List of Experiments: Ge8261-Engineering Practices Laboratory - Group B

GE8261- ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY- Group B
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page.No

Electrical Engineering Practice
1 Residential House Wiring
2 Fluorescent Lamp Wiring
3 Staircase Wiring
Measurement of Voltage, Current, Power and Power factor using RLC
4
Load
5 Measurement of Energy using Energy Meter
6 Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment
Electronics Engineering Practice
7 Study of Electronic Components and Equipments
8 Study of Logic Gates
9 Generation of Clock Signal
10 Soldering Practice
11 Measurement of Ripple Factor for HWR and FWR
1
2
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. While work on electrical installations, wear always rubber shoes and avoid loose shirting.
2. Do not work on live circuits, if unavoidable use rubber gloves, rubber mats etc
3. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working on electric circuits.
4. Do not touch bare conductors
5. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit switches.
6. Never extend wiring by using temporary wiring.
7. Stand on rubber mats while working or operating switch panels, control gears etc.
8. Always use safety belts while working on poles or high rise points.
9. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines.
10. Only skilled persons should do electric work.
11. Wear all the protective clothing and use all the necessary safety equipment
12. In case of any person suffered by electrical shook and if the victim is still in contact with the supply, break the contact
either by switching off or by removing the plug or pulling the cable free
13. Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink and do not leave an unconscious person unattended.
14. First restore the normal breathing to the victim and ensure that the patient can breathe normally unaided. Then we
can render other first aids.
15. Do not pour water to put-off fires in electric wires and electric equipment. You will be subjected to
electric shock or you will be electrocuted. Use sand to put-off fires in electrical items.
3
Table of Electrical Symbols
Symbol Component name Meaning

Wire Symbols
Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current
Connected Wires Connected crossing
Not connected
Wires are not connected
Wires
Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols
SPST Switch Disconnects current when open
SPDT Switch Selects between two connections
Ground Symbols
Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock
Earth Ground
protection.
Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit
Power Supply / Misc. Symbols
AC Voltage Source AC voltage source
Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation

Generator
of the generator
Motor Electric motor
Transformer Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.
The fuse disconnects when current above threshold.

