Tutorial 3 - Ecm 620 - Chapter 3 - Latest - Dr. Nosuzila
Tutorial 3 - Ecm 620 - Chapter 3 - Latest - Dr. Nosuzila
Tutorial 3 - Ecm 620 - Chapter 3 - Latest - Dr. Nosuzila
TUTORIAL 3
CHAPTER 3 – SATELLITE SPACE LINK (LINK BUDGET)
QUESTION:
JUN 2018
QUESTION 2
i) downlink and
ii) Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).
(3 marks)
i) Determine the feeder loss and the noise power density if the system noise
temperature referred to the input is 183.054 K. Given the Boltzmann’s
constant is 1.38 x10-23 J/K and the room temperature is 290K.
ii) Show mathematically the relationship between the noise factor and noise
temperature.
Tant = 58K
L:1
Figure Q2(b)
(8 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
i) A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite with the following parameters for the downlink
transmission as shown in Table Q2(c) situated 2000 km away above the ground,
uses L band to transmit signal back to the earth station.
Table Q2(c)
Parameter Unit
Frequency 2000 MHz
Transmit power 15 W
Transmit antenna gain -6 dB
Earth station antenna gain 55 dB
Receiving system noise temperature 800 K
Polarization and atmospheric loss 8 dB
Branching and feeder loss 3 dB
Channel bandwidth 30 MHz
Compute :
(9 marks)
QUESTION 3
Explain why the uplink frequency is higher than the downlink frequency in
broadcasting applications.
(14 marks)
Discuss the noise temperature values obtained in part (i) and (ii).
(7 marks)
QUESTION 2
a) Define Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and free space loss that is
used in satellite link design.
(4 marks)
Table Q2(b)
Given:
Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 x 10-23 J/K and the room temperature is 290 K.
Hence, calculate;
(7 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
c) A receiving system consists of an antenna having a noise temperatute of 45 K.
A coxial cable is connected directly from the antenna to the low noise amplifier
with a loss of 2.5 dB. The low noise amplifier has a noise temperature of 125 K
and a gain of 50 dB. The main receiver which is connected right after the low
noise amplifier has noise figure of 8 dB. Given the room temperature is 290 K.
Compare the noise temperature values obtained in part (i) and (ii) and give your
comment.
(9 marks)
QUESTION 3
a) Name three (3) types of antenna that are commonly used for satellite earth
station. Formulate the parameters of a suitable parabolic antenna Ku Band Direct
Broadcast Satellite Television (DBS-TV) receiver, that can be used to receive
transmission from a satellite. Determine the type of parabolic antenna, diameter
size, frequency and also antenna gain, in your design.
(14 marks)
QUESTION 4
Assume other losses are negligible and the carrier to noise ratio is 26 dB.
Assuming both uplink and the Boltzmann’s constant is -228.6 dBW/K.
Justify the system and determine whether the system operates within its
specification.
(8 marks)
QUESTION 2
a) Distinguish two (2) main forces in stable orbit that act on the satellite due to the
kinetic energy and gravitational attraction.
(3 marks)
b) Figure Q2(b) shows a block diagram of four amplifiers cascaded in the earth
station receiver.
Figure Q2(b)
The gain and noise temperature of the compenents are given by:
Calculate the :
Explain why the uplink frequency is higher than the downlink frequency in
broadcasting applications.
(9 marks)
QUESTION 3
Figure Q3(b)
i) Evaluate the graph by pointing out the linear and nonlinear operation for
single carrier and multiple carriers input. Then, explain what is input
backoff and output backoff. Hence, determine the equation to prove
relation between them.
(14 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
QUESTION 4
a) Discuss on the viability of a 16/14 GHz satellite system by solving uplink and
downlink carrier to noise power ratio in unit decibel (dB) with a bandwidth of 40
MHz which having the following parameters as shown in Table Q4(c). Assume
the speed of light is 3 x 108 m/s. Show all calculations.
Table Q4(c)
Uplink Unit
Earth station transmitter output power 2500 W
Earth station antenna efficiency 65%
Earth station antenna diameter 4m
Additional atmospheric losses 0.6 dB
Satellite receiver G/T ratio 10.5 dBK-1
Input backoff 10 dB
Distance between satellite and earth station 36000 km
Downlink Unit
Satellite transmitter output power 10 W
Satellite branching and feeder losses 0.6 dB
Satellite transmit antenna gain 40 dB
Earth station antenna effective area 8.8 m2
Earth station equivalent noise temperature 270 K
Atmospheric losses 0.4 dB
Distance between satellite and earth station 35000 km
Boltzmann’s constant -228.6 dBW/HzK
Predict whether the above system operates within its specification if the minimum
required total carrier to noise power ratio is 16 dB.
