T HE WO O D WO R K E R S ER I ES

WO Q DWQ R K
J O IN T S
HOW THEY ARE SET OUT HOW M ADE AN D
,

WHER E U SED ; WITH FOUR HUND R ED AND

T HIRT Y ILLUSTR AT ION S AND A C OM PLET E
-

IN D E % OF ELEVEN HUND R E D R E F ER ENC ES

P HILADELP HIA AN D LON DON

J . B . LIP P IN C O T T C O M P A N Y
 FO R EWO R D

HE p ri nci p al aim o f th i s Volum e i s t o p r ov i de th e

w o odw ork e r with full inf o rm ati on as t o th e u s e s ,

and c le ar p ractical d ir e cti o ns as t o th e m akin f

g o ,

e ve ry j oint h e m ay at any tim e be lik e ly t o e n count e r .

Th os e of u s wh o s e o ccupati o n o r r e cr e ati o n is w o od
wo rkin g are f amiliar with nu m e r o us j o ints which we
m ak e and u se in ou r own way . It is p o ssibl e h o w e v e r
, ,

that th e r e are m an y which we d o not m ak e well not ,

b e caus e we la ck skill o r c ar e b u t b e caus e w e a re

,

u nf amiliar with s o m e simpl e rul e whi ch go v e rns e ith e r

the s e t tin g o ut o r t h e m e th o d o f u sin g t h e t oo l w hilst

p r ob ably th e r e a re m an y o th e rs whi ch m i g ht suit o u r

ur
p p o s e b e tt e r
, b u t whic h w e n eg l e c t b e c a u s e t h e i r

e xist e nc e h as n e v e r o cc urr ed t o u s .

To b e succ e ss f ul i n woo d w o rk constru cti on th e

p o ss e ssi o n o f t w o s e cr e ts i s e ss e ntial — t o kn o w t h e

right j oint t o us e and t o k now h ow t o mak e that

,

j oint in th e right way Th e wood w o rk structure or

.

t h e p ie c e o f cabin e t w o rk that e ndure s is th e o ne on

-

which skilful hands hav e c o mbin e d t o carry ou t what

t h e c o nstru ctiv e m ind p lann e d A nd it is j ust h e r e
.

that th e pre se nt Vo lum e will h e lp not alo n e th e ,

b eginne r wh o wish e s p r eliminary instru cti on but also ,

th e ex p e r t wh o d e sire s gu i d anc e ov e r gr o un d hith e rt o

u n e x p l o re d by h im
—
.

The Tabl e o C o nt ents and mo r e p articu l arl y th e

f
e xhau stiv e Ind x at e t h e e nd o f V lum
o e — will sh ow
that p ractically e ve ry j oint i n c abin e t wo rk and -

o r d ina ry j o in e ry i s d e alt with In th e c as e of t he

.

B ridl e Jo int t h e Halv e d Jo i n t th e M o rtis e and T e n on

, ,
 FO REWOR D

Jo int and th e D o v e tail J o int t h e a c tua l t o o l o p e r a

ti o ns —
, ,

s e tting ou t gaugin g marking sawing chis e l

, , , ,

ling parin g e t c are fully e xplaine d ; and t he fact

, ,
.
-

that n e arly sixty illustrati ons a re d e v o t e d t o th e

sub j e ct o f D ov e tailin g is but o n e indicatio n of th e
c ar e which has b e e n tak e n in makin g th e dir e cti o ns

cl e ar and c o mple t e As th e m e th ods o f w o rking a re

.

alm ost similar in th e cas e o f o th e r j oints it has n o t ,

o f c o urs e b ee n d e e m e d n e c e ssary t o r e p e at th e se
d e tail e d inst ru c ti o ns in e v e ry chapt e r .

In th e pre parati o n o f th e V o lum e t he P ublish e rs

h av e s ecu r e d t h e s e rvic e s o f M r W illiam Fa i h m . r a ,

by wh o m m o st of th e chapt e rs have b e e n writt n e

and illustrat ed Alth ou gh int e nd e d f or th e practical

.

m an and n ot p r o f e ssin g t o be a g rad e d c o urs e o f

,

e ducati o nal w oo dw o rk t h e V o lum e is o n e which

,

M anual Training Instruct o rs will fi nd o f th e gre at e st

valu e in c o nductin g w oodw o rk class es N 0 b o o k .

hi th e rt o publish e d c o ntains such a vari e ty o f illustra

ti o ns o f j oints alm ost all o f which will f orm suitable
,

e x e rcis e s o f practica l e ducati o nal i mp o rtanc e in a

M anual Trainin g c o urs e .

In co n j uncti o n w ith th e o th e r Vo lum e s in The

Woodworker Seri es De tails o f C abin e t C o nstructi o n ,
”

Stainin g and P o lishin g this Vo lum e it is

, ,

h op e d will l e av e th e w o odw o rk e r in p osse ssi on o f a

.

st o re o f inf o mati on which asso ciat e d with hi s own

r , ,

practical kn o wle dg e and skill e d e xp e ri e nc e will e nable

—
,

h im — i f h e s o pl e as e s t o r e ach t o t h e high e st and

m o st advan ce d branch e s o f hi s craft .

J . c. s . B ROUG H .
 C O N T EN T S

C O M P L E TE I N D E% w i th f u ll f to fai n ts tools,
—
r e eren ces ,

m a teri al s , acces s or i es , e tc . , i s pr ovi d ed on p a ge s 2 0 1 2 14 .

TH E GLU ED J O INT
Gl i g—Hi t
o

ue n J i ti g Ap p li ti ns f th
n s on o n n -
ca o o e
Gl d J i tue o n .

TH E H A LV ED J O INT
V i H lv d J i t —Tee bliq mi t d
h l i g—
ar o us ea e o n s o u re
d v t il d
, , ,

d A pph ti f th
H l v d J i t—S t t g O t—S w i g P i ng
o e a e , an c ros s a v n ca ons o e
a e o n e in u a n u
ar .

TH E B R IDL E J O INT
V i B i d l J i ts —S tt ng O t d M ki g
i

i g—Chi lli g
ar ou s r e o n e u an ar n
Sa w n se n .

TH E T O N GU ED AN D G R OOV ED J O INT
d g— T g —A p ph t
J i t —Pl ghi g—T g
M t hb
f t h J i t—
Fl i goo r n a c o ar 1n on ues ca i o n s
o Ce o n o r n er o n s ou n on u ei ng
-
Pl an es .

TH E M OR TI S E TEN O N J O INT AN D
B f ed T —H h d T —Sh ld d
—Oth J i t w ith Appli ti —S tti g
are a c e n on s aun c e e n o ns ou ere
T
— —
e n on s er o n s, ca ons e n
O t uS w i g t h T
a C tt ng t h M ti e en ons u in e or ses .

E D O WELLIN G J O INT
M ki g D w l —D w lli g —
a n V o App li ti n
e s o e n a r10 u s ca o s
f t h D w ll d J i t
o e o e e o n .

TH E S C A RF JO INT
H l f L p S f J i t —D v t il d J i t —T d
J i t —Fi h d J i t
a a ca r o n s o e a e o n s e n on e

o n s s e o n s .

TH E HIN GE D J O INT
Ali g m t G gi g S w i g P i g
Typ f H i g —I id d O t i d H g
n en d au n a n an ar n
V i
i g — B
n i
a r ou s

g i g D gh
n t S s —
e nV i
es o
H i g d ra u
n es ns
cr een
e an
ar o u s
u s e
n
an
e

J i t o n s .

SHU TTING J O I NT S
C pb d D J i t —A t g l —V i J i t
u o ar oo r o n s s ra a s ar ous o n s .
 CONTE N TS ( C onti n u ed)

TH E D OV ETA IL J O INT
Th gh D v t ili g—L ap D v e t ili g—D ve tail
o

—V i ti
ro u o e a n o a n o
i g D w f th D v t il J i t
D v t il K yi g—Ap pli ti
n ra ers ar a ons o e o e a o n
f t h D v t il J in t
—S tt i n g O t n d M ki g— Sawi n g—
o e a e n ca ons o e o e a o
e u Chi lli g a ar n se n
Pa i gr n .

D OV ETA IL GROOV IN G
J O INT S F O R C U RV ED WO R K
C l F mi g—L mi ti n
i r c u ar ra n a na o .

M I S C ELLA NEO U S J O INTS

W th B d —L dd —C m P l —R ti
W k—P t —V
ea er oa r s a e rs or ce o es us c
or S w C v
a e ra K yi g cr e o ers e n e er e n
P ll ti g—J i ti g T d W k—C t Pi
h F t —T J i t —P k t S wi g
e e n o n n u rn e or a s or ns
C
r us Sli d
ee ee e o n s oc e cr e n
Gl Bl ki g—N t h d C gg d d S dd l
J i t —R ll t p D k J i t —B i d m t h J i t
ue oc n o c e , o e , an a e

—S i bi g J i t — B tt J i ti g—B tt i g—W ll
o n s o -
o es o n s r s ou o n s

Pl g —Sl t S wi g—H i g—B k

cr n o n s u o n n u on n a
Sh l f
J i t B tt i g D v t il K yi g—C p d
u s o cr e n ous n oo c as e e

J i t —W dg d F m J i t —C g t d St l
o n s a en n o e a e n oo e re
o n s e e ra e o n s o rr u a e ee
Fas t e n e rs , etc .

TH E M ITR ED J O INT o

A tr t C v d Mi t
—
H ow t o fi n d
M i t re i n g .
n gl e s f or S a i gh an d ur e r es

PUZ Z LE J O INTS
C hi d O th
nese an E t P zzl J i t —D v t il er as e rn u e o n s o e a
P zzl J i t
u e o n s .

IND E% w i th E l v
,
H d dRf e en un re e e re nce s

TH E ART O F WOOD WO RK I N G 2 15
 T HE G L U E D J O I NT
HE glue d j oin t in its vari us f rm s is in s in eve ry o o u e

c untry in t he w rld and i fre qu ntly m t with in

o o , s e e

m u m my c and th r x m pl f n i nt w d
a se s o e e a es o a c e oo

work Alt rn tiv n m und whi h it i kn wn

. e a e a es er c s o

a t h butt j int t h rubb d j int t h

re e o lipp d j int
, e e o , e s e o ,

whi l t in c rt in l c liti es it is kn wn as t he l p d
s e a o a o s a e

( pr no unc eod l yp d ) j int s a e o .

Th Gl d J i n t i m de by p laning t wo p i c es of
e ue o s a e

timb e r s th t wh n pl c d t g th r th y ar in c nt ct
o a e a e o e e e e o a

with ach th r at v ry p int ; th y

e o e e th n u u ll y
e e o e ar e s a

unit e d with glu Fig I h w e k t h f butt j int

. . s o s a s e c o a o

in its impl t f rm In Fig 6 i sh wn t h meth d f

s es o . . s o e o o

holding t h j int whil t b ing glu d

e o t h up ight p rti n
s e e e r o o

is h ld rigid in t h b n h vice thu l ving t h e l ft h nd

e e e c , s ea e a

to h ld t h pi c whi h i t o b j int d whilst t h e right

o e e e c s e o e ,

h nd p t s t h glu bru h T h pi c f w d w hich

a o er a e e e s . e e es o oo

f rm a butt j int m y b glu d t g the r with o with ut

o o a e e o e r o

t h e i d f cram p
a o rtifici l pr ur If t h j int i t o
s or a a e ss e . e o s

b m de with out cr m p ing t h e t w surf c e

e a a f t he ti m b r , o a s o e

are w rm d a n t t
e hil l t h glu Th urf c
s o as o o c e e . e s a es a re

then glu d an d put t g th r n d rubb d b kward and

e o e e a e ac s

fo rw rds a t so
g t rid f
as t h supo rflu o us e glu This o e e e .

rubbing i c ntinu d thr s o f ur ti m s until t h j int

e ee or o e e o

b gin t dh r C r mu t b t k n th t t h b o rd
e s o a e e . a e s e a e a e a s a re

in th ir c rr ct rel ti n t ach other They a e then put

e o e a o o e . r

as id t o dry
e .

G LUEI N G .

The b ett e r t he glue p n etr t es int o t he p ore s of t he w ood e a ,

the str nge r t h j int will b e

o f o thi re
e o n ti mb r f t he ,
r s as o e o

lo s fibre d v ri ety such as pin e et c wi ll hold up t t h e

o e- a , , .
, a

j oint b ett er than h rdwoods lik e t eak and r os ewood Th e

a .

Iw B
I
 joi nts in Woodwork
glu u d f j i ting h ld b ith t t hi k n t
e se or o n s ou e ne er oo c or oo

t hi n t h n i t y f e co m wi ll b f und
s s en c it bl f o c re a e o su a e or

m t pu pos It h uld b i n d h t n d b p i dl y
r o s es . s o e n ce a o , a e ra

Sp d v r th u f
re a o f th w d
e e s r ace o e oo

If light —
.

c l u d w d u h s pin o o retin w d oo s, s c a e, sa -
oo ,

s yc m a t h v t b j int d littl fl k whit h uld

o re , e c a e o e o e , a e a e e s o

b p cu d n d mix d int t h liquid glu

e ro re a Thi will e o e e . s

h v n d t i m nt l ff t n i t dh iv qu liti
a e o e r e nd
a e ec o s a es e a es , a

it will pr v nt t h glu h wing t hi n bl ck lin n t h

e e e e s o a a e o e
j int An alt rn t m th d which an w r w ll n rdi
o . e a e e o s e s e o o

n ry w rk is t rub t h j int with pi c f ch lk nd

a o o e o a e e o a a
wip t h u plu m unt w y p vi u t glu ing
e e s r s a o a a re o s o e .

Br d u f oa f cl s g in d h rdw d which
r ace s o os e -
ra e a oo ,

g n lly pr nt shiny u f t t he y
e e ra ese u u ll y
a s r ac e o e e, are s a

c r fully r ugh n d with fin t othing pl n bl d p

a e o e e a e o a e a e re

i
v ou s t glu ing o e .

S p p rti n g t he J in t
u o Th j int e d b rds h uld n o t o . e o oa s o

b r r d U p g in t
e ea e b n hl g w ll with ut h ving
a a s a e c e or a o a

a ny up p t in t h c nt
s or d tt d lin t Fig 5 b u e e re , a s o e e a .
, e ca se

in ll pr b bility th y will fr ctu b f r t h glu h ti m

a o a e a re e o e e e as e

t o set n d wh n w g t a t k th m up t r n w w rking
,
e e o o a e e o e e o

o p r ti ns w h ll b nn y d t find th t th y h v
e a o , e s a e a o e o a e a e

as s um d p iti n i m il r t th t h wn t Fig 5 n d thi

e a os o s a o a s o a .
, a s

will f c u n c it t
, o o j inting
rs e , e es s a e re -
o .

A r ct m th d t d pt i h wn t Fig 4 H e r w
co re e o o a o s s o a . . e e

hav upp t d t h j int by r ing up g in t t h w ll

e s or e e o e ar a a s e a a

c upl f pi c f b tt n n t ch n d f t h b rd
o e o e es o a e , o e a ea e o e oa ,

thu upp rt ing it thr ugh t i t entir width until t h

s s o o ou s e e
glu is th ughly t Th t w
e or o m pi f ti m b r
se . e o or o re e ce s o e
in butt j int dh by y t lli ti
a o f t h glu
a nd e re cr s a sa on o e e a

a t m ph ric p u
os A w ll fi t t d j i t m d with g d
e re s s re . e -
e o n a e oo

qu lity glu i
a t ng t h t wh n b d f t h r f t
e s s o s ro a , e o ar s o ee ee

nd
a p w d U j int d
ar t g t h by
s t h iar em t h d t h o e o e er s e o , e

tim b in m t ca s will br k with t h g in n r th n

er os se ea e ra s oo e a

p rt t t h j int
a a e o .

Butt j int m y be cr mp ed up if d i d and it i

o s a a , e s re , s

c ustomary t o w rm th m pr i u ly t t d In t h a e as ev o s s a e . e

2
 Tko Glu ed joz m
'
‘
.

ab nc f t h usu l ir n cr mp t h am t ur may mak n

se e o e a o a , e a e e a
ex ll nt w d n r ng m nt
ce e oo h wn in Fig 2 1 Thi
e ar a e e as s o . . s
can be mad ut f any od d pi eces f timb er that happ en
e o o o

2 4 s

—Sim pl t f m d j oin t
d 3 —
Fi g . I. es or of glu e .

i
F gs . 2 an n T ti g
j t d b d w it h a
. es t h e o in e o ar
t igh t d g
Fi g 4 —
s ra e e .

S pp t in g
. .
gl d
u j in t or a ue o .

Fig 5 Sh w i g t h lt f w n t f su p p ort
Fi g 6 —H ld i g t h j in t w h i l t gl i g
. .
-
o n e re s u o a o .

. . o n e o s ue n .

Fi g 7 Sh lf li p gl d wi th h d w d
Fi g 8 —
. .
-
e s -
ue ar oo .

M 1di g gl d h lf
Fi g 9 —
. . ou n ue on s e .

B ds
. . n g d w i th g
oar in lt e n a tin g
a rr a e ra a r .

han dy Tw bl ck f h rdw d
t o be . r w d n t he
o o s o a oo a re s c e e o

b b rd t uit bl di t nc f t h w rk in h nd
a se oa a a s a e s a e or e o a

th be d t b j int d
o ar s glu d n d p l c d in p iti n
o e o e a re e a a e os o

b tween t he bl ocks ; and t he t w h rdwood w dg

e e o a e e s ar
8 2
 0 571 13
j in Woodwo rk
in rt d n d h m m r d in Op p o it di
se e a a e e s e re c ti n o s to ea ch th r o e ,

thu x ting t h d sir d p ur

s e er e e e r e ss e .

HI N TS ON JO I N T I N G .

W he n j ointing c are t k n t fir t pl n e up sh o uld be a e o s a

—
,

t h eb d t u n
o ar n id i e t k th m
s r t f windi ng
e o o e s e t , a e e ou o .

Th e m th d f t ting fe thi i h wn t Fi g 2 3 n d i t
o o es or s s s o a .
,
a

m y with dv nt g b u d wh n j inting t h
a a dg f t h
a a e e se e o e e es o e

b rd Tw l th
oa s . trip f w d pl n d up t
o a s or s s o oo a re a e o

e x tly t h m width h ing th i dg t ight n d

ac e sa e , av e r e es s ra a
p r ll l On dg f h l th m y if d i d b b v ll d
a a e . e e e o e ac a a , e s re , e e e e

a littl T h m th d f u ing t h
e . t wi t ti k
e e o o s ese s s c s or

winding l th i t put th m n t h b ad h wn ts s o e o e o ar as s o a

Fig 2 3 n d ight l ng th i t p dg
.
,
a T h winding
s a o e r o e es . e

l th b ing m u h l ng r th t h width f t he b rd
a s, e c o e an e o oa ,

S h w up t h irr g l rity gr tly p n unc d

o e e u a ea ro o e .

Th To ol s g n r l ly u d f
e m king t h butt j int e e a se or a e o s

a re

Th e j ack pl an e
roughing t h dg t , fo r e e es , e c .

w d n trying pl n ( ir n j inting pl n e ) f
Th e oo e a e or o o a or

tru ing up t h w k
e e or .

Th t q e sef t ting purp s s u ar e or es o se .

Th windi ng l th
e nd tr ight dge a s a s a e .

Th M t h d f W k i
e f ll w : E ch b rd i in
e o o or s as o o s a oa s
turn p t in t h vi n d pl n d t ight l ngt hwi
u e it i ce a a e s ra e se s
th n t t d with winding l th n d et qu (t h l tt
e es e a s a a s s a re e a er

m th d i h wn t Fi g
e o s s o a .

Th b d e th p t n t h t p f n n t h r
o ar s a re t en u o e o o o e a o e as a

Fi g 2 n d t t d wi t h
. a tr ight dg th y h uld p p
es e a s a e e e S o a e ar

t h wn t Fi g 2 if th y h w f ulty
ru e a s s o t Fi g 3
a . e s o a as a .

t h j int m u t b
e o g in fitt d until t h r qui d d g
s s e a a e e e re e re e

o f c ur cy i bt in d Diffi lti m y b v id d
a c a s o a e . cu es a e a o e

by r in l cting timb r it bl f j inting n d it

ca e se e e su a e or o , a

mu t b s m mb d th t ti m b h ink i um f r nti lly

e re e ere a er s r s c rc e e a

( t h h rt
e id b c
ea m ing r u d ) Fi
s g 2 4 If teh timb e o o n as . . e er

4
 T/
ee Glu ed jo int

be j oint e d with all t he he a rt s ide on e way as a t Fig . 2 4, t he

t nd n y will b f it t
e e c t as h wn by t h ingl lin
e or o ca s s o e s e e .

If t h ti m b r b
e l t rn t d
e t Fi g 2 5 t h t nd ncy will
e a e a e as a .
, e e e

b t e t w vy w h
o c as aif qu t r d tim b r n b bt in d
, e r e as ar e e e ca e o a e

it will t nd p ti lly tr ight t h t nd ncy t hrink

s a r ac ca s a as e e e o s

C d
Fi g ro
—A gl b tt j i t
Wi g p i
a rc a se
g l n e ce s ue
-
. . .

F ig . I I.
—J i ti g g h p d p l
n e u o n .

Fi g 12
— o n n o ee s a e an e
-
. . .

Fi g
—Tim b j i t d t 9 °
. 1 3 . d 3
er o n e a 0 an 0
°
an g le s .
Fi g Q t i l j i ti g
—
. 1 4 . u a r er c r c e o n n .

Fi g . 1 5. H 11 W j i ti g
O 0 co rn e r o n n .

is in thickn ss nly Th gr in f qu rt r d timb r is

e o . e a o a e e e
sh wn in Fig 2 6
o . .

J udgm nt h uld l b x ci d t v id j inting in

e s o a so e e er se o a o o

which n pi c f ti mb r i wi ld n d l g in t h g in
o e e e o e s a ar e e ra ,

and t h dj ining p i c f m ild gr in d n tur J int d

e a o e e o a -
a e a e . o e
b rd h uld lw y b glu d up wi th t h g in running
oa s s o a a s e e e ra

in t h s me dir cti n if p ibl thi w h w t Fig 2 7

e a e o oss e s e S o a .
,

and n thing l k w
o th n a d ing ch t nd
oo s o rs e a re s s es e ,
or

5
 ' ’

j Wood wo rk
‘
oz u z s zu

simil r pi c f w rk in which t h gr in runs haph zard

a e e o o , e a a .

W h n j inting thin ti m b ( y 1 in g i
e o in d gi er sa ,
h .
,
3~
2 .
, an n .

b rd ) t h b t m th d i t
oa s h ting b rd It
e es e o s o u se a s oo oa .

mu t b n t d h w v
s th t h ting b rd d pl n
e o e ,
o e er , a a s oo oa an a e

p tic lly n v gi
rac t u ight gl wi g t w r d
a e er ve a r e r an e, o n o ea an

t h g inding f t h bl d
e r Th f r t h b d h ld n to e a e . ere o e , e o ar s s ou o

ll b l id with t h f c m rk n t h h ting b d ”
a e a e a e a , o e s oo oar

whil t t h dg s h t b c u n y in qu lity w uld

e e es a re S o , e a se a e a o

b m ultipli d by t h nu m b r f pi
e j int d A b tt r
e e e o e ces o e . e e

m th d is t
e lt rn t t h b rd f c id p th n f c
o o a e a e e oa s, a e s e u e a e

sid d wn whil t h ting t h dg s ; thi wfll pr v nt

e o , s s oo e e e s e e

c nv xity
o enc vity n t h f f t h j int d b rd
o r co a o e ace o e o e oa ,

b c us ny slight rr r in t h ngl i n utr li d (

e a e a e o e a e s e a se s ee

Fig .

OF THE G LUE D JO I N T
A P P L I CAT I ONS .

Our th r k t h h w v ri u pplic ti n f t h butt

o e s e c es S o a o s a a o s o e

o glu d j int
r f ll w
e o as o o s 2

Fig 7 h ws m h g ny th r ch ic w d lip glu d

. s o a a o a or o e o e oo s -
e
o n th dg f ch p w d u h pin whit w d
e e e o a ea er oo , s c as e or e oo ,

as i th c s n b kc e h lves wh n nly t h fr nt dg
a se o oo as e s e e o e o e e

i n n d p li h d
s see a o s e .

Fig 8 h ws m ul di ng glu d n h lf b th m ould n d

. S o a o e o a s e , o a

s h lf in t hi in t n b ing f p li h d h dw d A h lf
e s s a ce e o o s e ar oo . s e

o f thi typ w uld b u d

s t h t p h lf c
e r
o e se as e o s e a r o ss a e ce s s

in di ing r m Th b j ct f t h m ulding i t hid

a n -
oo . e o e o e o s o e

a s m ll g i n ir n
a d whi h w uld
-
ry t h cu t in ring
. o ro c o ca r e r a s

a nd h ding f t h u t in w hi h c v t h r
ea o Th e c r a c o e rs e e cess . e

s h lf w uld b e fix d b ut 3 ft 9 i n t 4 ft 3 ins fr m t he
e o e a o . s . o . . o

fl r oo .

Fig I O h w t h wing pi c s glu d n t h t p b r r f

. s o s e e e e o e o ea e o

c w k T h ppli ti n f thi b
a r c as e or in i t p iti n
. e a ca o o s e a re r s os o

wi ll b h wn in t h h p t n D v t iling
e s o e c a er o o e a .