Fuse
Used to protect circuit from high currents.
Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols
4
Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through
ACCESSORIES & TOOLS USED IN WIRING
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
Switch, Lamp Holder, Lamp holder adopter, Ceiling roses, mounting blocks, Socket outlets, Plugs,
Main switch, Distribution fuses boards.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Cutting pliers, Flat nose pliers, Screwdriver, Neon tester, Hammer, knife, Poker, Pincer, Center
punch, twist drill, Soldering rod.
ACCESSORIES:
1. Switch
A switch is used to make or break an electric circuit. Under some abnormal conditions it must retain
its rigidity and keep its alignment between switchblades and contacts correct to a fraction of
centimeter.
2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purposes.
3. Lamp Holder Adopter
It is used for tapping temporary power for small portable electric appliances from lamp holders. Such
a practice is not advised.
4. Ceiling Roses
It is an end point of an electrical wire, which provides a cover to the wire end. These are used to
provide a tapping to the lamp holder through the flexible wire or a connection to a fluorescent tube or
a ceiling fan. It consists of a circular base and a cover made of bakelite. One end of the plates is
connected to supply and the other end to a flexible wire connected to appliances.
5. Mounting Blocks
These are nothing but wooden round blocks. They are used in conjunction with ceiling roses, batten
holder, surface switches, ceiling switches, etc.
6. Socket Outlets
5
It is a wiring accessory to which electrical appliances are connected for power supply. These have
insulated base with molded or socket base having three terminal sleeves. The two thin terminal
sleeves are meant for making connection to the load circuit wires and the third terminal sleeve, larger
in cross section, is used for an earth connection.
7. Plugs
These are used for tapping power from socket outlets. Two-pin plugs and three-pin plugs are
commonly available.
8. Main Switch
This is used at the consumer’s premises so that he may have self-control of the entire distribution
circuit. This switch is a master control of all the wiring circuit made in the building. The different
classifications are double poled and triple poled switches.
9. Distribution Fuse Boards
In industries or in very big buildings, where a number of circuits are to be wired, distribution fuse
boards are used. They are usually iron clad and are designed with a large space for wiring and
splitting the circuits. The fuse bank in the distribution board can easily be removed.
10. Fuse
A fuse is a protective device, which is connected such that the current flowing through the protected
circuit also flows through the fuse. There is a resistive link inside the fuse body that heats or melts
up when current flows through it. If the current is beyond the permissible limit, the resistive link
burns open, which stops all current to flow in the circuit. At this condition we say that the fuse is
blown.
11. Earthing
When a wire is connected from the ground to the outer metal casing of the electrical appliances, then
it attain zero potential and the appliance is said to be earthed and this process is known as earthing.
12. Purpose of Earthing
Under normal condition, there is no electrical potential is available in the outer metal casing of the
electrical appliances. When some fault develops in the appliances, then electrical potential leaked to
the metal casing causes heavy current flow due to earthing. This heavy current blows the fuse and
cutoff electrical supply to the appliances. Thus earthing provides protection to human being and
electrical appliances.
6
TOOLS:
1. Cutting Pliers
They are used to cut the wires, nipping by hand and twisting the wires and also to hold them. Long
nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and loosen small nuts.
2. Nose Pliers
Long nose pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to tighten and loosen small nuts.
3. Screw Driver
They are used to drive and tighten screws into pointed holes in the switches and electrical machines.
They are generally insulated.
4. Hammer
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where greater power is required in
striking. It is best suited for riveting purposes in sheet metal works.
5. Line Tester
It is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a small neon bulb, which
indicates the presence of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver.
6. Knife
It is generally used for removing the insulation from the wire. The closing type knife is always
preferred.
7. Poker
It is a long sharp tool used for making pilot holes in wood before fixing and tightening wood screws.
8. Pincer
The pincer is used for extracting nails from the wood.
9. Center Punch
When a hole is to be drilled in a material, the center punch is always used for making the starting
hole.
10. Twist Drill
It is used for drilling holes into metals and woods.
11. Soldering Rod
7
It is used for soldering wires to small joints with solder. It consists of pointed oval Cu bit fixed to an
iron rod, which is heated by an electric element only.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
WIRING DIAGRAM:
8
Exp. No.1
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING
Date
AIM:
To mark the wiring layout and construct residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator
and lamp.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Name of the Items Quantity
1 Wooden Board 1
2 Fuse, 1-way Switch, 3-pin Socket, 3-way 1each
Junction Box, Switch box, Batten Holder
3 Incandescent Lamp 1
4 Connecting Wires As required
THEORY:
Conductors, switches and other accessories should be capable of carrying the maximum current
which will flow through them. A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It must make the
contact finely. Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between
switch contacts. Different types of switches are as follows.
1. Surface or Tumbler switch

