting
Other pests
8. Scale insect: Aspidiotus destructor
9. Mealy bug: Pseudococcus longispinus
10. Coconut skipper: Gangara thyrsis
11. Slug caterpillar: Parasa lepida
12. MUSTARD
1. Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera : Aphididae)
o Damage: Suck the sap from under surface of leaves.
2. Mustard sawfly,. Athalia lugens proxima, (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae)
AO/Entomology/Page 38
o Damage: Grub nibbles the margins of tender leaves and pod.
o Larva: Resembles lepidopterous caterpillar; oily black or green in colour.
13. COTTON
Sucking pests
1. Leafhopper / Jassid, Amrasca devastans, A. biguttula biguttula Cicadellidae, Hemiptera
o Damage: Yellowing, crinkling, downward cupping of leaves, bronzing and hopperburn
o ETL – 5 nymph/ leaves
Management
o Resistant var: MCU 3, 5, 9
o Seed treatment with Imidachloprid 70 WS @ 5 – 7 g/ kg, Thiamethoxam 48g/kg
o Spraying with Imidachlopris 200 SL or Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 1 lit/ ha
7. Black scale: Saissetia nigra, Yellow scale: Cerococcus hibisci, White scale: Pulvinaria
maxima , Coccidae, Hemiptera
o Damage: Stunting of the plants and bears only few bolls. Frequent movement of ants.
Development of sooty mould
AO/Entomology/Page 39
o Damage: Yellowing of leaves initially and later the plants die. Leaves and bolls fall
prematurely
o The damage is more towards the end and in places where ratooning is practiced
Boll worms
7. American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Damage
o Circular boreholes on bolls, presence of granular faecal pellets
o Caterpillar cuts a hole on the boll and feed on the boll by thrusting their heads alone inside
AO/Entomology/Page 40
Defoliators
11. Leaf roller, Sylepta derogata, Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera
o Damage: Leaves rolled in the form of trumpets and fastened by silken threads, defoliation.
Borers
14. Stem weevil, Pempherulus affinis, Curculionidae, Coleoptera
Damage
o Swellings of stem at collar region and plant break off from this point, when heavy
winds blow
o Adults feed on the bark while the young grub bore in to the stem
Biology
o Egg : White, globular,are laid in cavities scooped in tender nodes and sealed with a gummy
secretion.
o Grub : White, apodous.
o Pupa : Exarate, pupates in a pupal chamber within the stem.
o Adult : Brownish weevil, 3 mm long, with two small white patches on the elytra
other pests
16. Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
17. Hairy caterpillar, Euproctis fraterna , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera
14. SUGARCANE
Borers
1. Early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus, Crambidae, Lepidoptera
Damage
o Deadheart in 1-3 month old crop
o Rotten portion of the straw coloured dead-heart emits an offensive odour
Biology
o Egg: Flat-scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of
4-100. The masses are slightly overlapping like tiles.
o Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head.
AO/Entomology/Page 41
o Pupa: Pupation takes place within the tunnel. Caterpillar before pupating makes a large
exit hole in the stem and blocks the opening with silken discs.
o Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the costal margin of the forewings
and with white hindwings
Management
✓ Rest var. Co 221, CO 661
✓ Early planting during main season.
✓ Trash mulching (up to 10-15 cm) to prevent larval movement
✓ Remove and destroy affected plant parts
✓ Granulosis virus @ 1.1 x 105 twice @ 35 and 50 DAP
✓ Laval par. Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid females/ ha
✓ Leaf whorl application of Carbofuran 12.5 kg/ ha
Sucking pests
4. Whiteflies, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera
o Damage: Yellowing of leaves, turn pinkish and later gradually dry. Development of sooty
mould
AO/Entomology/Page 42
5. Whiteflies, Neomaskellia bergii, N. andropogonis, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera
o Damage: Black, grey or white dot like pupae on the undersurface of leaves.
Subterranean pests
11. Termites, Odontotermes obesus, Termitidae, Isoptera
Damage
o Poor germination of setts
AO/Entomology/Page 43
o Semi-circular feeding marks on the margin of the leaves in the standing crop
o Entire shoot dries up and can be pulled out
Management
✓ Sett treatment - imidacloprid 70 WS 0.1% or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.04 % for 5 min
✓ Soil application - Apply lindane 1.3 D 125 kg/ha
✓ Spray application of Imidacloprid 200 SL at 250 ml in 250 l of water / ha
Defoliators
14. Skipper, Telicota augias, Hesperiidae, Lepidoptera
o Damage: Leaves folded into tubular cells.
AO/Entomology/Page 44
11. Manage caseworm by passing rope on crop and draining water
12. Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum on 30 and 37th day after planting against
stem borer
13. Release egg parasitoid T. chilonis and bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis against leaf folder
14. Use of Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% (NSKE 5%) or Neem oil 2% against Ear head bug
15. Use insecticides as need based application if pest reaches ETL
AO/Entomology/Page 45
ENTOMOLOGY - II
I. PEST MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS
1. MANGO
1. Mango hoppers: Cicadellidae: Hemiptera
• Idioscopus niveoparsus: Three spots on scutellum
• I. clypealis: Small, light brown, dark spots on the vertex and two spots on scutellum
• Amirtodus atkinsoni: Large, light brown with two spots on scutellum
Damage
• Nymphs and adults suck the sap of inflorescence and more severe during flowering time
(Dec- Jan)
• Withering and shedding of flower buds and flowers, honey dew on lower leaves -sooty
mould
• Clicking sound due to movement of jassid leaves
• Hoppers hide in the cracks and crevices of the tree barks
✓ Spray phosalone 35EC 1.5 ml / l ; carbaryl 50 WP 3 g /l ; Phosphamidon 36 WSC 1
ml/l. two rounds, first at panicle emergence; second at 15 days interval.
