CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
A. Background
Islam is one of the largest religions in the world. In addition, the followers also
continue to experience significant improvements and developments every year. These
developments occur throughout the world, without being bound by geography,
ethnicity, caste and so on.
Regarding the history of the origin of Islam in the archipelago it seems that there is
a bit of confusion (ikhtilaf) between some experts. This happened because there was
no evidence that was stronger than other strong evidence. So that between one
another can not deny so that then comes the only opinion or theory that is absolutely
true and accepted by historians.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the content of the Gujarat theory and Mecca theory?
2. How is the influence of the development of Islam in Indonesia in the fields of
politics and social culture?
3. What are the proofs of the successful spread of Islam in Indonesia?
4. How is the wisdom of studying the history of the development of Islam?

C. Purpose
1. Know the contents of the Gujarat theory and the Mecca theory

2. Knowing the influence of the development of Islam in Indonesia in the fields of

politics and social culture
3. Knowing the evidence of the successful spread of Islam in Indonesia
4. Know the wisdom of learning the history of the development of Islam
 CHAPTER II
EXPLANATION

A. Gujarat Theory and Mecca Theory

1. Gujarat Theory

This theory explains that the religion of Islam entered the Archipelago in the 13th
century AD, the carrier of which came from Gujarat (Cambay), India. The basis of
Gujarat Theory is the lack of facts that explain the role of Arabs who spread Islam
directly to the archipelago. Moreover, at that time the trade relations between India
and the Archipelago had long been established through the Indonesia-Cambay-
Middle East-Europe route. The theory is further strengthened by the tombstone of
Sultan Samudra Pasai, Malik Al Saleh in 1297, which has a Gujarati style.
2. Mecca Theory

This theory is a new theory that appears as a refutation of the old theory of Gujarat
theory.
Mecca Theory argues that Islam entered Indonesia in the 7th century and its bearers
came from Arabia (Egypt).
The basis of this theory is:
In the 7th century, in 674 on the west coast of Sumatra, there were Islamic (Arabic)
villages; with the consideration that Arab traders had established settlements in
Canton since the 4th century. This is also in accordance with Chinese news.
The kingdom of Samudra Pasai adheres to the school of Shafi'i, where the influence
of the largest Syafi'i schools at that time was Egypt and Mecca. Whereas Gujarat /
India are adherents of the Hanafi school. Raja-raja Samudra Pasai used the title Al
malik, which is the title originating from Egypt.

B. Effects of the spread of Islam in Indonesia in the fields of politics and social
culture
1. Politics
1. The system of government was still in the form of a kingdom but its name changed
to the Sultanate.
2. The king changes his title to become Sultan. The leaders are called the Caliph
3. Islam in a relatively fast time, it turns out that Islam can be well received by most
layers of Indonesian society, ranging from ordinary people to kings. So that the
adherents of this religion at the end of the 6th century H (12th century AD) and the
following years, succeeded in becoming the feared and calculated force of Indonesian
Muslims. The inclusion of the influence of Islam in Indonesia has an impact on the
various lives of Indonesian society when observed, it is seen that the development of
Islam in Indonesia has had an influence until now and it cannot be separated from
the history of the Indonesian nation.
The effects that can be seen due to the development of Islam in Indonesia are as
follows:
a. Political Social Sector In the field of social politics, the development of Islam made
the geographical location of the cities which became the center of the kingdom
located in the area or large river estuary such as Samudera Pasai, Pidie, Aeh, Demak,
Banten, Ternate, Goa and Makassar as the patterned royal center maritime. Thus,
the people are more dependent on temporary trade for their military power to be
focused on the navy. In terms of urban planning, the cities above generally consist
of a place of worship (mosque), a market, a residence of a ruler (palace) and a
residential village.

Population villages themselves are divided based on socio-economic status, religion,

power in government. Generally, settlements for foreign traders are determined by
the city authorities. The existing villages are named based on functions in the
government. In the life of occupation, the people of Islamic work cities are also divided
into stratification, as follows
1. The king and family. These are the ruling class. Generally, these Islamic rulers
use the title sultan.
2. The elite group, namely the upper layer group. They consist of groups of soldiers,
scholars and merchants.
3. Most groups of people. These are the biggest layers of society.
4. Slave group. They generally work in the palace and nobility environment.