a. Single way switch
b. Two way switch
2. Flush Switch
3. Pull or Ceiling switches
4. Rotary snap switches
5. Push button switch
6. Iron- Clad watertight switches
The fuse arrangement is made to break the circuit in the fault or overloaded conditions. The
energy meter is measuring the units (kWhr) consumed by various loads.
9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
10
PROCEDURE:
1. The location of the switch box and bulb on the given wooden board are marked.
2. The lines for wiring are marked on the wooden board.
3. The required length of the PVC pipe can be fixed along the lines with the help of clamps.
4. The wire of required length and color was chosen and the wiring is being made through the PVC
pipe.
5. The bulb holder and switch box are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. The red color wire is used for phase line to the fuse, switch, and one terminal of the indicator and
one terminal of the incandescent lamp.
7. The second terminal of the fuse and switch is taken as a phase wire. The neutral is given to the
second terminal of the indicator and bulb using black color wire.
8. The supply is given to the circuit.
9. The incandescent lamp is made to glow by operating the switches.
RESULT:
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STARTER TESTING
AIM:
Exp. No.2
FLUORESCENT WIRING
Date
To check, assemble, mark the wiring layout and construct the Fluorescent lamp wiring.
12
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1 Wooden Board 1
1-way switch with switch box, Ceiling
2 1 each
rose, 3-way junction box
3 Choke and starter 1 each
4 Fluorescent tube and fitting 1 each
5 Connecting wires As required
THEORY:
The fluorescent tube has two filaments on either side of the tube and it is filled with mercury
vapour. The filament is coated with electron emitting material. The inside surface has a phosphorous
coating which convert ultra violet radiation into visible light. A sheet coated copper or aluminum ballet
or otherwise called a choke is used to observe a transient high voltage at the time of starting. Initially the
electron movement across the wires is through bimetallic strip and capacitor.
With the switch S closed, the circuit gets closed. The current flows through the choke and the
starter. The starter suddenly breaks thereby breaking the circuit. Due to high inductive property of the
choke, a transient high voltage is available across the filaments. Hence electrons are emitted and travel
through the tube. Such a continuous flow of electrons produces the sensation of light to human eyes.
PROCEDURE:
1. The choke is checked for its short and open with a test lamp.
2. The starter is tested, by connecting the starter with a series test lamp.
3. Observe the flickering of the lamp which indicates the good condition of the starter.
4. If there is no flickering in the test lamp, the starter is defective.
5. To test the filament on both sides of the fluorescent tube for its continuity, the connections are made.
If the tube is in good condition, the lamp will glow normally. If the filament is not glowing, the tube
is burn out.
6. If there is an open or fused filament in either side of the tube, the tube can be discarded.
7. Assembling of a fluorescent tube:
(i) The fluorescent tube accessories like a starter holder, a holder for the tube and a choke
are assembled in the fitting base with the help of screws.
WIRING DIAGRAM:
13
(ii) Finally the tube is fixed in the tube holder to light.

8. The lines are marked for wiring on the wooden board.
9. The required length of the PVC pipe can be fixed along the lines with the help of clamps.
14
RESULT:
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
15
WIRING DIAGRAM:
Exp. No.3
STAIRCASE WIRING
Date
16
AIM:
To mark the wiring layout and construct the staircase wiring.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1 Wooden Board 1
2 Batten Holder, Lamp 1 each
3 2-way switch 2
4 Connecting wires As required
PROCEDURE:
1. The location of the 2-way switch box and bulb is marked on the given wooden board.
2. The lines for wiring on the wooden board are marked.
3. The required length of the PVC pipe can be fixed along the lines with the help of the clamps.
4. The wire of required length and color was chosen and the wiring is being made through the PVC
pipe.
5. The bulb holder and 2-way switch box are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. The red color wire is used as phase wire, it is given to the middle terminal of the switch S1. The
middle terminal of the switch S2 is given to the phase terminal of the incandescent lamp. S1
upper terminal is connected to the upper terminal of S2. S1 lower terminal is connected to the
lower terminal of S2.
7. The neutral wire is given directly to the other terminal of incandescent lamp.
9. If the switches are in the same position either it may be in off or on position, the lamp will
glow.
17
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SWITCH POSITION TABLE:
Position Condition of the

Switch 1 Switch 2 Lamp
1 2 ON
1 2’ OFF
1’ 2 OFF
1’ 2’ ON
Application of Staircase wiring:
18
This kind of wiring is used for
 Bedroom lighting
 Staircase lighting
RESULT:
19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Exp. No.4 MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER

