Ingles Internacional

FIND THE MAIN IDEA OF PARAGRAPHS 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 AND 12,
AND WRITE THEM IN A

PARAGRAPH
PARAGRAPH ONE
Three factors combine to reshape the foundations of the modern economy.
First, the digital revolution dramatically augments the reach, flexibility
and agility of companies, big and small, creating new economic actors,
such as ‘micro-multinationals’: technology-intensive companies that are
born global. Second, international competition draws millions of new
workers and consumers into what is increasingly a ‘race to the top’, rather
than a ‘race to the bottom’, with emerging countries becoming champions
of innovation, engineering ingenuity and skills acquisition. Third, cultural
and structural trends change the nature of socio-economic interactions by
transforming people’s aspirations and preferences, such as the
expectation of instant gratification offered by one-click services or the
seamless interoperability between products and electronic devices.
PARAGRAPH TWO
BLURRING LINES BETWEEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
A pronounced distinction between product and service markets is

fictitious: value creation and innovation increasingly take place at their
intersection. Business-related services are often decisive in making
products attractive to the consumer and they generate most of the value
added in growth and employment.
PARAGRAPH NINE
THE DIGITAL CAR
Cars have become computers on wheels. Software is revolutionising the

car industry, until recently one of the most traditional and hierarchically
organized industries in the world. For example, Tesla – a company
founded as recently as 2003 – has shown that there is no reason why a
technology company cannot become a car company, with the design
coming from California, modules being delivered by suppliers from
around the world and the final product being put together in contract
factories. Electronics and automation have become key components of the
assembly line.
PARAGRAPH TEN
COMPETITION IN THE HIGHER VALUE-ADDED SEGMENT
In spite of the slowdown of growth in emerging markets, the next decades

are likely to be marked by a continued convergence process. As emerging
countries move up the value chain, they increasingly rival producers and
service suppliers from advanced economies. Instead of developing
powerful industrial sectors locally, they can now leapfrog more advanced
economies by adopting the latest technologies and sourcing products and
services globally. As a result, OECD countries’ share in world
manufacturing dropped from 82% in 1990 to 56% in 2013 (Figure 3, p.
4).
Tellingly, China’s 12th Five-Year Plan for 2011-2015 explicitly shifts the
focus to R&D and high-end manufacturing and services. This means that
China and Europe will increasingly compete in the same markets, such as
clean energy, aerospace, telecom equipment or broadband networks.
Studies have shown that the complementarity of European and Chinese
export offers has dropped from 85% in 2000 to 65% in 2010, which means
that 35% of exports tended to overlap, compared to only 15% ten years
earlier.5 Intensifying global competition means that competitive
advantages are more fluid than they used to be, requiring dynamic
approaches to competitiveness and productivity.
PARAGRAPH ELEVEN
BEHAVIOURAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
The rationale of the emerging new economy is greatly influenced by

ongoing cultural and structural shifts, some of which are induced by
technology, while others result from broader societal trends. Their effect
is profound, from the changing nature of work and its growing fluidity to
the emergence of a sharing economy. In particular, the consumer and user
perspectives – already central to current economic relations – will become
dominant even in business-to-business transactions.
Products are increasingly tailored to individual consumers’ needs and

desires through processes such as ‘additive manufacturing’. Consumers
will move from being objects of economic exchanges to active agents. This
trend is already underway, as exemplified by the growing importance of
‘prosumers’. To illustrate, the energy system is shifting from a centralised,
supplyside approach to a demand-oriented model. New digital products
and technologies are progressively modernising the energy system by
easing the way for a novel nexus between production, transportation,
distribution and consumption. Increasingly, energy will become a service
and not just a supplied commodity, providing new opportunities for energy
service providers and aggregators, and giving life to new digital products,
such as smart meters. These developments will transform the business
model of energy utilities, bringing new, innovative and disruptive
companies to the fore.
These three factors – digitisation, globalisation and socio-cultural

transformations combine to produce a more versatile, creative and
interactive economy where value increasingly lies in the interoperability
between products and services. Combining products and services has
become the new normal as design, marketing, insurance and after-sale
servicing are inseparable parts of the offering that the consumer demands
and expects. As a result, manufacturing firms have incorporated strong
service components into the way they operate while services firms have
sought to benefit from economies of scale, traditionally more
characteristic of the manufacturing world. Business models that
contribute to the integration of products and services are increasingly
crucial for competitiveness and productivity.
PARAGRAPH TWELVE
FROM STATIC TO INTERACTIVE
The fusion of product and service markets will continue to have a profound
impact. The world economy will move from static products and services to
smart and interactive ones. This means that new ways need to be explored
with respect to the design and labelling of products. Products are
becoming ‘smarter’, more capable of autonomously addressing and
responding to evolving consumers’ needs.
‘Smart’ coffee machines, for example, have built-in sensors that

