Communication and education Technology

Unit : 7- Educational media

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Introduction:

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to
the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio
visual material and teaching learning process.

Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of
educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation. A.v. aids are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It
makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant
gains in thinking and reasoning.

Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These
are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning
facilities for clear understanding.

Definitions:

1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which
initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter.v.Good: audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing
the triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.
4. According to good’s dictionary of education: audio visual aids are any thing by means
of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of
hearing or sense of sight.
5. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training
situations is helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.
6. According to McKean and Roberts: audio visual aids are supplementary devices by
which the teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to
clarify, establish and correlate concepts, interpretations andappreciations.
7. According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.

Purposes:

· To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning more

concrete.
· To serve an instructional role in itself.
· To create interest among the group.
· To make teaching as an effective process.

Advantages:

1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.

2. A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.

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3. A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.

4. A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
7. A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
8. A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses.

Characteristics of good teaching aids:

Teaching aids should be

 Ø Meaningful and purposeful

 Ø Motivates the learners
 Ø Accurate in every aspect
 Ø Simple and cheap
 Ø Improvised
 Ø Large in size
 Ø Up-to-date
 Ø Easily portable

According to intellectual level of students Sources of A.V.Aids:

 Ø Government
 Ø Educational institutions
 Ø Professional organizations
 Ø Non-governmental organizations
 Ø Voluntary organizations(national and international)
 Ø Commercial producers of educational material
 Ø Commercial advertisement
 Ø In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC...etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF A.V.AIDS:

Various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the type of projection by
various authors.

I) Classification of A.V.Aids

I) Audio aids:- Audio materials are those which can be heard. Ex: - radio, tape
recorder, walkman, Headphones.
II) Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things. Ex:- graphic aids, 3d-
aids, display boards, and print material.
III) Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: -
projected aids, TV, films.

II) Classification of A.V.Aids

I) Simple A.V.Aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3d-aids, print

material...etc.
II) Sophisticated A.V.Aids: includes audio-visual aids.

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PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF A.V.AIDS:

 Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational program.
 A.v. aids should be centralized, under specialized direction and leadership in
educational programs.
 An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum
should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of a.v. materials.
 An education program should be flexible.
 A.v. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy accessibility and
convenient use.
 A.v. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for effective
utilization as an integral part of curriculum.
 Budget appropriations should be made regularly for a.v. education programs.
 Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization and expenditure of
the program.

PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:

The over head projector is the most used in all a.v. aids. It projects transparencies with
brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw
diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the
screen by the OHP.

During presentation:

 § Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.

 § Keep the screen in full view of participants
 § Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting.
 § Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by.
 § Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.
 § Talk to the audience, not to the screen

Purposes:

 § To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.

 § To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry
with out exposing them to the class.
 § To test students performances, while other classmates observe.
 § To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.
 § To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.

Advantages:

 § It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus
enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials
at the projector it self and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her
discussion.
 § Gains attention of the student

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OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES:

Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and
easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight.

A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the
projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.

The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting
beside, facing the student.

Guidelines for making effective transparencies:

· Have one main idea an each transparency.

· Include only related figures and diagrams.
· Use simple lettering style in writing.
· Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.
· Keep the message clear and simple.
· Emphasize the key messages.
· Use color and lettering with discretion.

Advantages:

· Permits face to face interaction with the students.

· Can be used in daylight conditions.
· Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.
· Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods.
· Easily available.

THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of
materials ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is
non-transparent.

The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the
originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the
teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.

Advantages:

 Stimulates attention and arouses interest.

 Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is
available.
 Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.
 Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used.

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 Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.

 Review instructional problems.
 Test knowledge and ability.
 Simple operation.

Disadvantages:

 Costly equipment.
 Needs to use it with care.
 Needs a dark room for projection

SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial

image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.

Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still
pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a
film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make
satisfactory slides.

Types of slides

1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2”

3” X 4”

o Black and white

o Colored

2. Hand made slides: can be made with

o Acetate sheet
o Cellophane
o Etched glass
o Plain glass
o Lumarith

Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils
taking photographs and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical,
literacy or scientific excursions.