Date FACTOR USING RLC LOAD
20
AIM:
To measure the electrical quantities like voltage, current, power and power factor in a single
phase AC circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Sl.No. Type Range Quantity
Apparatus
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
3 Wattmeter LPF 300V, 10A 1
230V / (0 -
4 Auto transformer 1 1
270)V
5 R, L, C - - 1each
6 Fuse - 10A 1
7 DPST Switch - 1
As
8 Connecting wires - -
required
THEORY:
Power in an electric circuit can be measured using a wattmeter. A wattmeter consists of two coils,
namely current coil and pressure coil or potential coil. The current coil is marked as ML and pressure
coil is marked as CV. The current coil measure the quantity that is proportional to the current in the
circuit the pressure coil measures quantity that is proportional to the voltage in the circuit. The given
wattmeter is loaded by direct loading. The ammeter is connected in series to the wattmeter. Since the
same current flows in both the coils, the current and voltage across the circuit are constant. The power
factor meter measures the power factor of the given circuit which is the angle between the voltage and
current.
TABULATION:
Multiplication Factor =
21
Wattmeter Reading Calculated

Supply Load (Watts) Apparent Power Factor
Sl. No. Voltage Current Power Observed Actual
Observed Actual
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) Power Power
Power Power
factor factor
FORMULAE:
Actual power = W X Multiplication factor
22
Apparent power = VI watts
Power Factor, cosφ = Actual Power / Apparent Power
Where
W - Observed wattmeter reading
V - Voltmeter reading
I - Ammeter reading
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Initially no load is applied; autotransformer is set to minimum voltage (zero) position before
switching on the power supply.
3. The supply is switched on.
4. The voltage is increased step by step by using the autotransformer.
5. The values of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings are noted down.
6. After taking all the readings, the voltage is reduced to minimum and the supply is switched
off.
7. The power factor is calculated using the appropriate formula.
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
23
Exp. No.5
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING ENERGYMETER
Date
24
AIM:
To measure the energy in a single phase circuit with direct loading using energy meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Sl.No. Type Range Quantity
Apparatus
Single
1 Energy meter 230V, 10A 1
Phase
2 Wattmeter UPF 300V, 10A 1
3 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
4 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
5 Stop Watch - - 1
6 Load - - 1
7 Fuse - 10A 2
8 DPST Switch 1
As
9 Connecting wires - -
required
THEORY:
The energy meter is an integrated type of instrument, where speed of rotation of the aluminum to
the power consumed and number of revolutions per minute is proportional to the energy consumed by
the load. The driving system of the meter provides the rotational surface of the torque for the moving
system, which in turn activates the energy meter. The energy meter is operated at induction principle in
which eddy current. Indicated in the aluminum disc interacts with the main field and creates the driving
force.
The ratings associated with the energy meter are Voltage rating, Current rating, Frequency rating
and Meter Constant.
TABULATION:
Energy meter constant= Multiplication Factor =
25
Wattmeter
Supply Load Reading Time Taken Indicated Measured
Sl.
Voltage Current P (Watts) for ‘n’ rev. Energy Energy % Error
No.
(Volts) (Amps) (Secs) (Watt Sec) (Watt Sec)
Observed Actual
FORMULAE:
Energy meter specification = 1200 rev / kWh

1200 rev = 1kWh
1 rev = 1kWh/1200
26
= (3600X1000)/1200 = 3000 Watt Sec.

Indicated Energy,
Indicated for ‘n’ revolution = 3000 x n Wattsec , n-number of revolutions
Measured energy = Wattmeter reading x Time taken for n revolution
% Error = ((Indicated Energy –Measured Energy) / Measured Energy) x100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given to the switch by closing the DPST switch.
3. By adjusting the auto transformer, voltage is brought to the rated voltage.
4. Load is switched on
5. Time taken for 10 revolutions of the aluminum disc in the energy meter is noted and the
corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading are noted.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different load current and for fixed number of
revolutions.
7. Then the load is gradually released and supply is switched OFF.
8. The percentage error is calculated using the given formula
RESULT:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
27
TABULATION:
S.No. Distance between two Electrodes(m) Earth Resistance (Ω)
Exp. No.6 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF ELECTRICAL

Date EQUIPMENT
28
AIM:
To measure the resistance the earth resistance using transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
S.No. Quantity
Required
1 Digital Earth Tester 1
2 Earth Electrode 4
3 Wires As required
THEORY:
Earth resistivity measurements can be used conveniently for geophysical prospecting to locate
ore bodies and clays. Measurement of earth resistivity is useful for finding the best location and depth
for low resistance electrodes. The four terminal instruments are specially designed for making straight
forward and approximate soil investigation of the kind needed in agricultural, geological research and in
the planning of large civil engineering projects such as tunnels, Drainage, Sewerage schemes, Tube-
Railways etc. Measuring accuracy of the instrument is not effected by stray alternating or back e.m.f. of
earth electrolytic. The instrument can also be used for measuring non-inductive or non-capacitive
resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect marked terminal to the earth electrode (i.e.) under test.

