Science
Science
Science
PLANE GEOMETERY
LINES AND ANGLES
* Geometry means measurement of earth
* Father of geometry Euclid
* The book written by Euclid on geometry The elements
* Three basic concepts of geometry are point, line and plane.
* A point has no dimensions such as length, breadth and thickness. It has
position only
* Generally points are represented by capital letters A,B,C ............
* The set of points extending infinitely on either side is called a line
* Line has only length. It has no breadth.
* A line has no end points.
* Lines are two types 1) Straight lines 2) Curved lines
HJJG HJJG
* Line AB is represented as AB or BA
HJJG
* Lines are representd by small letters also ( AB or l)
* The points lying on the same line are called collinear points
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* Plane is a flat surface having length and breadth
* Plane is represented by small letters.
* The points lying on the same plane are called coplanar points
* The lines belong to same plane are called coplanar lines.
* If A,B,C are collinear and B lies between A and C then AB + BC=AC
JJJG JJJG
* OA # AO
* The rays which extend opposite to each other from a point are called oppo-
site rays} or vertical rays.
JJJG JJJG
OA and OB are opposite rays
Example : etc
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5. Two lines do not have more than one common point
* If a point M is located on a line segment AB such that AM=MB then
M is called midpoint of AB
* The mid point of a line segment divides it into two congruent line segments
Types of lines:
1. Intersecting lines : - If two lines have a common point then they are called
intersecting lines. The common point is l
called point of intersection. P
m
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* The lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each l
other m||l and n||l then m||n. m
* The lines perpendicular to the same line are also n
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* In the pair of adjacent angles if non com- B
mon arms are opposite rays then those
angles are called linear pair
C o A
* If sum of adjacent angles is 1800 then they are
called linear pair
* If two lines are intersect the angles opposite to
point of intersection are called vertically op-
posite angles
* If two lines intersects each other 4 angles are D l
formed. Among those 4 angles each pair of O B
angles which do not have common arm are called
vertically opposite angles. AOD, BOC and m
A C
AOC, BOD are vertically opposite angles.
* If the measure of two angles is same then they
are called congruent angles.
* The line which divides an angle into two B
congruent angles is called angular bisector. Here C
JJJG
OC is bisector of AOB.
O A
AOC= BOC.
* If a transversal intersects two lines 8 angles are formed at the two intersecting
points among them
i) Interior angles : - 3, 4, 5, 6
2) Exterior angles : - 1, 2, 7, 8
3) Pairs of Corresponding angles : p
( 1, 5) ,( 4, 8) ( 2, 6) ( 3, 7) 2 1
3 4 l
4) Pairs of Alternate interior angles : -
( 3, 5),( 4, 6) 6 5 m
7 8
5) Pairs of Alternate Exterior angles :
( 1, 7) ; ( 2, 8)
6) Pairs of vertically opposite angles : -
( 1, 3) ; ( 2, 4); ( 5, 7) ;( 6, 8)
7) Co-interior angles : ( 3, 6) ; ( 4, 5)
8) Co- exterior angels : - ( 1, 8);( 2, 7)
9) Linear pairs :-( 1, 2) ; ( 1, 4);,( 2, 3); ( 3, 4);
( 5, 6); ( 5, 8) ; ( 6, 7) ; ( 7, 8)
* If a transversal intersects two lines then the sum of angles formed at every
intersecting point is 360.
1+ 2+ 3+ 4=360 and 5+ 6+ 7+ 8=360 .
0 0
n( n 1)
* The no of lines can be drawn through `n` non-collinear points is (n z 1)
n(n 3) 2
* The number of diagonals drawn to a polygon of n sides is
2 n( n 1)
* The number of linesegments can be drawm through n collinear points is
2
* If a transversal intersects two parallel lines then F shaped angles represents
corresponding angles Z shaped angles represents alternate interior angles
and C shaped angles represents co-interior angles.
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find the measure of following angles?
1) 1/6 of right angle ii) 1 1/2 of right angle
iii) 2/5 of straight angle
Sol : Right angles =900 straight angle = 1800
i) 1/6 x 90 = 150 ii) 1 1/2 x 90 = 3/2 x 90 = 3 x 45= 1350
iii) 2/5 x 180 = 2 x 36 = 720
3. One angle is 300 less than its supplementary angle. find those angles.
Sol : One angle = x (say). Its supplement x-30
x + x - 30 = 1800 2x =180+ 30
2x = 210
x = 210/2 = 1050
one angle =1050
Its supplementary angle = 105 -30 = 750
C 450 X D
But AOB is a straight line o
? x + 45 + 90 = 180
0
B
x = 180 -135 = 450 E
? BOD = 45
0
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6. In the adjacent figure AB||CD . CDM= 1500
BMD = 64 and ABM = x then find x ?