2. Socio-cultural Field
1. Building Art

The art and architecture of Islamic buildings in Indonesia is very unique and
acculturative. The building art which is characteristic of Islam is the mosque with its
tower, and the tomb.
a. Mosques are places of worship for people who are Muslim. Mosque building is an
example of acculturation between Islamic culture and ancestral culture. In addition
mosques in Indonesia rarely have a tower as a place to say the call to prayer, this is
because it is replaced by the bedhug or kentongan as a sign of prayer time, then the
call to prayer is recited.
b. The tomb is the location of the burial of a person's body after death. After the
influence of Islam, the tomb of an influential person is no longer manifested in the
form of a temple but rather a cupola. The location of this buried body is also marked
by tombstones.
2. Literature and Literary Art

In Islamic scripts it is well known for Arabic calligraphy and even calligraphy is
preserved in carving. And in literary art, Islam leaves several types of literature,
including:

a. Hikayat is a literary work containing historical stories or tales, written in the form
of essays or prose. For example: Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain, The Story of the Poor,
Story 1001 Nights.

b. Babad is almost the same as saga. Writing is like historical writing but based on
facts. So the contents are a mixture of historical facts, myths, and beliefs. Examples:
Tanah Jawi chronicles, Cirebon Chronicles, Mataram Chronicles and Surakarta
Chronicles.

c. Poetry originates from Arabic words, to name literary works in the form of poems
consisting of four lines per verse. For example: The Old Poem.

d. Suluk is a literary work in the form of books and its contents explain its Sufism.
Examples: Suluk sukarsa, Suluk Wujil, and Suluk malang sumirang.

3. Arts
a. Seudati is a dance from Aceh which is carried by eight people by singing verses
containing Sholawat of the Prophet.
b. Wayang puppet shows have been around since the Hindu-Buddhist era, but in
Islamic times this art continues to be developed as a means to preach.

c. Debus game is a dance that at the top of the event, the dancers insert sharp objects
without leaving a wound.
d. In addition to the above example, there are still other forms of acculturation of
pre-Islamic culture with Islamic culture, which are still applied in Indonesian society
until now, including the following:
· Sungkeman.

· Tabot or Tabuik, is a traditional ceremony of Bengkulu people to commemorate the

story of the heroism and death of the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad.
· Mawlid Prophet is a feast that is carried out in commemoration of the birthday of
the Prophet Muhammad.

C. Evidence of the Success of the Spread of Islam in Indonesia

1. Mosque

The mosque is a place for worshiping Muslims. In general, every Islamic kingdom
has a historical heritage in the form of a mosque. Examples of historical relics in the
form of mosques are as follows.
a. Demak Great Mosque was founded by Walisanga. This mosque is a legacy of the
Kingdom of Demak.
b. The Baiturrahman Mosque is a legacy of the Kingdom of Aceh. This mosque was
built in 1879-1881.

c. Banten Great Mosque is a legacy of the Kingdom of Banten. This mosque was
founded by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa.

d. The Holy Mosque is located in Kudus, Central Java, which was founded by Sunan
Kudus.
2. Tomb
Siti Fatimah bint Maimun Gresik Tomb is a place to bury a deceased person. The
location of the tomb is generally on the hillsides. But many are also in a flat place.
For example, the tombs of Sultan Malik as Shaleh and Sultan Iskandar Muda (in
NAD), the tomb of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (in Gresik, East Java), and the royal tomb
of Gowa-Tallo (in Makassar, South Sulawesi).
3. Palace

The palace or palace is a large building for the residence of the king and his family.
Some palaces or palaces which are relics of the Islamic kingdom are as follows.
a. Kasunanan Surakarta Palace (Central Java).
b. Kasultanaan Jogjakarta (Jogjakarta).
c. Kasepuhan and Kanoman Cirebon (West Java).
d. Ternate Sultanate (North Maluku).
e. Deli Sultanate (North Sumatra).
4. Carving Art