(7 marks)
QUESTION 2
a) Antenna operating in the receiving mode introduces noise into satellite circuits,
which can be classified into two (2) types. Describe the following types of
antenna noise:
i) Sky noise,
ii) Antenna loss.
(4 marks)
i) Sketch the system block diagram and calculate the system noise
temperature referred to the input.
ii) With the same parameters as above, calculate the system noise
temperature when the low noise amplifier is now connected directly to the
antenna followed by the coaxial cable and the main receiver, and
iii) Determine the noise power density and the noise power for a bandwidth
of 36 MHz in decibel (dB). Comment your answer on both system noise
temperature results.
(7 marks)
Determine whether the system is within its specification if the minimum total C/N
required for operation is 18 dB. Prove your answer.
(9 marks)
i) Attitude control
ii) Station keeping
(6 marks)
f) A 14/12 GHz satellite system has the system parameters as given in Table Q3
(b). Complete the link budget for the parameter (i) to (viii) by showing all
calculations and formulas used. Final answers must be in decibel (dB).
Table Q3 (b)
UPLINK Unit
Earth station transmitter output power 900 W
Earth station back off loss 12 dB
Earth station ranching and feeder losses 2.4 dB
Earth station antenna efficiency 60%
Earth station antenna diameter 8.5 m
Earth station transmit antenna gain (i)
Additional atmospheric losses 0.9 dB
Free space loss (ii)
Satellite receiver G/T ratio -4.5 dB/K
Distance between satellite and earth station 36000 km
Bandwidth 36 MHz
Carrier to noise power spectral density (iii)
Carrier to noise power (iv)
Botlzmann constant 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
DOWNLINK Unit
Satellite transmitter output power 15 W
Satellite back off loss 5 dB
Satellite branching and feeder losses 1.5 dB
Satellite transmit antenna gain (v)
Satellite antenna diameter 0.6 m
Satellite antenna efficiency 55%
Free space loss 202 dB
Earth station received antenna gain 57 dB
Earth station equivalent noise temperature 290 K
Earth station G/T ratio (vi)
Carrier to noise power spectral density (vii)
Total carrier to noise power spectral density (viii)
(14 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
QUESTION 4
Table Q4 (c)
Earth station
Transmit power, Pt 90 W
Antenna diameter, D 5m
Antenna efficiency, ƞ 70 %
Distance to satellite 42000 km
Satellite
Antenna efficiency, ƞ 60 %
Antenna gain, Gs 40 dBi
Antenna noise temperature, Ts 290 K
Boltzmann’s constant -228.6 dBW/Hz K
Find the earth station’s Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), free space
loss, satellite’s G/T and uplink Carrier to Noise Spectral Density (C/No).
(8 marks)
QUESTION 2
a) Define flux density for an ideal antenna and for real antenna with the equations
respectively.
(4 marks)
Tant 35 K
T1 45 K
G1 20 dB
T2 100 K
G2 30 dB
T3 500 K
G3 35 dB
Figure Q2 (b)
Calculate:
b) Complete the link budget for the parameters (i) to (vi) as given in Table Q3 (c).
The distance between the satellites to the center of earth is 42164 km operates at
14/12 GHz. Show all your calculations.
