Higher Integration
Higher Integration
Higher Integration
(MATH F112)
BITS Pilani Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Chapter 4
Integrals
Section-40
Contour Integral
Contour Integral
1) z f ( z )dz z f ( z )dz
C 0 0 C
2) f ( z ) g z dz f ( z )dz g ( z )dz
C C C
3) f ( z )dz f ( z )dz
C C
Evaluate
e
z
dz
C
C 0,1 B 1,1
O 0, 0 A 1, 0
C1 i .e. OA
: z t t, 0t 1
C 2 i .e. AB
: z t 1 it, 0t 1
C 3 i .e. BC
: z t t i , 1 t 0
C 4 i .e. CO
: z t i t , 1 t 0
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Here f z e , using f z t z ' t dt
b
f ( z )dz
z
C t a
f z dz
1
t
e 1 dt e 1
C1 t 0
f z dz 1i t
1
e i dt 2e
C2 t 0
f z dz e
0 t i
1 dt e 1
C3 t 1
f z dz i dt 2
0
ti
e
C4 t 1
f z dz
C C1 C2 C3 C4
f z dz f z dz f z dz f z dz
C1 C2 C3 C4
4 e 1 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Example
Evaluate
C
y x i3x 2 dz
along the curves C1 & C2 ,
where C1 is the contour from O to B via A and
C2 is the contour from O to B as shown in figure.
here f z y x i 3x 2
f z t z ' t dt
b
using C
f ( z )dz
t a
Remark :
In general, a contour integral depends on
paths between 2 fixed end points.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Example
Evaluate
f z dz
C
where
f z z,
C is an arbitrary contour from
any fixed point z1 to any fixed point z2 in the z plane.
let z a z1 , z b z2 &
z z (t ), a t b represents a contour C ,
and let f z z
f z t z ' t dt
b
C
f ( z )dz
t a
z t z ' t dt
b
t a
b
b d
z t
2
z t 2
z b z a
2 2
z 2
z 2
dt 2 1
t a dt 2 2 2 2
t a
Remark :
Here the contour integral is independent of
paths between 2 fixed end points z1 and z 2 , why ?
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Section-42
Examples with
branch cuts
Examples with Branch cuts
Evaluate
1/2
z dz
C
i
where C : z 3e , 0
3
3 i
2 3 1 i
2
e
3e 3ie d i3 3
i i
i
2
e 2
d i3 3 i 3
0 0
2 0
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Examples with Branch cuts
Evaluate
C
z a 1dz , 0 a
where C : z Rei ,
w t dt w t dt
b b
a a
w t dt 0,
b
Case I : then result holds
a
w t dt 0,
b
Case II :
a
w t dt r0ei0
b
then let a
e i0 w t dt
b
r0 a
r0 Re r0 Re e i0 w t dt
b
a
w t dt e w t dt w t dt
b b b
Re e i0 i0
a a a
w t dt w t dt
b b
a a
f z dz ML
C
let C : z z t , a t b
f z dz f z t z ' t dt
b
C t a
f z t z ' t dt M L
b
t a
f z M on C i.e. f z t M , a t b and
z ' t dt L
b
t a
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Example
C
e z z dz 60
z1 1
C
z 2 dz
where C is an arbitrary curve joining the
two points 0 and 1 i
z3
let F z
3
F ' z z 2 f z
where f z z 2 is continuous z
z3
F z is antiderivative of f z z 2 on
3
Using antiderivative theorem,
1 i
3
1 i 2
f z dz F z
C z 0
3
i 1
3
let F z log z
1
F ' z f z z 0
z
1
where f z is continuous z 0
z
1
F z log z is antiderivative of f z
z
on the domain 0
Using antiderivative theorem, f z dz 0
C
let C : z 2ei ,
where C C1 C2
i i 3
C1 : z 2e , , C2 : z 2e ,
2 2 2 2
f ( z )dz f ( z )dz f ( z )dz
C C1 C2 C1 C2
i 3
where C2 : z 2e , is a closed curve lying
2 2
entirely in the domain D2 & extended from z 2i to z 2i
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
C C1 C2
f ( z )dz f ( z )dz f ( z )dz
C1 C2
i i
2 i
C1
2
z dz
where C1 is any contour from z 3 to z 3.
f z dz 0
C
Evaluate
z3
e dz
C
f z dz 0
C