The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important
aspect of teaching with them.

Advantages:

 Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.

 Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
 Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
 Easy to revise and up-date.

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 Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.

 Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.
 May be adapted to group or individual use

FILMSTRIPS

Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual

frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip.

Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a
roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

PRINCIPLES

 Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the
needs of the topic to be taught.
 Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study.
 Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up
problems.
 It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of
the study brought out.
 Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen.

Types of filmstrip:

1) Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames

arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
2) Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.

Advantages:

1) Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.

2) Can be supplemented with recordings.
3) Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
4) Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor
or user.
5) Are projected with simple light weight equipment.

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NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:

GRAPHIC AIDS:

It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly

and logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative
amounts developments, processes, classification or organization. It includes the following

CHARTS

Introduction:

These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other
services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or
vertical material, which presents a clear summary.

Definition:

Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in systematic
way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.

Purposes:

1. Ø To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.

2. Ø To highlight important points.
3. Ø To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.
4. Ø To show continuity in process.
5. Ø For creating problems and stimulating thinking.
6. Ø For showing development of structure.

Types of charts:

 Ø Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the
process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an
improvement over a period of years.
 Ø The cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the
relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions and
change or conflict.
 Ø The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
 Ø The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from
beginning data and its projections in to future.
 ØStrip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by
It increases the interest and imagination of the audience.
 The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been
applied either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins.
As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes
the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest.
It increases learning and aids recall.

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 Ø Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by6 pulling out the
concealing strips.
 Ø Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines
showing the directional flow.
 Ø Tabulation chart: it shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-
table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown
of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing points of
comparison, distinction, and contrasts between two or more things. While making the
table charts the following points must be kept in the mind.
The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.
The chart should be captioned in bold letters.
The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.
 Ø Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang
on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or
messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be presented.
 Ø Pie chart: a circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections,
each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the
chart as legend. The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for
showing the component part

FLASH CARDS

Definition:

“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a
logical sequence.”

‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or drawing
paper, plane paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.’’

Purposes:

1. To teach the students.

2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions.

Principles:

 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the
content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.

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 The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better
visualization.

Using the flashcards:

For class room instruction, the flash card s is to be properly used. The
following steps are used while displaying flash cards.

1. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.

2. Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
3. Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all
the students can see it.
4. Let the student respond as per instructions already given.
5. Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.

Advantages:

 Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.

 It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations
 It can be used to review a topic.
 Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
 To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.
 It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other
material.

Disadvantages:

· Can not be used for a large group

· Prone to get spoiled soon
· Preparation is time consuming.

POSTERS

Definition:

“Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing
paintings.”

Purposes:

· To provide general motivation.

· To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect.
· To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for leading to action.
· For the class room and community.

Preparation and rules:

· To do a special job.
· To promote one point.
· To support local demonstration.
· Planned for specified people

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· Tell the message at single glance.

· Use bold letters.
· Use pleasing colors...
· It should place, where people pass or gather.

Features of a good poster:

· Brevity: message should be concise

· Simplicity: message should be easily understandable
· Idea: should base on single idea and it should be relevant.
· Color: suitable color and combination should be used to make the poster attractive and
eye catching.
· Display: while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is ad4equate
light and where the larger population will see it.

Advantages:

· It attracts attention.
· It conveys the message very quickly.
· It does not require a detailed study.
· Good poster leads to action with good motivation
· It can stand alone and is self explanatory.

Disadvantages:

 Poster does not always give enough information

 When a poster is seen for longer time it may not attractive. So it should be dynamic

GRAPHS

Definition:

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting the trends or
changes of certain attributes.

Method of preparation:

 Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book.
 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x 72 cm size.
 Use two different color shades for the two contrasting groups.
 The bars should be equi-spaced.
 Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart
paper.
 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.

TYPES:

Pie graph: These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented thorough the sections of
portions of a circle.

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 In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take in to consideration a

quantity known as pie.
 The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree.
 The total frequencies or value us equated to 360 degree and then the angles
corresponding to component parts are calculated.
 After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are drawn.