AO/Entomology/Page 47
IPM for Mango
• Avoid high density planting - favourable for hopper multiplication
• Collect and destroy all fallen infested fruits from the orchard and remove weeds
• Plough the orchard during summer to expose mealy bug eggs to natural enemies and heat.
• Plough around the trees to expose the pupae of fruit fly and dust insecticides
• Cover the main stem and branches with 15 -20 cm wide sticky band of alkalhene or plastic
sheet around the trunk about one meter above the ground level during second week of
December and kill the nymphs either mechanically or by 50 g methyl parathion 2 % dust
• Mango hoppers- phosalone 35 EC 1.5 ml /lit; carbaryl 50 WP 3 g /lit @ at panicle
emergence and15 days after first spray
• Fruit fly - bait spray with any one of the insecticides and molasses or jaggery 10 g/l,
Fenthion100 EC 1ml/l, malathion 50 EC 2 ml/l, dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l, carbaryl 50 WP
4 g/l. two rounds at 2 weeks interval before ripening of fruits.
• Nut weevil- Fenthion 100EC 1ml/l; two rounds; first at marble stage of the fruit ; second
at 15 days interval.
• Stem borer - Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 on the basal portion of the trunk up to 3 feet
height after scraping the loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.
- Trunk injection with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml/ or one aluminum phosphide
tablet per hole or Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud.
- Padding with monocrotophos @ 10 ml in 2.5 cm /tree soaked in absorbent cotton
2. CITRUS
A. BORERS
1. Orange borer: (Cerambycidae : Coleoptrea)
a. Chelidonium cinctum: Grub- Creamy white with flat head. Adult- Dull metallic green to
dark violet with yellow band across the middle of elytra.
b. Chloridolum alcamene : Grub- Creamy white with flat head, Adult- Shiny blue beetle.
Damage
• Drying of terminal shoots in early stages - wilting of branches and main stem
• Grub is the only damaging stage
Biology
• Adults emerge with the break of monsoon in June –July
• Females lay eggs singly at the angles of twigs or thorns
• Pupation takes place within the tunnel
Management
• Prune the branches (July- September) containing grubs
• Spray monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 1 ml/l or Carbaryl 50 WP @ 4 g/l
• Trunk injection with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 ml/l and plug with wet clay
B. LEAF FEEDERS
2. Citrus leafminer: Phyllocnists citrella (Gracillariidae: Lepidoptera)
• Damage: Serpentine glistening mines and distortion and drying up of the leaf lamina
Biology
• Female - lay eggs singly on the undersurface of young leaves, near the midrib
• Pupation takes place with in the mine in a white silken cocoon near the leaf margin
• There are 9-13 generation in a year
• Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 % or Dichlorvos 76 WSC @ 1ml/lit, monocrotophos
36 WSC @ 1.5 ml/lit
3. Citrus butterflies (Paplionidae: Lepidoptera)
a. Paplio demoleus: Adult- Dark brown swallowtail butterfly + numerous pale yellow markings
AO/Entomology/Page 48
b. P. polytes: Adult- Black butterfly with white marking
Damage: Defoliation of tender leaves
Biology
• Female butterfly lay eggs singly or in groups (2-3) on the under surface of tender leaves
• Caterpillars give an appearance of bird droppings. They feed on the moulted skin after each
moulting. Emit distinct smell when disturbed (by ejecting - Osmeteria)
• Pupa – Chrysalis type, Occurs on the plant. Pupal diapause is noticed during winter
C. SAP FEEDERS
4. Fruit sucking moths (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
a. Otheris materna: Adult: Stout moth with grey and yellowish orange wings. Hind wing with
black spot
b. O. fullonica: Adult- Curved black marking on hind wing.
c. O. ancilla: Adult- White band in the middle of forewing
Damage
• Damaged fruits:- Rot around the feeding site and fruit drop due to adult piercing
• Adult is the only damaging stage
• Larva breeds on weeds such as Tinospora cardifolia or Cocculu hirsutus and C. pendulus.
Managements
• Destroy the weed hosts
• Bag the fruit with polythene bag (300 gauge) punctured at the bottom
• The moths can be caught with torches lights and killed
• Apply smoke to prevent moth attack
• Set up light trap or food lure (pieces of fruits) to attract adult moths
• Poison bait with fermented molasses + malathion 50EC 1ml
3. SAPOTA
1. Leaf webber or Chickoo moth: Nephopteyrx eugraphella (Phycitidae: Lepidoptera)
Damage
• Webbing of leaves and scrapping of chlorophyll - reduced to a network of veins
• Flower buds and tender fruits bored become withered and shed
AO/Entomology/Page 49
• Spray Phosalone 35EC 2 ml/l or Carbyral 50 WP 3 g/lit
2. Fruit fly
4. BANANA
A.BORERS
1. Rhizome weevil: Cosmopolites sordidus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Damage
• Death of unopened pipe: withering of outer leaves and presence of dark coloured tunnels
in the rhizomes
• Grubs pupate in the tunnels and adult weevils lay eggs on growing point
Mnanagement
• Select healthy sucker and plant
• Treat the suckers in 0.1 % quinalphos emulsion before planting
• Perennial varieties of plantain are prone to more damage than seasonal varieties
• Avoid growing susceptible varieties like Robusta, Karpooruvally, Champa and Adukkar
• Grow less susceptible varieties like Poovan, Kadali, Kunnan, Poomkalli
• Trap adult weevils with pseudostem chopped into small pieces
• Soil incorporation of carbofuran 3 G 10g, phorate 10 G 5 g/plant at the time of planting
B.SAP FEEDERS
4. Banana aphid: Pentalonia nigronervosa f. typica (Aphididae: Hemiptera)
• Damage: Vector of bunchy top virus. Aphids are in leaf axils and pseudostem
• Adult aphids reproduce parthenogenetically
• Moderate temperature accompanied with high humidity is favoured for its population
Management
• Dimethoate 30 EC 200 ml, monocrotophos 36 WSC 100 ml/acre. @ 21 days interval
• Pseudostem injection: Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 1 ml/ 4 ml of water at 45 days interval
C. LEAF FEEDERS
8. Castor hairy caterpillar: Pericallia ricini (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera)
AO/Entomology/Page 50
• Damage: Scraping of leaf chlorophyll and windowing symptom in unfurled leaves
5. GUAVA
1. Congethers (=Dichocrocis) punctiferalis, Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates (Pyraustidae:
Lepidoptera)
• Damage: Bore holes on the fruits and it is covered with frass and excreata
AO/Entomology/Page 51
B. INFLORESCENCE FEEDERS
3. Tea mosquito bug: Helopeltis antonii (Miridae: Hemiptera)
Damage
• Inflorescence blight and terminal drying of young shoots lead to die back symptom
• Water soaked lesions followed by brownish spots at the feeding sites.