2. Note down the reading directly from the meter.
Change the distance of any two electrodes and note down the readings
RESULT:
Table of Electronic Symbols
29
Component Symbols
Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow
Resistor (IEC)
Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)
Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as
short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.
Capacitor
Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance
Inductor
Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field
Variable Inductor
Diode / LED Symbols
Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to

Diode
right).
Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow
Zener Diode
in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage
Light Emitting Diode
LED emits light when current flows through
(LED)
Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
Electronic circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic diagram. The symbols represent electronic
components.
30
Transistor Symbols
NPN Bipolar
Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle)
Transistor
PNP Bipolar
Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle)
Transistor
JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor
JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor
Power Supply Symbols
Voltage Source Generates constant voltage
Current Source Generates constant current.
Battery Cell Generates constant voltage
Battery Generates constant voltage
Meter Symbols
Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in
Voltmeter
parallel.
Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance.
Ammeter
Connected serially.
Wattmeter Measures electric power
Ohmmeter Measures resistance
RESISTOR COLOR BANDS:
31
COLOR CODING TABLE:
Color Value Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 1 __
Brown 1 10 ±1%
Red 2 102 ±2%
Orange 3 103 __
Yellow 4 104 __
Green 5 105 ±0.5%
Blue 6 106 ±0.25%
Violet 7 107 ±0.1%
Gray 8 108 ±0.05%
White 9 109 __
Gold 0.1 ±5%
32
Exp. No.1
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT
Date
AIM:
To study electronic components and equipment such as resistor color coding and usage of CRO.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors
2. CRO
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:
Electronic circuits are made up of electronic components. The electronic components are of two
types:
1. Active components
2. Passive components
Active Components:
The active components are non-linear and the main characteristics of the signal changes when it
passes through these components. Active components deliver power. Transistors, diodes, SCR, FET,
UJT, and MOSFET are examples of active components.
Passive Components:
The passive components are linear component, and the main characteristic of the signal does not
change when it passes through these components. The passive components consume power. Resistors,
capacitors and inductors are examples of passive components.
33
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CRO:
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO:
34
RESISTOR AND ITS COLOR CODING:
Resistor:
A resistor is used to control the flow of current and to get required voltage drops in required
places. The symbol of a resistor is R and the unit is ohms (Ω).
Resistor Color Coding:
Resistor color coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. The advantage of color
coding is that essential information can be marked on small components of cylindrical shape without the
need to read tiny printing. Resistor values are always coded in ohms. Band 1 is the first significant digit
of component value.
Band 2 is the second significant digit. Band 3 is the decimal multiplier. Band 4 if present,
indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%).
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold will have first digit 4(yellow), second
digit 7(violet), followed by 2(red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is ±5%.
Yellow Violet Red Gold Actual resistor value

4 7 X102) ±5%. 4700 
CRO (CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE):
The Cathode ray Oscilloscope is probably the most versatile tool for the development of
electronic circuits and systems, and has been one of the more important tools in the development of
modern electronics. The CRO is a device that allows the amplitude of electrical signals, whether it may
be voltage, current, power, etc. to be displayed primarily as a function of time. The oscilloscope depends
on the movement of an electron beam, which is then made visible by allowing the beam to impinge on a
phosphorous surface, which produces a visible spot.
An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO for cathode-ray oscilloscope) is electronic test

equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more
electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or some other voltage
(horizontal axis).
A typical oscilloscope is a rectangular box with a small screen, numerous input connectors and
control knobs and buttons on the front panel. To aid measurement, a grid called the graticule is drawn on
the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a division. The signal to be measured is
fed to one of the input connectors, which is usually a coaxial connector such as a BNC or N type.
35
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Input Waveform Peak to Peak Time Period Frequency