Carving art is painting, drawing, or decoration inscribed / carved on wood, stone,

metal, and so on. Examples of carving art are in the Mantingan mosque (Jepara),
wood carvings from Cirebon, carvings on the tomb (Gunongan) in Madura, carvings
on the tomb gate of Sunan Pandanaran (Klaten), and the tomb gate of Sendang
Dhuwur (Tuban).
5. Scripts, Calligraphy, and Manuscripts
Literacy is a system of graphic signs that humans use to communicate. The following
are historical legacies in the form of letters.
a. Aksara Jawi (Malay Arabic)
b. Pegon script
c. Arabic script is bald
Calligraphy is the art of writing beautifully using Arabic letters. Manuscript is
someone's original essay that is still in the form of handwriting. Manuscripts found
on average
speak Arabic.
a. Gharib al Hadith is a collection of traditions. Compiled by Abu Ubaidah Alqassim
bin Sallam. This manuscript is stored in the Leiden University library in the
Netherlands.
b. Manuscripts compiled by Abu Qurairah contain tauhid. This text is stored in the
British Museum in London.
6. Performing Arts, Culture, and Tradition
a) Dance: Saman, Seudati, Zapin, and Rudat.
b) Music: tambourines, orchestras and gambuses.
c) Sound art: qasidah and prayer.
d) Pakeliran art: Menak puppet (story from Persia)
e) Customs: traditional clothes, traditional ceremonies, and others.
7. Literature
a. Saga
b. Poetry
c. Mysticism
d. Chronicle
e. The book which contains moral teachings and guidelines for living in accordance
with Shari'a and adat
D. Wisdom Studying the History of the Development of Islam
1. Islam carries teachings that contain peace.
2. Spreaders of Islamic teachings in Indonesia are individuals who have toughness
and hard workers.

3. Acculturation of culture occurs between Islam and local culture even though Islam
still has limitations and explicitly must not conflict with the basic teachings in Islam.
4. Understanding the way Islam entered and was embraced by the Indonesian Nation
until now became the majority.
5. Understanding political, social, cultural and scientific sciences.

6. Become a mirror to advance a better life, understand it can increase enthusiasm

in studying Islam and preach it so that it becomes a provision to achieve better
conditions.
7. Respect the work of the Ulama who have struggled to spread Islam.
 CHAPTER III
COVER

A. Conclusion

Islam entered Indonesia in the first century Hijriyah or in the seventh century AD.
According to other sources said that Islam had begun its expedition to the
archipelago during the Khulafaur Rashidin (the reign of Abu Bakr Shiddiq, Umar bin
Khattab, Usman bin Affan and Ali bin Abi Talib), was spread directly from Medina.
The development of Islam in Indonesia is divided into several regions including
Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Maluku.

The early scholars who spread Islam in Indonesia included; Hamzah Fansuri,
Shaykh Muhammad Yusuf Al-Makasari, Shaykh Abdussamad Al-Palimbani, Shaykh
Muhammad bin Umar n-Nawawi Al-Bantani and guardian songo (Maulana Malik
Ibrahim, Sunan Ampel, Sunan Giri, Sunan Bonang, Sunan Kalijaga, Sunan Gunung
Jati, Sunan Drajat, Sunan Kudus and Sunan Muria).

Whereas the entry of Islam in Indonesia according to uka tjandrasasmita was carried
out with six channels, namely: Trade Channels, Marriage Channels, Sufism
Channels, Educational Channels, Arts Channels, and Political Channels. Of the six
channels above, Islam can reach almost all corners of Indonesia, one of which is
recognized as Indonesia's own culture until now such as the influence of language
and names, the influence of customs, the influence of art.

B. Suggestions
Islam is a peaceful religion. Islam entered Indonesia, not with war or occupation.
Islam developed and spread in Indonesia precisely in a peaceful and persuasive way
thanks to the perseverance of the scholars. Therefore through this paper we are
taught to be able to make peace with the people around us. Avoid all arguments that
can damage our relationship.