Solar chimney for natural ventilation: A review

Abir Ahsan Dhrubo, Chowdhury Sadid Alam, Md. Mustafizur Rahman, and A. K. M. Sadrul Islam

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1851, 020008 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4984637

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984637
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1851/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
 Solar Chimney for Natural Ventilation: A Review

Abir Ahsan Dhrubo1, a), Chowdhury Sadid Alam1, b), Md. Mustafizur Rahman1, c)
and A.K.M. Sadrul Islam1, d)
1
Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University of technology (IUT), Board Bazar,
Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
a)
[email protected]
b)
[email protected]
c)
[email protected]
d)
[email protected]

Abstract. In the 21st century the talk of the time has been proper use of renewable energy sources due to the continuous depletion
of non-renewable energy sources and global warming as a result of combustion of fossil fuels. The energy situation in the 3 rd
world countries is even worse. The continuous industrial development in the 1 st world countries is hugely responsible for global
temperature increase and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which badly affect the countries like Bangladesh. As of April 2016,
the electricity generation capacity of Bangladesh was 12,399 MW to which only 60% of the total population have access to. The
shortage of electricity during the summer season makes life very difficult. Cooling of buildings requires a large quantity of
energy in the summer. An alternative cooling system can reduce the dependency on electricity. This paper specially deals with a
passive cooling system that reduces pressure on the electricity supply and focuses on renewable energy sources. Here a different
process engineering has been discussed which incorporates Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers with solar collector enhanced solar
chimney system. In this study natural ventilation of buildings, using solar chimney system is reviewed extensively.
Experimentally it has already been observed that sufficient temperature drop takes place 2-3 m within the undisturbed ground,
which can work as a heat sink for ambient air if passed through and can lead to attaining comfort zone at a confined location.
During peak hours of summer this kind of system may work as a very efficient cooling system and reduces extra load on
electricity supply.

INTRODUCTION
In this 21st century, one of the main goal is the proper use of renewable energy sources due to the continuous
exhaustion of non-renewable energy sources which is soon to be coming to a cease [1]. The condition is even worse
when it comes to the case of 3rd world countries. The continuous industrial development in the 1 st world countries
are adding global temperature increase and greenhouse issues which work as an insult to an injury situation on
countries like Bangladesh. GHG emissions have been increased substantially due to increased fossil fuel
consumption [2-3]. Only 60% of the population has access to grid electricity [4] in Bangladesh. So it is difficult in
summer to lead the normal life as people do not even have access to electricity in many cases. Moreover, cooling of
buildings need more energy, which can hardly be afforded. These situations lead to the alternative approach of
cooling buildings using renewable energy sources. Different researches are being performed to improve the cooling
capacity in building sectors using renewable energy sources. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs), earth-to-air heat
exchangers (EAHEs) and many more techniques are using renewable energy sources with high heat capacity and
thermal inertia underground. This paper reviews a different process engineering which incorporates Earth-to-Air
Heat Exchangers with solar collector enhanced solar chimney system.
Mathematical modeling was the main focus for researches on EAHE. EAHE was treated and simulated as a
cylindrical 2D heat transfer problem in one model, then this had to work with latent heat transfer instead of only
sensible ones, then adiabatic/isothermal boundary conditions with harmonic temperature signal has been simulated

7th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering

AIP Conf. Proc. 1851, 020008-1–020008-8; doi: 10.1063/1.4984637
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1525-6/$30.00

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also and it is shown that at different thickness, the soil layer could induce either an amplitude-dampening or phase-
shifting regimes [5]. Various experiments have been conducted to check the effects of locations, material types and
sizes on the performance of the EAHE systems [6-9].
Solar chimney is another way which can serve this purpose utilizing solar energy. Solar chimney is a capturing
surface and thus air is heated up by solar energy in chimney and due to stack pressure build up the air flows
throughout the chimney. It gives a driving force for sucking outside air to the cooling pipe. CFD analysis is used in
researches for tracing mass and airflow rate [5]. Chimney gap, inclination, chimney height, solar collector surface
area are some other parameters are taken into account for analysis in the researches [10-12].
This review paper actually talks about the combined experiments using EAHE with a solar chimney and collector to
achieve a greater success on cooling as well as ventilation. The solar and geothermal energy sources can make the
whole system a unique one.