Amplitude (Secs) (Hz)
Sine
Triangular
Square
36
In the simplest mode, the oscilloscope repeatedly draws a horizontal line called the trace across
the middle of the screen from left to right. One of the controls, the time base control, sets the speed at
which the line is drawn, and is calibrated in seconds per division. If the input voltage departs from zero,
the trace is deflected either upwards or downwards. Another control, the vertical control, sets the scale
of the vertical deflection, and is calibrated in volts per division. The resulting trace is a graph of voltage
against time.
If the input signal is periodic, a nearly stable trace can be obtained just by setting the time base to match
the frequency of the input signal. For example, if the input signal is a 50 Hz sine wave, then its period is
20 ms, so the time base should be adjusted so that the time between successive horizontal sweeps is 20
ms. This mode is called continual sweep. To provide a more stable trace, modern oscilloscopes have a
function called the trigger. When using triggering, the scope will pause each time the sweep reaches the
extreme right side of the screen. The scope then waits for a specified event before drawing the next
trace. The trigger event is usually the input waveform reaching some user-specified threshold voltage in
the specified direction (going positive or going negative).
The effect is to resynchronize the time base to the input signal, preventing horizontal drift of the
trace. In this way, triggering allows the display of periodic signals such as sine waves and square waves.
Trigger circuits also allow the display of no periodic signals such as a single pulses or pulses that don’t
recur at a fixed rate.
Most oscilloscopes allow the user to bypass the time base and feed an external signal into the
horizontal amplifier. This is called X-Y mode, and is useful for viewing the phase relationship between
tow signals, which is commonly done in radio and television engineering. When the two signals are
sinusoids of varying frequency and phase, the resulting trace is called a Lissajous curve.
Oscilloscopes may have two or more input channels, allowing them to display more than one
input signal on the screen. Usually, the oscilloscope has a separate set of vertical controls for each
channel, but only one triggering system and time base.
Multimeter:
A Multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that contributes several functions in one unit.
The most basic instruments include ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Analog multimeters are
sometimes referred to as “volt-ohmmeters”, abbreviated as VOM.
A multimeter is a handheld device and used to find basic fault and for field service work. It can
measure to seven or eight and a half digit of accuracy. Current, voltage and resistance measurements are
considered standard features for multimeter.
A multimeter may be implemented with an analog meter deflected by an electromagnet, as a