• Population starts in Oct. –Nov (new flesh stage). Peak population - blossom period
- Lambda cyhalothrim 5EC 0.4ml/1 (or) profenofos 50 EC 1-2 ml/1 + Urea - I round
during the time of new flush formation, II during floral formation and the third at
fruits set.
C. LEAF FEEDERS
4. Leaf miner: Acrocercops syngramma
Damage: Older leaves show big hole due to drying and crumbling of mined areas
Hairy caterpillars: Parasa lepida, Metanastria hyrtaca, Cricula trifenestrate
D. SAP FEEDERS
5. Aphids: Toxoptera odinae
6. Red banded thrips: Solenothrips rubrocintus (Thripidae : Thysanoptera)
Damage: Crinkling, discolouration and leaf drop
3. Conogethes punctiferalis
8. GRAPE VINE
1. Stem girdler: Sthenias grisator (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera)
• Damage: Wilting of branches and vine, damage is by both grubs and adult beetles
• Swab the trunk with carbaryl 50 WP paste 10 g/1
AO/Entomology/Page 52
2. Grape vein beetle: Sinoxylon anale (Bostrychidae: Coleoptera)
• Damage: Wilting of branches and vine Wilting of branches and vine, damage is by both
grubs and adult beetles
9. BER
1. Fruit borer: Meridarches scyrodes (Carposinidae: Lepidoptera)
Damage: Bore holes on fruits and fruit drop
2. Fruit fly: Carpomyia vesuviana (Tephritidae: Diptera)
Damage: Fruit rotting and fruit drop
12. PAPAYA
1. White fly: Bemisia tabaci, Aleurodicus dispersus (Aleurodidae : Hemiptera),
2. Fruit fly
13. TAMARIND
1. Scale: Aspidiotus tamarindi (Diaspididae: Hemiptera)
• Damage: Yellowish encrustation over developing pods, ill filled and hard pods
2. TOMATO
1. Fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Damage
• Young larvae feed on tender foliage. Later instars attack the fruits
• Bore circular bore holes on fruits and thrust only a part of their body inside the fruit
2. Leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyziidae)
• Damage: Numerous irregular mines on leaves
3. Leaf eating caterpillar: Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [Damage- defoliation]
4. Whiteflies: Bemisia tabaci – Vector of Tomato leaf curl disease
5. Others sap feeders like, Aphids, Thrips, Mealy bugs
AO/Entomology/Page 55
6. Fruit sucking moths: Othreis fullonica
7. Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.
3. BHENDI
1. Fruit borer: Earias vittella, E. insulana (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Damage
• Withering and drying of tender shoots in early stage
• Larva bores into flowers and flower buds causing withering and dropping
• Presence of bore holes on the fruits and sometimes malformation of fruits
Management
• Install pheromone traps @ 10/acre
• Release egg larval parasitoids Chelonus blackburni @ 4000/acre
• Carbaryl 50WP 500g/ monocrotophos 36WSC 250 ml/ fenvalerate 20EC 60 ml/ acre
AO/Entomology/Page 56
• Use ribbed gourd as trap crop and apply carbaryl 0.15% or malathion 0.1% on
congregating adult flies on the under surface of leaves
• Use attractants like citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar (acetic acid), dextrose and lactic
acid
• Poison baits: Saturated sugar solution 5ml+ malathion 50EC 5ml+ 100ml of fermented
palm juice
• Use fly trap: Keep 5g of wet fishmeal in ploythene bags (20 x 15 cm) + 0.1 ml of dichlorvos
@ 20 traps/acre
B.LEAF FEEDERS
5. Leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii
6. Pumpkin beetles: Galerucidae: Coleoptera
• Damage: Grubs feeds on the roots, stem and fruits touching the soil and adult feeds on
leaf
• Adult: A. foveicollis - red in colour, A. cincta- grey in colour with yellow-red border;
A. intermedia - blue in colour
10. SAP FEEDERS: Aphids, Stink bug: Cordius janus, Spiralling whitefly
• Use of BHC, DDT, Copper and sulphur dusts should be avoided as they are phytotoxic to
gourds
AO/Entomology/Page 57
• Larval parasitoids viz., Cotesia plutellae in plains and Diadegma semiclausum in hills.