Fig h w . butt j int pl d t n ngl f 45

II S o s a o an e a a a e o
°

( mm
co nly ll d m it ) u d f b f t t
o ca e a re , se or ox ee , e c .

Fig 2 h w j inting up f n og e Sh p d p n l Th
. 1 s o s o o a e -
a e a e . e

6
 '

T k e Glu ed joz u z
‘

d tt d lin indi t t h thi kn

o e f t h ti m b r p vi u
es ca e e c es s o e e re o s

t i t b ing w k d up t t h fini h d h p
o s e orB w fr nt d
e o e s e s a e . o -
o e

and m i cir ul r p n ls
se j int d in i mil r m nn r
-
c a a e are o e a s a a e .

Fig 1 3 h w ti mb r j int d t right ngles t t h

. s o s e o e a a o e

upright pi c n d t an ngl f 3 0 d g s
e e, a a a e o e re e .

—Li i g p gl f m
Fig 16
— n n u a a ss ra e
-
. . .

J t d d
8—
Fi g . 1 7. i i g h
o np p ln a s a e s an re .

F ig B ildi g p f pi f a ll .
—
. I . u n u ca s e o an o
L mi dw k
Fi g
—T ti g with q n at e
. 1 9. a or .

Fig . 20 . es n s u are .
C mp g g m t
—Gl i g p l gh li p t d w
Fig . 2I .
-
ra 1n a rr a n e en .

Fig
Fi g
.

.
22
23
.

—T es
ue n
tf or
ou
w in in g d
s
.
o ra e r.

Fig . sh ws qu rt r circl j inting as us e d in ro und

I4 o a e -
e o ,

co m d ch t
e re f dr w r w rdr b
es s o cu p b o d t a e s, a o es , ar s, e c.

Fig I 5 is si mil r t Fig I 4 but with h ll w c m rs ( r

. a o .
, o o o e o

c o v es ) .

Fig . 16 give s t he plan of a gl s fr m showing p ilast rs

as a e, e

7
 Woodwork
' '

j
‘
oz u z s eu

at t he fr nt
lining p pi c t t h b k Th
o an d t he -
u e es a e ac . e

o bj t f t h l tt r
ec t h t t h gl will t nd l r f
o e a e is so a e as s s a c ea o

t h w lle Th lini g p pi
a . wi ll f c r b d t t h w ll
e n u e ce s o ou se e o e a ,

pr v n ting n c m ul ti n f d st n d d i t n d t h l
e e a a cu a o o u a r , a e o ss

o f m ll rti l
s h p p
a a nd l tt f qu ntly
c es s u c as a e rs a e e rs , as re e

oc cu wh n v m nt l gl
rs et n t lin d up
o er a e ass es , e c are o e .

Fi g . 24. —Sh i ow n g t id
h e a r s e o n e w ay .

i t id t t d
F ig 25
—G i
S h o w n g h e a r s e a l e rn a e
-
.

Fig . 26. ra n o f u ar e re q t d ti b
m er .

f t
Sh o w in g u n i o rm i y o f gr a in
Fi g 2 7.
—J t
-
. .

Fi g . 2 8. t
o i n i n g w i h s h oo in g oar t b d and t ry p lan e .

Fig 1 7 h w t h j inting up f s h p d sp ndr l t t h

. s o s e o o a a e a e o e

r qui d wi dth In
e re f thi d cripti n suit bly
. a cas e o s es o a

gr i n d n d c l ur d w d h uld b l t d th rwi
a e a o o e oo s o e s e ec e , o e se

t h b d m t h will t n
e a d w tt nti n t t h j i t
a c a o ce ra a e o o e o n .

Fig 1 8 h ws t h . pp lic ti n f butt glu d j i ting

s o e a a o o or e o n

t t h b il di ng up f t h
o e u r f pi n f ll p vi us t o e co e o a a o a re o o

sh ping up an d v n ing
a e eer
Fig 9 —L m in t d w rk—t h building up f circul r
.

. 1 . a a e o e o a

rim f c bin t d j i y w k Pl n n d l v ti n
s or a e an o n er or . a a e e a o

s h w rim p tt rn f p ll y s u d in t h p t t rn m king
o a e o a u e a se e a e -
a

tr da e

Fi g 2 2 —Th glu ing f

.

. .
p l gh li p t ed w id e o a ou s o a ra er s e,

t he p l u ghsli p b eing u d t
o rry t h dr wer b tt om se o ca e a o .

8
 '

Th e Glued joz u t
‘

D isp l ay C bi t ( Th
a ne . e i
t o p w ll be glue
j i td)
o n e .

9
 ' '

j oz u l s eu Woodwork
Fig 2 8 h w t h meth d f j inting with sh ting b rd
. s o s e o o o oo oa

a n d trying pl n th ight h nd p r t t h p l n whil t

a e e r a o e a es e a e s

t h l ft h nd h ld t h w
e e a d fi m p n t h sh ting b rd
o s e oo r U o e oo oa .

M th d f h ld i g Gl d
e o o o n ue
J i t with I D g
o n s ro n o s.

wing t o t he i mp rt ti n f narrow n d f ulty timb e r

O o a o o a a

th n c
e ity f j inting i g t e r t d y th n v r it w
e e ss o o s rea o -
a a e e as ,

wide timb er of c ours e meaning higher c ost fo raw mat eri l r a .

TO
 jo lu i s in Woodwork
is h lve d n d h uld d t Opp it sid s thus f mn g
a a s o e re a os e e ,
orr

a p f ct fit n with t h th r n d giving tr n g j int

er e o e e o e a a s o o

with m ini m um m unt f l b ur F in ide w rk t h

a a o o a o . or s o e

j int w uld b glu d n d

o o w d t g th r t he crew e a s cr e e o e e , e s

h ds b ing c unt r unk

ea e n t t c m in c nt ct with
o e s s o as o o o e o a

Fi g 0
3 .
—
H lv d C
a e o rn e r
t
.

J o in

—H
.

Fi g 3 1 . . al v e d Tee J oin t .

Fi g 3 2 li u e —O b qH al v in g
—O b q
. .
,

w h Sh o u lit d er. Fi g .
3 3 . l
0

i ue Halv m g .

t he cutting ir n f t h pl n wh n l v lling ff t h work

o o e a e e e e o e .

F ut id w rk in x p d p iti n wh t h w rk will
or o s e o , e os e os o s er e e o

h v t with t nd t h w th r t h lt rn t m th d f
a e o s a e ea e , e a e a e e o o

sm ring t h j int with p int with m ix tur f v rni h

ea e o a or a e o a s

an d w h it l d w uld b d v i bl t h j int b ing n il d

e ea o e a sa e, e o e a e

or scr w d Fig 3 0 h w t h t w pi c
e e . p t d . s o s e o e es s e a ra e .

Fig 3 1 h w . imil r j int t t h b v but in thi

s o s a s a o o e a o e, s

c t h t p r il un t hr ugh n d it i g n lly p k n f
ase e o a r s o a s e er a s o e o

as a H lv d T J i t It m y b
a e d in n ly ll ee o n .
”
a e u se e ar a

c s wh r t p b tt m il runs th ugh an up ight

a es e e a o or o o ra ro r .

12
 Tke H a lved joz u t
'
‘

Th e m e th d f curing t h j int is b f o F g 3 1 sh ws
o se e o as e o re . i . o

a k tch f t h j int p r t d
s e o e o se a a e .

At Fig 32 i sho wn n Obli qu H al ving J int wh r

. s a e o , e e

t he blique p i c
o strut d n t run thr ugh Thi e e, or ,
oe s o o . s

typ f j oint i u d f tr ngth ning fr m ing n d h lf

e o s se or s e e a s a s e

br ck t ; n x amm f t h l tt i h wn t Fig 49
a e s a e e o e a er s s o a . .

A trut o r il f this typ p r v nt m v m nt d i t

s r a o e e e s o e e or s or

ti n t o fr m di g n ll y ( g n r l ly p k n f in t h trad e
o a a e a o a e e a s o e o e

a s racking Fig 32 h ws t he j oint p rt . s o a a .

Fi g 3 4 . .
—
D v t i l H lv i
o e a a ng . Fi g 3 5 . .
—
Mi t re d H alvin g .

Fig 3 3 is an x mp l f Obliqu Hal ving with t h

. e a e o e e
up p r p i c running thr ugh Thi j int is us d in simi l r
e e e o . s o e a

p iti
os n t Fig 3 2o nd h sin m s s t he di dv nt g
o .
, a as so e ca e sa a a e
o f h wing n d g i n t t h t p f t h fr m e Fig 33 shows
s o e ra a e o o e a . .

a k tch f t h t w p i
s e p r t d
o e o e ce s s e a a e .

Fig 34 is D v t i l H lving t h d v t il running

. o e a a , e o e a

thr ugh t h t p p i c This i

o t g j oint us d wh r
e o e e . s a s ro n ,
e e e

o ut id tr i n i li k ly t occur in t h t p p i c t h d v
s e s a s e o e o e e, e o e

t i l p r v nting t h r il fr m b ing d wn w y fr m t h
a e e e a o e ra a a o e

sh uld r At Fig 3 4 i k tch f t h t”w p i c

o e . . s a s e o e o e es .

At Fig 35 i n Mitr d H lving s m wh t w k

. s see e a , a o e a ea
j int but n e c s ary in l king gl ss fram
o , tc wh r
e s oo -
a es , e .
, e e

goo d p p r n i r quir d n t h f
a ea a id It u i
ce s e e o e ace s e. s se s

o bvi o u if t he fac f t h fr m e be m ul d d with b e ads

s e o e a o e

13
 '

j oz u i s in Woodwo rk
or o th r s cti n whi h r quir t int r ct n with t h
e e o s c e e o e se o e e

o th r Thi l s pp li if t h fr m b m uld d n i t f c
e . s a o a es e a e e o e o s a e

e dg s At Fig 3 5 t h j int is shown p r t d

e » . e o se a a e .

Fi g .
3 6 —H l v.d J i t wi th a e o n Fi g 3 7.
—H lv d J i t
. a e o n
D bl D v t i l
ou e o e a . wi h t On e Sid e

Fig indic t s t he H lv d J int t h p i ces t one

.
3 6 a e a e o , e e a

e nd h wing a d ubl d v t il Thi p rticul ar j int is

s o o e o e a . s a o

seld m used xc p t f o M nu l Tr ai ning p rp os s Fig 36

o e e r a a u e . .

shows a ske tch f t h j int part o e o a .

3 8 .
-
O bli q ue D vto e ai l Fi g 3 9 . .
—St op
p e d
H lvin g a . H a lv m g .

Fi g 3 7 i s Halv d Joint
. a e with n id f t h p i ce
o e s e o e e

d v et il d Thi j int i u d in
o a e . s o s se im ilar p iti t Fig 34
s os ons o .
,

an d r th r l a l b ur i r quir
e e ss a o s e e d in t h making At Fig e . .

37 are giv e n t h t wo s eparat p i e e e ces .

14
 Tke H a lved joz u t
'
‘

Fig 3 8 i Obliqu D v t i l H lving n id f t h e

. s e o e a a , o e s
”
e o

p i c
e eb ing d v t il d u
e d t p r v nt r c
o k i ng and
e a e ,
se o e e
‘ ‘
a , as

a cr s br c t fr mi ng It 8 o ccasi n lly m d with b t h

o s a e o a . 1 o a a e o

Fi g 4 0. .
—
C ro ss H lv in g J oint
a . Fi g 4 1
.
- C ro ss Hal vi ng J oint ,

e d ge w ays .

its side dov t ai l d as shown t Fig 34 The sketch Fig 3 8

s e e a . . .

shows t h j int p rt e o a a .

Fig 39 sh w St p p d D v t il H lving In this c s

. o s
‘ ‘
o e o e a a . a e
t h d v t il is si mil r t Fig 3 4 with t h
e o e a xc p tion th t a o .
, e e e a
it d s n t run thro ugh t h b ott om ra l This is an adv an
oe o e
i
.

Fi g 4 2 . Fi g 4 3 .
—D v t i o e a le Ha lv d
J i t
.

T e e H a lv in g o n f or Le n gth en
in g o i n J t . in g Ti m b e r.

tage if t h b tt m dg f t h rail i in vid nce or if it is

e o o e e o e s e e ,

r quir d t glu m ulding h rdw d f ing lip n t h

e e o e a o or a oo ac s o e

l w r dg
o e T h glu
e dh r b tt r wi th t h gr i n than
e . e e a e es e e e a

it w uld nd w y f t h gr in n d if light shrink g occurs

o e a o e a , a s a e

acr t h width f t h b tt m rail t he mo ulding wo uld n ot

oss e o e o o

b f rc d w y by t h
e o p right
e a a e U .

Th j int l tt r d B in Fig 2 9 is a Cr o s H lving J int

e o e e e . s a o

where e ach pi c runs thr ough t he other Fig 40 shows this

e e . .

IS
 j out i s M Woodwo rk
j int p r t d d Fi g 4 h w simil r j int sep arat d
o se a a e , an . 1 s o s a a o e

wh t h j int i m d
ere dg w y
e o s a e e e a s .

Fig 42 h w
. T H lving J int with d v t i l cut
s o s a ee a o a o e a

Fi1g 4 4
. D v t il d
-
o e a e an d Fi g 4 5 . .
-
vti d
D o e a le Hal v ed
H lv d J i t
a e o n . o inJ t t d
wi h Sh ou l e rs .

on t he e dge Thi is s ldom us ed e xcep t as a woodwork

. s e

e x is
er c e .

Fig 43 is a
. Do vetaile d Halving Joint u e s d fo r len gt he n

Fi g 4 6
.
—
H lv d J i t
a e o n s Fi g 4 7
. .
-
De t a il o f H al ve d J oin ts as
on B a rrow Wh e el . i n Fi g 4 6 . .

ing timb r and 8 al s o a fav ourit Manual Trai ning model

e , 1 e .

It might ls com under t h he ading f carf j oint lthough

a o e e o s , a

rarely us ed in actual practic e as such As a practi cal .

16
 Tke H a lved joz u l
'

w dw rk x rcis it ll f
oo o cur t marking t and
e e e ca s or ac a e ou

c ful fitti g
ar e n .

Fi g 44 h w . c mbin ti n f d v tail d nd h l v d
s o s a o a o o a o e e a a e

j int whilst Fig 45 h w d v t il d h l v d j int with

o . s o s a o e a e a e o

th ho ulders ho u ed This latt r i s ld m us e d in actual

e s s . e s e o

work .

Fig 46 shows t he ap p licati on of halving j ints wh n

. o e

constructin g a b ar row wheel Th c entre portion is an . e

Fi g .
49
—K it h
. c en Fi g 5 0 . v ed .
—H al
D v t il H l f
o e a D p T bl a ro a e . Mou lde d J oin t .

l pp d J i t
a e o n .

e xam p l o f thr ee p i e c es
e half l p p d or as it is s ome -
a e ,

ti mes c l l d one third l p p d A sk tch of t he thr e

a e ,
-
a e
”
. e e

p i c s s p ar t e d is h own at L B C Fig 47
e e e a s , , , . .

This j oint i xt n iv ly us e d in t h p tt rn m aking trade

s e e s e e a e

for l p j ointing t h
a -
rm of p ull y p tt rn t c It is
e a s e a e s, e .

p b
ro blyat h m t dif fi cult f t
e h h l ving
os j int t o mark o ut o e a o s

and con truct with t h d ir d d g

s f ccur cy e es e e ree o a a .

Fig 48 hows combin tion of a bev ll d dov etai l half

. s a a e e

l p p d j int Thi s is nly u d a p uzzl j int Wh n

a e o . o se as e o . e

n tly construct d n d glu d t ogeth r it i p p r ntly

ea e a e e s a a e

imp os ible t m k it h wing as it do s a h lf l p on one

s o a e , s o e a a

sid n d d v t i l d h lf l p on t h r verse ide

e a a o e a e a a e e s .

Fig 49i t h n d V i w o f kitch n t bl with dr op leaf

. s e e e a e a e ,

s howin g t h ov rh ng o f t h t p t cl r t h kirting
e e a e o o ea e s

bo rd A t bl f thi typ is f t ne d t o t h w ll with t wo

a . a e o s e as e e a

ir n holdf s ts whi ch ng g with t h nd of the t ble

o a e a e e e s a .

The hinge d bracke t fram e shows t he applicati on o f t he

LW
17
.
 ' '

j o eu f s eu Woodwo rk

h l ing j int t br k t up p rt f thi n d i mil

a v o o ac e s o s or s a s ar

pu p r uch br ck t t up p t h l i g t In
o ses , s as a e s o s or s e v n ,
e c .

thi x mp l t h hing d br k t tu n und rn th t h t bl

s e a e e e ac e s r e ea e a e

t p and all o w t h l f t
o , dr p out of t h w y wh n n te ea o o e a e o

Fi g 5 1 —
Se p a ra e p e ce
. t i of
d M dd
.

F i g 5 0 , u s e f o r ou l
. e

H al e o inv dJ t .

Fi g 5 2 . .
—C ro s s H a l v i ng
J i t
o n .

—
Fig 5 3
al e
. T inin g
H v d J o in t E x i s
. M an u al
e rc
ra
e. Fi g 5 4 .
—Ex
. e r ci se J i o nt .

r q ir d Th d tt d lin s h w t h p iti n f helf

e u e . e o e e s o e os o o a s

for b t and h oo s s o es .

Fig 50 h w t h h l ving f cr p i c which h v th ir

. s o s e a o os s e es a e e

e dg m uld d p i c i h wn p r t ly t Fi g 51 but
es o e a e e s s o se a a e a .
,

in t hi k tch t h m uldi ng i mitt d t gi v a cl r r

s s e e o s o e o e ea e

r p r nt ti n f t h m t h d f
e es e tru ti n
a o o e e o o con s c o .

Fig 52 i Cr H lving J int wh r t h two p i c s

. s a os s a o e e e e e

are n t at right angl es

o A p l n and l v tion of t h j int . a e e a e o

18
 '

ozut s Woodwo rk
j
‘
eu

mee t as is t h ca in
, e se b mldi ng t h e fr am ing of a po ultry
h o us e .

Fi g 5 8 . Vi e w of an o rdin ry work hop tres tle

t he e n d is a s ,

sh ing ow ic tio n of d ve t i l d h alving wh re t h

t h e ap p l a o a e e e

l gs h e a t end n y t o s tr i n utw ds Th ins t ( a)

e av e c a o ar . e e

sh w t h ho u ing f t h t p r il t o r c iv t h le gs
o s e s o e o a e e e e .

Fig 59 h ws a d e p dr w r gen lly known as

. s o e a e , era a

c ell are tte nd us d in a s ideb oard t o accommodat e wine

,
a e

Fig 6 1 A . .
—Oxf
dF or ra m e
Ta b l J o i n te . H lv d J oin ts
a e .

bottles Thi hows a g od xamp l f h l ving t h cr ss

. s s o e e o a e o

p i c
e es o as t f rm
s m p rt m t T h p
o i c h w no co a en s . e e e s o
s p r t ly i llu tr t t h m th d of co n tructi on The
e a a e s a es e e o s .

e nd f th s e p i c ng g i t h h u ings g ves f
s o e e es e a e n e o s or ro o o

th dr w r id s Pig n h l
e a e r s mp rt m nt in
e . eo o es o co a e s

t ti ry
s a on e b kc n d writing bur
c as es , ux a n oo as es a ea re co

s truct d in i mil r m nn r lth ugh t h m th od f

e a s a a e ,
a o e e o

h u ing
o s c m bin d h l ing n d h u ing i t b p
, or o e a v a o s , s o e re

f rr d in m c
e e so e as e s .

At Fig 6 0 i t h p l n f a circul r t bl h ving m all

. s e a o a a e a a s

circul r h lf wi t h t h t p r m v d Th ri ms f ming
a s e e o e o e . e or ra

are built by t h m t h d k w l min ting ( Fig 1 9

e e o no n as a a see .

in ch pt a THE G L U ED J O N T )
er ft r whi h th y a
on I , a e c e re

v n r d n th f
e ee e id Th ppli ti n f t h h lving
o e ac e s es . e a ca o o e a

j int t t h h p d b t t m il whi ch in thi c s

o o e s a e ry o o ra s, s a e c ar

and up p rt t h m l l h lf is h wn i t h p t l v ti n
s o e s a s e , s o n e ar e e
”
a o .

Fig 6 1 A shows t h w ll kn wn Oxford fram e ill us

. e e o ,

20
 Tk e H a lved jo in t

halv d j int wh n t h dg i r bat e d Figs 6 1 3

t rat i ng e o s e e e e s e . .

and 6 0 m k cl r t h c nstructi n f this typ e f j int

1 a e ea e o o o o o .

A lt rnat sugg sti

e sh wn fo t h tr tm nt f t h
e e o n s a re o r e ea e o e

c n r t h im pl i l y b i g bl ck n d w hit ( b ny
or e s, e s e n a e n a a e e o

an d h lly b xwo d) Fram es of this typ a e mad

o or o o . e r e

—B
of
6 1 13
C
o rn e r
a ck
of Oxford Fi g . 610 —T h e Ha l v ed Ji to n s of
F ra m e . an Oxford F ra m e .

in va i u s widthr o s an d s izes and ar e u d se for pictures ,

mirr r t c o s, e

—
.

To o l s U s e d making j oints of t he
. Th t l u d e oo s se f or
ab v cl
o e pl n t h g uge t n n
as s a re : th w a es , e a , e o or o er s a
‘

Chi ls try qu r
se , n d in s m c s j in r b v l t
s a e, a o e as e a o e
’
s e e o

obt in and m k t h n c s ry ngl s p ncil n d m rkin g

a ar e e es a a e , e a a

knif e .

—
M t ho d P1 n
e p t he fac id nd face dg of t h
. a e u e s e a e e e

ti mb r g ug nd plan t b th thi kn
e , a n d width ;
e a e o o c ess a

m rk h uld rs with p ncil m rking knife ; g ug t o

a s o e e or a a e

21
 jo ints in Woodwork
t he thi kn e s f t h r qui d h l ving s w w st p orti ns
c s o e e re a a a e o

aw y p r up with hi l t a g d fit glu
a a e glu n d c se o oo e or e a

s w
cr e ,
p int s pr vi u ly m nti n d n d th n l v l
or u s e a a e o s e o e , a e e e

o ff t h uf c e s r a es .

HOW T O SET OUT AND MA K E THE HA LVE D J OINT .

Alth ugh t fir t ight t h h lv d j int m y pp r t b

o a s s e a e o a a ea o e

a v ry e asy it em of c nstructi on it r quir s mu h c r and

e o , e e c a e

Fi g 6 3 .
—M a rki n g the
Ti m b er .

Fi g 6 2.
—
Th Pie c
e Tw o e s of a Fi g 6 4 . .
— Sco r ing w h it
H l v d J oin t q
.

a e . S u a re .

att nti n n m rking out n d awing Fig 6 2 h w t h

e o i a a s . . s o s e

t w pi co whi ch f m t h j int p r t d n d it will b

e es or e o se a a e , a e

n tic d th t c h pi c f w d h h lf i t thi kn cut

o e a ea e e o oo as a s c es s

a w y so t cc mm d t t h th r pi c Thi typ
a , as o a o o a e e o e e e . s e
o f j int i u d wh r t w pi c
o s f w d ro s
se h th r e e o e es o oo c s e ac o e
at right ngl t n ngl
a h wn in Fig 70 Th
es , o r a a a e as s o . . e
h lving j int i us d l f j ining t wo pi c f w d
a o s e a so or o e es o oo

a t th ir d e f inst nc t h rn r of a fram on h lf
en s , as or a e e co e e, e a

o f this j int b ing sh wn

o t Fig 65 B e o a . .

OUT MA R K I N G .

T m k t h j int t h ti m b r sh uld b car fully pl n d

o a e e o , e e o e e a e

t o its x ct width n d thickn s

e a T h t w pi c s m y th n a e s. e o e e a e

22
 T k e H a lved jo int

be pl c d up on t h b nch (as sh own at Fig 63) or fix d in

a e e e . e

t he Vic e .

T M r k O t find t h c ntr o f t h e timb r C Fig 6 3

o a u ,
e e e e , , .
,

and t t h l f t h width f t h wo d n h id f t he
se ou a e o e o o e ac s e o

d tt d c ntr lin Thu upp t h w d (W) t b e

o e e e e. s, s os e e oo o

2 in wid th n t 1 in n ch sid f t h ntr lin

s . e, e se . o ea e o e ce e e.

T k qu r
a t Fig 64 n d with
e a s h rp p nknife blade
a e as a .
, a a s a e

sc r cut a line all r und each piec e of timb er

o e or o .

Chi
— Fi1g 6 6 se llin g a w ay
-

Woo d u p t o th e G au ge
.

M i
.

F1g 6 5 . . U si n g t h e a rk n g
G a u ge .

N ext
t k up m rking g ug n d t t he marking
a e a a a e, a se

p int t h lf t h thi ckn

o of t h w d T hi di t nc m y
a e ess o e oo . s s a e a

b m e ur d n d i t x ctn t t d by pricking a m ll
e as e ,
a s e a es s es e , s a

h l fr m ch id f t h w od with t h m rking g ug
o e o ea s e o e o e a a e

a n d c r fully n ting th t t h
a e pri k d h l c incid o a e c e o es o e .