Table Q3 (c)
Uplink Units
Earth station transmit power (dBW) 25
Earth station antenna gain (dB) 45
Earth station backoff loss (dB) 6
Earth station feeder and branching loss (dB) 2
Atmospheric loss (dB) 1
Free space loss (dB) (i)
Satellite receive antenna gain (dB) (ii)
Satellite feeder and branching loss (dB) 2
Satellite equivalent noise temperature (K) 800
Satellite G/T(dB/K) 16
Modulation scheme 8-PSK
Bit rate (Mbps) 90 Mbps
Carrier power to noise power (dB) (iii)
Carrier power to noise power density (dB) 97.12
Energy per bit to noise power ratio (dB) (iv)
Downlink Units
Transmitter output power (dBW) 20
Satellite antenna gain (dB) 44
Satellite backoff loss(dB) 3
Satellite feeder and branching loss (dB) 2
Atmospheric loss (dB) 1
Free space loss(dB) 206
Earth station receive antenna gain (dB) 44
Earth station feeder and branching loss (dB) 1
Earth station equivalent noise temperature (K) 1000
Earth station G/T (dB/ K) 14
Modulation scheme QPSK
Bit rate (Mbps) 90 Mbps
Carrier power to noise power density (dB) (v)
Total carrier to noise power density (dB) (vi)
(14 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
AUGUST 2016
QUESTION 2
Table Q2 (b)
Tant 35 K
T1 45 K
G1 20 dB
T2 100 K
G2 30 dB
T3 500 K
G3 35 dB
Figure Q2 (b)
Calculate:
b) A satellite communication system operating at 6 GHz uplink and 4 GHz downlink has
a bandwidth of 36 MHz. The receiving satellite transponder has a power flux density
of -95 dB/m2 and G/T of 5 dB/K. The backoff of the transponder transmitting end and
the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is 3 dB and 46 dBW respectively. The
receiving ground station is using a 5 m parabolic reflector with 70% efficiency and
the receiver has overall system noise temperature of 140 K. The distance between
satellite and ground station is assumed to be 36000 km for both uplink and downlink.
Calculate the uplink EIRP and the uplink and downlink Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N).
Determine whether the system is within its specification if the minimum total C/N
required for operation is 18 dB. Prove your answer.
(9 marks)
i) A Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite in Figure 3(b) above has 15 dB for receive
and transmit antenna gain. The earth station A transmits 1kW power with an antenna
diameter of 1.75 m and 70% efficiency. The uplink frequency is 14 GHz. The
satellite’s received power is 14 pW from earth station A. Then the signals are
transmitted back to earth station B with transmits power of 10 W and 12 GHz
downlink frequency. At earth station B, the signals are received back at 0.7 pW with
antenna gain of 50 dB. Find the optimum distance from the satellite to both earth
stations. Calculate the free space loss for uplink and downlink transmission. Hence
find the total loss from earth station A to earth station B. Assume atmospheric loss
and feeder loss are negligible.
Satellite
Figure Q3 (b)
(14 marks)
a) Describe briefly the differences between noise factor and noise figure with
appropriate equation(s) respectively.
(4 marks)
Table Q2(b)
Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 x 10-23 J/K and the room temperature is 290 K.
Low noise
Tant Intermediate
amplifier Mixer
amplifier
(LNA) TM, GM,LM N0, out
FIF, GIF
TLNA, GLNA
Figure Q2(b)
i. Flux density
ii. Noise power spectral density
iii. Carrier to noise ratio
(6 marks)
If the system is specified to operate with minimum total carrier to noise ratio of 20
dB, explain whether the system working within the specification or not. Clarify
your answer.
(14 marks)
QUESTION 4
Assume that the free space loss is 196 dB, satellite EIRP is 25 dB and 3 dB for
other losses. Given the Boltzmann’s constant is -228.6 dBW/K/Hz. Compare your
G/T with carrier to noise spectral density ratio value before and after the heavy
rain. Show your answer with calculations.
(8 marks
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
JUN 2014
QUESTION 2
b) Figure Q2(c) shows the block diagram of four amplifiers cascaded in the earth
station receiver. For the purpose of noise analysis, derive the equation for the
total system noise temperature of the receiver.
Figure Q2(c)
Suppose we have four amplifiers in cascaded with the following gains and noise
temperature:
Tant = 25 K G1 = 20 dB
T1 = 60 K G2 = 30 dB
T2 = 150 K G3 = 35 dB
T3 = 250 K G4 = 40 dB
T4 = 350 K
Calculate:
QUESTION 3
b) Graph in Figure Q3(b) shows the typical transfer characteristic of travelling wave
tube amplifier (TWTA) in satellite. Analyse the graph by pointing out the linear
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
and nonlinear operation for single carrier and multiple carriers input . Hence
explain what is input backoff, output backoff and formulate the equation to prove
relation between it.
(7 marks)
b) Consider a 6/4 GHz satellite with required flux density to saturate the
transponder is -96 dB W/m2. The free space loss for uplink transmission is 207
dB. The receiver feeder loss is 2 dB and assume any other losses is negligible.
Determine the isotropic effective area in dB. Next calculate the EIRP of
transmitting earth station and uplink carrier to noise spectral density for a given
G/T of the satellite10 dB/k with input backoff 11 dB.