Release 40,000 adults/ac @ 8,000 adults/release commencing from 20 days after planting
to reduce DBM damage
6. Spodoptera litura
• Damage: on leaves and heads of cabbage and cauliflower
2. Potato cut worm: Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [ETL – 2 larvae/ m row]
3. White grub
*Pests of both field and storage - Potato tuber moth, Pulse beetle & Sweet potato weevil
8. SWEET POTATO
1. Sweet potato weevil: Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Apionidae)
• Adult weevils with non geniculate antenna
Management
• Select healthy seed material and clean cultivation; Tolerant variety – CO3
• Racking up of soil and do earthing up at 50 DAP
AO/Entomology/Page 58
• Using of yellow sticky trapYellow sticky trap
• Soaking of tubers in Fenthion 100 EC or Monocrotophos @ 2 ml/ lit before sowing
2. Tortoise beetles
9. DRUMSTICK
A. FLOWER FEEDERS
1. Budworm: Noorda moringae (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera)
• Damage: Larva bores into flower buds and causes shedding
B. LEAF FEEDERS
3. Leaf caterpillar: Noorda blitealis (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera)
• Damage: Larva remains in a thin silken web on the under surface of leaf and feeds on the
leaflets reducing them into papery structures
11. AMARANTHUS
1. Amaranthus weevil: Hypolixus truncatulus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Damage
• Irregular zig-zag tunnels in the pith region fillied with excreta
• Gall like thickening and longitudinal splitting of stem
5. TEA
1. Tea mosquito bug: Helopeltis theivora Miridae: Hemiptera
2. Hairy caterpillars and Tea Looper: Biston supressaria,(Geometridae: Lepidoptera)
Management
• Collect and destroy all types of damaged parts along with mites, Water sprinkling
• Insecticides: Dicofol 18.5 EC 0.037% or Ethion 50 EC 0.1% or Wettable sulphur 50 WP
0.1% or Phosalone 35 EC 0.07% or quinalphos 25 EC 0.05%
IV PESTS OF IMPORTANT FLOWER CROPS
1. ROSE
1. Rose aphid: Macrosiphum rosaeformis; M. rosae Aphididae: Hemiptera
• Remove and destroy damaged leaves and flower buds
AO/Entomology/Page 61
• Natural enemies: Aphidius rosae and Aphelinus sp. and Coccinella septumpunctata
• Insecticides: dimethoate 30 EC 0.06% or methyl demeton 25 EC 0.05%
2. Thrips, Scales, maely bugs and white flies on other flower crops
3. leaf cutter bees on rose
4. Red spider mite: Tetranychus spp.- on cut flowers (eg. carnation)
2. JASMINE
1. Bud worm: Hendecasis duplifascialis, Pyraustidae:Lepidoptera
2. Gallery worm: Elasmopalpus jasminophagus Pyralidae: Lepidoptera
3. Leaf roller: Glyphodes unionalis Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera
4. Eriophyid mite: Aceria jasmini – Felt like out growth on leaves- namely erineum
Management of Jasmine pests
• Collect and destroy damaged leaves, webbings or leaf rolls along with larvae
• Use light trap @ 1/ ha to attract and kill adult moths
• Maintain proper pruning and hygienic of bushes
• Insecticides: NSKE 5% or malathion 50 EC 0.1% in case of severe infestation
5. Root knot nematode on crossandra (cuases crossandra wilt)
PESTICIDES
Chemical control: Management of insect pests using chemical pesticides
Pesticides: Chemicals which are used to kill pests; Insecticides – used to kill insects
• In 1939, insecticidal property of DDT was discovered by Paul Muller of Switzerland and
was awarded Nobel Prize in 1948
1) LD50 (Median lethal dose) – Dose of insecticide required to kill 50% of the target insect
population and expressed as mg or g / kg body weight of larva or adult insect
2) LC50 (Median lethal concentration) - Concentration of insecticide required to kill 50% of the
given organism or insect and expressed in PPM or %
3) LT50 (Median lethal time)- Time required to kill 50% of the population at a certain dose or
concentration and expressed in hours or minutes
Generations of insecticides
Generation Year Compounds
I 1939-1942 BHC and DDT
II 1944-1947 Organophosphates and Carbamate
III 1967 Hormonal insecticides, JH mimic insect growth regulators
IV 1970s Synthetic pyrethroids
• Pesticide should be applied only based on the need, i.e. if pest reaches ETL.
• Only 1% of the pesticide applied to crop reaches the target
TOXICITY TERMS
Acute toxicity – Toxicity is by single dose of the toxicant
Chronic toxicity – Toxicity is by accumulation of small amount of toxicant over a period of time
Others: Oral, Dermal and Inhalation toxicities
I. PESTICIDES GROUPS
Groups of pesticide: The pesticides are classified into various groups based on pest organism
against which the compounds are used, their chemical nature, mode of entry and mode of action
Based on organisms
a) Insecticides: Chemicals used to kill or manage insects (eg.) Monocrotophos, malathion
AO/Entomology/Page 62
b) Rodenticides: Chemicals exclusively used to control rats (eg.) Zinc phosphide,
Bromadialone
c) Acaricides: Chemicals used to control mites on crops/ animals (eg.) Dicofol,
Spiromecifen
d) Avicides: Chemicals used to repel the birds (eg.) Anthraquionone
e) Molluscicides: Chemicals used to kill the snails and slugs (eg.) Metaldehyde
f) Nematicides: Chemicals used to control nematodes (eg.) Ethylene dibromide
g) Fungicides: Chemicals used to control fungal plant diseases (eg.) Copper oxy cholirde,
Carbendazim
h) Bactericide: Chemicals used to manage plant diseases caused by bacteria (eg.)
Streptomycin sulphate
i) Herbicide: Chemicals used to manage weeds (eg.) 2, 4-D, Butachlor
Based on mode of entry
a) Stomach poison: The insecticide applied in the leaves and other parts of the plant when
ingested, act in the digestive system of the insect and bring about kill (eg.) Malathion.
b) Contact Poison: The toxicant brings about death of the pest by means of contact (eg.)
Fenvalerate.
c) Fumigant: Toxicant enters in vapour form into the tracheal system through spiracles (eg.)
Aluminium phosphide
d) Systemic poison: Chemicals when applied to plant or soil are absorbed by foliage (or) roots
and translocated throughout the plant and cause death of insect feeding on plant. (eg.)
