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    Vector Analysis PDF

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    ahmed
    This document discusses key concepts in vector analysis including: 1. Vector algebra operations like addition and subtraction. It also introduces different coordinate systems like Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. 2. Common vector operations like gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient produces a vector field from a scalar field. Divergence and curl describe rotational and flux properties of a vector field. 3. Important theorems like the divergence theorem which relates the divergence of a vector field within a volume to its flux through the bounding surface, and Stokes' theorem which relates the curl of a vector field within a surface to the circulation of that field around the boundary curve.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Vector Analysis PDF

    Uploaded by

    ahmed
    83 views27 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in vector analysis including: 1. Vector algebra operations like addition and subtraction. It also introduces different coordinate systems like Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. 2. Common vector operations like gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient produces a vector field from a scalar field. Divergence and curl describe rotational and flux properties of a vector field. 3. Important theorems like the divergence theorem which relates the divergence of a vector field within a volume to its flux through the bounding surface, and Stokes' theorem which relates the curl of a vector field within a surface to the circulation of that field around the boundary curve.

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    Vector Analysis.pdf

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    This document discusses key concepts in vector analysis including: 1. Vector algebra operations like addition and subtraction. It also introduces different coordinate systems like Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. 2. Common vector operations like gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient produces a vector field from a scalar field. Divergence and curl describe rotational and flux properties of a vector field. 3. Important theorems like the divergence theorem which relates the divergence of a vector field within a volume to its flux through the bounding surface, and Stokes' theorem which relates the curl of a vector field within a surface to the circulation of that field around the boundary curve.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views27 pages

    Vector Analysis PDF

    Uploaded by

    ahmed
    This document discusses key concepts in vector analysis including: 1. Vector algebra operations like addition and subtraction. It also introduces different coordinate systems like Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. 2. Common vector operations like gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient produces a vector field from a scalar field. Divergence and curl describe rotational and flux properties of a vector field. 3. Important theorems like the divergence theorem which relates the divergence of a vector field within a volume to its flux through the bounding surface, and Stokes' theorem which relates the curl of a vector field within a surface to the circulation of that field around the boundary curve.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Vector Analysis

    Vector Algebra
    – Addition
    – Subtraction
    – Multiplication

    Coordinate Systems
    – Cartesian coordinates
    – Cylindrical coordinates
    – Spherical coordinates

    Vector.1
    Introduction

    Gradient of a scalar field

    Divergence of a vector field


    – Divergence Theorem

    Curl of a vector field


    – Stoke’s Theorem

    Vector.2
    Scalar and Vector

    Scalar
    – Can be completely specified by its magnitude
    – Can be a complex number
    – Examples:
    • Voltage: 2V, 2.5∠10°
    • Current
    • Impedance: 10+j20Ω

    Vector.3
    Scalar and Vector

    Scalar field
    – A scalar which is a function
    of position
    – Example: T=10+x
    • Represented by
    brightness in this picture

    Vector.4
    Scalar and Vector
    Vector
    – Specify both the magnitude and
    direction of a quantity
    – Examples
    • Velocity: 10m/s along x-axis
    • Electric field: y-directed
    electric field with magnitude
    2V/m
    Vector field
    – Example
    T = xˆ

    Vector.5
    Addition

    Sum of two vectors


    C= A+B =B+A

    Graphical representation

    Example
    A = 2 xˆ
    B = 0 . 7 xˆ + yˆ
    ∴ C = A + B = 2 . 7 xˆ + yˆ
    Vector.6
    Scalar Multiplication

    Simple product
    – Multiplication of a scalar
    C = aB

    – Direction does not change

    aB
    B

    Vector.7
    Scalar or Dot Product

    A ⋅ B = AB cos θ AB

    θ AB is the angle between the vectors.

    – The scalar product of two vectors yields a scalar whose


    magnitude is less than or equal to the products of the
    magnitude of the two vectors.
    – When the angle θ AB is 90°, the two vectors are orthogonal
    and the dot product of two orthogonal vectors is zero.
    – Example:
    A = 10 xˆ + 2 yˆ
    B = 3 xˆ
    A ⋅ B = (10 xˆ + 2 yˆ ) ⋅ 3 xˆ = 30 xˆ ⋅ xˆ + 6 yˆ ⋅ xˆ = 30
    Vector.8
    Vector or Cross Product

    A × B = nˆ AB sin θ AB

    – θ AB is the angle between the vectors


    – n̂ is a unit vector normal to the plane containing the vectors
    • Right-hand rule

    n̂

    A × B = −B × A
    Vector.9
    Vector or Cross Product

    In cartesian coordinate system,


    xˆ × yˆ = zˆ
    yˆ × zˆ = xˆ
    zˆ × xˆ = yˆ

    xˆ yˆ zˆ
    A × B = Ax Ay Az
    Bx By Bz

    Timeout
    – M3.1 – 3.4

    Vector.10
    Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

    In electromagnetics, the fields are functions of space and time.