(7 marks)
QUESTION 3
An ideal antenna of a satellite with the physical aperture area of 10 m2 situated
10000 km away from the point on the earth’s surface. The earth station transmit
power 15 W to the satellite. Find the power flux density at the receiving point on
the satellite and the power received by an antenna at this point. The aperture
efficiency is given as 70%.
(5 marks)
c) Low earth orbit satellite used L band to transmit signal back to the earth station
situated 1400 km away. The following parameters are for the downlink
transmission.
Calculate :
QUESTION 4
c) With the aid of diagram, briefly describe the different between fixed assignment
and demand assignment used for multiple access technique.
(5 marks)
Satellite
Figure 4(b)
A MEO satellite in Figure 4(b) above has 15 dB for receive and transmit antenna
gain. The earth station A transmits 1kW power with an antenna diameter of 1.75
m and 70% efficiency. The uplink frequency is 14 GHz. The satellite’s received
power is 14 pW from earth station A. Then the signals are transmitted back to
earth station B with transmits power of 10 W and 12 GHz downlink frequency. At
earth station B, the signals are received back at 0.7 pW with antenna gain of 50
dB. Find the optimum distance from the satellite to both earth stations.
(9 marks)
c) From the question 4(b), find the free space loss for uplink and downlink
transmission. Hence find the total loss from earth station A to earth station B.
Assume atmospheric loss and feeder loss are negligible.
(6 marks)
QUESTION 3
a) Briefly explain the term saturation flux density. An uplink satellite system
operates at 14 GHz with a total propagation loss of 204 dB. The flux density
required to saturate the transponder is -115 dBW/m2. The receiver feeder loss is
0.6 dB. Calculate the earth station effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
required for the saturation. Assume clear sky condition.
(6 marks)
Uplink Units
Bandwidth 36 MHz
Downlink Units
Determine the:
i) earth station transmit antenna gain,
ii) uplink free space loss,
iii.) uplink carrier to noise power spectral density ratio,
iv) uplink carrier to noise power ratio,
v) earth station G/T ratio and
vi) downlink carrier to noise power spectral density ratio.
If the minimum required total carrier to noise power spectral density ratio is 80
dB, is the above system viable?
(14 marks)
QUESTION 3
c)
If the system is specified to operate with minimum total C/N of 18 dB, is it within the
specification? Prove.
(12 marks)
QUESTION 3
a) A geostationary satellite uses C-band and the distance from the earth station to
the satellite is 38,500 km.
Assume other losses are negligible and the Boltzmann's constant is -228.6
dBW/Hz K.
Analyze the system and hence find out whether the system operate within its
specification. Show all your calculations.
(14 marks)
QUESTION 3
a) Define flux density for an ideal antenna and for real antenna with the equations
respectively.
(4 marks)
Given three amplifier in cascaded with the following gains and noise temperature:
Tant 35 K
T1, 45 K
G1, 20 dB
T2 100 K
G2 30 dB
T3 500 K
G3 35 dB
Calculate:
QUESTION 3
i) flux density
ii) effective isotropically radiated power
iii) carrier-to-noise density ratio
(6 marks)
b) An earth station antenna received signal at 4500 MHz frequency. The antenna
has a diameter of 25 m with overall efficiency of 65%. If the system noise
temperature when the antenna point the satellite at this frequency is 75 K, find
the value of G/T ratio under this condition. What is the new value of G/T ratio if
the heavy rain causes the sky temperature to increase and the system noise
temperature rises to 90 K. Comment on your answer.
(4 marks)
QUESTION 3
i) Aperture efficiency, n
ii) Effective aperture area, Ae
iii) Free space loss
(6 marks)
f) A low earth orbit satellite situated 1400 km away above the ground, uses L band
to transmit signal back to the earth station. The following parameters are for the
downlink transmission:
Calculate:
d) A middle earth orbit satellite in Figure Q4(b) above has 15 dB for receive and
transmit antenna gain. The earth station A transmits 1 kW power through an
antenna with a diameter of 1.75 m and 70% efficiency. The uplink frequency
is 14 GHz. The satellite's received power is 14 pW. Then the signal is
transmitted back to earth station B with transmit power of 10 W and 12 GHz
downlink frequency. At earth station B, the signal is received back at 0.7 pW
through an antenna with a gain of 50 dB. Find the optimum distance from the
satellite to both earth stations.