classic galvanometer; or with a digital display such as an LCD or vacuum fluorescent display.
37
38
Modern multimeters are, exclusively digital and identified by the term DMM or digital multimeter. In
such an instrument, the signal under test is converted to a digital voltage and an amplifier with an
electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal.
Since the digital display directly indicates a quantity as a number, there is no risk of errorwhen viewing
a reading. Similarly, better circuitry and electronics have improved the meter accuracy. Older analog
meters might have basic accuracies of ±5%. Modern potable DMMs have accuracies as good as
±0.025%
RESULT:
39
AND GATE
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
OR GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
40
Exp. No.2
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
Date
AIM:
To study and verify the truth table of digital logic gates using the given IC’s.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL No. Name of the Component Specification Quantity
1. AND Gate IC 7408 1
2. OR Gate IC 7432 1
3. NOT Gate IC 7404 1
4. NAND Gate 2 I/P IC 7400 1
5. NOR Gate IC 7402 1
6. EX-OR Gate IC 7486 1
8. Bread Board - 1
9. Wires - As required
10. Digital Trainer Kit - 1
THEORY:
Circuit that takes the logical decision and the process are called logic gates. An electronic gate is
a circuit that can operate on a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function
and produce only one output. Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system.
OR, AND and NOT are basic gates. NAND, NOR and X-OR are known as universal gates. Basic
gates form these gates.
AND GATE:
The AND gate performs a logical multiplication commonly known as AND function. The output
is high when both the inputs are high. The output is low level when any one of the inputs is low.
NOT GATE
41
TRUTH TABLE:
EX-OR GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
OR GATE:
The OR gate performs a logical addition commonly known as OR function. The output is
high when any one of the inputs is high. The output is low level when both the inputs are low.
42
NOT GATE:
The NOT gate is called an inverter. The output is high when the input is low. The output is
low when the input is high.
NAND GATE:
The NAND gate is a contraction of AND-NOT. The output is high when both inputs are low and
any one of the input is low .The output is low level when both inputs are high.
NOR GATE:
The NOR gate is a contraction of OR-NOT. The output is high when both inputs are low. The
output is low when one or both inputs are high.
EX-OR GATE:
The output is high when any one of the inputs is high. The output is low when both the inputs are
low and both the inputs are high.
PROCEDURE:
(i) The connections are given as per circuit diagram.
(ii) The logical inputs are given as per truth table.
(iii) The LED output is observed and the truth table is verified.
NAND GATE
43
TRUTH TABLE:
NOR GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
44
RESULT:
PIN DIAGRAM:
45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Exp. No.3
GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL
Date
46
AIM:
To generate the clock signal using 555 Timer IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.No. Name of the Components Specification Quantity

1. Bread Board 1
2. Regulated Power supply 1
3. 555 Timer IC 1
4. Resistors 1k, 2.2k 1 each
5. Capacitors 0.1µf,0.01µf 1 each
6. CRO 1
7. Wires As
required
FORMULA:
Time period, T = 0.7*(R1+2R2)*C1

Frequency, f = 1.4/ (R1+2R2)*C1.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

3. The output is observed through CRO.
4. The amplitude and time periods, Ton and Toff are noted to draw the clock signal in the graph.
MODEL GRAPH:
47
TABULATION:
Time Period Frequency

Amplitude (Sec) (Hz)
(Volts) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Value Value Value Value
48
RESULT:
49
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Exp. No.4
SOLDERING PRACTICE
Date
50
AIM:
To practice the soldering and desoldering of a simple electronic circuit and to check it’s working.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Name of the Components Specification Quantity

1. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 1
2. Soldering kit 1
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. Capacitor 0.01pF 1
5. Regulated power supply(+5V) 1
THEORY:
Soldering:
Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel, copper or brass. It is
very commonly used to join wires in electrical work and mount electronic components on a circuit
board. The joining material used in soldering is called as solder or filler rod. An alloy of tin and lead is
commonly used as the solder. The flux is used to clean the surface of the plates/wires to be soldered.
Aluminum chloride or zinc chloride is commonly used as flux. A good soldering iron is a variable
temperature setting type with interchangeable irons and tips. The tip should be removed regularly to
prevent oxidation scale from accumulating between the heating element and the tip.
PROCEDURE:
Soldering:
1. The required equipment and devices are collected.
2. The surface to be soldered is cleaned and flux is applied.
3. Place the devices in the general printed circuit board.
4. The soldering iron is heated to the required temperature.
5. The soldering iron melts the solder rod and a thin film of solder spreads over the surface to join
the components and wires.
6. The power supply is connected and the working is verified.
De soldering:
1. The components and wires are hold by piles.
2. The tip of the soldering iron is placed in the joints and until the solder melts.
3. After it is melted, the components are removed.
4. The components are cleaned so that they can be used to make other circuits.
51
52
RESULT:
HALFWAVE RECTIFER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
53
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Input Signal Output Signal
S.No. Amplitude Time

Frequency
Amplitude
Frequency Ripple
(Vm)in Period in (Vm)in Time
in Hz in Hz Factor
Volts Secs Volts Period in
Secs
Exp.No.5 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR

Date HALFWAVE AND FULLWAVE RECTIFER
54
AIM:
To construct a Half Wave Rectifier (HWR) and Full Wave Rectifier (FWR) with and without
filter and to determine their ripple factor.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Name of the Specification Quantity