Th g ug m rk i l
e aly h wn in t h v ri u illu tr ti n
e a s c ea r s o e a o s s a o s .

N w t k
o p n il n d cribbl
, a m rk
e a w t n th
e c a s e or a as e , o e

p rt y int nd t cut w y Thi will v tr ubl l t

a s ou e o a a . s sa e o e a er

o n p ci lly if y
, es m king
e v r l j int at on
a ou are a se e a o s ce .

T k y ur h p p nknif
a e o m rking knif bl d
s ar n d cut e e or a e a e, a

f irly d ply int t h m rk d lin n t he p rti n yo a

a ee o e a e e o o o u re

g ing t p r w y
o o a e a a .

C hi lli n g — Fix t he w d firmly in yo ur vic o

se . oo e, r

a g in t y ur cutting b rd b n h t p m y b m r
a s o oa or e c s 0 , as a e o e

c onve ni nt t y n d with e sh rp c hi s l cut aw y t h

o ou , a a a e a e

o
23
 join ts in Woodwo rk
wood u p t t h e m rk d li n e as t Fi g 66 The ch nnel in
o a e ,
a . . a

t h Sk tch is x gg
e e td s t h w t h m th d cl rly
e a e ra e , so a o s o e e o ea .

Turn y ur w od b out n d cut i m il r h n l t A

o o a a a s a c a ne a , as

indic t d by t h e d tt d lin Th bj ct f u ing p n

‘

a e o e e . e o e o s a e

kn if o m rking knif t m rk t y ur w rk inst d O f

e r a e o a ou o o . ea

u ing a p en il will n w b bvi u Owing t th knif

s c , o e o o s . o e e

h ving c r d b ut
a s o e d p cr o t h fibr s of t h
a o ee a ss e e e

w od t h ti m ber will c m way cl nly when t h chis l

o , e o e a ea e e

is us d as at Fig 66 Th mall ch n l thus m d will

e , . . e s an e a e

f rm a gui de in whi h t t rt y ur t n n d v t il s w
o c o s a o e o or o e a a

it pr v nt t h s w utting n t h wr ng ide f t h mark d

e e s e a c o e o s o e e

lin n d thu m king t h h lving t wid

e a s a e a oo e

—
.

Sa wi n g L y t h e wo rk n th.cutting b ard a at o e o as

Fi g 6 7 . if y p r f r p t t h w rk in t h vic C r
o r, ou e e , u e o e e . a e

fully aw d wn th w rk until y j st t u h t h g ug lin

s o e o ou u o c e a e e.

Do n ot p h vily with t h w ; re ss it ligh tly ; t h

ea e sa u se e
w ight f t h b ck ir n which i fix d n t h
e o e w will n ure
a o s e o e sa e s

t h s w f ding int o t h w ork quit f st n ugh

e a ee If t h e e a e o . e
sa w i n wly h rp n d it will in f ct b
s e n s dv nt ge
a e e , a , e a a a a

to s lightly t he w ight f t h w fr m ff t h w d
e as e e o e sa o o e oo ,

o wing t the k enn f it

o dg If t h h l vin g i v ry
e ess o s e e. e a s a e

wid n dditi n l cut m y b s wn b tw n t h ut ide

e o e, a o a s a e a e ee e o s

m ks n d th will g tly f cilit t t h r m v l f t h

ar , a ese r ea a a e e e o a o e

w as t e w o d wh n p in g it way For sawing t he j oint

o e ar a .

24
 T k o H a lved jo in t

r f r nce m
e e e ay be mad e to Fig .
322 m t h ch pt r e a e on Do vn
TA IL IN G .

m t ri l with chi l is t h
P a ri n g Awa y t h e W a s t e a e a a se e

n xt t p and this i h wn t Fig 68 Th w rk m y b

e s e ,
s s o a . . e o a e

chi ll d ith r i a vertic l

se e e h iz nt l p iti n Th
e n a or a or o a os o . e

h riz nt l p iti n i t h
o o a i t f t h m t ur wh has
os o s e e as es or e a a e o

avi o h nd w b c u h m y h ld t h w rk se cur ly
ce r a scr e , e a se e a o e o e

with a m h nical d vi nd
ec void t he unn c essar y risk
a e ce a so a e

t hi fing r
o s e s .

T k t h chi el n d cut aw y A Fig 68 n ow turn t he

a e e s a a , .

chisel and cut away B aft e r whi ch k e p the chisel hori z ontal e

Fi g 6 9 . .
— Sh o w n g i
al H v d J in t at other
e o
th an a gh Ri t An gle .

and cut off t h t p o f t h e hill it w r C Rep e t

e o , as e e, . a

t h thr e O p r ti o until y u g du lly p r t h w d

ee e a ns o ra a a e e oo

a w y ex ctly t o t h g ug li
a a W h n chi lling if y u e a e ne . e se , o

find t nd ncy f t h w k t hip crumbl at t h

a e e or e or o c or e e

ba k dg wing t o t h f w rd pr ur f t h chi el
c e e, o e or a ess e o e s ,

turn y ur w d r und n d b gin t cut fr m t he oth r

o oo o a e o o e

e dg ll wing t h chi l t fi i h p ring t t h c ntr

e, a o e se o n s a a e e e
—
.

J i n t s O t he r t h n Ri g ht An g le If t h h lving j oint
o a a . e a
is at n an gl a i mil r t t h k t h h wn t Fig 69 gr t
e s a o e s e c , s o a .
, ea

c r will h v t b x r i d i t h
a e a e of t h c hi l wing
e e e c se n e u se o e se , o

t t h e chan g in t h dir ti on
o f t h gr in f t h w d
e e ec o e a o e oo .

Th er w m k in thi k tch di tin tly indic t t h

a ro ar s s s e s c a e e

di cti n in which t h c hi lling m u t b d n so t giv

re o e se s e o e as o e

a s m th r ult Thi
oo h ng f dir cti n f cutting l
es . s c a e o e o or a so

pp li t t h b tt m f t h h lving j int
—
a es o e o o o e a o .

C t t iun g J o i n t a t En d f Ti m b e r ( g
F i Sh o uld o .

o
25
 joints in Woodwork
t he h lving j int b us d t t h n d f p c f w d s
a o e e a e e o a ie e o oo , a
a t Fi g 3 0 p t d n d Fi g 2 9 c m pl t d t h w t
.
, se ar a e , a .
, o e e , e as e
m t ri l m y b r ughly
a e a wn w y n d t h fl t urf c
a e o sa a a , a e a s a e
trimm d up with chi l e a se .

T w t thi typ
o sa f h lving j int p c d t w rk
ou s e o a o ,
ro ee o o
t h lin B x ctly
e el r dy d crib d ; th
e pl c t h
a as a ea es e en a e e
pi ec e of wood obliqu ly in t h vic s h wn ( Fig 70) e e e a s o .

Fi g 7 0 . .
—H al v d J oin t
e at End of

p r c d t
o ee w d w n t h d tt d
o sali A c r fully w tcoh ing e o e ne , a e a

t h g u g li
e t a th t y e w neth w t id f t h
o se e a ou s a on e as e s e o e

lin s eTh n turn t h pi c f ti mb r with i t pp it

. e e e e o e s o os e

e dg t w rd y
e o d g i a u th s w illu tr t d
ou , an a a n se e sa as s a e .

Y u will thi ti m
o ly h v t w tch t h g ug m rk n
s e on a e o a e a e a o

th dg f t h w d b u t h w will d ily f ll w
e e e o e oo , e ca se e sa re a o o

in t h w k rf lr dy m d N w pl t h w d
e sa e a ea a e . o ac e e oo v er

tic lly in t h vic

a d k ping t h w in
e h riz nt l
e, an , ee e sa a o o a

p iti n w d wn t t he h uld r lin B

os o ,
sa o o s o e e .

H lving j int p p ly m d nd fitt d h uld kn ck

a o s ro er a e a e s o o

t g th r with t h w ight f t h l h d fi t t h
o e e e f e o e c en c e s e use o

a h vy mall t h mmer will d f c t h w rk

ea e or a e a e e o .

26
 joints in Woodwork
j oint c ould b e u s ed Fig 7 2 i s a s ketch of t he j oint s ep arat e d
. . .

Su c h b ridl e j oi n t s h a v e an a d v ant a ge a s r e g a rds a pp e a r

a n ce o v e r t h e m o rt i s e an d t e n o n e d v a ri e t y i n c a se s su ch

as th a t s h o wn a t Fi g 7 3 w hi c h s h o w s a n o c c a s i o n al t a bl e
.
,

l e g fitt e d t o t h e ci rcu lar t op fra m i n g Th e b ridl e j o i n t h e re .

a ll w t h g in f t h l g t
o s n th
e ugh t t h t p
ra o e e o ru ro o e o ,

a n d giv b tt r n d m workm nli k pp ranc t

es a e e a o re a e a ea e o

t h c m pl t d
e ticl
o e e ar e .

Fig 74 i mitr d bridle j int t h p rt showing t h

. s a e o , e a a e

F i g 74 Mit Fi 75 —F ra m e F ig
7 6 -
O bli qu e
thB i d l J in t
.
-
re . .

B d J i t
. .

ri le o n . wi r e o s .
B r1d le Jo m t .

upright p rti n p r t d Thi i m t u ful j int f

o o se a a e . s s a os se o or

p iti ns i mil r t th t h wn in t h m ll gl fr m
os o s a o a s o e s a ass a e,

Fi g 7 5 . Th w d fr ming in thi c
. i
e nly 1 g in in
oo a s as e s o .

width n d if m rti w u d it w uld h v t b e x p

, a a o se e re se o a e o e ce

t i n ll y m ll
o a T h h p d r il t t h b tt m f thi s fr m
s a . e s a e a a e o o o a e

ag in h w t h pplic ti n f t h bridl j int

a s o s e a a o o e e o .

Fig 76 h w n bliqu b idl j int us d in

. s o s a o e r e o , e

in t c br c
s an e s as a trut t pr v nt fr ming fr m a e , or s , o e e a o

ing (S e l Fig
. e a so .

Fi g 7 7 is st pp d bri dl j int u ed in p iti n wh r

. a o e e o , s os o s e e
t h t p r b tt m dg
e o o f th w k m t th
o y nod w h r e e o e or ee s ee e, a e e,

if t h r il w r ll w d t run thr ugh t h nd g in

e a e e a o e o o , e e ra

w uld pp r un ightly
o a ea s .

Fi g 78 i ll d bridl j int t t h c rn r f fr m
. s a s o ca -
e e o a e o e o a a e .

Thi is als o c ll d n p l t m orti nd t n n j int

s a e a o en s o se a e o o .

28
 T k e B ri dle jo int
A g d str ng
oo o , se rvic able j oint which c
e an be u d in t ead
se s

Fi g 7 8 . .
-
B idle J oint
r .

Fig 77
. .
— St 9 p pe d B idle
r Fi g 79 . . O bli qA
— ue n gle
J om t. B idle Jom t
r .

Fi g 8 o
. .
-
App li ti ca on o f B i dl J
r e oi n tt R fTo oo ru ss .

of cl d m ti n d t n n typ
t he os e or se a e o e, i ts dv nt g
a a a e is th t a

less lab our is r quir d in t h m king

e e e a .
(See als Fig o .

29
 jo ints in Woodwork
Fig bliqu bri d l j int u d in i mil r p iti s
.
79 i s an o e e o se s a os on

t th
o b v but w h n t h t w pi
e a o m t t n cut
e, e e o e ce s ee a a a e
angl t t h nd f fr m
e a e e o a a e .

Fig 8 h w t h p pli ti f t h bridl j int t r f

. 0 s o s e a ca on o e e o o a oo

tru Tw
ss k tc h
. h wn t t h j ini g f t h t i
o s e e s a re s o a e o n o e e
b m n d t h princip l r ft r Th e j int i t h typ
ea a e a a e . o a s e e
g n rally u d
e e se .

G OUT A ND MA R KING
SE TT I N .

It i s a s a f ul when tting out a bridl j int t divid

e r e, se e o ,
o e

t h thi kn s o f t h ti m b r int thr

e c es qu l p art This will e e o ee e a s .

l v t h tim b e r on ch id o f t h e t ngu e e qu l t o t h
ea e e ea s e o a e

t hi kn es f t h t gu thus givi g unif rm s tr ngth t

c s o e on e, n o e o

t h j int
e o T h e bri dl j int i c hi fly u d fo c nn cting
. e o s e se r o e

t h int e rn l p rt s o f w o d n fr m
e a It i s s tr ng r th an
a o e a es . o e

t h e h al i ng j oint an d v wing t o its p culi r c onstru cti n

, , o e a o ,

r quire s littl in t h e way of p g cr ws o n i l t s cure

e e e s, s e r a s, o e

it in p osition Fig 8 1 illu strat e s t h j oint b oth O p en and

. . e

clo ed s .

T o und rs tand t he m e th o d of s e tting ou t a n d m rking

e a ,

gl nce at t h sketch Fig 81 It i s ot n e ess ary th t t h

a e , . . n c a e

bridl e pi ec e A b e t h e s am width a t h cr ss pi e B but e s e o ce

it mu t b e r m mb r d wh n etting t t h j int with t he

s e e e e e s ou e o

marking knife r p il t h t t h e width m a k d W on pi e e o en c a r e c

B mus t b e qu al t o t h e width W n t h pi A Th ti mb e r
e o e e ce . e

Sh uld b e f i ly a c u
o t ely wn pl an d t o t h same
a r c ra sa or e e

t hickn ss n d all dg s hould be squ a e an d t u e

e ,
a e es r r .

M a r ki n g Th e w o d i s p l d p n t h b n h an d t h
.
-
o a ce U o e e c , e

j i t m rk e d u t by u i g m ki g k if o p en kn if
o n a o s n a ar n n e r e

bl d an d t he t y Squ r A knife bl d i m uch b t t r th n

a e r a e . a e s e e a

a p n il as t h h p e dg v s t h fibres f t he w o d
e c ,
e s ar e se er e o o

an d giv s m uch fi n r lin th e at h p e ncil It i s n t alw ys e e an e . o a

n c s ry t x ctly qu
e es a nd t im t h
o e nd of pi ce A
a s a re a r e e e

it m ay with a dv nt g i n m ny b e l ft i l n g r
1 a a e a cas e s e 8
»
n . o e

th n n c s y an d l vell e d ff with t h e s aw plan e an d

a e e s ar e o ,

c hi s el aft er t he j oint i s put t g ther o e .

3 0
 Tk e B r idle jo int
W he n A h t h v bridl j int fitt d t
t he pi ec e as o a e a e o e a

eac h n d i t i t h u u l w k h p pr ti t t t h ti m b r
e , s e s a or s o ac ce o cu e e

a b ut in l g r th n
o . y d m rk t h h uld r
on e an e ce s s a r , an a e s o e

li C t t h x t l ngt h ft r which t h j i t
n es o e e ac cut e , a e e o n s a re

Thi l v t h nd t n di ng v r t h h ri nt l r il
s ea es e e s s a o e e o z o a a s,

a nd ft r fixin g t he c m pl t e fr m t geth r t h mall

, a e o e a e o e , e s

proj ecting ends are l evell ed o ff fl ush with t he cross rails .

Fi g 8 1 . .
—B id1 J r e oin t , o pe n Fi g 82 . .
—G au gin g t he
an d clo s e d . Ti b m er w h it M ti G or se a u ge .

Ga u gi n g .
—
Aft r squaring all
sh ould r lin es r und
e t he e o

t h timb r with t h
e k if e d try qu r t h m rtis e n e an s a e, e o e

g ug h uld b s et s s t trik t h t w g ug lin s

a e s o e o a o s e e o a e e
mark d G Figs 83 n d 84 t
e ,O p r ti n If t h w rk r
. a , a on e e a o . e o e

d s n t p ss m rti g ug t h w rk m y b m rk d
oe o os s e a o se a e e o a e a e

a t t w di tinct O p r ti ns with t h
o s i d f t h m king e a o e a o e ar

g ug Th g ug h uld b d j u t d
a e . e s t
a m rk t h e s o e a s e so a o a e
w d int thi d n d t h st ck f t h g ug (t h p ti n
oo o r s, a e o o e a e e or o

o f t h g ug nt i ning t h th m b r w in Fig 82 ) mu t
e a e co a e u sc e . s

b u d fr m t h e f c
e se id f t h ti m b r wh n g ugin g up
o a e s e o e e e a

t h wh l e f t h pi e c f ming f m Th f c m rk n
o e o e es or a ra e . e a e a o

t he w rk is in di c t e d by a gl rifi d comma and t he e dg e

o a o e ,

31
 joints in Woodwork
ma rk is h wn by n x
s o in t h v ri us illustrati ns
a , as e a o o .

Fig 82 h w t h m th d f h lding t h g ug in t h right

. s o s e e o o o e a e e
h nd whil t g uging t h lin n t h w rk
a s a e es o e o .

Fi g 8 3 . . Fi g 84 . .

T h e Two Parts of t he J i tM
o n a rk e d .

The j o int wh n m rk ed t will pp r a at Figs

, e a ou ,
a ea s .

8 3 an d 84 n d t h e p rti ns whi h
, a t b cut w y m yo o c a re o e a a a

be s had d with a p ncil as indic t e d ; t his will pr event

e e a

Fi g 85 .
—B i
. or n g p re viou s t o Chi se lling .

mi st kesa ing w hil t utting t h w rk pecially by

ari s s c e o , es

on wh i n t t h r ughly f mili r with t h j int

e o s o o o a a e o .

Th dist nc A B in Fig 83 must no t b e l ss than t he

e a e , .
, e

distance A B in Fig 84 . .

32
 Tke B ridle jo in t
B o ri n g Aw a y W s t e —Exam in e Fig 84 t he s h ad ed
a . .

p rti on in t h ntre has t o b e cut away n d it will gre tly

o e ce , a a

f ili t at e t h r m o l of thi s w s t pi ece by bo ring a hole

ac e e va a e

with a twi s t bit at t h p o iti on s hown Th twi s t bit s ho uld

e s . e

be ab out 1 in l ess in diam e t e r than t he width b etween t he

.

Fi g 86 . .
—S wi g—h
a n t e fi rs t cut .

Th e e asiest me th d o f boring out this hol e

o

is sh wn at Fig
o .85 .

SAWI N
G THE J OI N T .

Sa wi n g — .Th e w o d s h uld b e p u t in t h e vic e as Fig 86

o o . .

T king up a s aw wi th t h i d x finge r on t he side o f t he

a , e n e

h andl e c omm enc e s awing nd proc d until you c ome t o

, ,
a ee

t h e po siti o n i ndi c t d by t h e d ott d h

a e d an d saw A t hi s e an

will le a v a s w ke rf o r cut running di ag on ally from t he

e a

should r line t o c orn r of t h e wood Relea se t he vice and

e e .

re fi x t h e w o od so that it lea ns in ex a ctly t he o ppos it e

L W.
33 D
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
dir cti n t Fig 86 t h n r v
e o o y ur wn p iti n
. e e e rs e o o os o
an d r p t th e wing
ea t t n th r di g n l
e sa w , s o as o ou a o e a o a sa

cut f m t h h uld lin t t h rn r Fi x t h w d

ro e s o er e o e co e . e oo

upright h wn t Fig 87 n d w s h wn wh n y
, as s o a .
, a sa a s o , e ou

will find th t t h w h n t nd cy t run t f t h

a e sa as o e en o ou o e
guid cuts l r dy f rm d by t h m tho d us d t Fig 8 6
e a ea o e e e e a . .

R m mb r wh n c om m ncing t
e e e ,
aw t Fig 8 6 th t it i
e e o s a .
, a s

n ec ess ry t o saw i n i de the gauge lin e otherwise t he j oint

a s

Fi g 8 7 . .
—Th i d r or h or iz t on a l Fi g 8 8 . .
—Chi se lli n g .

s aw ou t .

will b e t o sl ck wing t t h t hi ckn

o f th w d
a , o o e ess o e oo ,

which wi ll b m d int sawdu t by t h t hi k e f tha e o s e c n es s o e

sa w bl d T h e i d x fing r n t h
a e . id f t h w nd n e e o e s e o e sa , a

p inting in t h dir cti n f t h w t wi ll g tly h lp

o e ,
e o o e sa cu re a e

t h w rk r t o
e o w in tr ight lin
e it 5 n t l t p int
sa a s a e , as 1 a u ra o o

with thi fing t n y bj t that i t b im d t

s er o a o ec s o e a e a .

Cut d wn t h th r li in i mil r m nn r nd th n
o e o e ne a s a a e , a e

with a chi l f uit bl width c r fully ch p w y t h

se o s a e a e o a a e

w t m t ri l Th w d m y b pl d edg w y up n
as e a e a . e oo a e ace e a o

th b e h in t h ic n d t h hi l h uld b h ld
en c ,
or e v e, a e c se s o e e

v rtic lly Th h l whi h h b b d with t h twi t

e a . e o e c as e en or e e s
bit will ll w t h hip whi h
a cut w y t ff r littl
o e c s c a re a a o o e e

or n i t nc t t h chi l bl d Th hi lling h uld

o res s a e o e se a e . e c se s o

n t
o ll b d n fr m n
a eid o hipp d und r dg
o e o o e s e, r a c e e -
e e

will b t h r ult ; it i b tt r t o hi l t h w k until

e e es s e e c se e or

h lf w y through and th en turn t h oth er d g o f t h w od

a a e e e e o

34
 T ke B ridle joi nt
j u s t on t he gauge lin e ; th en treat t he other shoulde r lin es
in si mil r m n r
a a an e .

C h i s e ll i n g y ur wood firmly in an y
away W a s t e —Fix . o

suit bl a nn r vic
e ma th rwi n d h ldi ng y ur c hi s l
e , e or o e se , a , o o e

tilt d e t Fig 90 p r
as a w y t h bl ck d p rti n 1 then
.
, a e a a e a e o o

p r way t h bl ck d p rti n 2 ; ft r whi ch hold t h

a e a e a e o o a e e

chi l fl at and by gradual p erati ns pare away t he dott ed

se o o

Fi g 90 . .
—Chi s e llin g a w ay Wa ste .

lin es 3 until y u com d wn t o t he gauge lin e then rep eat

,
o e o

t he m th d f cutting on t he O pp it e ide o f t h e w oo d
e o o os s .

If ny di ffi culty b xp ri nc d by chipp e d or r gge d e dg

a e e e e e a es

whil t chis lling it c n asily b v rc ome by chiselling

s e ,
a e e o e

alt e rnat ly fr m t he utsid f t h wo d s o that t h fi ni h

e o o e o e o , e s
o f t h e chis l cut t k pl c in t h c ntre f t h w rk as
e a es a e e e o e o ,

previ ou ly d c i b d S me w rk rs pr f r t o chis l aw y
s es r e . o o e e e e a

t h was t by pl ing t h w
e e d n i t dg and u ing t h
ac e oo o s e e s e

chis l v rtic ll y in t d of h riz ntally Th sam method

e e a s ea o o . e e s

( 1 2 and 3) h ld g d in thi cas e o oo s

—
.
, ,

Jo i n t O t h r t h n t
s Th e t wo p i e c es fo rmin g a
e a a

bridl j int e n to lw y at right ngl s

a re oat Fig 8 1
a a s a e , as .

in many inst n c es it i n c s ry that t h e j int be at the r

a s e es a o o

than The work h ow e v e r is t reat ed i n a simil ar , ,

37
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
ma nn r with t h x pti n th t n dj ustabl j in r s
e , e e ce o a a a e o e
’

b v l is u d in t d f try qu r t m rk t t h
e e se s ea o a s a e o a ou e
s h uld r lin
o n d th t
e h ng f dir cti n in t h gr in
es , a a a c a e o e o e a
o f t h w d wille c u wh n hi lling t t h w rk
oo o c r e c se ou e o .

Fig 9 indi t t h c h g i t h gr in f t h w od n d
. 1 ca es e an e n e a o e o , a
t h adj u t bl j in r b v l i h wn
,

’
e l
s a e o e s e e s a so s o .

Fi g 91 . .
-
B i dl J i t a t An gle oth er th an
r e o n Fi g 92 . .
—
Op en
R i g h t A n gl e. Slo t J oi n t .

Fig .
92 sp n l t m rti n d t n n j int n d
h ow s a n o e s o o se a e o o , a

n t o bridl j int
a it i m tim c ll d thi s j int i
e o , as s so e es a e o s
m rk d t n d cut in t h m w y t h bri dl j int
a e ou a e sa e a as e e o .

L ding uth riti s

ea g d th t bridl j int is an
a o e are a re e a a e o

int rn l j int n d Fig 92 h w t h j int t t h n d f a

e a o , a . s o s e o a e e o
fr m n d it t h r f r m und r t h h ding f O p n
a e, a e e o e co es e e ea o e

sl t mortise and t en on j oints (See also rem arks on Fig

o . .
 T HE TO NGU ED AND
G R O OV E D JO I NT
HE t ongu d nd gr o v d j int i us d in ne f rm
e a o e o s e o o

an th r thr ugh ut t h wh l f t h w dw rking

or o e o o e o e o e oo o

tr d c v inga es , it d og t v iety f w rk
er , as oe s , a re a ar o o

fr m t h l ying f fl i ng b o rds t o t h construction

o e a o o or a e

of light c bin et w rk a o .