Bar graph:

The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Each
bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the corresponding
time of the variable. Graphs are available in 2 forms that is vertical and horizontal

Line graph:

To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the variation
in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The concepts are
represented with the help of lines drawn either horizontally or vertically. The plotted points are
connected to one another, instead of the base thus producing the curve.

Pictorial graph:

It is an out standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the
expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be used
to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to
indicate quantity.

MAPS

Definition:

A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the
earth, world or parts there of. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colors.

Types of maps:

 Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.
 Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.
 Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, and region.
 Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an area,
region country.
 Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of region,
country.
 Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites.etc..
 Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.
 Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.
 Air maps: shows the air routes between various points.
 Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports

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CARTOONS

The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms of visual
art and illustration. The term has evolved over time.

The original meaning was in fine art, and there cartoon meant a preparatory drawing for
a piece of art such as a painting.

Definition:

A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message.

In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized
symbols.

Principles:

 The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectiveness.
 The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which
students can react intellectually.

Advantages:

A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.

 It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting.

 Fantasy
 Satire
 Exaggeration.

NEWS PAPERS

It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the
public easily. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple
language .the people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to
enhance easy grasping.

Advantages

 ü Best method to reach a large group

 ü Pictures will help in easy understanding
 ü Attractive and easy to understand
 ü Lot of information can be obtained in various fields

Disadvantages

 useful for literates only

 detailed information cannot be produces

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COMIC STRIPS

Definition:

A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some character and
events full of action.

This medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by children.

Uses:

 Comic strips fire the imagination of children

 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.
 It communication detailed and vivid.
 It stimulates reality and involvement.

Limitations:

 Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers

divorced from the hard realities of life.
 Comic strips hamper the development of language of children.
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore or
by pas s the original work.
 Comics can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid
serious studies

3- DIMENTIONAL AIDS

MODELS

Definition: a model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is

height, width, and depth is felt as reality.

Types of models:

1. Solid models: it is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable
material like clay, plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show the external parts of
the things. Ex: globe, clay model of human and animal.
2. Cutaway and x-ray models: are the replicas of the original things to show
internal parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class
room or institutions as they require expertise to construct them. Ex: cross
sectional model of human body.
3. Working models: these models are either actual working things or their
miniature replicas. For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.
4. Sand models: made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest
area.

Advantages:

 Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are
three dimensional.

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 Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.

 Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus make
comprehension easier.
 Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids.
 Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes,
pins, clips, nails, and clay.
 Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle.
 Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

Limitations:

 It requires expertise to make.

 Time consuming.
 Some of the models may be very expensive.

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

Definition:

A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects. A specimen is a

sample of the real object or a material.

Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher
must keep the following points in her mind.

 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen
being referred to.
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or
specimen under observation.
 Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under
observation
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.

Sources of objects and specimens:

 Local markets
 Manufacturers and factories
 Discarded material from the houses
 Specimen found in the nature can be collected by students from field trips and nature
hunt
 Plasters casts can be purchased
 Wild flowers, leaves shells, stones butterflies moths, insects can also be procured.

Mounting the objects and specimens:

Objects and specimens should be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way and the
boxes should be covered with cellophane paper. Also label each object or specimen using self
adhesive paper.

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Advantages of objects and specimens:

 Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others leading
to development of social skills and values.
 Students when collect and display objects and specimens derive satisfaction of
contributing to the school and teacher something worthwhile.
 Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences is enhanced by collection of
objects and specimens.
 Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing
investigatory projects.
 Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the
teacher and students alike.
 It arouse some interest among students in learning
 Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning
 It heighten the reality in the class room
 It makes teaching lively.

EXHIBITIONS

Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work
for showing it to the people out side the school, and such a show called exhibitions.

The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

Requisites for exhibition:

 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention to a
particular concept
 The exhibits should be clean , labeled properly
 The concepts of contrast in color and size should be used for lying out the exhibitions
 The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors , can see them
 The place and exhibits should be well lighted
 To capture attention and interest of visitors , both motion and sound should be utilized
 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches,
handles, to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
 The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the students
and the visitors
 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated
learning.