Dimethoate
Based on mode of action
a) Physical poison: killing of insect by the physical effect of the toxicant (eg.) Activated clay
b) Protoplasmic poison: Toxicant responsible for precipitation of protein (eg.) Arsenicals
c) Respiratory poison: Chemicals which inactivate respiratory enzymes (eg.) hydrogen
cyanide
d) Nerve poison: Chemicals inhibit impulse conduction (axonic & synaptic) (eg.) Malathion
e) Chitin inhibition: Chemicals inhibit chitin synthesis (eg.) Diflubenzuron
B. Synthetic organic
a) Chlorinated hydrocarbon (OC): Compounds containing chlorine bonded to carbon atoms
(eg.) DDT, HCH, aldrin, endosulfan
b) Organophosphorus (OP) compounds: Esters of phosphonic, phosphoric, thiophosphoric
(or) dithiophosphoric acid. (eg.) Malthion, fenthion, quinolphos.
c) Carbamates: Esters of carbamic acid. (eg.) Carbaryl, carbofuran, aldicarb.
d) Synthetic pyrethroids: Synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins synthesized from
petroleum based chemicals (eg.) Fenvalerate, cypermethrin, permethrin
4. Flowable (F)
• Active ingredient is wet milled with a clay diluent and water
• Constant agitation is needed to prevent formation of insecticide suspension and settling.
AO/Entomology/Page 64
Droplet sizes spray fluid
o Coarse spray = > 400 µ
o Medium spray = 210-400µ
o Fine spray = 100 – 200 µ
o Smoke = 0.001 to 0.1 µ
o Aerosols = 0.1 to 50 µ
o Fog = 1 to 50 µ
o Mist =50 to 150 µ
2. Smoke generators
• Used in the form of coil like strips containing pyrethrum, oxidant and wood dust for the
control mosquitoes. When ignited, these coils release vapours.
3. Aerosols
• A small amount of pesticide is driven through a fine opening by a chemically inactive gas
under pressure when the nozzle is triggered (or) by burning toxicant or vaporizing it
• The toxicant is suspended as minute particle (0.1 - 50 w/w) in air as a fog or mist
• It consists of toxicant (2%), solvent (10%), knockdown agent (2%) and propellant (86%)
Other formulations
1. Poison bait: Comprises of Insecticide + food attractive
2. Seed dressers: active ingredient in a carrier material with an adhesive
3. Tablets: Toxicant, and a carrier to prevent the flammability. They release toxic gas
4. Insecticide paints and polishes: Toxicant is in the form of paint/polish -applied as such by
using a brush
5. Encapsuled fumigants: The fumigant is impregnated with inert material and sealed in plastic
containers
AO/Entomology/Page 65
Insecticide additives/ adjuvants
Additives Purpose Example
Dust additives
Carriers/ Organic: flour of walnut, wood, bark, soybean and ground nut shell
diluents Inorganic: Sulphur powder, dolomite, lime, gypsum, talc, clay, kaolinite, vermiculite
Spray additives
Solvent Dissolve water insoluble toxicant or active Kerosene, diesel, petroleum
ingredient (a.i.)
Wetting Convert water insoluble toxicant to water soluble
agent
Spreader Improve the wetting of pesticides through increase Ca caesinate, soybean flour,
the spreading property sulphonated charcoal
Emulsifiers Prevent solvent dissolved toxicant from Na oleate amines, Na lauryl
precipitating out, act as connective bridge between sulphate, Teepol, egg albumin,
water and solvent dissolved toxicant and gives milky Soap solution
emulsion when mixing with water
Sticking Prevent washing off pesticides by rain or dew Gelatin, resin, starch
agent
Stabilizer Prevent rapid degradation of unstable organic Iso propyl cresols
pesticides
Softener Reduce the phytotoxicity of pesticides Sulphur, ZnSo4, Lime, Caesin
Deodorant Masks the unpleasant odour Cedar oil, pine oil, rose wood
oil, other plant oils
• Leaflet furnish the details like Name of the pests, weeds and diseases against the chemical
may be used, Direction for use, Warning and cautioning statement, symptoms of
poisonning, antidotes and first aid Direction for storage, careful handling and disposal.
Classification of Symbol and Word on Colour of the Acute toxicity (mg/kg) body
the Insecticides Upper part of triangle triangle weight
Oral Dermal
Extremely toxic Skull + Cross bone + Bright red 1-50 1-200
'POISON'
Highly toxic Poison Bright yellow 51-500 201-2000
Moderately toxic Danger Bright blue 501-5000 2001 - 20,000
Slightly toxic Caution Bright green > 5000 > 20,000
• Total number of registered pesticides – 221
• Number of pesticides restricted to use in India – 13
• Number of pesticides banned for use and their manufacture allowed only for export - 27
Granular application
• Highly toxic pesticides are prepared in the form of granules
• Granules can be applied directly on soil or in plant parts and requires slight moisture in
the soil. The methods of applications are
a) Broadcasting – by mixing the Granules with equal quantity of sand
(eg.) Carbofuran 3G @ 1.45 kg/8 cent rice nursery in a thin film of water and impound
water for 3 days
b) Infurrow application
Applied at the time of sowing in furrows in beds and covered with soil before irrigation.
(eg.) Carbofuran 3G applied @ 3 g per meter row for the control of sorghum shootfly
c) Side dressing - After the establishment of the plants, applied on the furrow
d) Spot application - Granules are applied @ 5 cm away and 5 cm deep on the sides of plant
e) Ring application: Granules are applied a sa ring form around the trees
f) Root zone application: Granules are encapsulated and placed in the root zone of the plant
g) Leaf whorl application- Granules + equal quantity of sand = applied in the leaf whorl in
crops like sorghum, maize, sugarcane to control internal borers
Pralinage
• The surface of banana sucker intended for planting is trimmed and dipped in wet clay
slurry followed by sprinkling of carbofuran 3G (40g/sucker) against burrowing nematode
Trunk/stem injection
• Injection of 5 ml of monocrotophos 36 WSC into the coconut stem against red palm weevil
and eriophyid mite
• Pseudo stem injection of banana, an injecting gun or hypodermic syringe is used for the
control of banana aphid, vector of bunchy top disease
Padding
• 5-10ml of Monocrotophos 36WSP- against Stem borers of mango, silkcotton and cashew
Swabbing
AO/Entomology/Page 67
• Coffee white borer is controlled by swabbing the trunk and branches with HCH (BHC) 1
per cent suspension.