Fl o ri n g a n d M at h B o a r di n g g n rall y hav
o c e e e

t h t ngu s w rk d n t h
e o e lid b rd n d x mpl es of a
o e o e so oa ,
a e a

f w f t he vari ous typ e s

e o hown as foll ows are s

Fi g 93 .
—
T o n gu e d and Fi g 94 . .
-
Se c i o n t
G ved H d w od
.

ro o Flo orin g of ar o
'

B o ar d .

Fig 93 h w t h n d vi w o f t h rdi n ry in t ngu d

. s o s e e e e o a . o e

a nd g v d fl o ing b d u d in t h c n tru ti f
r oo e o r oa r , as se e o s c on o

fl r f mills w rk h p nd c tt g p p ty Thi typ

oo s or , o s o s a o a e ro er . s e

o f fl ring i n il d t t h j i t i t h
oo s adi ry m nn r
e o e o s s n e or na a e ,

n tt mpt b i g m d t c n l t h n il u d
o a e e n a e o o ce a e a s se .

Fig 94 i . ti n f fl ring whi h i g

s a sec lly m d f
o o oo c s en era a e o
h rdw d uch m pl
a oo ,
k
s j r h It i u d in
as a e, oa , or a ra . s se

p it
os i n u
o h s b
s sll m nd
c k ti g rinka fl t c a ro o a s a n oors , e

t h t ngu
e o n d gr v b ing w rk d i uch m
e a r th t
oo e e o e n s a an n e a

it c v r t h n ils
o e s h wn E h n il i d i n int i t
e a as s o . ac a s I ve o s
p i ti n t n dg f t h b rd t h gr v h lding t h
os o a o e e e o e oa , e oo e o e
n x t b d n d hi di g t h n il
e o ar a n e a .

Fi g 95 h ws an xamp l
. s f matchb oardi n g kn own as
o e e o

39
 joints in Woodwork
t n gu d gr v d n d h d d n n i d nly nd Fig 96
o e , oo e , a ea e o o e s e o , a .
,

sh w i mil r typ t gu d g v d d h d d n b th
o s a s a e on e ,
ro o e an ea e o o

sid Thi es i ty f m t hb ding i k wn in t h tr d

. s v ar e o a c o ar s no e a e

5 T G n d B It i us d f n iling n fr ming t o
. . a . s e or a o a

Fi g 95 . .
—T on gu ed Fi g 96 .
—T d on gu e F i g 97. .
-
Mt a ch
vd ve d b d in g
.

and G roo e an d G roo o ar

M t hb d M t hb d
,

a c oar a c oar T on u g ed
i n g wi th B d ,
ea in g w ith B d ea G ro o ved and
Si d at E h Sd
,
’
o n On e e. ac i e. Vee d .

form partiti ns f r ms ffi ces t f p n lling c rri o or oo , o , e c .

, or a e o

d rs t n d f m ki g fr m d n d l dg d d r build
o , e c .
, a or a n a e a e e oo s ,

ing t l h u s y l h d d th r t h
oo o t se , c c e s e s an o e ou ou s es , e c .

Fi g 97 i n x mfl . f m t hb ding th t i t gu d
s a e a e o a c oar a s on e ,

gr ve d nd v e d n on e sid n d Fig 98 h w t ngued

oo a e
’
o e, a . s o s o ,

Fi g 98 . .
—M t h a c Fi g 99 —D b l ou e Fi g . 100 .

b di g V t g d D b d v t il d
. .

’
o ar n ee d on ue ou le -
o e a e ,

B th Si d o e s. M t h b din g T g d n d
a c o ar . on ue ,
a
G v d J in t ro o e o .

groove d nd d b t h id Th e a u d f imil ry ee
’
o s es . es are se or s a
purp t Fig 95 n d 96
os e s n d m ny p r f r t h V m t h
o s . a , a a e e e a c

b r ding b c us e i t is m r
oa ily p i nt d th n t he b ad d
, e a o e e as a e a e e
v i ty
ar e .

Th b j ct f working h d b ad on m atchb arding

e o e o a ea or e s o

is t br k t h j inting f t h v ri u pi c nd t ai m
o ea e o o e a o s e es a o

a t o rnam ental ff ct l t prev nt un i ghtlin ss should e e a so o e s e

4 0
 T ke T o ng ued a nd Groov ed jo int

t he timb r shrink lightly If m d rat m unt o f sh ink

e s . a o e e a o r

a e
g tak pl i
esn rly l w y t h c e t h j int
a ce , as s ea a a s e as , e o

a t t h sid f t h b d pp r t t h c su l b rv r t
e e o e ea a ea s o e a a o se e o

b t h fill t
e e ch nn l w rk d t t h id f t h h d
e or a e o e a e s e o e ea .

If t h t ngu s e n t p i nt d b f r
o t h w k i put t o
e a re o a e e o e e or s

g the r t h hrink g will c u e t h w w d t Show and

e , e s a e a s e ra oo o ,

t hu m k t h j int t much in vid nce

s a e e o oo e e .

Fig 99 sh w a d ubl t ngu d n d gr ove d j oint used

. o s o e o e a o

in t he wh les l c bin t f ct o i es It is preferr e d for t he

o a e a e a r .

Fi g . 10 1 —J
t wi th Sin gle
. o in Fi g . 102 .
-
Loose
D v t i l To n g e n d
o e a u a T on es .

G oov e
r . A . C ro ss o n gu e .

B . F ea t he r Tongue .

j ointing of cabin et st ock and t he amat eur can make a similar ,

j oint by wo rki ng t wo gr oo ve s an d in s e rting loos e t ongu es .

Fig 1 00 is t he nd vi w f d uble dov t ai l d t ongu d

. e e o a o -
e e , e ,

a n d gr o v d j int and Fig 1 0 1 i

o e a k etch of a si mi lar
o , . s s

j int h ving o nly n e d vet il d t ongu e

o a o o a e .

Fr m a c nstructi n l p int of vi w Fig 1 00 is far and

o o o a o e .

a w y t he b e t j int th t h y t b n pro duced Unfor

a s o a as e ee .

t un t ly h w v r th e r is n ot at t h pres nt tim e any han d

a e , o e e , e e e

t l th t will e c n mic lly pr duc it o wing prob bly to

oo a o o a o e , a

t h f ct that t h j int is t h e sub j ct o f

e a pat n t The
e o e a e .

d v t il t ngu e t p r sli ghtly through ut its e ntire

o e a o a e s o

l ngth gripping t h j int on t h principl e of t he wedge

e , e o e ,

a nd qu szing t h glu e int o t h p ores f t h wo d

ee e e o e o

C abi ne t wo rk J i nt s —With r g rd t
.

t ongue d and o . e a o

gr v d j int whi h pply m r p ticul rly t t h j inting

oo e o s c a o e ar a o e o

o f cabin e t w o rk Fig 93 is pro duc e d by plan es which

, e . ar

4 1
 jo ints in Woodwork
s peciall y m d f t h pu p O n pl n mak s t h t ngu e
a e or e r os e . e a e e e o

a nd n th t h g
a o Th h di t iz
er t buy e ro o v e . e an es s es o a re

th w hi h j int gi n 2in n d i in timb r it b ing u u l

os e c o ” a t . e , e s a

t o dwl l o t ngu t hi k r b d Th 3 in p
e or o os e -
o e c e o ar s . e . ar

t i t i n (o
o th y
s m ti m c ll d d t b d
r , as e a re s o e es a e , us o ar s

b tw n t h d w r f
e ee id b rd dr sing ch st
e ra e s o a s e oa or es e

ar e in g d w k j i t d in thi m nn r Th 5 in n d
oo or o n e s a e . e . a

in nd n d t p
. f pin
e Am rican whi t ew d
s a 0 s o e or e oo

dr ing tables w rd ob et call fo t he l rger siz ed

ess , a r es , c .
, r a

pl n s
a e .

Fi g . 1 03 .
—C ra dl e fo r P l in g
an .

Lo o s e To n g u e s m th ds o f j inting .
—Th r e e ar e t wo e o o

wit h l t gu viz t h
o o se f th r s t ngu Fig
on es , e u se o e c os o e, .

1 02 A nd th e f th f
, a th t ngu Fig 1 02 B Cr ss
e us o e ea er o e, . . o

t ngu e
o th tr ng r wh n glu d in th ir p iti n and
s a re e s o e e e e os o ,

t h y n b u d v ry m uch thinn r th n f t h r t ngu s

e ca e se e e a ea e o e .

F th r t ngu s
ea e cut di g n lly cross t h gr in as
o e a re a o a a e a

illu t t d s ra e .

Fig 0 3 i .r dl f p l ning up l
1 t ngu t t he
s a c a e or a oos e o es o

r quir d widt h (g n r lly %I

e e Tw g v m d in e e a o ro o e s a re a e
a pi c f } i h rdw d n gr v i us d f pl ning
e e o 1 n . a oo o e oo e s e or a

t h width w y f t h t ngu e n d t h o th r f
e a pl ning t h
o e o a e e or a e

e dg w y e a .

Th t gu s n b cut t ccur t iz n a circular

e se on e ca e o a a e s e o

sa w b nch if p w r n d m chin ry
e t h nd o e a a e a re a a .

A PP L I CATIO N S OF THE T O N G UED A ND GROOVED '

J OINT .

Fig 1 0 4 i k t h f p ti n f id b rd t p h w
. s a s e c o a or o o a s e oa o , s o

i ng t h pl ough gro v r dy w rk d
e t t o r c iv t he o e ea o e ou e e e

42
 joints in Woodwork
first j oint ed and glu e d up a ft e r which nds and id s ,
t he e s e

aregr v d r dy t r c ive t h cr t ngu Th h rd

oo e ea o e e e oss o es . e a

wood margins are shown at one end and at t he front and t he .

Fi g . 1 06 —P art Ca rcas s of Dre ssing Table .

groov es rranged so that on c ompl ti n t he mar

are a , e o ,

gi n lafram st nd eb v t h t
a p j u t t
s a h m unt f toh e e o s e a o o e

thickness of t h l th r whi h will c v r t h t bl In

e ea e c o e e a e.

so m e c ase s t he m argin at t h e end runs t he sam e way o f

Fi g . 1 0 7. —
W t ri in g Ta ble T op .

t he gr in a t h t p thus all wing fo li ght hrinkag

a s e o , o r s s e .

Cro t ngu w uld f c ur b u d in this c

ss o es o o o se e se as e .

Fi g 1 0 8 is a s k t h sh wing n qu rt r f
. e c b rr d o o e -
a e o a a e or

t r c ry c bin t d r
a e a An nl rg d cti n f t h st g l
e oo . e a e se o o e a ra a

m uld whi h is g ved t o fit n t he ba which form t h

o c ro o o r s e

rebat e i s als o sh wn o .

44
 Tke T o ng ued a nd G roov ed jo int

Figis a c mbing o c rn r l cking j int a meth d

. 1 09 o r o e o o , o
of m king b x s by m n
a f ntinu us
o e f t n g u es ea s o a co o u se o o
an d gr s in t d f d v t il Thi t yp of j int is
oo ve s ea o o e a s . s e o

g n r lly m c hin m d The mat eu howeve r who i s

e e a a e a e. a r, ,

Fi g . 1 10.
Sin gle Loo se
— T o n g u e an d
Fi g . 108 —C o rn e r Fi g . C mb g o in or D bl ou e
oi B a rr e dD oor. Lo c k g J i t
in o n . t on g J in t
ue o .

no t pr fici ent t o unde rtake a dov taile d box fre quently

o e

us s t hi m th d
e s e o .

C r n e r J i nt s
o Fig 1 1 0 is a singl loose ton gu e and a
o .
-
. e

d ubl e solid t ngu e B oth a e m eth ds used t o connect

o o . r o

Fi g . 1 12 . Fi g . 1 13 .

Ex am
p les of T o n gu e d an d G roov e d Co m e r J oin ts .

circul r c orn r d work uch s a c ounte r nd t o t he front

a e e , s a e ,

fr ming
a .

Fig 1 1 1 sh ws a t ongu and gr ved j int suit ble for

. o e oo o a

edg n d j in t ing
e or e uch as fitting m tc hb rding r und
o , s a oa o

a c hi mn y br t m king m ll j w l dr w r t
e eas , a s a e e a e s, e c .

Fig 1 1 2 is a t ngu d and gr ov d j int with a be d

. o e o e o , a

worked on same t o hid t h j int sometimes c ll d a staff e e o , a e

45
 joints in Woodwork
b d It would b u d in p iti n uch b rding in n
ea . e se os o s s as oa a
upright ir n pill r t c t h b ad giving n t fini h t
o a , e .
, e e a ea s a

e ach c rn r o e .

Fig 1 1 3 is a simil r j int but t n btu ngl An

. a o , a a o se a e .

e x m pl f i t
a i in fi x ing b r di ng r u d an ct g n l
e o s u se s oa o n o a o a

c lum n f brickw k
o o or .

Fig 1 1 4 h w t ngu d nd g v d m itr

. S ou d s a o e a ro o e e as se

for tr ngth ning t h c r r f bin t w k uch

s e e e o ne s o ca e or , s as

t c ddi sm ll b x plinth t B h w
ea a es , m ll a o es , s, e c . s o s a s a

Fi g . 1 14 . Fi g . 1 16 .

T on g u e d an d M th d
e o of C o rn e r J i t w i th
o n
Groo v e d Mit re Wo rk in g G . ro o v e . C o rn e r M ld ou .

r b t d bl ck n of which w uld b u d t ch c om r
e a e o ,
o e o e se a ea e

t f ci lit t t h cr m pi g up wh n gl u ing t h j int

o a a e e a n e e e o s .

Fig 1 5 h w t h m th d f w king t h gr v in t h
. 1 s o s e e o o or e oo e e

ab v j ints Th pi c s turn d b k t b ck t h mitr

o e o . e e e a re e ac o a , e es

thu m king right gl Th guid n t h g vi g

s a a an e . e e o e ro o n

pl n thu w rk g i t c h f c f t h j int nd thi

a e s o s a a ns ea a e o e o , a s

enu s rr ct j inting
r e s co e o .

Fig 1 6 i m w h t i mil r t Fig 1 1 1 but with

. 1 s so e a s a o .
, a

qu rt r ci l m uld t hid t h j int

a e rc e o o e e o .

Fig 1 7 indi t t h buil di g up f d ubl ki ting

. 1 c a es e n o a o e s r

m ul d o C r p .t t h bri kw k A t h k f m d
e re s en s e c or , e oa -
ra e

p lli ng nd B t h p king n d fi xing bl ck A wid

an e , a e ac a o . e

ski ting f t hi typ i m d in t w p ti n f c nv i nc

r o s e s a e o or o s or o en e e

o f w r king t ho m l d ing n d t p v t u du hi k g
e ou a o re en n e s r n a e .

Fi g 1 1 8 i t h t p p t f
. d i g t bl with gl
s nd e o ar o a res s n a e a ss a

j w l d w rs Th k etch h w t h t w pi c es s p rat d
e e ra e . e s s o s e o e e a e .

46
 Tke T ong u ed a nd Groov ed jo int

Th es e j i t d by t gu i g d g ving n d wh n
ar e o n e on e n an ro o , a e

glu d up t h ppi g m ld hi d t h j i t Thi m k

e e ca n ou es e o n . s a es a

n ea tfi ih n n s w n i l b i g r quir d n d t h j int
, o s c re s or a s e n e e ,
a e o

is t o all pp ar nc s glu d butt j int

a e a e a e o .

D bl Ski ti
ou e r ng Fi g . 1 18 —D r e ss i n g T bla e Top w h ,
it t
sk e ch
M ld ou . of p t
a r s s e p a ra e td .

P L OUGHING .

Wh en gro oves hav e t o b e w orke d in t he e dge fac e o f or

a b d t r iv t ngu t he p c ss i s gen rally ll d

o ar o e ce e o es , ro e e ca e

pl ughing an d it i u u lly a cc omplis h d by a p eci al

o , s s a e s

t l ll e d a pl ugh (o as it i oc asi on lly sp elt pl w

oo ca o r, s c a , o

W hen a pl ugh pl n e i s b ought it i s u su l t o p o cur ight

o a a r e e

pl ugh bit s
o bl d s o f v ri ous s iz e t o fit t h pl n
or a e a s e a e .
‘

Fig 1 1 9 h ws t h e b ck el v ti n o f a p l ugh plan e with

. s o a e a o o

t h n am es o f t h e v a ri u s p t l tt
e d th r on o ar s e e re e e .

T h b ard or b
e o ds whi h it i s d sire d t o gr oove are
o ar c e

fir t pl an e d s tr ight n d t u e ex ctly a th ough it w re

s a a r , a s e

d ir d t o m k a glu d o butt j int On f t he bo rds

es e a e e r o . e o a

is now plac ed e dge way up in t he vice and with the fac e

sid e t o t he w orker .

47
 jo in ts in Wood work
Tak e t h pl ugh pl n nd l ct suit bly iz d bl d
e o a e a se e a a -
s e a e
fix it in t h pl n in t h u u l w y ll wing t h cutting
e a e e s a a , a o e

e dg t pr j c t b y nd t h t l k t b ut 3 5 f n
e o o e e1 o e s ee s a e a o o a

inch n d cur ly driv up t h w dg N x t l n t h

, a se e e e e e . e oo se e

s mall b oxwoo d we dges at t he ide o f e ach st em ( t he parts s

u n fi t % ”

Fi g . 1 19 .
-
Plough Plane .

120 .
—P lan of Plo u gh Plane .

l the st ems a e lett red S in t he pl n Fig

cal e d r an d e a , .

a dj u t t h pl n by t pping t h t m with h mm r un t il
s e a e a e s e s a a e

t h cutting ir n is in t h d ir d p iti n th n kn ck
‘

e o e es e os o e o

up t he sm ll w dg nic nd tight W h n tting t h f nc

a e es e a . e se e e e

t o o fr m t h e bl d it i
r o wi pr c uti n t m ur t h
a e s a se e a o o e as e e

di st anc fr m t h f nc t o t h sk t
e o et ch n d o f t h pl n
e e e a e a ea e e a e

t his will n ur t h e k t b ing p rall l t o t h f nc

s e e s Th e
a e e a e e e e.

negl ect o f t his i s a s ourc e o f ann oyanc e t o man y amat e urs .

48
 Tke To ng u ed a nd Grooved jo int

N ow dj u t t h d pth t p by tu ning t h cr w t t h
a s e e s o r e s e a e

t p f t h pl n m
o o uring t h d pth f t h q ir d gr v
e a e, eas e e o e re u e oo e
fr m t h dg f t h bl d t t h t p d t h n c r fully
o e e e o e a e o e s 0 , an e a e

l ck t h scr w whi h dj u t thi t op Th s r w i

o e e c a s s s s . e c e s
g n erally dj u t d with
e ar w driv r t t h id f t h
s e a sc e e a e s e o e
pl nea Oth r typ es f pl ugh fi lli t pl n s hav e a
. e o o or s er a e

screw adj ust m nt n t h st ems in pl c e of t h e w dges

e o e a e

—
.

Us i n g t h e P l a n e Th p l n e i n w r e dy f o r use . e a s o a .

H ld t h fenc cl s up t t h e id f t h ti m b r t h h nds
o e e o e o s e o e e , e a

i n p o iti n as h wn
s ot Fig 1 2 0 t h p iti n f t h e b dy
s o a .
, e os o o o

b ing th t gen er ll y s um d in pl ning Mov t h pl n e

e a a a s e a . e e a

b ckw rds nd f rw rd in t h u u l m nn r b ginning

a a a o a s e s a a e , e

t h cut t t h
e nd f t h b
a d n e r t t t h vic j w (t h
e e o e o ar a es o e e a s e

fr nt ) and p r c d with t h pl ning until t h d pth st p

o , o ee e a e e o

i in c nt ct with t h e w o d Th n t k
s o a t p b ckw rds o . e a e a s e a a

and r p eat t h pr c until t h wh l l ngth f t he gr ov

e e o e ss e o e e o o e

i pl ugh d C r m u t b t k n t forc t h fenc up t

'

s o e . a e s e a e o e e e o

t h b ard with t h l ft h nd whil t t h right h nd thru t

e o e e a , s e a s s

t h plan b ckwards n d f o rwards and t h e pl n e must b e

e e a a , a

kep t v e rtic al .

TONGUEING .

Th e gr oov s having b e n c mpl t d t he t ongu s have t o

e e o e e e

be m d aFig 1 2 1 hows a k tch f b d n d t h

e . . s s e o a oa r a e

m th d f m king t cr t ngu ( ) n d f th r
e o o ar ou oss o es a a ea e

t ngu s ( b) Th u u l pr c dur f m king cr s t ngu es

o e . e s a o e e or a os o

i t o pl n t h
s nd af t h b o rd n d
e cutting g ug
e e o e a a u se a a e

t o giv lin t h r quir d di st nc fr m t h nd ( e

e a e e e e a e o e e s e

sk tch) Th b o rd i wn with a t n n p n l s w
e . e a s sa e o or a e a ,

a nd t h pi c f timb r f t h t ongu is thu pr cur d

e e e o e or e e s o e .

If f the r t ngu is t b u d it i cut di gon lly from

a ea o e o e se s a a

t he b o ar d ( 6) and t h nds cut squ r s h wn by t h d tt d e e a e a s o e o e

lin e .

Fe a t he r To n g e s c n b bt ine d in f irly l ng lengths

u a e o a a o

o t o f narr ow b o ard
u whil t n t he th r h nd cro s s, s o o e a s

t ongu e s a limit e d by t he width of t he board Aft e r

re
L' s
49
 joints in Woodwo rk
cutting ff t h t ngu th y r quir pl ning with nic ty
o e o es , e e e a e

t fit t h g
o v nd th
e dv t g f gr v d b rd
ro o es , a e a an a e o a oo e oa

( Fig 1 0.
3 ) will b ppr ci t d A glu sp n imil reto a e a e . e oo s a

Fi g . 12 1. —
Mt e ho d of M a rk i n g O u t f or C ro s s To n g u e s
and Fe a he r t Tongu es .

a plumb er s ladl e is gen erally use d t o p our t he glu int o

’
e

t h gr o v e s and it is usu l t o glu e t he t ongu e int

e o ,
n a o o e

122 . Fig 1 2 3 . . Fi g . 1 24 .
—M th d e o of
Vi e w s o f T o n gu e i n g a n d T on gu e in g .

Groovi ng P
la n e s .

b rd fir t ft r ll wing this t t t h j int is c mpl t d

oa s a e a o o se , e o o e e

in t h u u l m nn r
e s a a e .

o P
T n g i n g lan e s —
ue Fig 1 2 2 hows t h n d V i w f . . s e e e o a
n

t n gu ing plan e f or w o rking match d j ints out o f t h

o e e o e

50
 joints in Woodwork

Ligh t J ap a ne se Va s e tand s ( F ixi g is by mea ns of

S . n
M ti or se and T no J i t )
e n o n s .

52
T H E M O RT IS E A N D T E N O N J O I NT
M O RT I SE AND T E N ON J
OI T is t he m eth d o f
N o

j o n m e or o e a e
ini g ti b r th r m t rial by forming a s lid o

e a oj e
r ct ngular pr cti n o pi c and cutting
in t he on e e e a
c rre sp nding cavity t o re ceive it in t h adj ining
o o e o

pi ce Th pro j e cti n is call e d t he t non and t h

e . e o e , e
cavity t h e mo rti ( L tin t neo t o h ld ; and Fr nch se a , e ,
o e ,

mortai se) J oints of this typ e are s ecure d in vari ous ways
. .

F1g 12
5
—B f a re a ce d Fi g . 126 .
-
S t
ub
T on J oin t
en . T en o n .

S mall we dges wo d n dowels m etal dowel pin glu e and

, o e ,
s,

p int are fr qu ntly us d and pri r t o t h intr duction

a e e e ,
o e o

o f glu e w h v xampl s f Egyp t i n furniture in which

e a e e e o a

t h m ortis
e n d t n on j ints w e r unit d by a c omp o iti n
e a e o e e s o

o f ch e es
e .

B r e f a c d T n e n a —Fig 1 2 5 illu tr tes t he j oint in its

a e e . s a

simpl st f rm n d sh w t n on h ving nly on sh uld r

e o a o s a e a o e o e .

This s c ll d b r f c d t n n n d it will b n otic d th t

i a e a a e a e e o , a e e a

t he p rti n whi h c rri s t h m rti

o o c i thick e r th n t h
a e e o se s a e
i
o n wh ch t h t n n i t Th j in t i th r f re l v l
e e o s cu . e o s e e o e e

( o r flush as it is call d ) n n sid nly a n d itesh o uld o o e e o ,

n eve r b used at t h c rn r of a fr m It is a us ful

e e o e a e . e

int e rio r j int f o fr ming th t h t o b c v d on t h

o r a a as e o e re e

back sid with m tchb arding an d ll ws t h wo rk t o

e a o ,
a o e

53
 joints in Woodwo rk
finish l e ve l at t he b ack when t he b oarding has b een applie d
( s ee pl n )
a .

St u b or ) — l St u m p Te n o n ( Fig
ccasi n lly . 1 26 a so o o a
c ll d j ggl t n Th illu tr ti n h w t n n
a e a o e en o . e s a o s o s a e o as
u d in t h int ri r f fr m Th t n n i n t ll w d
se e e o o a a e . e e o s o a o e
t run th ugh t h
o til n d un ightlin
ro n th dg i e s e, a s es s o e e e s
thu v id d Thi typ f t n n i ft n us d t t h
s a o e . s e o e o s o e e a e
c rn er of a fram nd it th en r quir s t o b haunch d
o e, a e e e e .