Components
1. Diode 1N4007 2
2. Capacitor 470μf 1
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. Breadboard 1
5. CRO 1
6. Connecting wires As required
7. Step down transformer 230V/ (12-0- 1
12)V
THEORY:
The process of converting AC voltage and current to Direct current is called rectification. An
electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction and a high resistance in the other
direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal waveform into a unidirectional waveform. Diodes have
this characteristic, which makes it a useful component in the design of rectifiers. In order to achieve a
constant/pure DC voltage at the output, filtering should be done to the pulsating DC output of the
rectifier. The output varies with the variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage regulator is used to maintain
the output voltage at the same value.
FORMULAE:
Average Value, Vdc= Vm/π (Half Wave Rectifier)
Vdc=2Vm/π (Full Wave Rectifier)
RMS Value, Vrms=Vm/√2
Ripple Factor, γ=(Vrms/Vdc)2-1
FULLWAVE RECTIFER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
55
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Input Signal Output Signal

Amplitude Time Amplitude
S.No. Frequency Time Frequency Ripple
(Vm)in Period in (Vm)in
in Hz Period in in Hz Factor
Volts Secs Volts
Secs
PROCEDURE:
(i) Without Filter
56
1. The transformer is connected to 230V, 50Hz AC source and the output at the secondary voltage
(input voltage) is observed with the help of a CRO.
2. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. The CRO is connected across the load. Its amplitude (Vm) and frequency is noted down.
4. The average DC value, Root Mean Square (RMS) Vrms and ripple factor values are calculated
using formula.
(ii) With Filter
1. The capacitor is connected across the load in the existing circuit.

2. The CRO is connected across the load.
3. The CRO switch is kept in ground mode and the adjusted to the x-axis.
4. The CRO is switched to DC mode and the waveform is observed.
RESULT:
57

List of Experiments: Ge8261-Engineering Practices Laboratory - Group B

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

List of Experiments: Ge8261-Engineering Practices Laboratory - Group B

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

List of Experiments: Ge8261-Engineering Practices Laboratory - Group B

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GE8261- ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY- Group B

S.No. Name of the Experiment Page.No

2 Fluorescent Lamp Wiring

5 Measurement of Energy using Energy Meter

6 Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment

Electronics Engineering Practice

7 Study of Electronic Components and Equipments

8 Study of Logic Gates

9 Generation of Clock Signal

11 Measurement of Ripple Factor for HWR and FWR

Table of Electrical Symbols

Symbol Component name Meaning

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

SPST Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Switch Selects between two connections

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Power Supply / Misc. Symbols

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation

Motor Electric motor

Transformer Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.

The fuse disconnects when current above threshold.

Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through

ACCESSORIES & TOOLS USED IN WIRING

Sl.No. Name of the Items Quantity

1. Surface or Tumbler switch

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STARTER TESTING

Sl.No. Name of the Items Quantity

(ii) Finally the tube is fixed in the tube holder to light.

To mark the wiring layout and construct the staircase wiring.

Sl.No. Name of the Items Quantity

SWITCH POSITION TABLE:

Position Condition of the

Application of Staircase wiring:

This kind of wiring is used for

Exp. No.4 MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER

Wattmeter Reading Calculated

Actual power = W X Multiplication factor

Apparent power = VI watts

Power Factor, cosφ = Actual Power / Apparent Power

W - Observed wattmeter reading

1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

Energy meter constant= Multiplication Factor =

Energy meter specification = 1200 rev / kWh

= (3600X1000)/1200 = 3000 Watt Sec.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

S.No. Distance between two Electrodes(m) Earth Resistance (Ω)

Exp. No.6 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF ELECTRICAL

To measure the resistance the earth resistance using transformer.

1. Connect marked terminal to the earth electrode (i.e.) under test.

Table of Electronic Symbols

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Diode / LED Symbols

Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to

Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

Time period, T = 0.7(R1+2R2)C1