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM AND CONFIGURATION

EAHE is horizontally buried pipe under certain depth of soil, which can be made of plastic, concrete, ceramic or
metallic pipe [5]. One end of the pipe is exposed to the outside atmosphere from where the outside air will be sucked
in where a fan or blower can be used. The ground works as a heat sink here. The average temperature of undisturbed
ground under certain depth shows much lower readings than that of the ambient air in the summer season [5].
Temperature readings were taken in three different depths and the effect was justified [5]. Temperature readings
under 1m, 2m, and 3m depth measured by J type thermocouples showed that temperature reduces with the depth but
up to a certain point. At the depth of 3m satisfactory temperature drop was observed [5]. About 8°C fluctuation was
achieved in the highest depth (3m) of the experiment. Depth of the soil, thermal diffusivity, surface temperature are
some of the variables that affect the temperature readings. Thus, the incoming air through the EAHE pipe exchanges
heat and gets cooled down according to the thermal nature. The other end of the pipe is driven inside the room of
buildings by which cooled air will enter the room and decrease the temperature. Sand can be used for good thermal
connection and EAHE can have both common or individual inlet and outlets. Small tilting of the pipes and small
holes in lower parts can solve for condensation and water collection problem, respectively. Figure 1 shows the
experimental setup used in the study by Li et al. [5].

(a) (b)

FIGURE 1. (a) Schematic diagram of a coupled system with EAHE and solar chimney. (b) A cross section view of the solar
collector and the Solar Energy Research Test Facility-solar collector connection pipe [5]

A solar chimney through a solar collector is integrated in the system (see Figure 1). Solar chimney is different from
the solar updraft tower (SUT) which is a renewable energy power plant for generating electricity from low
temperature solar heat. Sunshine heats the air beneath a very wide greenhouse-like roofed collector structure
surrounding the central base of a very tall chimney tower. The resulting convection causes a hot air updraft in the

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tower by the chimney effect. This airflow drives wind turbines placed in the chimney updraft or around the chimney
base to produce electricity. But here solar chimney works in a different way. The collector is inclined at some angle
so that it can receive the maximum available solar energy. The exhaust air from the test facility room flows into the
solar collector, which is in turn heated by the trapped solar radiation. The heated air has lower density and so has a
tendency to rise upwards. A convection current is set up due to density differences and the air flows into a solar
chimney and move up out of the chimney. The drop in density provides a buoyancy force to the air within the solar
chimney to rise and consequently be expelled out of the chimney to the exterior.
The system being connected altogether tightly, the outward flow of the chimney air creates suction on the side of the
EAHE inlet and the ambient air enters the horizontally buried pipes. Heat exchange occurs in the pipe between the
underground soil and the entered air and thus the air is cooled down. Thus, a fresh and cool air goes into the test
room and reduces the room temperature. All these components altogether the system forms a quite feasible and
efficient natural ventilation that passively cooled buildings can employ.
Some parameters to be considered are - depth of pipes (2m to 3m), length (>20m) and diameter of pipes (0.2m to
0.3m), air speed inside pipes (6 to 10 m/s), distance between pipes (2m) for heat dissipation, control system, etc. A
simple control system can be introduced for the desired performances. Two main configurations of the EAHE can be
used in this system. They are “Open Loop” and “Closed Loop” [13]. In the open loop process, the atmospheric air
will enter the EAHE pipe inlet and after the heat transfer the cooled down air will be directed towards the testing
room. On the other hand, in closed loop the inlet and outlet both are inside the building. The warm air of the room
after circulating will be directed to the EAHE pipes. Then there will be heat transfer inside the EAHE under the soil
and then the further cooled air will be directed to the room to make it cooler. It is the closed loop system [13]

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR CHIMNEY WITH EARTH-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER

SYSTEMS ENSURING VENTILATION

The main goal of designing the EAHE system has been to evaluate thermal performance of passive, naturally driven,
coupled system, through assessing the maximum cooling capacity, airflow rate that it can ensure for the testing
facility building.in the experiment conducted in the facility building the damper was set to 100% open position.
Main measurements that were recorded for the purpose of analyzing the cooling capacity of the naturally driven
coupled system are time and date, indoor, outdoor and supply air relative humidity (%), supply air flow rate, average
indoor and supply air temperature ,solar collector air flow rate and the system thermal performance [5].
Due to the internal gains and heat transmission through the wall and roof, daytime ventilation is necessary to
develop the indoor air quality and to remove heat. Outdoor air can be induced into buildings by solar chimneys.
However, if the outdoor air temperature exceeds the thermal comfort limit, it is necessary to precool it. The
precooling of external air before entering the buildings may be attained by natural means, such as evaporative
cooling ground cooling, etc. Macias et al. [14] reported a passive cooling system, which was developed as a part of
design work for the project of a low cost residential building, and it incorporated a solar chimney and precooled the
air by using the sanitary area of the building. The natural ventilation was enhanced with the help of the solar
chimney and fresh air was cooled down by circulation within the sanitary area. It was found that the implementation
of the passive cooling strategy allowed ensuring thermal comfort through low conventional energy consumption.
Maerefat and Haghighi [15] offered a passive solar system containing of solar chimneys and earth to air heat
exchangers. The proposed solar system consisted of two parts: the solar chimney, and the earth to air heat
exchanger. The solar chimney included a glass surface oriented to the south and an absorber wall that worked as a
capturing surface. The air was heated up in the solar chimney by the solar energy, and flowed upward because of the
stack effect. It caused driving force that sucked the outside air through the cooling pipe. The earth to air heat
exchanger was composed of horizontal long pipes that were buried under the naked surface at the specific depth.
The pipes were spread under the ground in a parallel manner.
Calderaro and Agnoli [16] suggested setting up solar chimneys close to high thermic storage structures in an
energetic retrofit. By the integration of the indirect evaporation system, the simulation results showed that such a
collector storage system was capable of softening summer temperatures. In winter, it allowed the contemporary
working of thermal storage and heat transferring toward the bordered setting, through natural thermic circulation
circuits. The energetic consumptions and the environmental pollution could thus be reduced.

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Maerefat and Haghighi [15] put forward a new solar system employing a solar chimney together with an evaporative
cooling cavity. The numerical experiments showed that this integrated system with proper configuration was capable
of providing good indoor conditions at the daytime in a living room even at a poor solar intensity of 200W/m2 and
high ambient air temperature of 40◦C.As such, this technique was suitable to supply the cooling load in the moderate
and arid climates. The ventilation rate was influenced by solar radiation, ambient temperature, as well as geometrical
configurations of both the solar chimney and the evaporative cooling cavity. The numerical experiments also
indicated that the use of solar chimney with variable inlet dimensions was a way to control the air change rate per
hour and the air temperature of the room. It was suggested that a combination of the proposed system with a
conventional air conditioning system would help to create a reasonable indoor environment for human thermal
comfort as well as to be energy efficient and environmentally friendly.
Raman et al. [17] verified a passive solar house based on the unification of solar chimneys for heating, cooling and
ventilation in composite climates. The passive model 1 consisting of a set of two solar chimneys, an evaporative
cooler (for summer) and added wall insulation, performed well for winter, but the summer cooling was not adequate.
Consequently, a second passive model 2, which consisted of a south wall collection and a roof duct cooled from
above by a sackcloth evaporative cooling system, was constructed and monitored for one year. The thermal
performance of passive model 2 was distinctly better than that of model 1. The room maintained a temperature of
about 28◦C during summer and about 17◦C in winter, which could be considered as a very satisfactory performance
for the composite climates whereas the extra cost of providing passive components and wall insulation was
estimated to be about 20% of the cost of a conventional room. Comparing the increasing costs of electricity and
deteriorating power situation, the proposed passive system seemed to have good potential.
Chungloo and Limmeechokchai [18] studied the benefits of application of solar chimney on the south roof and cool
metal ceiling on the north roof through the experiment in a detached building. The mean cooling potential of the
application of combined system was found to be two times higher than that of the solar chimney alone. The
application of cool ceiling and solar chimney, which reduced the ceiling temperature by 2–4◦C, did not only increase
the circulation in the upper and lower regions of the room but also reduce the air temperature in the room by 0.5–
0.7◦C, which could increase the comfort opportunity. The benefit of cool ceiling was also recognized by the increase
of volume flow rate of air in the application of cool ceiling comparing to the decrease of volume flow rate of air in
the application of precooled air to the room. Dai et al. [19] presented a parametric analytical study on the
Enhancement of natural ventilation in a solar house induced by a solar chimney and a solid adsorption cooling
cavity. Theoretical analyses were carried out to investigate the ventilation in the solar house with solar chimney
alone, cooling cavity alone or with combined solar chimney and solar adsorption cooling cavity, without considering
the wind effects. It was established that on a typical day, the solar house comprising of a 2.5 square meter solar
chimney, was able to create an air flow rate of more than 150 kg/h for the studied house. In addition, the ventilation
rate at night was also increased by about 20% with the solar adsorption cooling cavity. Besides, a solar adsorption
cooling could attain a value of 0.12 for COP, which not only increased ventilation, but also provided cooling to the
room without any change in humidity. The proposed concept was expected to be useful to be incorporated with a
standalone building or with a cluster of buildings for some favorable climates.