Fi g . 1 2 7. Fig . 128 . Fi g . 129 .

H a u n ch e dT e n on . Ga u gi n g . H a u n ch e dT e n on J i t
o n .

A g d w rk h p m thod f g uging t h d pth f t h

oo o s o e o a e e o e

m rti f
o tub t n n i h w in Fig 1 2 8
se or a s pi f e o s s o n . a e ce o

gum m d st mp p p r i tuck n t h ide f t h m ti

e a a e s s o e s o e or se

chi l indi ting t h d i d d pth of t h m rti

se , ca This e es re e e o se .

g tly f ilit t t h w rk s it is n ot n c s ary t o b e

re a ac a es e o , a e e s

c n t ntly m uri g
o s a e as n

A H a u n h d T n o n as us d at t he e nd o f a d or fr me
c e e , e o a ,

i
s h wn t Fig 2 7 In thi c
s o a it will b n . 1 . s as e e s ee

that t h width of t h t n n i r du d
e th t uffici nt e e o s e ce ,
so a s e

tim b r will b l ft t t h n d of t h til t r i t t h

e e e a e e e s e o es s e

p ur
re s s f t h t n ne w h
o n t h j int i driv n t
e g th r
e o e e o s e o e e .

Th h rt p ti n A whi h i l ft t h t n n i c ll d
e s o or o , c s e on e e o , s a e

t h h un h
e nd t h
a c vity int whi h it ng g is call d
c , a e a o c e a es e

th h n hing Th h unch n d t h h un hing p r v nt

e au c . e a a e a c e e

t h t w pi c s
e f timb r lipping
o e e b ec ming un v n n
o e ,
or o e e o

54
 Tke M o rtise a nd T en o n jo int
the fac e sid w ould b t he result if it wer cut aw y
e , as e e a

entir ly up t t h h uld r
e o e s o e .

Fig 1 2 9 h w t h typ f t en on n d h unch us d wh n

. s o s e e o a a e e

th til
e s upright r il is gr v d t r c iv pan el In
e or a oo e o e e e a .

this n d imil r cas t h h unch is m d t h s m e width

a s a es e a a e e a

an d t he s m d pth as t he gr o v ; t h gr v th r for
a e e o e e oo e e e e

act sth h unching An pplicati n f this j oint i

as e a . a o o s

shown in t h t op rail of t he door fram e Fig 1 30

e , . .

ili a
F g 1 30. . Fi g . 131. Fig 1 3 2 .

A ti J i t id
.

pp c on o f O cc a s i o n a l o n f o r In s e
H d
a u n ch e St mp
u F ram n g i .

M t o r i se a n d T n on
e .

Thi typ f j int i also u d t o c onn ect t he rail t o t he

s e o o s se
l g f n rdin ry kitch n t bl Fig 1 6 4
e o a o a e a e, . .

Fig 1 3 1 i v riati n f t h tum p t n n occ i n lly

. s a a o o e s e o ,
as o a

u d wh r t h w rk in h nd d m nds a thin t n n and

se e e e o a e a e o

a st ut tump t t k h vy tr in
o s o a e ea s a s .

A M rt i e n d Te n o n Jo i n t u d f r insid fr ming
o s a ,
se o e a ,

i
s s h wn t Fig 1 3 2 an applic tion of i t
o a . b ing n , a s u se e s ee

in t h fri z r il Fig 1 3 0 ( nd r il from t p ) Th

e e e a , . s eco a o . e

r il m y b u d
a s a h wn in Fig 3 2 but in t h c
e se as s f o . 1 ,
e as e o

a door fr m ( as Fig 1 3 0) th y w uld h v t h in id

a e . e o a e e s e
e dg gr v d t r c iv t h p n ls ; t h t n n w ould
es oo e o e e e e a e e e o s

th r f r b lightly n rrow r than h own wing t o t he

e e o e e s a e s , o
gr v t ch dg
oo e a ea e e .

A Hau n che d B a re face d Te n o n us e d in simil ar po iti ons , s

55
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
to Fig 1 2 9 is sh wn at Fig 1 33 Th d r fram in this
.
, o . . e oo or e
c w uld b m d f m tchb rding n il d n t h b ck
ase o e a e o a oa a e o e a
as h wn in t h p l n Fig 1 2 5
s o e a , . .

Fig 1 34 i an ill u tr ti n h wing a h unch d t en on

. s s a o s o a e ,

with t h names of t h v ri u p arts

—
e e a o s .

W e d g e s Fig 1 3 5 ho w t h m e tho d f cutting w dg s

. . s s e o e e
whi ch a t b u d t w dg t he t n n ; thi av ids
re o e se o e e e o s s o
w t e o f mat rial S m w rk e s cut t h w dg s fr m
as e . o e o r e e e o

Fi g 1 3 3 . Fi g . 1 34 . Fi g 1 36 —Sti l e
dB
.

C
. .

Ha u n ch e a re . an d ro ss

f ce d T n n
a e o . w h it H o rn .

Fi g . 13 -
C tti
u ng We dge s Fig . I 3 5A .
—M th d e o
fr o m as e o ft H a u nch ng . i We d ging T e no ns .

t hepi c l ft t of t h h unching of t he l ock rai l or t he

e es e ou e a ,

b tt m r il h wn at Fig 1 30
o o a s o . .

A St il a n d C r o s R i l fram d t g th r a e shown
e s a , e o e e , r

at Fig 1 3 6 Th p rti n b ov t h r il i
. . ll d t h horn e o o a e e a s ca e e ,

an d it i usu l t l v uffici nt l ngth f til t pr j ct

s a o ea e s e e o s e o o e

abo ve and b l w t h cr s r il o th t th r will b no

e o e os a s, s a e e e

t nd ncy f or t h til t bur t ut at t h e end whi l t t he

e e e s e o s o s

cr m ping d W dging f t h fr m i in progress On

a an e o e a e s .

compl ting t h fr m ing t h h rn is cut w y

e e a e o a a .

56
 Tk e M o rtise a nd T en o n joi nt
In Fig 1 3 7 A d n t es a single lin di gr m f fi ld
. e o e a a o a e

g t
a e n d t h illu
a tr ti n ab v h w teh m th d f s a o o e s o s e e o o

t n oning t h thr pi ces t o t h t op rail bar f c d t n ns

e e ee e e , e a e e o

b ing sh wn
e o .

Fig 1 38 indi c t es t he m tho d o f fi xing n int i r leg

. a e a er o

t t bl h ving circul r tr i ght t p r il Th inl id

o a a e a a a or s a o a . e a

l g in thi c
e i tum p t n n d int t h t p r il n d t h
s as e s s -
e o e o e o a , a e

inl i d p rti n f t h l g is ll w d t run thr ugh t h

a o o o e e a o e o o e

rail thu giving c ontinui t y f d sign

s o e

—
.
,

Sp r oc k t Wh l A t Fig 1 3 9 ar sh own t he guid e

e ee . . e

b aran d ch in f ch i n m orti ing m chin t w nl rg d

a o a a -
s a e, o e a e

li nk f t h ch in b ing indi cat e d at A The ch in is

s o e a e . a

Fi g Fi g 1 3 8 Fi g F i g 1 40
—Fixi
. 1 3 7. . . . 1 39 . . .

G t J i t
Fi g 1 3 a e o nt Fi g 1 3 8
— ng In e ri o r L e g t o
-
. . .

T a lo Fi g 1 3 9 Sp rocke
. . t Wh ee l . Fi g 1 4 0 . .

M t i T or i s n g
.

ool .

simil r in c nstructi n t o t he driving ch in f a bicycl

a o o a o e,

with t h exc pti n that it is pr vid d with t th which

e e o o e ee

cut w y t h timb r as t h chain r v lv s W h n u ing

a a e e e e o e . e s

a chain m ortis r t h portion o f t h m chin e rryi ng t he

e e e a ca

chain is fed d wnw rds int o t h timb r thu cutting ao a e e , s

cle an n d true m orti

a If h w v r a stum p m rti is se .
, o e e , o se

r quir d it i n c ry t p re w y c rt in amount
e e s e es s a o a a a a e a

o f timb e r by h nd b c u t h m chi n e o bvi u ly l ave s

a , e a se e a o s e

a s emicircular bott m t o t h m rti T o v rc m this o e o se . o e o e

diffi culty t h l t t typ f m rti ing m chi e h v

a es e o o s a n es a e a

square hol e b ring att chm t fix d al ng id t h ch in

-
o a en e o s e e a ,

57
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
This t l t h w rking p rti n of which is illustrat d in
oo ,
e o o o e
Fig 1 40 c n i t f qu r h ll w chi l E which is
.
,
o s s s o a s a e o o se ,

sh rp n d f m t h in id n d a r v lving twi t bit D

a e e ro e s e, a e o s ,

fitt d with purs ni k r but with ut p int ( n spu

e s or c e s, o a o o e r

can b s n t t h e b tt m f t h illu tr ti n ) Thi s bit

e ee a o o o e s a o .

r v lve in id t he sh ll like chis l n d b r s w y t h

e o s s e e a e , a o e a a e
sup rflu u tim b r whil t t h pr ur x rt d n t h
e o s e , s e ess e e e e o e
chis l c u s t h c orn t b e cut w y d d qu r A
e a se e e rs o a a ea s a e .

m rti og in qu rseby 6 i n in d pth m y thu

. b cut
s a e s . e a s e .

Th p rti n m rk d A is t h
e o h nk f t h chi l (Fig
o a e e s a o e se .

w h r it i fix d int t h b dy f t h m achin and t he hol e at

e e s e o e o o e e,

E llows t he b oring bit t o fr its lf

a ee e .

Fi g . 1 41 .
—H a u n ch e d Fi g 1 4 2 Lon g an d
.
—
T e n on fo r Sky li gh t Sh o r Sh o u l e ret d d
or f or G ar d en F r a me . T
e n on o in J t .

Fig 1 4 1 h w t h p p li tion of Fig 1 33 t t h making

. s o s e a ca . o e

of a kylight g rd fr m In thi n d imil r c s

s or a en a e . s a s a a es

th id r il
e s rb t d e h wn i t ha ti n nd t h
s are e a e as s o n e s ec o , a e

b tt m r il i thi nn th t h id il t llow t h gl
o o a s er an e S e ra s o a e a ss

t fini h l v l up n it
o s e e o .

L n g n d Sh r t Sh l d e r d J i n t
o a Fig 1 42 sh ws o ou e o .
-
. o

a h u h d m rti n d t n n j i t h vi g l ng n d
a nc e o se a e o o n a n a o a

sh t h uld r Thi i f irly m m n j int in fr m d

or s o e . s s a a co o o a e

p rtiti ns f ffi c fr m ing f gr n h u t l h d
a o or o es , a or ee o s es , oo s e s,
f qu nt ur f nn y nc t t h m t
‘

t
e c nd i .
, a s a re e so ce o a o a e o e a a eu r .

It i n c ry t s thi j int wh n b th t h til n d

e e ss a o u se s o e o e s es a

upright r b t d d it c lls f o accur t e m rking

s are e a e , an a r a a

ou t and gr e t c r in t h m king a a e e a .

58
 jo in ts in Wood wo rk
O p en is s een at a and b At 0 it is shown close d It is of .
.

th es ft w dging v ri ty and should be int eresting t o

o -
e a e

M nual Tr i ning t e ch e rs
a a a .

A Te n n d a n d S ri b e d Jo i n t is e e n t Fig 1 46 Th
o e c s a . . e
cr os r il i
s cut t t h sh uld r a t fit t h moulding
a s a e o e , so s o e
which i w rk d on t h stile This is a good j oint in every
s o e e .

day s
—
u e.

Mi t e
r d a n d M o ul e d Joi nt
d Fig 1 47 sho ws a typ o f . .
e
j int l rg ly u d in light c bin e t w ork Th m th d f
o a e se a . e e o o
mi t in g t he m oul di ng and t en o ning t he st il t o rail is
re e
i ndicat ed .

Fi g . 1 47 d an d —Mit re Fi g . 1 48 .
—Twi n T e non s.
M ld d J o in t
ou e .

Twi n Te n o n : (Fig .
—Th m th d O f t n ning t h
e e o e o e
be r er which c rry t he dr we r o t h mi df t h b etw n
a s a a s, r e ea er ee

t w draw r
o in dr ing tabl e s, simil r c rc i h ra ess e or a a as e s e e

sh wn On c m pl eti on t h t en ons on t h e mid feat her are

o . o , e

w dged di g n lly
e a o a

—
.

Pinn in g Fig 1 49 sho ws t he t en oning o f t h inside

. . e

en d f o w ardrob t t he t p f t he carcas e
a Thi is lsoe o o o . s a
cal l d p inning Th t n on h uld be w dg d di gon ll y
e . e e s s o e e a a .

Th t ne nd th
e di tanc b tw n t he t n on a m r
on s a e s e e ee e s re o e

sati f ct ry if m d quidi stant b c us if slight sh i nkag

s a o a e e , e a e r e

o ccu s thi r i p ti lly qu li d s Th width b tw n

s ar a e a se . e e ee

t h t n ns h uld in n o cas
e e o xc d 3 ins
s o e e ee

—
.

To p R il s A t Fig 1 50 i
a ho wn t h m thod f j oining
. . s s e e o

t h e t p rail t t h p o st f
o to ol shed or similar o uthous
s o e o a e.

60
 Tk e M ortise a nd Te n o n jo in t
The t wo rails which a e at ight angles t o e ach o the r
,
r r ,

ar h lf lap p d and mortis ed ; t he t enon on t h p ost

e a -
e e

runs entirely through them .

Fi g . 1 5o .
-
J i i
o n ng Fi g . 151 .
—T usk
Top R ila s of Te n o n .

U p ri gh t Post .

with we dge as use d t o s e cure t he

A Tu s k Te n o n Joi n t , ,

bind r t o t h girde r wh n maki ng floo rs is indi c t d at

e e e , a e

Fig 1 51 Th t enon h r is narrow and e ngag s with t he

. . e e e , e

mortis e whi ch is situat d in t he c omp ressi onal fi bres

, e

Fi g . 1 52 —A no th e Tusk
r Fi g . 1 53 .
—T u sk T e n on a nd
T en o n . We d ge .

immedi at ly d j oining t he n e utral laye r In o illustrati on

e a . ur

t h e m o rtis h as b n cut t Sh o w t he int ri o r

e ee o e .

Fig 1 52 is v r iati n o f t h ab ov e j int

. a a o e o .

Fig 1 53 h ws tu k n d w dg d t en n s us d when
. s o s a e e o s a e

making a port abl e b ook o m dicin e cupb oard like Fig 1 54 r e . .

0
61
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
h lf h us d int o t h n d n d th t n n un through
Th e s e i s o e e e ,
a e e o
'

s r

t h e e n d an d are s ecu d by w dg Thi ll w t h ticl re e es . s a o s e ar e

to be cqui kly
an d ily t k n t p i c f m v l e as a e o e es or r e o a or

t e p o sh
-
li ingTh e d tt d li in Fig 1 53 indi c t s that
. o e ne . a e

h lf
t he S e m ay b e sh p d if d ir d a e es e .

Fig . 1 54 . Fi g 1 55 . .

M di e ci n e C pbu oar d . Wh e e lw ri gh s
’
t J oin t .

M o rt i s e
’
W h e e l w ri g h t s Se l f - w e d g i n g an d Te n o n
Jo i n t .
-
In Fig . 1 55 l n B B B i r i d und t h
the i e , , s ca r e aro e

timb er s o as to cl arly illustrat e t h m nt of t p r giv n

e e a ou a e e

t o the m rtis o e.

Fi g . 1 56 .
—
D v t ilo e a and Fi g . 1 57 .
—F o x - we d gi n g.
We d ge d T e n on .

D o ve t a il a n d W e d g e d Te n o n ( Fig .
—Wh en t wo
pi u h th il d l g f c bnh nt ’
e c es s c as e cr o s s r a an e o a a rp e er s e c

a rer qui d t b h ld t g th r by
e re o e e o e e a m ti or nd t n
se a e on ,

a nd t b r dily t k
o p rt t h t
e ea a en a a ,
e en o n i d v t il d n
s o e a e o

o n id n d t h m ti i m d f
e s e a e or se s a e o s u ffi i nt width t
c e o

p rmit
e t h wid t p rt f th dvt
e es a o e o e a il d t n n t p
e e o o as s

int it Wh n t h t n n i in i t p
o . e e e o s s os iti onh rdw d a a oo
w dg is driv n in b v t h t n n
e e e a o e e e o ,
as s h wn o .

62
 Tke M o rtise a nd T en o n jo int
Fo x Fig
We d g e dThi is t h m t ho d of Te n o n ( .
-
s e e

s uri g tub t n n by m l l w dg
ec n a s Th m ti i e o s a e es . e or se s

slightly d v t il d n d t w w cut
o e m d
e a in th e a o sa s ar a e e

t non b ut 1 6 in from ach sid Int a h w k f

e 3 a o . e e . o e c sa er

F ig. 1 58 .
—J i o n t wi t h Fi g, —
R ft a er J i o n t.
Mit d F re a ce.

a we dg s ns rt d n d th j oint glu d p Th cr mp ing

e i i e e a e e u . e a

O p rati n fo rc t h w dg int t h s w cut thu c using

e o es e e es o e a s, s a

t h en d f t h t n o n t
e o p re d n d tightly g i p t h m o rtis e
e e o s a a r e

—
.

M rt i s n d Te n o n w i t h M i t r d F e ( Fig
o e a Thi e ac . s

is a us ful me th d of j ointing framing which h a a squa

e o s re

Fi g . 1 6o .
—
R f oo Fi g . 161 . D ra w
-
Fi g . 162 .

J to in s T ie b o re P i n nin g . T e n on n g i
Be m a , Ki ng M ld d ou e
P t os and S t t ru .

edg as h wn ; n d it is qu lly u ful v n if th f c

e s o a e a se e e e a e

edg h v m uld w k d up n th m If t h j int has

es a e o s or e o e . e o

squ r dg s reb t m y b f m d t
a e e e c om m d t
a a e a e or e o ac o a e

a p n l by fixing
a e b le cti o n mouldi ng ar und t h fram a o o e e .

A cti n f t h b l ti n mo uld plant e d n th fr m is

se o o e o ec o o e a e

shown in th e low r fig re e u .

. 63
 joi nts in Woodwork
Raf t e r Joi n t
ho w t h m th d f t n ning
.
-
Fi g . 1 59 s s e e o o e o
t h p inci p l r ft r t t h king p t
—
e r a a e o e os .

Ro f J i nt o Fig 1 60 illu tr t t h t n ning f t h

o s. . s a es e e o o e

strut t t h king p t n d t h king p t t t h t i b m

s o e os , a e os o e e ea .

Bo th th x mp l e us e d in r o f w rk
es e e a e s ar o o .

D r a wb r P i n n i n g A t Fig 1 6 1 i s e n t he m th d
o e .
-
. s e e o
o f s cu ing a t n n by dr wb o r
e r
p inning
e mpl ooy d wh n a e , e e e
i t is n o t c onv eni nt t o btain t he n e c essar y pr essure by
e o

Pi 16 Fi g 165
Fb %:
. .

a Twin T w i th e n on s
Fram in g . H a ch f th i k
un , or c
Tim ber .

u ing
s cramp Th j int is made in t h usual manne r
—
a . e o e ,

a nd J n twi t bit i u d t o b r
i a . h l thr ugh p i c B
s s se o e a o e o e e .

Th t n n i driv n h m and t h h l i m rk e d on t h e
e e o s e o e e o e s a

sid of t h t n on t he t n on is then withdr wn and t h

e e e e a e

h l b r d bo ut J in n ar r t t he sh uld r th an as
o e o e a . e e o o e

m rk d at C Wh n t h t n n is fin lly insert d t he
a e . e e e o a e

h l will not r gist r co r tly and if a hardwo d pi n be

o es e e re c ,
o

driv n int t h j int it will dr w t h sh uld rs o f t he t n n

e o e o a e o e e o

t a cl j int and ff ctually s cure t h e p arts

—
o os e o e e e .

S h Be a as Fig 1 62 ho ws how t o t n on m o uld d ash

r . s e a e s

b t
ar t h e r b t d cr
o r il In thi illu t ti n both
e a e o ss a . s s ra o

s h uld o of t h m uld d b a a
e rs h wn quar but in
e o e r re s o s e,

t h b st cl
e e w rk th h ld rs m y b lightly h us e d
ass o es e s ou e a e s o

into t h cr s r il t p r v nt sid p lay This typ f j oint

e os a o e e e . e o

is us d for h rticultural buil dings e t c

e o If the low r rail ,
. e

64
 Th e M o rtise a nd Te non joi nt
be m uld d with t h m m mb rs as t h sash b r t he
o e e sa e e e e a ,

e nd f th o h bar will h v t be scrib d n t o it t o

e s as a e o e o

m k a fit
e a .

T n n wi t h To n gu e d a n d G r oo e d Sh l d r s ( Fig
— Th
e
e o
o
bj ct f t h t g e n d gr v hr
o t p r v nt
e on u es a
v
oo es
ou
e e ar e
e

o
.

e e
th f c
e f t h w rk c ting
a e o b com ing w rp d nd
e o as , or e a e , a
thu p iling t h p p r nc f t h surf c f t h work
s s o e a ea a e o e a e o e .

If framing i t o b v n r d on the fac e side this is an

s e e ee e

e xc e pti onally go o d m e th o d .

Fi g 1 . 66 —Op en Fi g 167 .
—Op en Fi g . 168 —H a mme r
t M ti se t M ti H ad T
. .

Slo or . Slo or se e e n on .
a n g le .
°
at 60

Ta ble Fr a m indi c t t h fr ming f

i ng . —
Fig . 1 64 a es e a o

a r il t a dining t bl leg In
a o im il r t thi t he
-
a e . c as e s s a o s

t n n run int t h l g nd l m t t u h ch othe r

e o s o e e a a os o c ea .

Th y a th f m itr d n t h n d
e re er e o re h wn in t he e o e e as s o

in t C h ir fr m s oft n c ll f imil r tr tment

se . a a e e a or s a ea .

Twi n Te n n with haunch u d wh n t h timb r is

o s , as se e e e

o f gr e t thickna e sh wn in Fig 1 6 5 es s , ar o . .

An O p n Sl t M rt i et th nd f a right ngl d
o o se a e e o -
a e

fr m i
a e n in Fig 1 66 Fig 1 67 h w an p n l t
s see . . . s o s o e s o

m rti n d t n n j int t t h n d f fr m f
o se a e o o a e e o a a e o

B th th j int
o cc as ionally c ll d en d bridl j ints
ese o s ar e o a e e o

—
.

H m m r H d Te n n s A t Fig 1 6 8 i sh wn t he
a e ea o . . s o

m thod f j inting f ming h ving mi i cul r o s g

e o o ra a se c r a r e

m ntal h d Th fr nt l v tion indicate s t he m tho d

e ea s . e o e e a
'

e
LV .
65 y
 joints in Woodwo rk
of w dgi g th j int e t dr w p t h e h uld r
n e t heo s o as o a u s o e s
end V w h w t h t n g in g f t h h uld r whi ch i s
ie s o s e o ue o e s o e s,
n c ry f thi k tim b r h t b wr ught Th k t h
e ess a i c e as o e o . e s e c
d p ict t h stile when t k n p art fr m t h h d o f t he
e s e a e a o e ea
fr me a

C l m p ing —
.

Fig 1 69 sh ws t h m th d f t n ning
a . o e e o o e o
dr w ng b rd d sk t p n d cr t ir f ll This i
a i oa s, e o s a se e a e a s .
s
c m m nly c ll d cl mp ing Th m th d i u d t o p r vent
o o a e a . e e o s se e
W de surface fr o m windi ng
i A variati on o f the j oint is
s .

Fi g . 1 69 — mm C la n g. Fi g . 1 7o .
—I n se r e t dT e n ons.

sh wn at t h l ft h nd sid t h c rn r in thi x mp l
o e e -
a e, e o e s s e a e

n t b ing mitr d
o e e .

Inse rt d Te n o n s ( Fig e
—Wh r t w p i c s o f timb r . e e o e e e

run t g th t an cut ngl it b m es n ce s ry t

o e er a a e a e e co e s a o

use in t d t n n B th p i
s er e f t h timb r ar m rti d
e o s . o e ce s o e e e o se

and t h in rt d t n n e cur d int t h wid t p i

se e e o s ar e s e e o e es e ce .

On t h l ft i h wn t h i n t d t n n cur d by t h
e e s s o e
'

s er e e o se e e

m th d kn wn f x w dging n t h r ght t h in rt d
e o o as o -
e o e i e se e

t n n h b n l t int t h wid r il fr m t h dg Th
e o as ee e o e e a o e e e . e

n rr w r il i cur d by w dging t he t n ons fro m t he

a o a s se e e e

o ut id dg in t h rdin ry m nn r
s e e e e o a a e .

Wi d n d N rr ow R ile a Fig 1 7 hows t h t n oning

a a s. -
. 1 s e e

o f wid t n r w r il wh n t h j int i t n ngl

a e o a a ro a e e o s a a a e.

D r d n g ht Fi l
ea At Fig 1 72 is sk t h f p orti n
ou e. . a e c o a o

of d dn ught fil Thi h
a re a
p r d
o d t h ld e . s as su e se e e o

f shi n d h m made flo at use d t o cl e an out t he si d s of

a o e o e -
e

a m rtise o .