Advantages:

 Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a sense
of involvement
 Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
 Exhibitions develop social skills of communication , cooperation, coordination

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 Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community

members conscious about the school
 Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
 Exhibitions foster creativity among students.

Disadvantages:

 Requires thorough preparation

 Time consuming
 Require funds or budget.

MUSEUMS

Definition:

A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of

arts, works of science, literature and other artifacts of general interest.

Museums can be useful both for public education and specific class room instructions.

Setting up school museum:

 School should have enough space

 Take the help of students, collect old and new objects and articles
 Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles
 Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits
 All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labeled
 A detailed report book should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum
pieces
 The museum rooms should be well lighted
 It should be cleaned and maintained timely.

Dioramas:

Definitions:

A diorama is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects, models, and cut outs to
illustrate a central theme or concept.

The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a glass covering and
background printed with a shade or a scene. Ex: a harvest scene, a planting scene etc.

Advantages:

 Provide a good opportunity to learn

 It gives the appearance of actual things which can not be brought to the class room
 Interesting and enhance creativity
 Live things also can shown in diorama ex: aquarium
 Provides students to do project works

Disadvantages: sometimes cost effective

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 Needs expatriation for the preparation

 Require budget
 Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing.

MOCK UPS

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability. Certain
element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of
instruction.

In common usage, a mockup is a scale model of a structure or device, usually used for teaching,
demonstration, testing a design, etc.
Mockups are also used in the Consumer goods industry, as part of the product development
process, when the size, impression and/or artworks have to be tested and approved.
Mockup is also a frequently used term when talking about an early layout or sketch of a Web
site or GUI program.

Ex: An artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis.

MOULAGE

Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life in objects. ex: body which shows
evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical intervention.

IMAGE PERSPECTIVES' MOULAGE PROCESS

 The basic material use to create soft tissue injuries is very inexpensive; it costs only
pennies per simulation.
 If someone walks off with a simulation it can be recreated in a matter of minutes!
it is not limited to mass-produced latex or plastic "one-size-fits-all injuries". It
determine the type, scope and Size of the injuries and create as many as , in whatever
size we need.
the simulations can be handled and bandaged, with care, as it like would a real injury.
 The simulations will not shift and/or be damaged. When bandages are removed, the
injury simulation will remain intact.
 The simulations can be made liquid-proof, and with care - reusable!

PUPPETS

One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an
education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person
termed as a characters in a story to be depicted.

Definition:

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A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person

termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the
desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.

Types of puppets

1. String or marionettes puppets:-Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged

body parts which are controlled by nine strings produces required movements
in the puppet. These puppets are mainly manipulated by professional
puppeteers.
2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cutouts attached by sticks. The
actions of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding
behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.
3. Shadow puppets: - shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which
produce shadows on white screen. The motion of these silhouettes is
manipulated by the teacher and students.
4. Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with
overflowing colorful costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their
movements. These are operated from below the stage.

Selection:

In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and tastes of the students
should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.

Advantages:

1) Creates interest
2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period
3) Puppet is an effective method in teaching.
4) Motivate students
5) Easy to carry and operate

Disadvantages

1) Needs group cooperation and coordination

2) Requires skills in preparation and supply
3) Skills needed in presentation

DISPLAY BOARDS

CHALK BOARD

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DEFINITION
A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made
with chalk or other erasable markers.Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets
of black or dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus
sometimes called a greenboard or brownboard instead.
A blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted with matte dark paint (usually black
or dark green). A more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn across two
parallel rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while saving what has
been written. The highest grade chalkboards are made of a rougher version porcelain enameled
steel (black, green, blue or sometimes other colours). Porcelain is very hard wearing and
chalkboards made of porcelain usually last 10-20 years in intensive use.