0
HJG
Solve : - Draw EF||AB||CD through M A B
x
Let EMB = y then EMD = 64 - y y
' EF||CD and HD transversal. 64 -y
0
F
E
1500
150 + 64 -y = 1800 ( Co - interior angles) D
C
-y = 180 - 150 -64 = -340 y 340
' AB||EF,BM transversal, x y 180 ('co-interior angles)
0
HJJG HJJG
9. In the adjacent figure AB || CD Find the values of p and q ?
Solve : EGB = AGF = 650 ( Vertically opposite angles)
GHD = AGH = 65 ( Alternate inteior angles)
0
40 + q = 65 q = 64-40 = 250
HJJG HJJG
Draw a line XY. parallel to AB and CD through O
XOG = BGO= 45 ( Alternative interior angles)
0
p = 45 + 25 = 700 E
A 650
B
G p
O
x k
4 0
C H q
D
k
HJJG HJJG HJJG HJJG
10. In the adjacent figure AB || CD, CD || EF and
y : z = 3 : 7 then find values of x, y, z and p ?
Solve AB // EF . y : z = 3 : 7 B
A
x + y = 1800 ( Co- interior angles ) - (1) x
P + z = 1800 ( Co - interior angles) C y
D
p
But y = p ( vertically opposite angles )
z
? y + z = 180 - (2)
0 E F
? x + y = y + z x = z
y : z = 3 : 7, ? y = 3/10 x 1800 , z = 7/10 x 180
= 540 = 1260
? x z 1260 , p y 540
11. From the adjacent figure find x + y
solve 35 + z + y = 1800 ( angles on straight line)
But z = 1050 ( Vertically opposite angles)
? y = 180 - 35 - 105 = 180 - 140 = 40
0
1050
x + y = 40 + 40 = 800
EXERCISE
LEVEL -1
1. Which of the following is not a polygon [ ]
a) b) c) d)
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7. Complementary angles are always .......... [ ]
a) Right angles b) Acute angles c) Obtuse angles d) Cant say
8. The supplementary angle of 20 is .............
0
[ ]
a) 700 b) 1600 c) 200 d) 1800
9. In the adjacent figure AOC and BOC are called .............. [ ]
a) straight angle C
b) vertically opposite angle
1400 400
c) Linear pair B
A
d) None of these
10. The line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points
is called ............ [ ]
a) Intersecting lines b) Parallel lines
c) Reflecting lines d) Transversal
11. In the adjacent figure the value of x is ............ [ ]
a) 14 0
b) 180 0
8x-2
c) 3600 d) 360 4x x
12. In the adjacent figure PQ is ............. [ ]
a) Line b) Straight line c) Linesegment d) None of these
13. If two supplementary angles are equal than thier measures are ....[ ]
a) 90 ,90
0 0
b) 45 ,45
0 0
c) 180 ,180
0 0
d) 135 , 1350
0
14. The angle between the hands of a clock at 4.30 O clock is ...... [ ]
a) 45 0
b) 90 0
c) 180 0
d) 600
15. If the ratio of two supplementary angles is 7 : 11 then their valeus are ...[ ]
a) 700, 1200 b) 600, 1200 c) 700, 1100 d) 500 , 1300
16. The value of BOD , if AOC = 400 C B
in the figure .......... [ ] O
400
a) 140 0
b) 50 0
A D
c) 160 0
d) 400
17. Which is false among the following
from the given figure 1
4 3
a) 1= 2 b) 1 + 3 = 180 0
2
c) 1= 4 d) 3 = 4
18. The supplment of an acute angle is ............... [ ]
a) obtuse angle b) Right angle
c) Acute angle d) 1800
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19. In the adjacent figure 1= 1350 then the values of p
1 2 l
2 , 3, 4 respectively are ............ 4 3
a) 1350 , 450 , 1350 b) 450 , 1350 , 450 5 6 m
c) 450 , 450 , 1350 d) All the above 8 7
a) 350
b) 1800
1450
m
c) 1450 d) None of these q p
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28. The arms of AOB are .......... [ ]
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
a) AB, BA b) AO, BO c) OA, OB d) All the above
29. The end of points of line segment , ray and line respectively ..... [ ]
a) 0,1,2 b) 1,2,0 c) 2,1,0 d) 0,2,1
30. If l A n and m A n then which of the following is true ........... [ ]
a) l // m b) l A m c) l A m A n d) l // m // n
31. The line segment of a polygon is called ............. [ ]
a) line segment b) side c) diagonal d) b and c
32. The part of a line which has two end points is called .............. [ ]
a) Line b) Line segment c) Ray d) Angle
33. The geometrical figure which has no dimensions is .............. [ ]
a) Line b) Plane c) Linesegment d) Point
34. A line segment contains ......... [ ]
a) Definite length and no end points b) Indefinite length and no end points
c) Definite length and end points d) None of these
35. If one pair of adjacent angels are supplementary then they form .......[ ]
a) Corresponding angles b) Vertically opposite angles
c) Linear pair d) Ray
p
36. In the adjacent figure the corresponding 1 2 l
4
angles are .............[ ] 3
5 6 m
a) 1, 5 b) 2, 6 8 7
c) 3, 7 d) all the above
37. If the difference between two complementary angles is 120 then their mea-
sures are .. [ ]