66
 jo ints in Woodwo rk

SETT IN G AKI N G THE J OI N T O UT A ND M .

The Pr i n ci p l U e f t h m rti nd t n n j i t i
a in s o e o se a e o o n s

th t ucti n f v ri typ f f ming u h d r

e co n s r o o a ou s es o ra , s c as oo
an d wind w fr m In n o th r f i t m ny n d
a es .
o e or o e o s a a

v ri d f rm it m y b l d t h m t im p rt nt j int
a e o s a e c as s e as e os o a o

in t h g r l w dw ki g t d T h j int m y b
e en e a oo or n ra e . e o a e

u d as n int rn l on as sh wn t t h l w r r il Fig 1 73
se a e a e, o a e o e a ,
.
,

Fi gs 1 74 an d 1 75
—S tti
. e ng O u t S le s ti an d R a il s
M ti T J i ts
.

f or or se an d e n on o n .

or as an e xt rn l j int
e a o , as t he upp r r il
e a of t he sa me
illu tr ti ns a o .

Pla ni n g .
—Wh ate
typ f fr ming h t o b m d v er e o a as e a e,

it i n s ry th t t h f
e ce ss a id f t h w d b p l n d a e a ce s e o e oo e a e

u p t r i ght
s n d a t f wi ding n d t h f c m rk (
a ou o n , a e a e a as

s h wn in Fi g 73) p ncill d up n it Th b t dg f
o . 1 e e o . e es e e o

t h ti m b r h
e ld x t b p l n d p tru in l ngth n d
e s ou ne e a e u e e ,
a

s qu r t t h f c id n d t h dg m rk % cl rly p l c d
a e o e a e s e, a e e e a ea a e

U p n ito .

Th M r ki n g G
e g i an w t t o t h d ir d width au e s o se e es e ,

a n d g ug lin a mark d n t h wood aft er which t h

e e s ar e e o e , e

68
 Tke M o rtise a nd T en o n joint
w t wo d i p l n d ff until t h tim b r i t h r quir d
as e o s a e o e e s e e e

width Th thickn i g ug d n d t t d in im il r
. e es s s a e a re a e a s a

m nn r
a x p t in uch
e ,
w h r t h finish d wo rk i
e ce s c as e s e e e e s

t b o f r ugh n d r dy h r cte r
e o a o a ea c a a .

Th t w St il e up right r i l h v th ir f ces turn e d

o e s or a s a e e a

to t uch ch th r
o shown t Fig 1 74 n d th ir
ea o e , as a . a e

length may b e anything fr m 1 in t 3 ins l onge r than o . o .

Fi g . 1 76 -
Se tti ng O u t t h e S le s wi h ti t
K if
.

M a r ki n g n e .

t he r quire d finish d ize Thi wast wo d t e ch nd

e e s . s e o a a e

of th til s h wn by t h rr w H0 i f i m p rt n
e s es , a s o e a o , s o o a ce

to th w k e it p v nt t gr t xt nt t h bur ting
or , as re e s o a ea e e e s

o f t h m rtie whil t cutting t h h l

o wh n kno cking
se s e o e or e

t g th r t h w rk Th m l l p j cti n i c l l d t h
o e e
”
e o . e s a ro e o s a e e

h rn and it is cut o ff ft er t h fr me has b e n p t

o , a e a e u

t g th r
o e e .

Th t w C r s R i l s Fig 1 75 hav e the ir f c s p l c e d

e o os a .
.
, a e a

t g th r
o e e h wn in t h k t h Th rails m y with
as s o e s e c . ese a

a dvant g b l ft 1 in long r t h n t h fini h d siz n d

a e e e . e a e s e e, a

t h p o rti n o f t h t n n ( which will p t d t h r ugh t h

e o e e o r o ru e o e

stil 1 in t ach nd ) may b e cut off afte r t h work is

e . a e e e

p u t t o g th e r e .

69
 jo ints in Wood work
Se t out with m rking knif r p nknif and
the St ile s a a e o e e

a try qu r a h wn t Fig 1 76 In thi k t h nly

s a e, s s o a . . s s e c o

on til i h wn f cl rn
e s e s s f r pr
o nt ti n but t wo
or ea ess o e es e a o ,

m re til ( Fig 74) m b m rk d ut at he

‘

or o t s 1 es y as a t . a e a e o

sam tim p r vid d 1 2 in try qu r b u d ; in fact

e e, o e a -
. s a e e se ,

m king t t h til in p ir i t b r c m m nde d s

ar ou e s es a s s o e e o e , a

all cross lines will be e xact o wing t th ir b eing mark d , o e e

Fi g . 1 77 .
—H ow t o Saw t h e T e n on s —Fi rs t Ope ration .

at t h m Op rati n Th cut m d by t h marking

e sa e e o . e a e e

knif h uld b lightly c rri d ll r und t h work t h

e s o e a e a o e as e

m rti ing i cut fr m ch dg f t h til t he cutting

o s s o ea e e o e s e,

f t h m ti ing b ing fini h d in t h e c ntr e Th l tt i n g

—
o e or s e s e e . e e er

on Fi g 1 74 i . f ll w HO h orn ; M p iti n f
z s as o o s , , os o o

m rtio ; H p iti n
se f h unching
,
in id lin e r
os o o a a, s e , o

sight siz it i oc i n lly c ll d

e , as s c as o a a e .

S t o t th C r
e u R il t Fig 1 75 l w r k et h
e oss a s as a o e s c
—
. .
,

Th l tt
e ring in
e thi efigur i as f o ll w T t n ns th e s o s , e o s e

small p iece f the t n n l tt re d J is c ll d t h haunch

o e o e e a e e ,

7 0
 Tke M ortise a nd Ten on joi nt
an d sh d d p rti n H i t w y t ll w t h h un h J
t he a e o o s cu a a o a o e a c
t fito h unching f t h til
t he a o e s e .

The Te n n ar g n r lly n third t h e thickn s f t h

o s e e e a o e -
es o e
t mb r thu l ving t h m am unt o f ub t n c t
i e , s ea e sa e o s s a e a
h d f t h t non t h t n n it lf i c mp d f
e ac Si e o e e as e e o se s o os e o .

Th m rti g ug i t t t h r quir d dist nc n d us e d

e o se a e s se o e e e a e a
as alr ady d crib d (s Fig
e es e ee .

1 78 .
—S e con d Op e tion ra in Saw in g Tenons .

To s aw t he Te n o ns , p l ac e t he
r i l in t he vic as at a e

Fig 1 77 n d with p n l t non h nd w cc rding

. a , a a e ,
e , or a sa , a o

t t h siz
o f t h wo rk cut d wn t h
e e o ut id f t h t n n
e , o e o s e o e e o

lin as h wn R v r e y ur po iti n n d cut as ho wn

e s o . e e s o s o a s

a t Fig 1 78 th n p l c t h e r il in a v rtical p o iti n n d

.
,
e a e a e s o , a

y will
ou find littl e n o diffi culty in s wing d w n qu r or a o s a e

with t h ho ld r lin R p t t h b v m thod o f

e s u e e . e ea e a o e e s

sawing until ll t h t n ns wn a e e o ar e s a .

N xt w t t h p i
e t th
sa id f t he t n n by t h
ou e e ce s a e s e o e o e

f ll wing p r c dur Pl c t h r il g in t t h b n h
o o o e e . a e e a a a s e e c

t p or in t h vice and cut mall ch nn el in which t

s o ,
e , a s a o

7 1
 j o ints in Woo dw o rk
run your t n n w a hown t Fig 1 79 If y u h v e
e o sa s s a . . o a

c d t h lin d p ly with y ur knif wh n y w re

s o re e e ee o e e ou e

m rking t t h w k y will h v littl difficulty in

a ou e or , ou a e e

r m ving m ll p ti n with t h chi l Th m unt

e o a s a or o e se . e a o

r m v d in t h ill u tr ti n i o f c ur
e o e x gg r t d In
e s a o s, o se , e a e a e .

th em ll ch nn l thu m d p l c t h t n n w n d
s a a e s a e a e e e o sa a ,

guidi ng t h s w bl d with t h fing r so as t k p it up right

e a a e e e o ee

Fi g 1 79 —C u ttin g Ch an n e l a t Sh ou l d e r of T e n on
be f
. .

o re Sa w i
ng .

orsquar e (Fig . s aw a w y t h w t m t ri l R m v e
a e as e a e a . e o

th w t m t i l
e as e a er a at th id f t h t n in imil r
e s es o e en o s a s a

w y a n d th n
,
wa e sa ou t t h p rti n m k d H Fig 1 75
e o o ar e , .
,

l w k tch
o er s e .

The M o rt i s i n g stil m y n x t b t k n in h nd of t he es a e e a e a

by p tti g t h til edg w y in t h vic n d b ing

u n e s es e a s e e a or

aw y t h bulk f t h w t w d fr m t h m rti with

a e o e as e oo o e o se

a s uit bl iz d twi t bit n d br c Thi m th d will

a e s -
e s a a e . s e o

sav g t m nt f n i
e a re a t g t xt nt it d
a ou o o se , as o a re a e e oes

aw y with t h
a f t h m ll t T k t h m ll t n d
e use o e a e . a e e a e a

ch i l n d h p d wn b ut 3 in as h wn t Fig
se a c o 81 o a o . s o a . 1

then turn t h chi l t o t h p iti n h wn t Fig 1 82 nd

e se e os o s o a . a

7 2
 The M o rtise a nd T en o n jo in t

1 8o .
—Saw i
n g aw ay Waste M t il
a er a .

Fi g . 1 81 .
—i
Us ng the Chi se l an d M all e t for Mortisin g .

r emov t he sm ll p i ce as shown Continu th s e two

e a e . e e

Op r ti n until y
e a o s b out h l f w y thr ugh t h w d
o u are a a -
a o e oo

a nd th en s t art in a imil ar m nn e r at t h e lin e a Fi g 1 8 1

s a , .
,

73
 joints in Woodwo rk
ft e r which turn t h t h r dg f t h timb r up p rmos t
a e o e e e o e e e
nd r p
a t t h m th d h wn
e ea e e o s s o .

Fig 1 83 h w t h k tch f m rti which has its

. s o s e s e o a o se
sid r mov d e e t h w t h m th d f ucc iv cuts
e s o as o S o e e o o s e ss e
with chi l wh r m vin g t h c r fr m m rti e ;
a se en e o e o e o a o s
thi in con j unction with t h th r k tch s cl rly shows
s, e o e s e e , ea

Fi g . 1 82 —R m v e o in g Was te of M ti or se w h i t Chi s e l.

t he m th d f w rking In m ny w dw rk x m ina
e o s o o . a oo o e a

ti n t h x min r in i t th t t h m rti h ll b r m v d
o s e e a e s s s a e o se s a e e o e

by ucc iv cut with t h chi l but w rt i nly dvi

s ess e s e se , e ce a a se

t h r m val o f much f t he w st w d with

e e o b ring bit
o a e oo a o ,

p vid
ro d t h w rk
e r c n k ep tr ai ght
o n d w ll
e within a ee s a e

t h limit ti n
e f hi g ug lin
a o s o s a e es

—
.

Re m ovi n g H au n hi n g Aft r r m ving t h m rtisc . e e o e o e

h l t h m ll p rti n which is c ll d t h h unching will

o e, e s a o o a e e a

r quir t b r m v d with chi l Thi c ll f n

e e o e e o e a se . s a s or o
s p ci l
e m ka it i
re l ly h wn in Fig 1 85 n d 1 86
ar , as s c e ar s o s . a .

Fi g 1 8 4 h w
. n v ryd y typ f morti and t n n
s o s a e e a e o se e o

74
 This mu t b r m mb r d by t h work r wh n m ar king
s e e e e e e e e

o t h i stil
u with t h m king knif Fi g 85 ( ight hand
s es e ar e . . 1 r -

sk tch) sh w t h h un h t n n n d gr v G at t h
e o s e a c ,
e o ,
a oo e e
b tt m Fig 1 86 (l ft h nd i ll tr ti n ) h w G (gr v )
o o . . e -
a us a o s o s oo e

at t p n d HH ( t h h un h )
o , a t t h b tt m Tn n m y e a c a e o o . e o s a

b glu d t o g th r and w dg d as hown at Fig 1 73 if f o

e e e e e e s . r

Fi g . 1 86 .
—H a u n ch n g i it G
w h r oo v e ab o ve .

inside w rk ; but if f ut id w k they ar g n erally

o or o s e or e e

sm d with thick p int n d w dg d p F light cl

e ar e a a e e u . or -
ass

c bin t w rk it i u u l t o cut t h m ortis b ut s v n

a e o s s a e e a o e e

e ighths f t h di t anc thro ugh t h

o til and m k t he
e s e e s e a e

t n n t m tch it ; t h e dg f t h fini he d w rk d
e o o a e e o e s o o es

n t th n
o h w n y indi ti
e f t h j int
s o n d it l
a v ca on o e o , a ea es

a nic cl n urface at t he e dge of the work fo p olishing

e ea s r

or varni hing s .
 T H E D OW E L L I N G JO I NT
OWELL IN G i s t h e
t rm g n r lly giv n t o t h e e e a e e

mt d e ho of j o
inting timb r n d th r m t ri l s by e a o e a e a

w d n m t l p g which
oo e or c ll d d w lse a e s, ar e a e o e .

Th id o f j inting timb r in thi

e ea m nn r p o o e s a e r

b bly curr d t m ob rv nt woodw rk r whil t

a oc e o so e se a o e s

cl ving p iec f p ruce

ea th r v ri ty of timb r
a e o s or o e a e e

wi th t he x Wh n l v g t k s p lac in p ie c of
a e . e c ea a e a e e a e

kn tty timb r it i ft n n tice d th t t h fibr es o f t h

o e s o e o a e e

Fi g . Fi g . 1 88 . Fi g 1 89 Fi g . 1 90 .
P b bl D bl M th d
.

M
.

ro a O ri
e ou e e o of a ki n
g
of D o we lli n g . P o in e td
Nail .

w od are s v re d le aving a p rotruding p rtion of t he

o e e , o

kn t which b r
o r m rk bl r mbl nce t a d w l
ea s a e a a e e se a o o e

( Fig . and thi m y p r b bly b t h o rigin

s o f d o w lling
a o a e e e .

It w uld n tur lly gg t t any w dw rk r t h id a

o a a su es o oo o e e e

o f p l cing p g
a d w l t right ngl s t o t h j int
e s or o e s a a e e o ,

th r by tr ngth ning t h w rk
e e s e e e o .

With r g d t o p g
e ar d w l which a not m de f e s or o e s re a o

w o d w hall nly giv n o t w in t n s in thi s

o ,
e s o e o e r o s a ce

article Ir n dow l
. o us d t cur t h up right f
e s ar e e o se e e s o

d or fram t t h t n e t p n d dow l mad fr m ir n

o es o e s o s e , a e s e o o

n il
a s cc as i n ll y u d f p cking c s m king
ar e o o a se or a a e a .

Fig 1 88 h w d ubl p int d n il whi h i us d

. s o s a o e -
o e a , c s e as a

d wel in r ugh wo rk u h
o o t h making o f s o ap and ,
s c as e

77
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
s ugar p acking b ox s On e h al f of t he n il is driv en int o e .
a
th dg f t h b d in t h rdin ry m nn r ; t h t wo
e e e o e o ar e o a a e e
or m r b rd which
o e desi d t b j int d
oa s th n a re re o e o e are e
l i d f c d wn n t h b nch nd t h n
a a e o y p r ssur
o e e , a e e ces s ar e e
is bt in d by t h
o a f e amp t f rc t h p ints e u se o a cr s o as o o e e o
o f t h p r t uding n il int t h
e o r dj ining b rd N dl ss a s o e a o oa . ee e
t o l y thi m e th o d i o nly u d f
sa , s t h ro ugh st cl f s se or e e as s o
wor
Fo r c bin t m king nd imilar w rk str i ght gr i n d
a e -
a a s o a -
a e
b e hw d d w l
ec m tly u d th m y b b ught
oo o e s a re os se es e a e o
by t h gr ss in l ngths f b ut 36 m n d of any d ire d
e o , e o a o s .
, a es
di amet er .

Fi g . 1 91 —St l D
. ee ow e l Pla te .

M a ki n g D o we l s ny m t urs how ver p re f r t o .

-
Ma a a e , e , e

mak wh t the y r quire f t h w rk in h nd n d t he

e a e or e o a , a

f llowing i t h m th d th t is g n r lly mp l y d Pi c s
o s e e o a e e a e o e . e e

o f str ight gr in e d woo d

a -
wr ought t o a qu re se cti on
a a re s a

as t Fig 1 89 ft r which t h c rn rs
a .
, pl a d wy e e o e ar e an e a a

t o f rm n
o ct g n l cti n a Fig 1 90 Th h rp
o a o a se o as . . e s a

c rn sh wn t Fig 1 90
o e rs o n w pl n d w y nd t h
a . a re o a e a a , a e
r ghly form d d w l i driv n thr ugh a st e l dow l
ou e o e s e o e e

p l t F
a e,i g 9
1 1 by t h i d. f h vy h m,
m r th u giving e a o a ea a e , s

t h n c e sary r o undn
e e s n d fini h t t h d ow l Wh n ess a s o e e s. e

h mm ring d w l t h r gh p l t t h h mm r hould
a e o e s ou a a e e a e s

o n n cc unt b ll w d t c m in c nt t with t h
o a o e a o e o o e o ac e

f c o f t he d w l p l t
a e t h cutting dg
o f t h h l will
e a e , or e e e o e o e

b s p lt
e Simp ly driv t h d w l t within i in o f t h e
oi . e e o e o .

p l t
a e and kn k it t with t h n xt
oc 1 w l ou e e ( e .

Th C r a dl e Pl ning t h c rn r ff p i c Fig 1 89
e. a e o e s o e e .

is a di fficult m tt er and t f cilitat this a cradle a ,

o a e

78
 Tke D o welling jo int
Fig 1 92 ) i m d and k p t f th p u p Th eadv nt ge a
( . s a e e or e r o se . a

o f a crad l is obvi u p rev nting as it d

e o s, e o es any t nd ncy e e

Fi g . 1 92 . —
C d ra le fo r Planing Dowels .

of artl y f rm d d wel t lip w bbl A jg or

t he p -
o e o o s or o e. l ,

cradle is e asily made by b ev elling t he e dg es f two sep r t e

,
o a a

Fig . 1 93 .

Fi g . 1 94 Fig- 1 95 .

Fi g . 1 93 .
—D ow e l w h it G v ro o e.
M th d vi g D
Fi g 1 94 e o
—
o f G ro o n o w e ls.
-
. .

Fi g . 1 95 . B r a ce .

pi c f wo d n d th n glu ing and cr wing th m t g th r

e es o o a e e s e e o e e

a s at Fig 1 92 . A m ll bl ck f w d i ins rt d t t
. s a o o oo s e e o ac

as s t p whi lst t h p l ning Op r ti n i in p r gr s It

a 0 e a e a o s o e s.

i s usual t o b ev e l b oth e dg s f t he timb e r from which t he e o

79
 joints in Woodwork
r dl i f rm d thu commod ting l l siz s f dow ls
c a e s o e , s ac a a e o e
fr m i in t 2 in in di m t r
o . o . a e e .

Fig 1 93 h ws . m p l t d d w l wi th s m ll gr v
o a co e e o e a s a oo e

run ing l ng i t ntir l ngth Th b j ct f thi gr v e

n a o s e e e . e o e o s oo
is t ll w t h i and up rflu us glu t c p n d thu
o a o e a r s e o e o es a e a s
av id p litting t h w rk n h nd t h gr v l
o s cr t e o o a e oo e a so s e e es

a c rtain am unt of glu which incre s its h ld on t he

e o e, ase o
timb r e .

Fig 1 94 shows t he t op p ortion of t he end vi w of a

. e

Fi g . 1 96 . —G oo d an d B ad D owe ls.

b nch n d illu trat s t h m thod f gr oving t h dow l

e a s e e e o o e e
l ngitudin l ly by m n of
o w k rf
a Th dow l i ea s a sa e . e e s

s cur d in t h b nch c w sh wn and t h t op dg

e e e e s re as o ,
e e e

o f t h vic j w e ct as guid t o t h t n n d v t i l s w
e a a s a e e e o or o e a a

whil t wing t h gr v
s sa saw k rf as it is c ll d e oo e, or
‘‘
e a e

D o w lli n g —Fig 1 96 sh ws a brok n d wing o f t wo

.

e . . o e ra

bo rd j int d by d w lling Th dow l n t he i ght

a s o e o e . e e o r

shows a v e ry b d m th d ; t h c unt rsink ro e bit

a e o e o e , or s

( Fig . and t h e d w l r und r ( Fig 1 98 ) hav b n o e o e . e ee

too lib r lly m d s of n d t h d w l h been cut

e a a e u e , a e o e as

much t h rt t o g g with t h h l in t h up p r
oo S o en a e e o e e e

b ard The illustrati n at t h l ft h w wh t sh uld

o . o e e s o s a o

o bt in viz j u t uffi i nt cl r nc b tw n t h t p f
a ,
.
, s s c e ea a e e ee e o o

th d w l nd th h l
e o nd e v ry light c unt e rsink ing
a e o e, a a e s o

at t h j int f t h b rd
e o o e oa .

R g ar ding t h
e f t h e d w el r und e r ( Fig
e us e o o o .

many e xp ri nce d workm n d l t this t ol fr m th ir

e e e e e e o o e

80
 Tke D o wel/
ing jo int
kit and p r f r t lightly h am m r t h rri
e e o s sh rp dg e e a s or a e e

r und t h nd f t h d w l n d thu ru h t h fibr

o e e o e o e a s c s e es s o

t h t th y will xp nd wh n th y c m in ont ct with

a e e a e e o e c a

t h liquid glu
e n d in t hi m nn r s p r d o ut and w dg
e, a s a e ea e e

tightly in t h h l e o e .

Fig 2 0 0 illustr t t he m th d of marking out and

. a es e o

gauging t wo b o ard f o d w lli ng Th dg s of t h s r o e . e e e e

b oards are fi rst sh ot t o a tru j int ; then t he face sides e o

Fi g . 1 97 .
—C u t o n e rsi nk.

Fi g . 1 98 .
—D owe l R ou n d e r.

Fi g . 1 99 ,
—Twi t Bit s .

are place d t g th r n d t h lin f t h dow ls are mark d

o e e a e es or e e e

t h e dg
a c r o ss with fin p ncil n d t h i d f a t y
e es a e e a e a o r

s qu r Th b ard
a e . th n g ug d fr m t he f c sid
e o s a re e a e o a e e,

thus giving t h p int indic t d in t h e k tch

e o s a e s e .

To st rt t h twi t bit Fig 1 99 it i

a e g d p lan ts , .
, s a oo o

p ri k t h bc rd t t h p int f int cti n f t h m rk d

e oa a e o o e rs e o o e a e

lin with sh p ir ul r p oint d m king wl Thi

es a ar , c c a -
e ar a . s

obvi t n y t nd ncy
a es f t h b ring bit t run o t f
a e e o e o o u o

truth an d thu c us un v enn on t he f c sid f t h

s a e e ess a e e o e

j oint d b ard e o .

A f rul f t h Sp cing of d wel wh n j inting

sa e e or e a o s/ e o

sid b d t p s dr i g t bl n d w rdr b nd t c
e o ar o , e ss n a e a a o e e s, e .
,

i t p l c t h d w l 9 in
s o a e t 1 0 in
e p rt nod p l ce s s . o s . a a , a a e

t wo do wels at e ach e n d as sh o wn at Figs 2 0 0 and 2 0 1 . .

81
 joi nts in Woodwo rk
Th e l ngth
e of t he d w l h uld
o e s s o be a b uto 5 in . to I } in .

l g
on .

Fig . 201 sho w s t he t wo b rd

oa s p re p a e rd r e ad y for

Fig . 2 oo .
—M a r ki n g a n d Ga u gin g Board s f or D owellin g .

glu ing e up p r n . Th e e o e is b d t r c iv t h d w l
o re o e e e e o e s.
and t h l ow r n h w e e o e S o s t he d w l gl d in p iti n It
o e s ue os o .

i cu t m ry t
s w m
s o a o ar the edg f th b o ards b f r
es o e e o e

Fi g 201 —B oa r d s re a dy f or G lu e ing . Fi g 202 -

M th d
e o
i
. . .

D
.

of o w e ll n g
Thi ck Ti mb er .

sp ding t h glu and cr mp s

re a r q ir d t o qu
e e, a are e u e s eez e

t h j int tigh t
e o Th h u l d b l ft n t h j i t d b
. d es e s o e e o e o n e o ar

fr m n t f u h r
o o eding t t h t t f t h w th r
o o r o u s a c co r o e s a e o e ea e .

In c as s wher thick timb r ( y 2 ins

e 2 1 in b
e rd ) e sa . or -
. oa s

82
 jo ints in Woo dwo rk
is s wn n d p k ha d t t h d sir d sh p as h wn
e a s o es ve o e e e a e s o
by t h d tt d lin Thi m t h d i illu t t d t h w
e o e e . s e o s s ra e o S o
th t by t h
a , f uit bl t mp l t d w l m y b
e use o a s a e e a e, o e s a e
ex ctly t t v n wh n th i
a se t ight
ou qu e e e er e s no s ra or s are
f c fr m whi h t
a e o m ar ki g g g nd th m th d
c o use a n au e, a e e o
m y a f u, b p p li d t
o com ny t h r x mp l s f
rse , e a e o a o e e a e o
d welling t t h di c ti n f t h w km n
o a e s re o o e or a

—
.

