Slide 1

ANTENNAS

ENGR. PHIL U. LOMBOY

Slide 2 ANTENNA
A structure that is generally a metallic
object, often a wire or group of wires, used
to convert high frequency signals into
electromagnetic waves and vice versa.

Slide 3 ANTENNA

A device whose function is to radiate

electromagnetic energy and/or
intercept electromagnetic radiation
Slide 4 Basic
Consideration:
Maximum
Power
Transfer

Slide 5
FIELDS OF
AN
ANTENNA

Slide 6 INDUCTION FIELD RADIATION FIELD

TRANSITION
Considered to extend out Considered to extend
from the antenna to a
ZONE out from a distance of
distance of D2/8λ 2D2/λ
Zone between the
two(2) regions
Near Field or Fresnel Far Field or
Region Fraunhoffer Region
Slide 7 BASIC FORMULAS λ = c/f

T = 1/f Where: λ – wavelength

F – frequency
Where: T – time
C – velocity in free space
F - frequency

Slide 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANTENNAS

Slide 9 RADIATION
PATTERN
A line drawn to join points in
space which have equal field
intensity due to the source.
Slide 10 Major Lobe – the direction
of maximum radiation
Minor Lobe – the direction
of minimum radiation
Null – the direction with
radiation intensity equal
to zero.

Slide 11 FACTORS WHICH

a. Antenna
height
DETERMINE THE
RADIATION b. Power losses
PATTERN OF AN c. Terminations
ANTENNA at its end

d. Thickness of the antenna wire

Slide 12 PRINCIPLE OF
RECIPROCITY
The characteristics of antennas, such
as impedance and radiation pattern
are identical, regardless of use for
reception or transmission.

ISOTROPIC An antenna that radiates uniformly in

ANTENNA all directions in space
Slide 13 DIRECTIVE GAIN The ratio of the power density in a
particular direction of one antenna to
the power density that would be
radiated by an isotropic antenna.

HERTZIAN DIPOLE: HALF WAVE DIPOLE:

1.5 : 1 (1.76 dB) 1.64 : 1 (2.15 dB)

Slide 14 The longer the antenna, the higher

the directive gain
Non resonant antennas have
NOTES: higher directive gain than resonant
antennas
The directive gain of all practical
antennas is greater than unity

Slide 15 DIRECTIVITY, D

Maximum
directive gain

The gain in the

direction of one of the major lobes in the antenna’s radiation pattern.
Slide 16 POWER GAIN
Overall gain considering
losses and efficiency

Ap = %D

Where: % - antenna efficiency

D - directivity

Slide 17 ANTENNA
RESISTANCE
1. RADIATION
RESISTANCE, Rr
The ratio of the AC resistance
applied voltage to The ratio of the power
the flowing current radiated by the antenna
to the square of the
current at the
feedpoint.

Slide 18 2. LOSS RESISTANCE, Rd

Antenna and Losses in imperfect

ground resistance dielectric very near
the antenna
Discharge or
corona effects Eddy current loss
Slide 19 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

% = Rr / Rr + Rd

The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna

to the power delivered at the feedpoint
The ratio of radiation resistance to the total
system resistance

Slide 20 An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a loss

resistance of 8 ohms, and a power gain of 16. What
efficiency and directivity does it have.
a. 90% and 17.78
b. 10% and 17.78
c. 90% and 14.4
d. 10% and 14.4

Slide 21 To produce a power density of 1 mw/m2 in a given

direction, at a distance of 2 km, an antenna radiates a total of
180 w. An isotropic antenna would have to radiate 2400 w to
produce the same power density at that distance. What, in
dB, is the directive gain of the practical antenna?
a. 11.25 dB
b. 13.21 dB
c. 10 dB
d. 6 dB
Slide 22 EFFECTIVE RADIATED
POWER (ERP)
EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC
RADIATED POWER (EIRP)

The product of the power fed to The power radiated by an

an antenna and its power gain. antenna in its favored direction,
taking the gain of the antenna into
ERP = Total Radiated Power account as referenced to an
x Power Gain isotropic radiator

Slide 23 FRONT TO BACK

RATIO
BANDWIDTH
Ratio of the power at
The operating the optimum direction
frequency range of the antenna to that
of an antenna of the power 180
degrees from the
optimum direction

Slide 24 BEAMWIDTH

The degree of
concentration of the
antenna’s radiation

Angular separation between two half power points in a major lobe

of an antenna radiation pattern
Slide 25 POLARIZATION

Space orientation of the

waves that the antenna
radiates

The electric field vector

is always parallel to the
antenna elements.