 Blackboards have disadvantages:

They produce a fair amount of dust, depending on the quality of chalk used.
Some people find this uncomfortable or may be allergic to it, and there has been
speculation about links between chalk dust and respiratory problems.
The dust also precludes the use of chalk in areas shared with dust-sensitive equipment
such as computers. However, these alternative methods of displaying information have
drawbacks of their own.
The scratching of fingernails on a blackboard is a sound that is well-known for being
extremely irritating.
 Blackboards are also used in many establishments (typically public houses) as a form of
advertising often for upcoming events and menus - as well as to keep the score
in darts matches

FLANNEL BOARD

Sometimes called a flannel graph.

This teaching tool is called by different names:

Visual Board , Frick Board, Slap Board, Felt Board, Coherograph, Video graph

Flannelgraph is a storytelling system that uses a board covered with flannel fabric, usually
resting on an easel. It is very similar to Fuzzy felt, although its primary use is as
a storytelling medium, rather than as a toy

How to use

The principle involved is the inter1ooking of fibers of two rough or bairy surfaces, so that the
pieces pressed on to a background which is hard and vertical will stay. It can be illustrated on a
larger scale by pressing two tooth brushes or hair brushes together, so the bristle inter-1ook. In
case of flannel graph similar principle of friction helps an object to cling to the surface of the
board.

The flannel board is usually painted to depict a background scene appropriate to the story being
told. Paper cutouts of characters and objects in the story are then placeon the board, and moved

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around, as the story unfolds. These cutouts are backed, either with flannel, or with some other
substance that adheres lightly to the flannelbackground, such as coarse sandpaper.

ADVANTAGES

1) Permits numerous and varied arrangements of visua1 materials.

2) Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material Materials can be
packed and transported complete notes.
3) Permits the development of a complete story.
4) Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the
material in the first place.
5) Challenges one to develop symbols to portray such things as abstractions.
6) Easier to construct materials for flannel board than to make slides or movies.

Disadvantages:

1) Transportation and storing of boards and materials is a problem. Suitable tables

to support boards must be available.
2) Time and cost of making material for presentation present a problem.
3) Cost of boards themselves can't be overlooked.
4) Presentation is limited a new idea involves a lapse of time before the new
material can be added
5) Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques
when it is evident that other methods might be more appropriate.
6) To tell a complete story it often takes either too much board space or smaller
designs and materials some of which cannot be seen well.

BULLETIN BOARD

DEFINITION

It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple device placed either
indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs, publications, posters, news
paper cut outs.

Advantages

Explains important eventsReports special activities

Disadvantages

 Not effective for illiterate group.

 Takes lot of preplanning and preparation

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A bulletin board (pinboard, pin board or notice board in British English) is a place
where people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to buy or sell,
announce events or provide information. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies,
and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At
some universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu postering sites
in areas where official boards are sparse in number.

PEG BOARD

It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix certain letters into the holes which
is used especially in the offices to display certain items, name of the personal or faculty member.

MAGNETIC BOARDS

It is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark color generally black or
green. It can be used to display pictures, cutouts and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic
holders.

Advantages

 Movement of visual material is easy.

AUDITORY AIDS

These are also an effective aid, usually radios, recorders, gram phones come under this category.

Using a record player for teaching:

 A record player can be used in the following ways in the actual class room situation
 A record player can be used to supplement a lesson.
 A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in music.
 A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in literature.
 A record player can be used for students to acquire the singing ability, deliver a speech
properly, and recite a poem in the right way.
 The player can be used to end or conclude a lesson;
 Introduce a lesson and review a lesson.
 A record player can be used for physical exercises accompanied with music

TAPE RECORDER:

A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and re record
sound on a magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by any body by operating
the following press buttons attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play, wind, rewind, record, pause,
and eject.

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Uses: it is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity. GRAME
PHONES Like radio gramophones are also important teaching devices. Helps to listen to famous
speeches

To teach good pronunciation in a foreig

ACTIVITY AIDS

There are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct experiences
can be easily incorporated, these are called activity aids. The activity teaching aids are really of
great value as they put students in a role of active seekers of knowledge. There are five
important activity teaching aids, which are listed below:-

1) Field trips
2) Demonstrations
3) Experiments
4) Dramatizations

FIELD TRIPS

DEFINITIONS

According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure by
which the student studies firsthand objects and materials in their natural environment.”