a) 51 , 49
0 0
b) 51 , 39
0 0
c) 60 , 30
0 0
d) 50 , 40
0 0
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LEVEL -2
1. In the given figure, AB || CD .
P
Then values of x, y, z are .............. C D
2x
a) 200 , 600 , 1200 b) 600 , 300 , 1500
80 y z
c) 500 , 600 , 1100 d) All the above A Q R
B
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8. In the adjacent figure EBF = .............. E
F
a) 700 b) 1050 A B
30
c) 1500 d) 600
G 450 C
D
9. In the adjacent figure BCD = .............
a) 1500 b) 1000 A D
F
c) 700
d) 1300
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B C
10. In the given figure EBF = ..........
A C
a) 930 b) 1400 1400
c) 470 d) 1070 B
F 470 D
E
11. From the adjacent figure the value of x + y is ..... C D
a) 1250 b) 550 z y
c) 1800 d) 650
A x x
125 B
E
c) 300 0
d) 4000 t
m
z
14. If the 7 times of complement of an angle is eqaul to 10 less than the 3 times
of its supplement then the measure of that angle is ............
a) 900 b) 1800 c) 350 d) 250
C
15. If AOB is a straight line find COD ............
D
a) 320 b) 450 -19
3x+7 2x
A x B
c) 1920 d) 1030
O
88
E
16. In the adjacent figure AB // PQ .
75 0
20. From the adjacent figure find the unknown angles .........
a) 600, 180 b) 780 120 x
c) 60 , 60
0 0
d) 60 , 120
0 0
3x+6
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24. In the adjacent figure AB // CD and B D
BC // DE then find the value of P,Q is ......... 3P 105 q
a) P = 510 , q = 350 b) P = 1050 , q = 350 24 0
A E
C
c) P = 350 , q = 510 d) P =350 , q = 1050
30 A D
25. In the adjacent figure AD // BC 8y
then the values of B and C are .......
a) 800 , 300 b) 400 , 100 2x x-y C
B
c) 400 , 700 d) 300 , 100
P
26. The value of PDQ in the Q
34 F
adjacent figure is ........ D
a) 340 b) 680 78
c) 1120 d) 780 A E B
90
B B
31. In the adjacent figure AB || DE . find DCE ? 35
C
a) 920 b) 530
53
c) 350 d) 880 D E
a) 400 b) 900
c) 500 d) 700 Q 40 M R
S
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37. In the adjacent figure AD divides BAC R
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PLANE GEOMETERY LINES AND ANGLES
KEY
LEVEL - 1
1 C 21 A
2 D 22 D
3 A 23 B
4 C 24 D
5 D 25 B
6 A 26 C
7 B 27 A
8 D 28 C
9 C 29 C
10 D 30 A
11 A 31 B
12 C 32 B
13 A 33 D
14 A 34 C
15 C 35 C
16 D 36 D
17 C 37 B
18 A 38 C
19 B 39 B
20 C 40 A
LEVEL - 2
1 A 21 D
2 C 22 B
3 C 23 A
4 D 24 C
5 B 25 A
6 D 26 B
7 D 27 C
8 D 28 A
9 B 29 B
10 A 30 D
11 C 31 A
12 A 32 D
13 B 33 B
14 D 34 C
15 B 35 A
16 C 36 D
17 A 37 C
18 A 38 A
19 B 39 B
20 C 40 C
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