Root feeding
• Trunk injection in coconut results in wounding of trees and root feeding is an alternate and
safe chemical method to control black headed caterpillar, eriophyid mite, red palm weevil
• Monocrotophos 10 ml and equal quantity of water are taken in a polythene bag and tied
with root
Soil drenching
• Chemical+water= solution is used for soil drenching to control certain subterranean pests
• (eg.) BHC 50 WP is mixed with water @ 1 kg in 65 litres of water and drench the soil for
the control of cotton/stem weevil and brinjal ash weevil grubs.
Capsule placement
(eg.) In banana to control bunchy top vector (aphid) the insecticide is filled in gelatin
capsules and placed in the crown region
Baiting
a) Spodoptera: 0.5 kg molasses + 0.5 kg carbaryl 50 WP + 5 kg of rice bran + water (3 litres)
are made into small pellets and dropped in the field in the evening hours
b) Rats: Zinc phophide is mixed at 1:49 ratio with food like popped rice or maize or cholam
or coconut pieces (or) warfarin can be mixed at 1:19 ratio with food. Ready to use cake
formulation (Bromodiolone) is also available
c) Coconut rhinoceros beetle: Castor rotten cake 5 kg + toddy + Contact insecticide
V. PEST RESURGENCE
• Tremendous increase in target pest population brought about by indiscriminate use of
insecticides
• e.g. Quinalphos, phorate -Cause resurgence of BPH in rice and Carbofuran - Leaf folder
in rice
• Simple resistance: Insect develops resistance only against the insecticide to which it is
exposed
• Cross resistance: Insect develops resistance not only to exposed insecticide but also to
other related insecticides to which it is not already exposed
1. Rotary dusters
• Rotary duster consists of a blower, gear box and a hopper with a capacity to hold 4-5 kg
dust and operated by rotating a crank and motion is transmitted through the gear
• Used for dusting field crops, vegetables and small trees and bushes in orchards
• Efficiency - 1 to 1.5 ha/ day
2. Knapsack dusters
• Dust container of 2 to 5 kg of capacity through which air current is blown by means of
bellows- used for spot application
SPRAYERS
I. Manually operated hydraulic sprayers: the hydraulic pump directly acts on the spray fluid
and discharges it
1. Hand syringe: It is single acting pump working on the principle of cycle pump.
2. Hand sprayer: capacity = 0.5 to 1.0 lit and used for spraying small kitchen garden
3. Bucket pump sprayer
• It consists of a brass pump (either double acting pump with 2 cylinders or a single
pump with one cylinder for continuous discharge of fluid), hose, lance and a nozzle
• This is suited for small scale spraying
4. Knapsack back pack sprayer: 10 to 14 lit capacity- pressure is developed using the
handle
5. Rocker sprayer: Requires 2 operators
• Consist of pump assembly, platform, operating lever, pressure chamber (14 to 18 kg/
cm2), suction hose, strainer, delivery hose and an extension rod with spray nozzle
• This is used for spraying fruit trees and tall crops
6. Foot sprayer (pedal pump) - require single operator, pressure 17 to 21 kg/ cm2
7. Manually operated compression sprayers: These are also known as pneumatic sprayers
- air pressure is employed for forcing the liquid through the nozzle
a) Pneumatic hand compression sprayer
• The tank is filled to ¾ capacity and ¼ with air
• The spray is forced out of the nozzle though trigger cut off valve under the pressure of
air above the spray fluid to emerge inform of a continuous spray
• This is mostly used in glass houses and kitchen garden
2. Ultra low volume sprayer (ULV) (Hand carried, battery operated disc-sprayer)
Pesticides are applied with < 5 litres spray fluid produces fine droplets (80 m)
PARTS OF A SPRAYER
• It atomize the spray fluid into small droplets and eject with some force. Its parts are as
follow
1. Tank: To hold the spray fluid during spraying (eg.) knapsack and power sprayers 9 – 13 lit
2. Pump: This create the energy required for atomization of spray fluid
a) Air pump (Pneumatic): Mostly used in compression sprayers. Here, the force created by
pump acts, over the spray fluid
b) Positive displacement pumps (Plunger, rotary and centrifugal pump): It takes a
definite volume of liquid inlet and transfer it without any escape to outlet
3. Agitator: For uniform dispersal of pesticides
4. Pressure gauge
5. Valves: To govern the direction of the flow of the spray fluid
6. Filter: Provided between tank and the pump unit, pump and spray lance to protect the pump
from abrasion and to prevent blocking of nozzles
7. Pressure chamber: prevents fluctuation in the pressure and effects uniformly in spraying
8. Hose: It is attached to the sprayer on one end and the spray lance on the other
9. Spray lance: length varies from 35 to 90 cm with a 120oC
10. Cut-off valve: It is used to shut off the liquid
11. Spray boom: Spray bars carrying more than one nozzle is known as spray booms
12. Nozzle: It breaks the liquid into droplets and spread them into spray droplets. It consist of
a) Body
b) Cap: It is a nut screwed on the body which holds other parts
c) Swirl plate: To give a definite characteristic spray pattern.
d) Washer (sealer): to allow variation in depth of the swirl chamber and prevents the leakage
of spray fluid
e) Strainer: To prevent the entry to bigger size particle
TYPES OF NOZZLES
1. Hydraulic nozzle
AO/Entomology/Page 70
a. Fan/ flat type nozzles
• Orifice plate has an oblong orifice (‘V’ shape).