automatically signal to the local brand store the need for repair. The user
therefore does not only purchase a product a coffee machine – but also a
service, the promise of maintenance whenever necessary.
WRITE A SUMMARY OF TEN LINES FROM THE TEXT
The modern economy is having substantial changes in many aspects,

digital evolution has drastically increased the scope, flexibility and agility
of small and large companies. Technology is transforming the way we
interact and communicate by putting new skills at hand for each situation.
The products and services in the market must be attractive for the
consumer and generate the majority of the added value in growth and
employment. New technologies allow the creation of different tools,
through innovation it is now possible to mangle mobile phones from a
computer. Technology plays an important role in the development of small
and large companies in the future.
CHOOSE A PARAGRAPH AND TRANSLATE IT WITH YOUR OWN

WORDS
Three factors combine to reshape the foundations of the modern economy.

First, the digital revolution dramatically augments the reach, flexibility
and agility of companies, big and small, creating new economic actors,
such as ‘micro-multinationals’: technology-intensive companies that are
born global. Second, international competition draws millions of new
workers and consumers into what is increasingly a ‘race to the top’, rather
than a ‘race to the bottom’, with emerging countries becoming champions
of innovation, engineering ingenuity and skills acquisition. Third, cultural
and structural trends change the nature of socio-economic interactions by
transforming people’s aspirations and preferences, such as the
expectation of instant gratification offered by one-click services or the
seamless interoperability between products and electronic devices.
Tres factores se combinan para remodelar los cimientos de la economía

moderna. En primer lugar, la revolución digital aumenta drásticamente el
alcance, la flexibilidad y la agilidad de las empresas, grandes y pequeñas,
creando nuevos actores económicos, como las “microempresas
multinacionales”: empresas intensivas en tecnología que nacen globales.
En segundo lugar, la competencia internacional atrae a millones de

nuevos trabajadores y consumidores a lo que cada vez es más una
“carrera hacia la cima” que una “carrera hacia abajo”, y los países
emergentes se convierten en campeones de la innovación, el ingenio
ingenieril y la adquisición de habilidades. En tercer lugar, las tendencias
culturales y estructurales cambian la naturaleza de las interacciones
socioeconómicas al transformar las aspiraciones y preferencias de las
personas, como la expectativa de gratificación instantánea ofrecida por
los servicios de un solo clic o la interoperabilidad perfecta entre
productos y dispositivos electrónicos.
CHOOSE TEN WORDS FROM THE TEXT AND ORGANIZE THEM

ALPHABETICALLY. LOOK FOR THE MEANING OF EACH WORD:
 ✓CONSUMERS: Consumidores.
 ✓DRAMATICALLY: Dramáticamente.
 ✓EMERGING: Emergentes.
 ✓INTEROPEBILITY: Interoperabilidad.
 ✓OFFERED: Ofrecido.
 ✓SUCH: Tal.
 ✓SEAMLESS: Sin costura.
 ✓TRENDS: Tendencias
 ✓THE REACH: El alcance
 ✓RATHER: Más bien

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FIND THE MAIN IDEA OF PARAGRAPHS 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 AND 12,

AND WRITE THEM IN A

A pronounced distinction between product and service markets is

Cars have become computers on wheels. Software is revolutionising the

In spite of the slowdown of growth in emerging markets, the next decades

The rationale of the emerging new economy is greatly influenced by

Products are increasingly tailored to individual consumers’ needs and

These three factors – digitisation, globalisation and socio-cultural

‘Smart’ coffee machines, for example, have built-in sensors that

WRITE A SUMMARY OF TEN LINES FROM THE TEXT

The modern economy is having substantial changes in many aspects,

CHOOSE A PARAGRAPH AND TRANSLATE IT WITH YOUR OWN

Three factors combine to reshape the foundations of the modern economy.

Tres factores se combinan para remodelar los cimientos de la economía

En segundo lugar, la competencia internacional atrae a millones de

CHOOSE TEN WORDS FROM THE TEXT AND ORGANIZE THEM

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