DESIGNING MODEL OF EAHE SYSTEM AND MODIFICATION TO ENHANCE

PERFORMANCE

The factors that are essential to design an effective EAHE system are pipe length, pipe diameter, pipe material, soil
features, air flow, and so on. For flowing of air, blowers can be used. The EAHE system is more functional because
it has a precedence over other heating and cooling techniques. The plus points of using this system are minimum air
pollution, low maintenance costs and higher coefficient of performance [5]. In last several years, many models were
developed to analyze the system performance. There are two ways to analyze the EAHE systems. One way is to
calculate the conductive heat. The heat is shifted from the pipe to the ground mass. Another way is to calculate the
convective heat. This heat is transferred by the circulation of air to the pipe. It changes the temperature and
dampness of the air. The assumptions that are considered to create models and explore thermal performance of
EAHE systems used for cooling and heating applications of the buildings are as follows: The pipes which are used
in EAHE are of uniform cross section [20].Thermal resistance is neglected because the pipe thickness is very small

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[21].The soil is isotropic which surrounds the pipe. It has a thermal conductivity, homogenous in nature [21-23].Pipe
radius is small, so the thermal effect of the soil which surrounds the pipe, will be neglected [22]. No freezing or
evaporation of soil is taking place [23].The pressure is reckoned as one atmospheric pressure [24].The radiation of
sun is considered as constant [25].
The temperature on the pipe surface is uniform in axial directions because the temperature profile of it is affected by
the appearance of the pipe [26].
Mihalakakou et al. [27], Bojic et al. [28], Ghauthier et al. [29], and Hollmuller and Lachal [30] have published
papers on more complete and dynamic models for earth-air heat exchangers Kabashnikov et al. [31] presented an
effective mathematical model for calculating the temperature of the ground and air in a ground heat exchanger for
ventilation systems. The model was established on the representation of temperature in the form of the Fourier
integral. Parametric study was performed to investigate performance behavior of EAHE by taking into account the
air flow rate, variation in length, diameter of tubes, depth of burial, and spacing between tubes. Santamouris et al.
[32] offered a fresh integrated method to calculate the influence of the earth-to-air heat exchangers to the cooling
load of the buildings. The method was based on the principle of balance point temperature and permitted the
calculation of the hourly value of the balance temperature of the building as well as the daily cooling load and the
contribution of the buried pipes. Mihalakakou et al. [27] developed a mathematical model based on heat conduction
equations and on the energy balance at the ground surface. It was concluded that the model can predict ground
temperature at the surface and at various depths with sufficient. Sehli et al. [33] proposed a one-dimensional
numerical model to check the performance of EAHEs installed at different depths. The effects of Reynolds number,
installation depth, and form factor on the performance of EAHE system were investigated through the parametric
analysis. The form factor was defined as the ratio of length of pipe to diameter of pipe. It was observed that with
increase in installation depth and form factor the outlet air temperature decreases while with increase in Reynolds
number the outlet air temperature increases. Finally, concluded that EAHE systems alone are not sufficient to create
thermal comfort but can be used to reduce the energy demand in buildings, if used in combination with conventional
air-conditioning systems. De Jesus Freire et al. [34] presented a study considering the use of a heat exchanger with a
multiple layer configuration, namely, comparing it with a single layer of pipes and describing the major performance
differences. After analysis, it was concluded that the heat exchanger power increases with the layers depth until 3m
and that the more efficient distance between layers should be kept at 1.5m. When the multiple layer configurations
are adopted, it was verified that maintaining similar transfer areas and velocity flows incurs a decrease of 3–6% in
the duty delivered by heat exchangers with two and three layers respectively, when compared to heat exchangers
with a single layer. However, this corresponds to a decrease of 50% and 67% in the area needed, respectively. Lee
and Strand [26] developed a new module and implemented it in the Energy Plus program for the simulation of earth
tubes. A parametric analysis was carried out using the new module to investigate the effect of each parameter on the
overall performance of the earth tube under various conditions during cooling season. It was concluded that if
properly designed an earth tube can save more than 50% of the total cooling load in the cases presented in their
paper, depending on the weather and soil conditions. However the earth tube alone cannot replace conventional air-
conditioning system in these case studies; it can considerably reduce the cooling load in buildings.

EFFECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE SYSTEM AND EFFECT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Some dimensions that affect the performance of the EAHE system are absorbing surface of the solar collector,
cooling surface of the EAHE that arranges proper heat removal from the air flow to soil as stated in the paper of
Mehdi Maerefat in his paper on passive cooling in buildings. A comparative survey has showed that the required
number of solar collectors and EAHE are minimum when diameter is 0.5 m. The variation in lateral surface area are
made by increasing the length of pipe [15]. In a review article by Bisoniya we come across some facts for modeling
the EAHE system as example the pipe used in EAHE is of uniform cross section.it has also been found that the long
EAHE with the length more than 20m should be employed to provide the thermal comfort conditions. Results show
that when the ambient temperature and cooling demand are high, although providing thermal comfort is difficult,
proper configuration could access with good indoor condition even in the poor solar intensity of 100 Watt per square
meters and high ambient temperature of 50°C [20]. Another paper by Haghighi stated that an air gap of 0.2m is

020008-5
considered as the maximum air gap value. It is seen that at high solar intensities there is a remarkable increase in
ACH. In here it is discussed that size of the room can change system performance and the diameter of the pipe and
length of the pipe effects on the system performance. The results show that the required number of EAHEs and solar
chimneys should be increased to retain the thermal comfort condition when the roof size and the heating conditions
are increased simultaneously [15].

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

An analysis of the performance of a coupled cooling system with earth-to-air heat exchanger and solar chimney
shows that in summer time the when outdoor temperature was 25°C to 34°C, the indoor remained at 21.3 °C to 25.1
°C, the coupled system provided maximum total cooling capacity of 2582W and maximum sensible cooling capacity
of 1624W which satisfied the building design cooling load [5].
In a study of solar chimney assisted with wind tower system performed by N. K. Bansal, we see that effect of solar
chimney reduces as available wind ambient velocity reduces. For wind speed 1m/s, mass flow rate 0.75 to 1.3kg/s
can be achieved and with air exchange of 35 to 73 ACH. 35 ach is possible if cooling tower alone can cool ambient
air by 5°C achieved by evaporative cooling [35].
Another study on calculation models on EAHE systems showed, for the pipe of 23.42m in length and 0.15m
diameter, cooling in the range of 8.0–12.7°C has been observed in summer for the flow velocity of 2 to 5 m/s.
Investigations on steel and PVC pipes shows no significant affect according to material of pipe. The system
provided 4500MJ of cooling effect while 3109MJ cooling is achieved by integrating by evaporative cooler [20].
Another research on passive cooling of buildings using integrated EAHE and solar chimney says that the integrated
system provided indoor thermal comfort condition, the temp is retained at 28.15-31.94°C with 3-7ACH which
secures the required ventilation rate. Higher cooling can be achieved with longer and more pipes [15].
In a research University of Athens of using EAHE for cooling, it showed that in university building the maximum
temperature drop was about 10°C compared to maximum ambient temperature. In paper warehouse the mean
temperature drop achieved was 5°C with two tubes of 0.315m buried under 2m soil with lengths 50 m and the air
velocity was 8m/s [13].

CONCLUSION

According to N.K.Bansal et al the solar chimney works on the basic of an air heating solar collector due to
temperature increasing across the chimney which works as an integral part of the passive cooling system [35].
Effects of solar chimney gets reduced at the increase of ambient velocities.in another paper by Mehdi Maerefat [15]
regarding passive cooling of building an integrated system of a few number of solar chimneys with one or more
EAHE cooling pipe may provide even more thermal comfort conditions and even more cooling demands can be
quenched by longer and more cooling pipes. The EAHE system if properly designed can be feasible and
economically better to replace conventional air conditioning system as there is no necessity of compressor,
chemicals and only blowers are required to circulate air. It was tested in the IUT campus premises about how much
heat can be exchanged by the air to the ground and result showed almost more than required heat exchange of air
was possible. This resulted in a positive signal to the feasibility of this passive cooling system in Bangladesh. By
integrating non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind and more the process can be more efficient and eco-
friendly. It is expected that this review paper will be very useful to put emphasis on more research on this field and
thus resulting in a more effective and universal passive cooling system using renewable energy sources.

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