• Uniform pattern of spray is obtained when more than one nozzle is used.
• It is recommended for spraying flat surface such as soil and herbicides
b. Cone type nozzles- It may be either hollow or solid cone,
i) Hollow cone: Only one slot is present through which liquid is forced in the swirl plate to
to produce a hollow cone shape spray and used for insecticide and fungicide spraying
ii) Solid cone: two slots are present at the centre of swirl plate and used for herbicide
spraying
c) Adjustable nozzle: Sprays in a cone pattern of various angles and also in broken form
2) Flood jet nozzle: Since the jet falls at right angle to the surface, drifting of the chemical is
minimized. This is used for herbicide spray
3) Thermal energy nozzle: It produces fog
4) Centrifugal energy nozzle: for ULV and aircraft spraying
5) Two types of nozzles used in power sprayers
i). Jet nozzle
• It contains tdosage sleeves of 4 marks - I, II, III and IV indicating the size of the hole
• No.I - lowest rate of discharge (0.5 lit/ha) and No. IV is for highest rate of discharge
ii) Adjustable micronizer nozzle: Give fixed rate of discharge at a time
Other appliances
1. Soil injecting gun
• Used for fumigating the soil at different depths to control nematodes and soil insects
2. Bird scarer
• It is produced loud noise at regular interval and used to scare away the birds.
• The sound is produced by calcium carbide and water
• One unit is sufficient to scare away the birds from an area of 3-6 acres
3. Flame thrower
• To destroy locust swarm, hairy caterpillars. It is ordinary pneumatic sprayer filled with
kerosene for producing flame
• Lance and nozzle are replaced with metal burner
4. Granular applicator
• It consist of a hopper to hold the granules + regulating mechanism for the constant flow of
granules 1% = 1g/ 100ml or 1g/ 100g or 1ml/ 100g
1 ppm = 1mg/ 1000ml or 1ml/ 1000ml or 1mg/ 1000mg
Pesticide calculations
1. Solid formulations: V1 * N1 = 100 * R * A
V1 – Quantity of commercial formulation required (Kg)
N1 – Concentration of commercial formulation (%)
R – Recommended dose of the formulation (Kg a.i./ ha)
A – Area to be covered (ha)
2. Liquid formulations: V1 * N1 = V2 * N2 1 ha = 2.5 acres
V1 – Volume of commercial formulation required (lit) 1 cent = 40 m2 or 435.6 sq ft
N1 – Concentration of commercial formulation (%) 1 kg = 1000 g
V2 – Volume of spray fluid required (lit) 1 g = 1000 mg
N2 – Concentration of spray fluid required (%)
AO/Entomology/Page 71
List of some important insecticides and their trade names
S. No. Insecticides Trade name Colour of the triangle
Organophosphates
1. Acephate 75% WP Asataf, Orthene Blue
2. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC Dursban Yellow
3. Dimethoate 30% EC Rogor Blue
4. Monocrotophos 36% SL Nuvacron Red
5. Dichlorvos 76% EC (DDVP) Nuvan Red
6. Ethion 100% EC Fosmite Red
7. Malathion 50% EC Cythion, Hilthion Blue
8. Methyl Parathion 50% EC Metacid Red
9. Oxydmeton methyl 25% EC Metasystox Yellow
10. Phorate 10% G Thimet Red
11. Phosphomidon Dimecron Red
12. Triazophos 40% EC Hostathion Yellow
13. Phosalone 50% EC Zolone Red
14. Quinalphos 25% EC Ekalux Yellow
Carbamates
1. Aldicarb 10% G Temik Red
2. Carbofuran 3% G Furadon Red
3. Carbaryl 50% WP Sevin Yellow
4. Thiodicarb 75% WP Larvin Yellow
5. Carbosulfan 25% SC Marshal -
Synthetic pyethroid
1. Betacyfluthrin 2.5% EC Bulldock llowYe
2. Cypermethrin 10% EC Cymbush Yellow
3. Deltamethrin 2.8% EC Decis Yellow
4. Fenvalerate 20% EC Tatafen Yellow
Fumigants
1. Aluminium phosphide (tablets) Celphos -
Newer insecticides
Neonicotinoids
1. Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (Foliar spray) Confidor Yellow
2. Imidocloprid 70% WS (Seed treatment) Gaucho Yellow
3. Thiamethoxam 25% WG Actara Blue
4. Thiamethoxam 70% WS Cruiser Blue
5. Acetamiprid 20% SP Pride, Rapid Yellow
6. Thiochloprid 240% SC Alanto Blue
Pyyrole insecticides
Fipronil 5% SC Regent Yellow
Avermectins
Emamectin benzoate Proclaim, Denim -
Spinosyn
Spinosad 45 % SC, 2.5% SC Tracer, Naturalyte -
Chitin synthesis inhibitors
Diflubenzuron 25 WP Dimilin -
Animal derived
Cartap hydrochloride 4 % G and 50% SP Padan, Caldan -
Oxadiazone
Indoxacarb 14.8% EC Avaunt -
Ryanodine receptors
Chlorantraniliprole Coragen Green
Phtalic acid diimide
Flubendiamide 480% SC Fame Blue
AO/Entomology/Page 72
Important Acaricides and their trade names
RODENTICIDES
Insecticides Trade name 1. Single dose poison (Acute poison)
Kelthane 18.5 % EC Kelthane (eg). Zinc Phosphide (releases PH3 gas)
Fenpropathrin 10 EC Danitol - Pre baiting is needed to over come
Spiromeccifen 240% SC Oberon baitshyness
Fenazaquin 10% EC Magister (eg). Bromodialone - Moosh Moosh
Fenpyroximate 5% EC Sedna (anticoagulant)
Propargite 57% EC Omite - A second generation anticoagulant
Diafenthiuron 50% WP Polo - Prebaiting is not required
Triazophos 40% EC Hostathion
Phosalone 50% EC Zolone 2. Multi dose poison (Chronic poison)
Dimethoate 30% EC Rogor (eg). Warfarin (Rodaferin)
Monocrotophos 36% SL Nuvacron - An antocoagulant
Phosalone 50% EC Zolone - Bait ratio (1:19)
Ethion 100% EC Fosmite - Affect synthesis and absorption of Vit K
RODENT MANAGEMENT
1. Physical methods: Rat proofing, Hygiene and sanitation
2. Mechanical method: Tanjore bamboo bow traps
3. Cultural method: Deep ploughing, flooding the fields, Formation of narrow bunds
4. Chemical
a. Acute/ Single dose poison: Zinc phosphide, Barium chloride, e.g. Zinc phosphide 2 parts, food
grains 96 parts and any edible oil 2 parts.