    A three-dimensional coordinate system allow us to uniquely
    specify the location of a point in space or the direction of a
    vector quantity.

    – Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate system


    – Cylindrical coordinate system
    – Spherical

    Vector.11
    Cartesian Coordinates

    (x,y,z)
    Differential length:
    d l = xˆ dx + yˆ dy + zˆ dz
    Differential surface area: Fig. 3-8
    d s x = xˆ dydz
    d s y = yˆ dxdz
    d s z = zˆ dxdy

    Differential volume:
    dv = dxdydz

    Vector.12
    Cylindrical Coordinates

    (r ,φ , z )

    Vector.13
    Cylindrical Coordinates

    Differential length:
    d l = rˆdr + φˆrd φ + zˆ dz

    Differential surface area:


    d s r = rˆrd φ dz
    d s = φˆdrdz
    φ

    d s z = zˆ rd φ dr

    Differential volume:
    dv = rdrd φ dz

    Vector.14
    Example 3-4

    Vector.15
    Spherical Coordinates

    ( R ,θ ,φ )

    Vector.16
    Spherical Coordinates

    Differential length:
    d l = Rˆ dR + θˆRd θ + φˆR sin θ d φ

    Differential surface area:


    d s R = Rˆ R 2 sin θ d θ d φ
    d s = θˆR sin θ dRd φ
    θ

    d s φ = φˆRdRd θ

    Differential volume:
    dv = R 2 sin θ dRd θ d φ

    Vector.17
    Example 3-5

    Vector.18
    Summary

    Vector.19
    Gradient of a Scalar Field

    In Cartesian coordinate, the gradient of scalar field T is


    ∂f ∂f ∂f
    grad f = ∇ f = xˆ + yˆ + zˆ
    ∂x ∂y ∂z
    – a vector in the direction of maximum increase of the field f.

    – ∇ is an operator and defined as


    ∂ ∂ ∂
    ∇ ≡ xˆ + yˆ + zˆ
    ∂x ∂y ∂z

    Demonstration: D3.1, D3.2, DM3.5， M3.6


    Vector.20
    Del Operator

    The operator in cylindrical coordinates is defined as

    ∂ 1 ∂ ˆ ∂
    ∇ ≡ rˆ + φ + zˆ
    ∂r r ∂φ ∂z

    In spherical coordinates, we have

    ∂ ˆ 1 ∂ ˆ 1 ∂ ˆ
    ∇ ≡ R+ θ + φ
    ∂R R ∂θ R sin θ ∂ φ

    Vector.21
    Divergence of a Vector Field
    Divergence of a vector field A:

    div A ≡ lim
    ∫ A ⋅ dS
    S
    ∆v→ 0 ∆v

    If we consider the vector field A as a flux density (per unit


    surface area), the closed surface integral represents the net
    flux leaving the volume ∆v
    In rectangular coordinates,

    ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az


    div A = ∇ ⋅ A = + +
    ∂x ∂y ∂z

    D3.10， M3.8
    Vector.22
    Divergence Theorem

    If A is a vector, then for a volume V surrounded by a closed


    surface S,

    ∫V
    ∇ ⋅ A dv = ∫ A ⋅ dS
    S

    The above integral represents the net flex leaving the closed
    surface S if A is the flux density
    V

    Vector.23
    Curl of a Vector Field

    The curl of a vector field describes the rotational property, or


    the circulation of the vector field.
    Examples:

    Vector.24
    Curl of a Vector Field

    curl A ≡ ∇ × A
    nˆ ∫ A ⋅ d l
    ≡ lim C
    ∆S → 0 ∆S

    In Cartesian coordinates, the curl of a vector is

    xˆ yˆ zˆ
    ∂ ∂ ∂
    ∇×A =
    ∂x ∂y ∂z
    Ax Ay Az
    Vector.25
    Stoke’s Theorem

    Stokes’s theorem: For an open surface S bounded by a


    contour C,

    ∫ S
    (∇ × A ) ⋅ d S = ∫ A ⋅ dl
    C
    C

    The line integrals from adjacent cells cancel leaving the


    only the contribution along the contour C which bounds the
    surface S.
    Vector.26
    Exercises

    Cylinder volume

    Gradient

    Divergence

    Curl

    Vector.27

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