(10 marks)
e) From the part (b), find the free space loss for uplink and downlink
transmission. Hence find the total loss from earth station A to earth station B.
Assume atmospheric loss and feeder loss are negligible.
(5 marks)
QUESTION 4
(a) Give all steps in a design of satellite communication links from transmitting earth
station to receiving earth station.
(4 marks)
(b) A direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television system has following parameters for
its downlink.
(c) The CIN ratio for a satellite circuit are uplink 25 dB and downlink 15 dB.
Calculate the overall CIN ratio.
(3 marks)
(e) Explain why the low-noise amplifier of a satellite receiving system is placed at the
antenna end of the feeder cable.
(2 marks)
QUESTION 3
a) Define aperture efficiency, rj that have been used in satellite link design.
(2 marks)
e) Figure Q3c shows the block diagram of a receiver consisting of RF amplifier, mixer
and IF amplifier. For the purpose of noise analysis, derive the equation for the total
noise power, Pn at the output of the IF amplifier of the receiver.
(4 marks)
ii. Assume the operating frequency of the receiver is at 5 GHz. Using the given
gains and noise temperature, calculate the overall system noise temperature by
using the equation that you derived in question 3d (i).
QUESTION 4
a) A satellite system consists of three basic sections which are uplink, a satellite
transponder and a downlink. Draw the model block diagrams for all three
sections. Describe briefly the operation of the equipment in each model.
(5 marks)
b) What is meant by output backoff and its relationship with input backoff? An earth
station is required to operate at an effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of
45 dBW in order to produce saturation of the satellite transponder. If the
transponder has to be operated in a 7 dB backoff mode, calculate the new value
of EIRP required.
(5 marks)
c) The following parameters apply to an uplink earth station's power budget with an
uplink frequency of 14 GHz and distance to satellite is 40000 km.
Earth station
Transmit power, Pt 100 W
Antenna diameter, D 4m
Antenna efficiency, r| 60%
Satellite
Antenna efficiency, r| 55%
Antenna gain, Gs 38.2 dBi
Antenna noise temperature, Ts 290 K
Boltzmann's Constant - 228.6 dBW/Hz K
Find:
i) earth station's Effective Isotropically Radiated Power, EIRP.
ii) free space loss, FSL.
iii) satellite's G/T, and
iv) uplink carrier to noise spectral density, C/N0 (ignore other losses).
(8 marks)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsuzila Yaácob
Satellite Communication
ECM 620
MARCH 2004
QUESTION 3
b) In the system shown in Figure Q3(a), the receiver noise figure is 12 dB and
cable loss is 5 dB, the low-noise amplifier (LIMA) gain is 50 dB and its noise
temperature is 150 K. Calculate the noise temperature referred to the input. If the
locations of the cable and LNA are switched as shown in Figure Q3(b), calculate
the noise temperature referred to the input. From the above results illustrate
advantages of placing LNA ahead of the cable.
(13 marks)
2 a) A satellite orbit has the following parameters semimajor axis 6647 km;
eccentricity of 0.01369 and inclination 63.470. Assume a mean earth radius of
6371 km, Kepler’s constant of 3.986005 x105 km3/s.2 , determined the orbital
period and the nominal mean motion of the satellite.
Hence, if the oblateness of the earth is taken into account, calculate the;
i) Anomalistic period;
ii) Rate of regression of the nodes in degrees/day and.
iii) Rate of rotation of the line of apsides in degrees/day.
3a). Explain what is meant by satellite communication. Describe the main advantages
offered by satellite communications.
b). A satellite consist of payload and platform. There are four subsystem required to
permit the payload to operate. Describe the main functions and characteristics of
the subsystems.
(OCT2009/)
5a) An elliptical orbit satellite has an apogee height of 5000 km and a perigee height
of 1500 km. determine the semi major axis and the eccentricity of the orbit.
Hence find the period of the satellite orbit in hours, minutes and seconds.
Assume a mean earth radius is 6378 km and Kepler’s constant of 3.986005 x10 5
km3/s2 .
b) State all three Keplers Law of planetary motion. You can use diagrams to explain
your answer.
c) There are two forces act on satellite when it is in stable orbit. Name and differentiate
between the two forces. State the equation for each force.
d) Find the height of the orbit and the period of time in hour, minute and second for
the satellite maneuvers on the orbit with velocity 3.10 kms-1. Given the Keplers
constant is 3.986005 x105 km3/s2 and the earth’s radius is 6378 km.
(APR2007)