b. Chronic/ Multiple dose poison: Anticoagulants. If consumed regularly in sufficient quantity
for a prolonged period causes blood hemorrhage. These do not create bait shyness.
c. Fumigation of rat burrows:
• Cyanogas fumigation: Calcium cyanide was used as a fumigant.
• Phosphine gas fumigation: Aluminium phosphide pellets can be used
AO/Entomology/Page 73
IMPORTANT STORAGE PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
I. PRIMARY FEEDERS
a. Internal Feeders (feed entirely with in the grains)
1. Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Hosts: Rice (main), maize and other cereals in storage
Damage: The developing larva lives and feeds inside the grain
2. Lesser Grain Borer, Rhizopertha dominica (Coleoptera.: Bostrychidae)
Hosts: Stored cereals (main), cassava, cereal products, flours
Damage: Both larvae and adults feed on the grains. The adults are quite long-lived
3. Pulse beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis and C. maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Hosts: Cowpea, Soybean, and other pulses; Eggs are highly visible and laid on the seeds
4. Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera.: Anobiidae)
Hosts: Stored leaf and cigarettes of tobacco, groundnut, peas and beans, many stored grains
5. Drug store beetle, Stegobium paniceum (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)- An external feeder
Grubs make cylindrical g alleries on dried herbs and spices by making and adults feed little
6. Tamarind beetle, Pachymeres gonagra (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Hosts: Groundnut (main) and other legumes (alternative).
Damage: Larvae bore into the kernels, and a single larva makes a large hole in the cotyledons
7. Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Hosts: Paddy, maize and wheat, Sorghum and other stored grains, and dried fruits
8. Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Hosts: Potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant
Damage: Tubers are bored by the caterpillars and they become infected with fungi or bacteria
9. Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Curculionidae: Apionidae)
II. SECONDARY FEEDERS (feed on broken grains which are out of condition)
1. Saw-toothed Grain Beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)
2. Flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)
3. Grain mite: Acarus siro (Order: Astigmata)
These pests attacks the germ of seeds, which reduces germination and spreads fungi
AO/Entomology/Page 74
• Disinfection of stores and Legal methods
2. Curative measures
I. Non-chemical control measures
• Heat treatment, Controlled atmosphere – using CO2 , Use of plant products, Use of
activated clay, Irradiation, Airtight storage, Drying of grains
II. Chemical control measures
a. Prophylactic treatment
• Application of Malathion 50 EC (or) DDVP 76% SC over the bags
• Empty gunny bag soaking with 0.1% Malathion emulsion for 10 minutes and dried before
using for seed storage
• Fumigants: EDCT and EDB
b. Curative treatment: Use of Aluminium phosphide (Period of fumigation is about 5 days)
• Cover fumigation- 3 tablets of 3 grams each per tonne of grain
• Shed fumigation- 21 tablets of 3 grams each for 28 cu. metres
AO/Entomology/Page 75
1. Cicadulin nubila Ragi mosaic
V. Plant hopper (Delphacidae) transmitted viruses
1. Peregrinus maidis Freckled yellows of sorghum, Maize mosaic
2. Nilaparvata lugens Rice ragged stunt, Orange stunt
VI. Whitefly (Aleyrodidae) transmitted viruses
1. Bamisia tabaci Bhendi yellow vein mosaic, Bhendi leaf curl, Chilli
mosaic, Cotton mosaic, Tomato spotted wilt, Tobacco
leaf curl
VII. Thrips (Thripidae) transmitted viruses
1. Thrips tabaci Papaya leaf curl, Tomato spotted wilt
2. Frankliniella schultzei Soybean spotted wilt, Groundnut bud necrosis
3. Scirtothrips dorsalis Chilli leaf curl
VIII. Mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae) transmitted viruses
1. Dysmicoccus brevipes Pine apple wilt
2. Saccharicoccus sacchari Sugarcane mottling
IX. Psyllid (Psyllidae) transmitted viruses
1. Diaphorina citri Citrus greening
List of some insect vectors of other plant diseases
S. Vector Causative agent Disease
No.
I. Leah hopper (Cicadellidae) transmitted diseases
1. Orosius albicinctus Phytoplasma Sesamum phyllody
2. Nephotettix virescens Phytoplasma Rice yellow dwarf
3. Cestius (Hisimonas) Phytoplasma Little leaf of brinjal
phycitis
II. Lacewing bug (Tingid bug- Tingidae) transmitted viruses
4. Stephanites typicus Phytoplasma Coconut root wilt
Bees transmitted fungal diseases
1. Bees Claviceps purpureum and C. penisetti Sugary disease of
sorghum
List of some mite (Eriophyidae) vectors of plant viral diseases
Sl. No. Vector Disease
1. Aceria cajani Redgram sterility mosaic
2. A. mangiferae Mango malformation
3. A. tulipae Wheat streak mosaic
4. A. sacchari Sugarcane streak mosaic
AO/Entomology/Page 77