Types of field trips: -

Depending on the place of visit and its duration, field trips are mainly of the following four
types, namely:-

a) Local school trips

b) Community trip
c) Educational trips
d) The natural hunt

Advantages of field trip:

Field trip provides learning experience in the real life situation by direct contact with objects,
process, and systems and thus has many advantages which are enumerated as follows:

 It provides accurate information objects, process, and systems in their real life setting.
 It provides meaningful direct experience and hence results in lasting learning.
 The students learning can be easily diverted towards effective learning.
 Field trips are valuable aids to what students are curious about the natural and man-
made process and objects.
 field trips can effectively supplement the classroom learning through application and
reviewing the experiences of student.

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Limitations of field trip:

1) A field trip may be occasional activity which at best supplement some learning segments
of the syllabus.
2) They can be expensive and out of reach for many disadvantaged and poor students.
3) Field trips require proper and detailed planning to make them meaningful otherwise the
trip leads to confusion, and fails to fulfill the requirement

DEMONSTRATIONS:-

Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid, because of its wide use in the teaching of
nurses. In nursing education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinics, conferences,
laboratory classes, symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to patients. The demonstration
method teaches by explanation and exhibition. In short, it is a performance to show a process or
activity to others. When a teacher demonstrates, students observe and imitate to learn

Advantages of demonstration:-

The following are the advantages of demonstration method.

1) It activates several senses. This increases learning, because it gives a better

opportunity for observational learning.
2) It clarifies the underlying principles by demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the
procedure.
3) It provokes interest by use of concrete illustrations.
4) It correlates theory with practice engages student’s attention and concentration.
5) It encourages student’s participation in learning through questions and answers as
the teacher performs.

EXPERIMENT

An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret observations

using measuring instruments to reach some conclusions. In science subjects experiments are
used invariably used as instructional aid as they encourage learning by doing. While giving a
lesson on an experiment, the teacher should organize the instruction so as to make the students
aware of the following steps of the experiments:

1) Objectives of the experiments

2) Apparatus required
3) Procedure or methodology
4) Observations of data
5) Computation (totaling) of the observations made.
6) Results or conclusion

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7) Precautions
8) Ideas for future work

The student performs the experiment and writes a report on it. Showing the cause and effect
relationship.

DRAMATIZATION

Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively and
interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators and
participants. This makes learning easy and permanents.

Types of dramatizations suitable for class room instruction:-

1) Role-play
2) Play lets:
3) Pageant: a public entertainment consisting of a procession of people in elaborate,
colourful costumes, or an outdoor performance of a historical scene
4) Pantomime: a theatrical entertainment, mainly for children, which involves music,
topical jokes, and slapstick comedy and is based on a fairy tale or nursery story, usually
produced around Christmas.
5) Tableaux: a group of models or motionless figures representing a scene from a story or
from history

Advantages of dramatization:

1) Dramatization gives an added advantage of students working as both observers

(spectators) and doers (participants) unlike in experiment where there are just doers
and in demonstration where there are just observers.
2) Dramatization makes learning a pleasure children love to act and show off.
3) Dramatization involves students totally and they appreciate the lessons remember it
better
4) Dramatization develops the social skills required for them such as cooperation, co-
ordination, punctuality, and human relations etc.
5) Dramatization makes students creative, sensitive, and alert.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1) B.T.Bavantappas “Nursing Education”, first edition, 2003, Jaypee brothers’

publication, New Delhi.
2) Francis M. Quinn’s ”The principles and practice in nursing education”, third edition,
1997, Stanley thrones publications ltd., United Kingdom.
3) Loretta E. Heidgerken’s” Teaching and Learning in Nursing Education” twelfth
impression, 2003, Konark publishers ltd, Delhi.
4) KP,Neeraja’s “Text book of Nursing Education” first edition,2003, Jaypee brothers
medical publishers, Delhi,
5) Web site: Adrom audio visual aids.
6) WEB : Google search

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