Slide 26 PHYSICAL LENGTH ELECTRICAL LENGTH

Actual length of the antenna Dependent upon the velocity
coefficient or velocity factor
L =λ/2; λ= c/f
L=kλ
λ/2 is the shortest length of a
conductor which will
where k is the dielectric constant
resonate at a given frequency

Slide 27 Ex. What is the wavelength of a 500 MHz signal?

a. 60 cm
b. 6 m
c. 0.06 m
d. 60 m
Slide 28 Ex. What is the electrical length of an antenna operating at a
frequency of 500 kHz?
a. 500 m
b. 570 m
c. 600 m
d. 630 m

Slide 29
GROUNDING SYSTEMS

Slide 30 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON

ANTENNAS

Whereas an ungrounded antenna

with its image forms an antenna
array, the bottom of the grounded
antenna is joined to the top of the
image; the system acts as an antenna
of double size.
Slide 31 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS

Whereas an ungrounded antenna with its

image forms an antenna array, the bottom of
the grounded antenna is joined to the top of
the image; the system acts as an antenna of
double size.

Slide 32 GROUND SCREEN

A network of buried wires directly

under the antenna, consisting of a
large number of radials extending
from the base of the tower, like spokes
on a wheel, and placed 15 and 30 cm
below the ground.

Slide 33 COUNTERPOISE

A substitute for ground screen in

areas of low conductivity, i.e. rock,
mountains and antennas on top of
buildings
Slide 34
ANTENNA HEIGHT

Slide 35 ANTENNA HEIGHT

The actual antenna height should at

least be λ/4, but where this is not
possible, the effective height should
correspond to λ/4.

Slide 36 TOP
LOADING
A good method of increasing radiation
resistance by having a horizontal
portion at the top of the antenna

Effect: to increase the current at the

base of the antenna and to make the
current distribution more uniform
Slide 37 EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
Antennas behave as though
(electrically) they were longer than
their physical length

END The result of physical antennas having

EFFECT finite thickness, instead of being
infinitely thin.

Slide 38
ANTENNA COUPLING AND
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Slide 39 ANTENNA
COUPLING
A network composed of reactances and transformers,
which may be lumped or distributed, to provide
impedance matching

REASONS To tune out the reactive component of the antenna

impedance
FOR
COUPLING To provide the transmitter with the correct value of load
resistance
To prevent illegal radiation of spurious frequencies
Slide 40 ANTENNA COUPLERS

Direct Coupler The antennas are coupled directly to their

transmitters

Coupler Affords a wider reactance range, giving

adequate harmonic suppression
Symmetrical
Coupler Used for balanced lines

Slide 41 IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Stub Matching
Accomplished by connecting the coax
or twin lead to the stub and sliding the
connections up or down the stub until
the proper SWR is indicated by a
meter connected in the system.

Slide 42 IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Delta Matching

Accomplished by spreading the

ends of the feedline and adjusting
the spacing until optimum
performance is reached.
Slide 43 IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Gamma Matching

A sliding clamp is included in

the assembly to permit fine
tuning for minimum SWR at the
time of installation

Slide 44 IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Quarter A section of transmission

Wave line one quarter wavelength
Matching long placed between the
load and the line

Used to connect an unbalanced

(coaxial line) to a balanced antenna

Slide 45 CURRENT FED (LOW Z FEED)

An antenna is said to be current fed if it is
fed at the point of current maximum
Includes all feed point impedances below
600 ohms

Ex. Center fed half wave dipole or

Marconi antenna
Slide 46 VOLTAGE FED (HIGH Z FEED)

An antenna is said to be voltage fed if it is

fed at the point of voltage maximum
Includes all feed point impedances in
excess of 600 ohms
Ex. Center fed full wave dipole

Slide 47
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Slide 48 1. Device that converts high frequency current into

electromagnetic waves.
a. antenna
b. loudspeaker
c. microphone
d. lightning arrester
Slide 49 2. A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths
or power densities at various angular positions relative
to an antenna.
a. Venn Diagram
b. Figure 8 pattern
c. Lissajous figure
d. Radiation Pattern

Slide 50 3. Refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated

from an antenna.
a. radiation
b. polarization
c. beamwidth
d. bandwidth

Slide 51 4. Pertains to a wire structure placed below the antenna

and erected above the ground which is a form of
capacitive grounding system.
a. image
b. counterpoise
c. antenna orientation
d. polarization
Slide 52 5. What is the technique used to electrically increase the
antenna length?
a. loading
b. using image antenna
c. using antenna arrays
d. increasing antenna height

Slide 53 6. Antenna supported by insulators seems electrically

longer than its physical length due to
a. image
b. reflection
c. end effect
d. broadside effect

Slide 54 7. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to

the total input power.
a. power gain
b. directive gain
c. antenna efficiency
d. radiation efficiency
Slide 55 8. The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe
power
a. front to side ratio
b. front to back ratio
c. back to front ratio
d. minor to major ratio

Slide 56
9. The standard reference antenna for directive gain
a. infinitesimal dipole
b. isotropic antenna
c. elementary doublet
d. half wave dipole

Slide 57 10. The gain of a hertzian dipole with respect to an

isotropic antenna
a. 1.76 dB
b. 2.15 dB
c. 1.5 dB
d. 1.64 dB
Slide 58 11. A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating 2000
watts and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic antenna. How
much power must be delivered to the isotropic antenna to
match the field strength of the directional antenna?
a. 1640 watts
b. 3280 watts
c. 4300 watts
d. 3520 watts

Slide 59 12. An ungrounded antenna near the ground

a. acts as a single antenna of twice the height
b. is unlikely to need a ground screen
c. acts as an antenna array
d. must be horizontally polarized