M i t re d Fr m Fig 2 04 h w m itr d nd d w ll d
a e. . s o s a e a o e e
fr m On c rne r only i h wn ; it n d littl
a e. e o
no s s o ee s e or

Fi g 2 04 .

—T b
.

D w lli o e ng a
Mit d F re ra me . Fi g . 2 05 a le Le a f w ith D ow els .

e xp l n ti n b y nd t h f ct th t t h d w l h uld be
a a o e o e a a e o e s s o

a t right ngl t t h lin f j int

a nd c n qu ntly t he
es o e e o o , a o se e

d w l t t h utsid dg of t he fr m will h v t be
o e a e o e e e a e a e o

mu h h t r th n t h th r This giv a strong and

c s or e a e o e s . es

s ervic bl j int uit bl f m ny p urp s

ea e o , s a e or a os e

Di n i n g T bl Fig 2 0 5 i l f f t h cr w typ f
a e. . s a ea or e s e e o

t bl Cir ul r d w l
a e . h wn at n n d nd
c a o e s a re s o o e e , a re c

t ng l
a w d n p g t t h th r b th m th d
u ar oo e e s a e o e o e o s a re

e qu ll y g d nd f c u t h d w l
a oo , nly glu d int
a , o o rs e , e o e s ar e o e o

th l f e Thea b j ct f t h d w l i t guid t h t bl
. e o e o es e o e s s o e e a e

l f int i t p p r p iti n wh n t h l f ng g with th

ea o s ro e os o e e ea e a es e

t bl p r p r nd t m k t h fl t urf
a e o e ,f t h t bl t p
a o a e e a s a ce o e a e o

a nd l f r gi t r c orr ctly nd thu n ur l v l urf c

ea e s e e a s e s e a e e s a e.

Fr m e D aw lli n g — Fig 2 06 h w n c rn r of fr m e
o e . . s o s o e o e a a

with l g n d h t h ld r uc h
on a c wh t h up right
s or s ou e , s as o c u rs en e

i
s re bat d thr ugh its ntir l gth Th h l in b th p i c
e o e e en . e o es o e es

84
 Tke D o welling jo int
ar eb ored f t h d w l b ef r th y are r b t ed Thi s av id
or e o e s o e e e a . o s

an y di ffic lt y in nd v u ing t b or with nly n id

u e ea o r o e o o e s e

of t h twi t bit in t h w ood

e s A i mil r typ o f j int i e . s a e o s

u d on n rly ll kinds of gl
se ea n d d o r fram in
a ass a o es

c bin t w rk
a e o .

Fig 2 07 is wo d n bl ck made in tw p ortions n d

. a o e o o a

h ld t oge th r by r ws ; it i u d t f t n round
e e sc e s se o as e a a

twi t bit t h bj ct b ing t n u th t ll t h d w l

s ,
e o e e o e s re a a e o e

hol a of uniform depth It m y be dj ust ed as d sir d

es re . a a e e

Fi g . 2 06 —F ra me Fig . 208 —Sh ap e d

and firmly scr w d r und t h t wi t bit ; if t he h l is

e e o e s -
o e

m de i in in di m t r it will clip r und i in § i b it

a . a e e o a -
. or ~
h .

and will n w r du l p urp a It i p r v nt tiv f

s e a a os e . s a e e a e or

bad dow lling a h wn t Fig 1 96

e , s s o a . .

Fig 2 0 8 i . h p d t p r il such as is use d for a ward

s a s a e o a ,

rob e gl fr m e h wing p iti on o f t h dow l h l n d

as s a -
s o os e e o es a

t he lugs l ft f o cr m p ing p urp s s

e Aft r t h fram i
r a o e . e e e s

glued p n d th r ughly t t h lug

u a cut away l ng
o o se e s ar e a o

t h d ott d lin
e n d thi giv
e t h d ir d fini h e d h p
e a s es e es e s s a e .

Fig 2 0 9 is n x mp l of d w lli g framing wh n t he

. a e a e o e n e

m ulding n t h dg h t b mitr d It i n c ary

o o e e e as o e e . s e es s

t cut t h h ld rs w y
o e t o l l w t h m mb s
s ou e a a so as a o e e er

of t h m ulding t int ct Th e ct i n f t h m uld

e o o e rs e . e s o o e o

i n t sh wn in t h
s o k t h f cl rn
o f r p nt ti n e s e c or ea e ss o e re s e a o .

”
Th p rti n m ark e d H i c ll d t h
e o o h rn nd it is n ot s a e e o , a

85
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
cut o ff until ft r t h f m is glu d p i t b j ct i t
a e e ra e e u s o e s o

p r e v en t t h il p litting b ting wh n kn cking p

e ra s or ur s e o u

th e f ra m e du ing t h cr m p i g p
or r e a n r o ce s s .

Fig . 21 h w t h m th d f d w lli g
0 s o s m uld d p
e e o o o e n a o e ca

t o t he t p
o f w dn bdt dp t
o a ooim il r p ill r
e e s ea os or s a a
wh r e e it i d ir d t v id n y u ight lin
s es e o a o a ns e ss .

Fig . 2 1 1 is a sid eb o ar d p illar Sh o wing t h e d o welling ,

Fi g . 2 09 —D ow e l l n g i Fi g .

for M ld d F
ou e ra me . T u rn e d P ll i ar .

of bulb us
t he c rn p rti n t t h up p r n d l w r
o or a o o o o e e a o e

turn d h ft An ir n d ubl p int d

e s a .w i u d t o o e -
o e s cr e s se o

c nn ct t h d w l in t h int ri r (
o e e k tch br k n
o e s e e o se e s e , o e

dr wing)a .

Fig 2 1 2 is a dining t bl l g nd p rti n f t h fr m ing

.
-
a e e a o o o e a ,

sh wing t h m th d f d w lling t h f m t t h l g
o e e o o o e e ra e o e e .

Ch ir c uch f m
a s, t o m d in im il r m nn r
ra es , e c .
, ar e a e a s a a e .

Fi g 2 1 3 h w t h t p p rti n
. f st bl l g n d
o s e o o o o a a e e a a

h m m d d w l g ug Th g ug i m d f n y
o e -
a e o e a e . e a e s a e o a

h dw d n d t l wir p i
ar oo , dri a th r gh t t h
s ee e ns ar e v en ou a e

r quir d p iti n n d h p d imil r t t h p ur f

e e os o s a s ar ene s a o e S o

a m r king g g
a Th l g wn d p l n d p tru
au e . e e s ar e s a an a e u e

and q s nd th d t g f t h g ug i t h t ll
u are , a e a v an a e o e a e s a a

lg e s m ar k d x ctly li k
ar e nd a th r f r int r
e e a a e a re e e o e e

86
 T ke D o welli ng jo i nt
ch ng bl until glu d p A g ug f this typ
a ea e e u a e o e is asily
e

m
.

qui kly d t c fi p u rp o e
.

and c d m y b k p f t p a e an a e e or I s s e i c s

or alt r d f th w rk
e e or o er o .

Fig 2 4 indi t t h Q n Ann typ

. 1 c a es e u ee e e of le g , a

Fig . 2 12.

F ig F ig
—D
. 2 13 . . 2 1 4.
Fi g o w e lli n ii T b l Le g
D
—
212 a n ng a e
.
g -
.

213 -
D ow e l Ga u ge Fi g 2 1
4 D w l li 0 e ng a
C b i l Leg
.

for Le gs . a r o e .

H r w h v n th r typ o f irr gular tting o t whi h

e e e a e a o e e e se u , c

i cc mp li h d in t h f ll wing m nn r S w n d p lan
s a o s e e o o a e . a a e

t h br k n p rti n
e o e f t h l g tru o h wn ; t k t h
o o e e e as s o a e e

tim b r which is t b j int d n d tr t it in

e o im il e o e a ea a s ar

m nn r ; n w p l c f ur dinary p in n t h l w r
a e o a e o or s o e o e

p rti
o n Co r fully
.
p l t h t
a ep p o rti n t t h quir d
a ce e o o o e re e

p iti
os n n d m
o rtly gi
a it t s
p with
a t h h m m ; ve on e a e a er

t hi will c u t h p in h d t l v ind nt ti n n d
s a se e -
ea s o ea e e a o s, a

87
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
if th e b e t k n c ntr s fo b ring ccurat work will
se a e as e e r o , a e

r ult Th n w p ti n f t h l g is aft rwar ds s wn

es . e e or o o e e e a

and wr ught t t h d i d sh p
o o e es re a e .

Thi is n x m p l f w rk wh r it i n ext t o imp s ibl

s a e a e o o e e s o s e

to g ug n d
u se a nly n j int i r quire d it is n t
a e, a as o o e o s e o

worth t h tim t k n t m k t mp l t
e e a e o a e a e a e .

Fig 2 1 5 show t h d w lling f a p di m nt o t p

q
. s e o e o e e r o

shaping on t o wash tand back The p ediment is re uir ed

a s .

Fi g . 2 15 —D owe lli n g a Wa s h st an d Ped imen t .

to betak en ff from tim e t o tim f conv ni nce o f r emov l

o e or e e a
o r re
p li h i g As t h h p ing will m b l w t h y
-
o s n . e s a co e e o e e e,
scr w t t h t p dg w uld pp r un ightly ; thus
e s a e o e e o a ea s

d w lling i r rt d t in thi n d imil r c

o e s es o e o s a s a as e s .

The t ls u d in d w lling ar : Br e twi t bit

oo se o e e ac , s -
,

d w l r und r unt ink t y qu r m king wl n d

o e -
o e co e rs , r -
s a e, ar -
a ,
a
th u u l b n h t
e l Th fir t f ur
s a e illu tr te d t
c oo s . e s o ar e s a a
Fig 1 95 1 99 1 98 n d 1 97 r p ti ly
s .
, , , a es ec ve .

T h m th d f w ki g i : P l n
e e p m rk u t b o r e
o o or n s a e u , a o ,

h l s c unt rsink glue dowels and c mplet j oint

o e , o e , , o e s.

88
 T HE SC A R F J O I NT
”
HE m th d kn wn as s fin g i u ed fo t he
e o o c ar s s r

j oining o f timb r in t he di r cti n of i t l ngth

e e o s e ,

e n bling t h e w rk m n t
a p r duc a j int with a
o a o o e o

sm th oo fl ush p p r nc on all its f c

or a On ea a e a es . e

of th simp lest form o f sc f d j oint is kn wn

e s ar e o as

t h e h l f l p in which
a a p o rti n i cut
, t t th a o s ou a e

of e ach b e am or j oist qual in d pth t o h al f th full

, e e e

Fi g . 2 16 .
—
H lf L p
a -
a Fi g . 21 7 —D v t ile d
o e a
f J in t f J in t
.

Sca r o . Sca r o .

d p th
e of t he be am , an d o f e qu l l ngth
a e t o the r e quir d e

scarf.

89
 joints in Wood wo rk
Th e t w o p b f r th y i p c d t g th r f rm a
l e ces e o e e ar e a e o e e o

j i t
o n t Fig 2 6 t h p r j ting p t A fitting
as s h wno a . 1 ,
e o ec ar

int t h o d p rti n m rk d B d t h t w p i c b i g
e r e ce s s e o o a e an e o e es e n

s ecur d in t h i r p tiv p iti n by cr w

e e r es ec e os o s s e s .

Fig 2 1 7 h w d v t il d rf j int Thi i v ri

. s o s a o e a e s ca o . s s a a a

ti f Fig 2 6 t h l ngth f t h d v t il l p b ing fr m

on o . 1 ,
e e o e o e a a e o

6 i t 8 i
ns . i l gth o ns . n en .

Fig 2 1 8 is . illu t ti n of a j int d ign d t s ra o o es e o

Fi g . 218 —J i o n t U e d in Roo f W
s o rk .

r i t a cr ss tr in Th f c id i l ft flush whil t
es s o s a . e a e s e s e , s
th eund id i i t d by n ir n p l t Th j int i
ers e s as s s e a o a e . e o s
sec u d with n t b lt n d w h
re Thi typ f j int
u s, o s, a as e rs . s e o o
i f qu ntly u d f
s re j ini g p u li
e in r f w k t h
se or o n r ns oo or e

ir p l t n t h nd id i i t hi
on a e o m itt d e u er s e s n s c a se o e .

Fig 2 9 i d ign d t r i t b th t n i n n d c m
. 1 s es e o es s o e s o a o

p i n n d i n x ll nt j int f ll p rp
r es s o a s Th a e ce e o or a u os es . e

j i t i br ught t g th r by u ing f lding w dg

o n s o h wn o e e s o e es a s s o
in t h c nt e e re .

Fig 2 2 0 i v i ti n f Fig 2 1 9 n d it will b n ti c d

. s a ar a o o .
,
a e o e

th t t
a p id d th f
e n on s and und id t
ar e r ov e on e ace e rs e o

r it
es s t i P b bly thi j int i n f t h b st
c ro s s s r a n . ro a s o s o e o e e

v i ti f t h
ar e rf d j int Unf t t ly h w v r
es o e s ca e o . o r un a e , o e e ,

i t p r ducti
s i m wh t
o tly n d t h i m y b t h
on s so e a co s , a s a e e

90
 % o ints in Woo d wo r k

pl ta e Iron nut b olts and wash rs a us d t o comp lete

. s, , e re e

t h j int
e o .

Th m t h ods o f s
e e fi n g and fi s h ji n t i ng a m ny
c ar ~
o re a

a n d v ri d a d ine l cting j oint t h n tur of t h

,
an ,
se e a , e a e e

p i c t
e es b j inod n d t he di cti
o o n det h m
a o nt o f t h e re an e a u e

l d h ould b c r fully t k en int consid ration

oa S e a e a o e .

Fi g . 2 22 —i F sh e d J oint .

Th e a ob v j ints m und r t h h ding of c a p entry

e o co e e e ea r ,

an d t h e o rdin ry t l uch t h s w p l an b ring bi t

a oo s s as e a , e, o -

an d chi l
se l l th t r qui it and n ces y t
ar e a a a re e s e e s ar o

p r duc
o e und n d rvic bl j int Sc rfe d j ints
a so a se ea e o . a o
ar e g n rally f l rg iz n d th y
e e o u u lly m d by
a e s e, a e a re s a a e

p l cing
a t h w k u p n
e wing t t
or l wing t t h b eonch sa r es es o o e
b in g t oo small t o accomm odat e the larg timbers
e e .

92
 T H E H IN G E D JO I NT
NE most c mm n f rm f hing d j oint in
of t he o o o s o e

s t d y i
u e th t f m d by u ing t h butt
o -
a s a or e s e
% ”

hing n d m nyt ubl xp i n d by t h m t ur

e, a a ro es e
” %
er e ce ea a e ,

uch s hing b und

s a t p b u d n d cr w
%
e -
o , s o -
o n ,
”
a
%
s e
b und d rs t
o d t l ck f knowl dg
oo , e c ar e ue o a a o e e

o f t h p rinci p l f hi n g i n g Hing
e c ll f car ful
es o e . es a or e

g uging n d accurat e fi tting oth rwise trouble i c rt in

a a ,
e s e a

t o o ccur .

Fi g 223 .
—
St p b 0 -
ou n d
D
.

oor .

Fi g . 224 .
-
B tt h in ge
u . Fi g . 2 25 .
-
G a u gi n g .

BOU ND D OO RS .

Hi n ge b u n d —
A d or -
b lid i id t b hing
o . o or ox s sa o e e

b und wh n t h r
o whi h c t i t h hi g i
e e e ces s c on a n s e n e s cu t

t o d p
o The fram e and t h b dy p rti on e n g g t
ee . e o o a e oo

93
 jo ints in Woodwork
tightly with ch th wh n l d t h r ult b ing th t ea o er e c os e ,
e es e a

th d h lw y
e o or t nd n y t p n littl Thi
as a a s a e e c o o e a e . s

f lt m y b i m y
au a m di d by p a king b hi d
e n an c as e s r e e e c e n

t h hing wit h n
e t w thi k n
e f g d ti ff br wn
o e or o c es s e s o oo s o

p p r aF p e k i.g p p u h or t h i pacp r will bn ur os e s s c as s a e e

f und t b f m h m v lu th n t hi trip f w d
o o e o uc or e a e a n s s o oo

or knif cut n th el tt r lw ys h ving gr t

-
ve e er , e a e a a a a ea

t nd ncy t p lit wh n
e e r w br d wl i in rt d
o s e a sc e or a a s se e .

A St p b n d d r i t h n mo -
p p li d wh n t h d
ou r oo s e a e a e e e oo

i n t fini h d t
s o x tly t h m t hi k n
s e rigin lly
o e ac e sa e c es s a s o a

int nd d Thi u t h d r t bind n t h t p t

e e . s ca s es e oo o o e s o s a

t h b cke h wn t Fi g 2 2 3
a ,
Th di fficulty m y b
as s o a . . e a e

re m di d by t h in ing t h d r
e e littl t t h b k n e oo a e a e ac , or

slightly r unding w y t h p rti n which binds

o a a e o o .

Sc r w b n d i ec mm n f ult ft n v rl k d by
- ou s a o o a o e o e oo e

th m t u
e It i u d by u ing
a a e r .w f which t h s ca se s s cr e s o e
h d ea t l g f t h unt unk h l i t h hing
s ar e oo ar e or e co e rs o es n e e,

an d m y b id d by lightly i ki g t h h les in t h
a e av o e S S n n e o e
br sswork with c unt r ink o r o bit
a a o e s r se -
.

A L IGN M ENT .

Ali g n m e n t — An th f ult th t i f irly c mm n i o er a a s a o o s

h vi g t h x f t h hi g
a n t f lign m nt
e a es oE p i lly e n es ou o a e . s ec a

i thi t h
s s wh n t h hing e u dt h g
ca s e e re e es ar e se o an a
w d b ar ro th r l g d
e or o It i b l t ly n e y ar e o or . s a so u e e ce ss a r
i
n ll a t h t t h x t t f t h p iv t p in f t h
c as es a e e ac ce n r e o e o -
o e

hi g h ld b i
n es s t igh t li
ou e n a s ra ne .

Hi g i n g f Sh p Fr n t d W r k P ti ul r tt
n e —
o a e- o e o ar c a a en

ti n t lig m t i n
o o a ry wh t h b dy n d t h
n en s e ce s s a en e o a e
d rf m
oo h p d th f
ra id A f m ili r x mp l
e a re S a e on e a ce s e . a a e a e

th t a y d m y i p t f him lf i t h u d
e v er re a er a ns ec or se s e c rv e

s id f e o ilw y r i g b dy d ilw y
a ra a i g dca r a e o an ra a c a rr a e oo r ,
wh h wi ll n ti
ere th t
e p i l ly wid hi g ho t ce a a S ec a e n e
’

as o
b u d at t h b tt m f t h d r t giv t h n c es ary
e se e o o o e oo o e e e s

94
 jo ints in Woodwork
p eri e n ce d k n rly l w y v l k t hi Th r ult
wor er ea a a s o er oo s s . e es

is a hi g b n d d r t h u f whi h i n t di c v r d
e -
oun oo ,
e ca se o c s o s o e e

by t h w k e b u h i
or er e th t h h
e ca t thse e s so sur a e as s e e

g uga e tly Th di t n B Fig 2 2 6 Shows t he

co r re c . e s a ce , .
,

lin e g aug e d f or t h thickn e s o f t h hinge e s e .

HI N G E D J OINTS .

P o s i t i o n o f Hi n g e s . Anoth r di fficulty t o t he beginner

e

i s t h e p os ition f or h i s hinges an d it may here be tat d

, s e

Fi g 2 30.
R
.

Th e e ces s .

th t ag r l rul i t c rry a lin r t h f c f

t he ene a e s o a e ac o s s e a e o
th w k f m t h i id
e or f th roro r i l and p l c t h
e ns e o e c ss a a e e

hi g t E
n Fig 2 2 6
e a ,
as . .

S wi g f r t h R
a n —Aft r m rking t f t h
o e e ce ss . e a ou or e

hing h wn t Fig 2 2 6 t k
e, as s fin t th d
o aw ( .
, a e a e -
oo e sa a

d v t il w i c n id d t h b t ) n d w d wn
o e a sa s o s e re e es a sa o as
sh wn t Fig 2 2 7 r b ing t k n n t t cut b y nd t he
o a .
,
ca e e a e o o e o

gaug lin es In thi sk t h thr s aw kerfs ar e shown

e . s e c ee ,

96
 Th e H ing ed jo int

but if t h hing i of gr t l ngth y 5 6 ins t h

e e s ea e , sa or .
,
e

m v l f t h w t w d will b gr tly f il t t d by
.

o a o e as e oo e ea ac i a e
re

th dditi n f int rm di t w k rf Th
e a o o e ut v e a e sa e s . es e c s se er

th cr
e fibr
oss n d ll o w t hestimb ar t b as ily p r d
a e e o e e a e

away in sh rt l ngth o e s.

P ri n g
a t t h e Re c e s s
ou
— Fig 2 2 8 illustrat s t h e m ethod . . e

of p ring
a w y t h w
a oo d by a first cutting e m all p i c a s e e

away up t o t h gauge lin e This f o rms a s ort of trench

e .

2 31. Fi g . 2 32 .
T h e H in ge in g of a Box Li d .

or should r and p r v ents ov rcutting wh n t king away

e e e e a

t h bulk f t h m t ri l
e o Fig 2 2 9 h ws t h chi l cl ring
e a e a . . s o e se ea

ou t t h b tt m e of t h re c o l ving it l n sm th
o e ess , ea c ea , oo ,

an d quit l v l e At Fig 2 3 0 t he r c i h own c m p l t d

e e . . e es s s s o e e

and r ady f t h hing t b scr w d in i t p o iti n

e or e e o e e e s s o .

St o p p e d H i n g d J i n t s f r B x W o r k Fig 2 3 1 i
e o o o
-
. s

a s cti n through m ll b x im il r t l dy w kb x
e o a s a o s a o a a
’
s or o

( t h b
e ck af t h b ox in t h i llu e t ti n i l og d in e s ra o s e n ar e

thickn ss t l rly h w t h p ition f t h hing ) In

e o c ea S o e os o e e .

this c as e t h knu kl f t h hing i l t int t h w dw k

e c e o e e s e o e oo or

until it is fl ush with t h e back f t he box and t h g ug e o , e a

97
 % o ints in Woo d w o rk
w uld h v
o a e t ot l width f t h hinge The
t o be s et t o t he a o e .

b k dg
ac o f t h li d
e esn d t h b ck dg f t h l w r p rti n
e a e a e e o e o e o o

of th b x e pl n d
o w y t n ngl f 45 d gs
a re a e a a a a a e o e . as
indic t d by t h d tt d lin
a e e o e es .

Fi g 2 3 2 h w t h
. m b x with t h lid p n
s o s n d it
e sa e o e o e , a

will b b rv d th t t h ch mf r d dg
e o se e m t o g th r
a e a e e e es co e e e

and form a s t op which p revents the lid falli ng backwards

Fi g . 2 33. —tr S ap H n ge i .

Fi g . 2 35 ,
—P v t Hi
i o n ge
f or Scre en s .

Fi g 236 .
—N on - re v e rsi b le

H ing
.

Scre e n
—R v ibl
e.

Fi g . 2 34 . e e rs e or
D bl f ldi
ou e- o ng Scree n
Hi g n e.

an d br aking t h b ox This me th d f l tting in t h

e e . o o e -
e

knu kl flu h i u ful n fo b x w rk b u t h
c e s s a se o e r o o e ca se e

o rdin ry t k br butt hing c n b u d Att nti n

a s oc as s e a e se . e o
”
m y h w
a ,
r b c ll d t t h st p p d butt h ng ,
o ev e , e a e o e o e -
i e

whi ch i p i lly m d t answ r t h b v p u p

s s ec a an e o e e a o e r os e i

it cti n t h s m m e chanic al principle as t he one appli d

s a o e a e e

to t h b x is used
e o .

98
 jo ints in Woo dw o rk
Fig is a .
p e of p o
2 35 e ty iv t hing which is us d t o fi x at e

th e t o p an d o om o f a s c e e b tt r n .

Fig 2 3 6 i s t h e n o n r e v e rs
. e sc ee ibl r n hing n d as its
-
e a ,

nam e m p es i o ol li on e i ec
, will nly f d in d r ti n o .

Fig 2 37 is a . a ck flap h e a sp e b ing with ci lly wid wing a e ,

use d for t h e a o ea of sm a a f ll d wn l f
-
ll t bl n d i mil r es a s a

ar ti l c es .

Fi g . c d t bl hing Thi i l t int t h dg s

2 38 is a ar a e e . s s e o e e e

o f t he t bl th t l l is flu h l v l b oth b v n d
a e, so a a s or e e a o e a

b l w th
e o f c e sur a e .

C nt r e r Pi v t Hi n g
e o Fig 2 39 i c ntro p iv t es . . s a e e or o

hi ng e, d th
use t p d b tt m
on f w rd b d rs
e o an o o o a ro e oo ,

m o re p rti l rly a t h i t i
cu a d r f th wing
e d n er or oo o a re e -
e

w d b Wh
ar ro th m th d
e f fixing i c nfin d t o t h
ere e e o o s o e e

c r i
o n ce n d p li th a Th p ti n c r ying t h p in
n . e or o a r e s or

p iv o t i l t i t s t h t
e p n d b
n ott m f t h ed toh r m in
a o o o e oor, e e a

i ng ( f m l ) p rti n b ing l t int t h co rnic nd p linth

or e a e o o e e o e e a

r p tiv ly
es ec e

—
.