Slide 60 13. Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in

order to increase its
a. effective height
b. bandwidth
c. beamwidth
d. input capacitance
Slide 61 14. Very low signal strength in an
antenna
a. minor lobes
b. nulls
c. antenna patterns
d. major lobes

Slide 62
15. A horizontal antenna is ______ polarized.
a. vertically
b. horizontally
c. centrally
d. circularly

Slide 63
16. An antenna with unity gain.
a. rhombic
b. half wave dipole
c. isotropic
d. whip
Slide 64 17. What is the front to back ratio of an antenna
which radiates 500 watts in a northernly direction
and 50 watts in a southernly direction?
a. 25000 dB
b. 10 dB
c. 100 dB
d. 20 dB

Slide 65
18. Good grounding is important for
a. Horizontal antennas
b. Broadside array
c. Vertical antennas
d. Yagi Uda Antennas

Slide 66 19. If the radiated power increases 10.89 times, the

antenna current increases by
a. 3.3 times
b. 6.6 times
c. 1.82 times
d. 10.89 times
Slide 67 20. Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it
appear as if it were 5% longer
a. end effect
b. flywheel effect
c. skin effect
d. capture effect

Slide 68 21. If an antenna is too short for the wavelength being

used, the effective length can be increased by adding
a. capacitance in series
b. inductance in series
c. resistance in parallel
d. resistance in series

Slide 69
22. Actual height of an antenna should be at least
a. 1λ
b. λ/2
c. λ/4
d. ¾ λ
Slide 70
23. The directivity pattern of an isotropic radiator
a. figure 8
b. a sphere
c. unidirectional cardioid
d. parabola

Slide 71 24. A Hertz antenna is operating on a frequency of 2182 kHz

and consists of a horizontal wire that is hanged between two
towers. What is the frequency of its third harmonic?
a. 727 kHz
b. 6546 kHz
c. 436 kHz
d. 6.546 kHz

Slide 72 25. What is the gain of an antenna over a half wavelength

dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator?
a. 6 dB
b. 8.1 dB
c. 3.9 dB
d. 10 d
Slide 73
BASIC TYPES OF
ANTENNAS

Slide 74 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA ELEMENTARY DOUBLET

a standard reference antenna , A theoretical antenna shorter than a
radiating equally in all directions, wavelength used as a standard to
so that the radiation pattern is which all other antenna
spherical. characteristics can be compared

Slide 75 = 60 le I sin θ / λr

Where θ – angle of axis and point of maximum radiation

– field strength Le – antenna length

I – antenna current
r – distance
Slide 76 Ex. An elementary doublet is 10 cm long. If the 10 MHz
current flowing through it is 2 A, what is the field strength 20
km away from the doublet in a direction of maximum
radiation?
a. 6.28 uV/m
b. 62.83 uV/m
c. 15.92 uV/m
d. 1.59 uV/m

Slide 77 DIPOLE

An antenna made up of
two wires bent at 90
degrees to each other so as
to be in the same line and
signal is fed at the center

Slide 78
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

Length is λ/2 and

radiation pattern is a
toroid (bidirectional)
Slide 79 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

Slide 80 NON-RESONANT ANTENNA

One in which there are no standing waves

Radiation pattern is directional

Standing waves are suppressed by the use of a

correct termination to ensure that no power is
reflected, so that only a forward traveling
wave will exist.

Slide 81 LONG WIRE ANTENNA

Lengths in the order of several wavelengths

When an antenna is 2 or more wavelengths

long, it provides gain and a multilobe radiation
pattern.

When terminated at one end, it becomes

unidirectional.
Slide 82 RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Consists of non-resonant antenna elements arranged
differently, i.e. planar rhombus
Length of equal radiators = 2 to 8 ‘s
Angle of tilt: 40 to 75˚
Rt = 800 ohms
Rin = 650 to 700 ohms

Slide 83 RHOMBIC ANTENNA

Non-resonant antenna used for long

distance sky wave transmission or
reception of horizontally polarized waves
over distances from 200 to over 3000
miles at frequencies from 4 to 22 MHz.

Slide 84 RESONANT ANTENNA

Standing waves exist, caused by the

presence of both a reflected traveling
wave and the forward wave.

Antenna whose length is a multiple of

λ/4’s
Slide 85 HERTZ ANTENNA

An antenna system in which the

ground is not an essential part

Half wave antenna used for

frequencies above 2 MHz

Half Wave Dipole

Slide 86 MARCONI ANTENNA

Grounded Quarter
Wavelength antenna
Quarter Wavelength antenna
used for frequencies below 2
MHz; omnidirectional
Vertical Monopole

Slide 87
ANTENNA ARRAYS
Slide 88 ANTENNA ARRAY

A radiating system
consisting of individual
radiators or elements
placed close together so
as to be within each
other’s induction field

Slide 89
DRIVEN ELEMENT PARASITIC ELEMENT

Element of an array Radiation not directly

connected to the output connected to the output of the
of the transmitter transmitter

Receives energy through the

induction field of a driven
element