Ri i n g B t t H i n g s
s Fig 2 40 is t h ri ing butt hing
u e . . e s e,

u d n di ing n d d wing r m d
se o n a th t wh n t h
ra oo o ors , s o a e e

d or i p d t h d or ri
o s o ene uffici tly t cl r t h
e o s es s en o ea e

t hickn f thes s o rp t Thi hi ng h al n dv nt g

e ca e . s e as so a a a a e

o v r the di ry butt hi g in th t it i lf cl ing

e or na n e a s se -
os ,

i. a t h w igh t
.
, e f th d e
p l t h b
o v l n t h hing
e o or us e e e o e e

j int u t h d t l
o ca s es B d n d h k hing n d
e o or o c ose . an a oo es a

o t h r din ry v ri ti
e or t
a w ll kn wn t o r quir
a e es are oo e o e e
illu tr ting s a .

IN AN A C UT E ANG LE
HIN G EIN G .

Fig 2 4 i ti n l d wing f
. 1 n r cup b d
s a sec o a ra o a co r e o ar

Sh wi g o g d m t h d f hi g i g t h d
n a Th i
oo t e o o n e n e oor . e nse a

Sh w o l g d Vi w f t h
s a n e n ar c yi g t h hing e e o e co r n e r a rr n e e,

l
a so th d pt pi w h i h i fitt d t t h i id
e a a dg or ece 0, c s e o e ns e e e

of th pb d t h t t h h i g d dg
e cu t 9 d g
o ar so a e n e e es a r e a 0 e s .

t th f
o Thi i f b tt r n d tr g r m th d th n
e a ce . s s a ar e e a s on e e o a

1 00
 T ke H ing ed jo int

that hown at b which i ft n att mp t d with disastro us

s , s o e e e

r ult Th inc r t m th d b ll w in ffi i nt w d
es s . e o re c e o a o s su c e oo

f
or fixing p urp os s and in n rly all c s t h e thi n dg
e , ea as e e e

Fi g . 2 41 . —Hi n ge i n g D oo r o f C o rn e r C up b o a r d .

of door bre ak w y du ing t h m king n d fitting

t he s a a r e a a ,

o s on aft er c omp l ti n Th d p t r p i m y hav

r o e o . e a a o e ce a e

a fac m uld wo k d up n it t o giv e a pil as t er lik app e ar

e o r e o
-
e

ance if fancy s dictat s o e .

Fi g . 2 42 — id In s e H inge in g . 243 .
—S tiec on .

I N SI DE H ING EIN G .

Fig 2 42 i .k t h f on n d f t h l w r c rc of
s a s e c o e e o e o e a ase

a kitch n dr r t h e d or fr m b ing hing d in id t h

e es se , o a e e e s e e

carcase In common work n d in light cabin et work it

. a

101
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
rmi ibl t l t t h w h l thickn ess f t h hing int
is p e ss e o e e o e o e e o

t hed n d wh n
o or ; wi g t h d r t t h
a r it e s cr e n e oo o e ca c a s e

fi x t h knu kl f t h h i g fl h wit h t h f
i s u s u al t o e c e o e n e us e a ce

c r
o f t he a th ll wi g t h d
cas e ,f m t t nd us a o n e oor ra e o s a

b ck
a ki g b k f b ut ln with t h f c Th
ma ,
1n a re a o a o 3 . e a e . e

m k ing g g h uld b
ar t t
au th full width f t h
e s o e se o e o e

hi g t h m k g ug d n t h i id f t h c
n e e ar d,
a e o e ns e o e ar c a s e e n ,

t h forms a line t o guid th work r whilst fixing t he

us e e e

Fi g . 2 44 .
—O t id u s e H in gein g . Fi g . 2 45 .
—S ti ec on .

d r oo . u c sf lly fix d r it g n r lly r q i t w
To s c es u a oo e e a e u re s o

p n
er s o n t h
s, old t h d e in p oiti n w h il t t h th r
o e oo r os o , s e o e

b r th h l nd fix t h
o es e w
o es a es e s cre s .

Fig 2 43 h w t h
. r t m t h d f fitting butt hing
s o s e c or e c e o o es

o n high l w k O n wing f t h hi g i l t i t t h
-
c as s or . e o e n e s e n o e

d r d t h th wing i l t i t t h car
oo , an e o er d r j mb s e n o e ca s e o r oo a ,

thu di t ibuting p r p ti n f t h w ight t t h c r

s s r a o or o o e e o e a c a se

end i t d f ll wing t h wh l f t h w ight t b

ns e a o a o e o e o e e o e

r i d by t h
ca r e w w ld b t h c i
e s cre Fi g 2 4
s as ou e e as e n a, . 1 .

T h m t h d f in k ing
e e o h p rti n
o f t h h i g int
S e ac o o o e n e o

th ed r nd r oo ar p tiv ly i c stly ; h n it is
c a case es ec e s o e ce

n o t t h e g n e r l p r ctice in h p w rk
a a e c ea o .

1 02
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
t he c rc nds n d th n l tting t h dg f t h f ll
a a se e , a e s o e e es o e a ,

it wil l b f d t h t t h f ll fr t m y b p t in f m
e oun a e a on a e u ro

i t h i nt l p iti
s or z o n d th t su ffi ci nt r
a os m i l ft ton , a a e oo s e o

e n bl t h cr wd iv r t o b m nip ul t d with ut in on
a e e s e r e e a a e o c

v e n i e n ce .

F ig . 2 47 .
-
R v lv i
e o ng F ly R il f T b l
a or a e.

E V O LV ING FL Y RAI L
R .

Fi g 2 47 is
. k tch f m ll t bl with t h t p r m v d
a S e o a s a a e e o e o e .

A l i g fly il i h wn p i t d p
r ev o v n ra p i f i ni
s s o vo e u on a e ce o -
.

wi re Th. b j t f t h i fly r il is t f m up p rt t
e o ec o s a o or a s o o

th e sm ll h i g d d p l f f t h t bl
a n e Thi m t h d i
ro -
ea o e a e . s e o s
suitabl f m ll e i n l t bl n d im il r rticl s
or s a o c c as o a a es a s a a e .

HIN G EIN G DR AUGHT SC R EEN S .

Fig 2 48 i ll t t
.
p ti n u s ra es a or o of a dr ught a n which s cr e e

is c n tru t d f ligh t f m
o s c e o a ra e wo r k nd cov r d with
a e e

1 04
 T h e H ing ed joz m
'
‘

baize r Am ric n cl th The r ev e rsibl doubl folding

‘

o e a o . e e -

hing ( Fig 2 3 4) w uld n w r dmir bly f uch cr n

e . o a s e a a or s a s ee .

C aseso ccur h w v r w h r it i , d ir d t hing

o e ecreen
, e e s es e o e a s

t o b e us e d f o n invalid s b e dsid and it is then imp ort nt ’

r a e, a

B A

Fi g . 2 48 .
—Hi n ge in g D ra u gh t Sc r een s . Fi g . 2 49 .
—Pl an .

th t ll dr ught h oul d b xclud d thr ugh t he j oint ed

a a a s e e e o

e dg Th d ubl r v r ibl hing will n t fulfil th e

es . e o e e e s e e o es

c nditi ns n d t h e foll wing m th d is th r for dop t d

o o , a o e o e e e a e .

In t h p l n Fig 2 49 A and B t w l th f hardwo d

e a ,
.
, , o a s o o

( b ch birch
ee m h og ny n w r p l ndidl y) e hown
,
or a a a s e s e ar s .

Th y e m d th m l n gth n d t h
are a m width as
e e sa e e a e sa e

th dges of t he screen the corn rs b ing li ghtly rounde d

e e , e e s

aw y a .

1 05
 m s in Wood zoor fa
'

j
‘
oz
'

A d o u bl dr ught p r of hing is th n made

e- f ol di n g, a -
o e e

as f ll w P r ur g d fin w bbing b ut i in wid
o o s . oc e oo e e , a o I . e,

and th nc y l rg h d d t ck L y t h l ths id
e e e ss ar a e -
ea e a s . a e a s e

by id s h wn in t h
e as s l v ti n Fig 2 49 n d p r d
o e e e a o , .
, a o ce e

t w b th m
o e h wn C mm nc with t h w b und r
e as s o . o e e e e e

th l th A
e b ing it b t w n t h l th n d v B n w
a r e ee e a s a o er o

t k it r und th l ft h and dge of B and ro und t h b ck

a e o e e -
e ,
e a

Fi g . 2 5o .
—i F n ge r J i o n t.

an d b tw en t h l th n d v r A c ontinuing this m ethod

e e e a s a o e ,

o f wr p p ing t h l th u til t h l w r n d i r ch d an d
a e a s n e o e e s ea e ,

th n f t ing t h w bbi g indi t d by t h d tt d lin

e as e n e e n as ca e e o e es

whi h r pc nt t h t ck Thi lf nt in d hi g i
e rese e a s . s se -
co a e n e s
th n fix d t t h dg f t h
e e n by b ing suit bl
o e e es o e s cr e e or a e
h l thr gh t h l t h n d u i g c unt r nk r w
o es ou e a s a s n o e su sc e s .

Thi i c h p n d ffi i nt m th d f ov rc ming t he
s s a ea a e c e e o o e o

diffi culty .

FIN G ER J OINT .

Fig 2 50 i a fing j int— m v bl int locking j int

. s er o a o a e er o
u d t p p t t h l f f P mb k t bl Th m ll
se o su or e ea o a e ro e a e . e s a

p rti
o n i cr
o w d t t h
s s e tabl il n d t h
e h p e d
e brack t o e ra a e s a e

1 06
 Chi na C bi t
a ne .

Sh o w i ng th e u se o f P il t
lo o s e as er wh e n b i nge i n
g.
1 08
 Tne H ing ed jo in t %

of g i n . or % in r o und ir on r od running thr ough t he centre

of t he j oint .

O P EN J OINT HIN GEIN G .

Th e r m ini g ill u tr ti n
e a pp ly m pnrticularly s a o s a or e a to
t h h nging f t h
e a rdin ry h u h ld d or
o e o a o se o o .

—Op J
‘ q
- w ’

Fi g . 2 52 . en o in t H in geing .

Fi g t rm d Op n j oint h nging from

. 2 52 is e e e a , f ct
t he a
th t when t h d r is p n a cert in amount
a e oo o e a n
o f Op e

Fi g . 2 53 .
—Cl e a ri n g th e A r ch it v M ld
ra e ou .

c xi t b tw n t h dg f t h d
Sp a e e s s en d t h d orp
ee t e e e o e o or a e o os .

Thi Op n p c v i
s e c rdi ng t t h p iti n in which
s a e ar e s a c o o e os o

t h e butt hing is fix d A cti on i s sh own at whi ch t h

e e . se e

1 09
 j oi n i s in Woodwork
i
p n hing i l et in l v l with t h f c Of t h door
of the e s e e e a e e .

Thi will ll w t h d t Op n
s a h wn by t h d tt d
o e oor o e as s o e o e
lin n d it will n ot l r t h rchi tr v m ulding
e, a c ea e a a e o .

HIN GEIN G TO CL EA R THE A RC HITRA V E MOU LD .

Fig 2 53 indic t t h p o iti n

. a es e s o of hinge fix d so s
t he e a

t
o a ll w t h d r t Op n d l y fl
o e oo o en a a a t b ck t th
a rchitr v o e a a e
m lding
ou In thi in t n t h
. s s a ce e butt m d with
s a re a e

wid wing n d th y
er gn s, a e a re e er a l ly p r vid d t tak e
o e o
thr screws ( Fig 2 3 7 right h
ee s ee .
,
-
a nd wing of hing ) e .

J i t Hi g i g 254 —Cl
. ose o n n e n .

T d t rmin t h p iti n f t h c ntr p i n o f t he hinge

o e e e e os o o e e e

t h f ll wing rul i
e o o b v d Th nt f t h p iv o t p in
e s o s er e . e ce re o e

o f t h hing m u t b h lf th di t n
e e b tw n t h f c f
s e a e s a ce e ee e a e o

th de w h n cl
o or, d n d t he o utsid f t h archi trave
e os e ,
a e o e

m ulding
o .

CL O SE J OINT HIN GEIN G .

Th m th d kn wn
e e l j int h nging n ur s
o o as c os e o a e s e

t h j int t t h h nging til b ing in cl

e o a e p r xi
a m ity t s e e os e o o

th he ging r il ; t hi i h w t Fig 2 54 The fir t

an a s s s o n a . . s
m mbe f th er hit
o m uldi g i g n
e ll y
ar c h d r av e o n s e era a ea

o f th m di m t r
e sa t h kne kl f t h hing
a e e Th as e uc e o e e . e

b tt hi g i l t i
u n h wn in t h ill t ti n
e s e n nd t h e
as s o e us ra o ,
a

d or wh n p n d f m cl fi t ti n g j oint
o e o e e or s a os e -
.

I IO
 oi n i s
j in Woo dwo rk
t he end , uldi g i l ct d n account of its
an d t he m o n s se e e o

s uit bility t hid t h j int f t h lini g p i c

a o e e o o e n e e .

Fig 2 57 is imil r t Fi g 2 56 A b d m ulding h as

. S a o . . ea o ,

h w r b
o ev e w k d n th
, dg f t h d r til t
een or e o e e e o e oo s e o

hid t h j int b tw n t h d
e e nd th
o nd In this e ee e o or a e e .

cas imilar b e ad w uld b worke d on t he hing d stil

e a s o e e e

t o match .

Fig 2 58 is of a mor intricat typ e and is o ft n u d

. e e ,
e se

on j e well e rs sh owcas s nd at t h e r ght h an d i

’
Th e . e e i s

Fi g . 2 59 .
—M ti ee ng t
S ile s .

Fig . 260 . Fig . 26 1 .

Sh owin g Rb tdAt
e a e s ra gal . Sh o wing B ra ss At s ra gal.

slightly r bat d t r c iv t h fram n d b oth t h r il

e e o e e e e e, a e a

and t h nd g v d with p l ugh p l n A s p r t

e e are ro o e a o a e . e a a e

b d is m d n d glu d int t h gr v f t h door fr m

ea a e a e o e oo e o e a e,

eng ging with t h gr ov e in t h c ar ca en d when t h

a e o e se e

d r i cl d
oo s os e .

Th slam mi n g til and t h

e nd worke d with a s e e e ar e
h k j int n d if c r fully m d th y a e p r ctic al ly
oo o , a a e a e e r a

du t tight
s -
.

Fig 2 59 h w t h meeting f t wo doors which Op n

. s o s e o e

o utw d arp r t p i f ti m
s , a se b b ing m d t f r m
a a e e ce o er e a e o o

a reb t d as tr g l m uld n d glu d t t h ight h nd

a e a a o a e o e r -
a

d r Thi m t h d giv
oo . n t nd ff ctiv fi i h
s e o es a ea a e e e n s .

Fig 2 60 i i m il r t t h b v with th x c p ti n that

. s s a o e a o e, e e e o

th e r il f t h d r i r b t d t r iv t h tr g l
a o e oo s e a e o e ce e e as a a
m ulding
o Thi m th d i p r f r d n t h b t cl
. s f e o s e er e o e es as s o

w rk b c u it hows no unsightly j oint at t he inside

o ,
e a se s

o f t he doo r fram e .

112
 Sk n t t i ng jo ints
Fig 2 6 1 illustr te t he typ of j int made by u ing
. a s e o s a

brass astrag l m uld as e mp loy d n hi gh cl w rk

a o e o -
as s o .

Fig 2 6 2 i Sk t h f p i c e of brass tr gal moulding

. s a e c o a e as a ,

which m y b p r ur d from any c bin t mak r s ir n

a e oc e a e -
e
’
o

m ng r in uit bl lengths It i fix d in p o sition by

o e s a e . s e

slightly reb ting t h e dg f t he doo r and fastening with

a e e o

o rdinary c o unt e rsunk bra s scr ws s e .

Fig 2 63 is a r b t e d j oint br k en t the front by a

. e a , o a

d oubl b e d m oulding The illustration shows its app lic

e a . a

ti on t o a circ ul ar fr nted cupbo ard and it will be n otic d

-
o , e

g . 262 . Fi g . 263 .
-
C u rve d C p b o d D oors w ith
u ar
B rass At s ra gal . D o ub le -
he a d e d R b a te d J o i n t
e .

that the hinge d rails a e re ceiv d in a rebat e which is r e

w rk d on t he carcas ends Th r bat d j int t t h

o e e . e e e o a e

c entre f t h t wo doo rs is worke d slightly on t he b v l s

o e e e ,
o

as t o allo w f cle arance wh n p ning t he d r

or e o e oo .

Fig 2 64 is t he h k j oint u d n g d cl ss j oin ery nd

.
, oo se o oo -
a a

cabin t work A p ir f p ci l wo d p l n s
e . r quir d
a o s e a o a e are e e

t mak t h e j oint in a ch p and e ffici nt mann e r

o e Th e ea e .

c ost f a p ai r of g in ho k j oint p lan es is from 53 t o 6 5

o -
. o . .

Th y are of simil r iz nd gen eral ap p r ance t o t he

e a s e a ea

o rdinary ov l o m o ulding p lan e

o .

Fig 2 65 is a s p ci l typ of book j oint as use d on larger

. e a e

work Th j oint m y b m d by u ing t he p lough p l n e

. e a e a e s a ,

t he rebat pl n an d a suit bly iz d b e ad p lan e

e a e, th a -
s e , e

lo s t ongues b ing in e rte d as sho wn and fas t en d by

o e e s e

scr ws and glu

e e .

Fig 2 66 is a rebate d j oint wi t h loose tongue slip and

.
-

Lw I
1 13
o
 jo ints in Woodwork
a tr g l m uld uit bl f fr m ov r I } in in thickn ss
s a a o ,
s a e or a es e . e .

Th l s t ngu
e lip i glu d int t h right h nd d r
oo e o e s
-
s e o e -
a oo

Fi g . 264 .
—
H ook J o in t .

Fi g . 2 65 —Sp i e c al Typ e of Ho ok Ji to n .

266 —R b t d Je a e o in t with Ton gu e Sli p .

Fi g . 2 67 —D
. us tp
-
r oo f D rawe r J oint .

Fi g . 2 67 shows a Shutting j int use d t o o p r vent p erm a

e e

1 14
 jo in ts in Woodwork
Wh e n king airtight showc s s one of t he b est and
ma a e ,

si mp l t t ts is t o p l c light d c ndle in t h cas e and

es es a e a e a e

cl ose ll t he d o rs ; if t h c ndl g s
a o t within thr e
e a e oe ou e

minut yo h v e ccomp lish d y ur ob j ct

es u a a e o e .

Fo t h e m king o f all t h
r a b v j int a half s t of e a o e o s -
e
h ll w n d r und p l n a i in f in n d 1 in r b t
o o a o a es , -
.
, .
, a -
. e a e

p l an e and a p l ugh p l n e will

o b ll th t ar r quir d
a e a a e e e .

Of c our th e f u r d rs who p o
se , os o o r a St nl y
ea e sse s s a e

a d j u t bl m ulding plan e will be able t o dispen e with

s a e o s

th e abov e t o ls o .

1 16
 T H E D O V E T A IL JO I NT
OTHIN G efin d
it is kno wn as t t h o rigin o f dove
e o e

tailing qu int and p le asing littl st ory which

b ut a
is w l w rth rep ating run as foll ws z—J yn er
, a e

el o e s o o

W oo
d was c l d by Farm e r Gil s t o do sun d y
al e e r
r rs at
ep ai h omest ad On e day whi lst e n j oyin g
t he e .
,

dinn r h ur h p i e d fo ur d v es o ccup ying a

hi s e o , e es o

p o sitio n simil r t th t in u illustrati n

a o a This suggest d o r o . e
t him t h id
o e of j ointing hi s timb r by t h e int erl ocking
ea e

method hence we hav e dovetai ls

Fi g . 2 7I . —D o v tails
e .

Th r o u g h D o v e t a ili n g —One imp lest forms of . of t he S

t he d v t ai l j oint is sh wn in Fig 2 72 wh r e t wo p i e c
o e o .
, e es

o f timb r ar e j oin e d by t h m th d kn o wn as
e through e e o

d v t iling Thi m th d i u d in v ryd y p ractic

o e a . s e o s se e e a e

f or j oining t h c rn rs f f me brack t tru s n d

o e o ra es , e ss e , a

a hundr d nd n the r rticle

e a o e o a s .

Fig 2 73 h w t he m tho d o f thr ugh dov tai ling as

‘

. S o s e o e

a pp li e d t t h m king f b oxes p linth an d g n ral

o e a o ,
s, e e

H 7
 jo ints in Woodwork
c rca w rk ; it i u d in p ositi n wh r n b j cti n
ase o s se o s e e o o e o

ca n b t k n t t h n d g in h wing
e a e ch id f t h
o e e ra s o on e a S e o e

fini h d w rk In t h
s e f p lint h
o n d fur itur c rnic
. e c as e o s a n e o es

t h f und ti n fr m i m d
e o f y ll w p in
a o th r ch p
a e s a e o e o e or o e ea

w d n d t h m r xp n iv n d r r timb r
oo ,
a e glu d
o e e e s e a a e e s ar e e

a n d m it d r und in v i u thickn
re a o nd h p thu ar o s e s s es a s a es , s

sa ving t h m r c tly m t ri l nd t ngth ing t h

e o e os a e a a s re en e

c nstruction by t he method known as lamin ting In

o a .

2 73 .
—D v t il
o e a s for Fi g . 2 74
—L. a
p D v
-
t i lio e a ng .

B ox e s , e t c.

m any cas s ll th t i n c ssary i t v n r t he f c Sid s

e a a s e e s o e ee a e e ,

thu c v ring n d hidi g ny un ightlin

s o e a n a s e ss .

L p d o t i li n g
a - Figve a 2 74 is n x m p.l f l p . a e a e o a

dov t iling uch as i u d wh r d w d j m W th

.

e a s s se e e a ra e r Si e o s i
,

th dre w r fr nt a It ei n t p rmi
o ibl. t ll w t h s n d o e ss e o a o e e

g i n f t h tim b r t h w t t h f nt f draw r and

ra o e e o s o a e ro o a e ,

t hi i why l p d v t iling i r
s S a t dt o e a s es o r e o
‘
- .

It i f t y
s sa e t h t t h g o t t sa f t h d a v ta l e r e a es us e o e o e i

j int i f thi n d i m il r p u p
o s or s a nd w sh ll th r f r a r o s es , a e S a e e o e

d l fully with t h m t h d f m rking t n d t h m kmg

ea e e o s o a ou a e a

o f t h i cl f j oint
s ass o .

An g l — A m tes.i m p c r t n t p oint in
os t h c n tructi o n a e o s

o f d av t il i t
o ve a id n mg tsh ngl
o a f t h op n n d av e a es o e i s a

t ails t oo acut An inclin t n f on in ight c on d r d

e. a io o e e is si e e

1 18
 jo ints in Woodwork

g aug e us d h uld b a
e c t t n g g ugse s th t
o t he lin e i s e u I a , o a

in i d b ut
c se 1 in in d p th thus ff tu lly cutt ing
a o 3 5
-
. e , e ec a

t h cr
e fibr s f t h timb r
o ss e o e e .

Fig 2 77 shows t he m thod f u ing t h cutting g ug

. e o s e a e.
Th t k f t h g ug must b h ld w ll p t t h nd
e s oc o e a e e e e u o e e

of th tim b er Th e g ug i a m t difficult t ol fo t he
e . a e s os o r
n ov i t o e nd hi tr uble i g n r ll y c us d by
ce us , a s o s e e a a e

h lding it t oo fl at Tilt t he g uge a littl s o th t t he

o . a e, a

Fi g . 2 77
—M th d f M
. e o o a rkin g Fi g 2 78 . S u a ri n g —q
.

wi h t C tting Ga u u ge . Lin e s a cro ss En d .

thumb cr w hown in t h illu tr tion go n e ar r t o t h

s e s e s a es e e

fl or ; t h bl d will th en not bit so k nly nd b ett e r

o e a e e ee , a

r ult will b obt i n d Th d tt d lin indic t e t he

es s e a e . e o e es a

p iti
os n which
o t h d vs t il will ccu p y wh n m rk d t e o e a s o e a e ou .

Th e g ug is s t trifl l s th n t he thickn
a e f t he
e a e e s a e ss o

dr w r id s o as t o ll w f t h thickn ss f t h st l
a e s es a o or e e o e ee

cutt er n d a g ug lin i m rk e d n t h in id o f t h
, a a e e s a o e s e e

dr w r fr nt nd ll round t h dr w r b ck The gaug

a e o a a e a e a . e

i n w r d j u t d o as t l v a f i n l ap n t h dr w r
s o ea s e s o ea e . o e a e

fr nt n d lin i mark d n t h ends f t h draw r

o , a a e s e o e o e e

fr nt and all r und t h nd f t h dr w r ide which

o o e e s o e a e s s,

wi ll ng g with t h dr w r f nt A gl nce at Fig 2 74

e a e e a e ro . a s .

a n d 2 77 will m k thi quit cl r a e s e ea .

Th e d v tail p in n th
o d w r fr ont and the dr aw r
e s o e ra e e

IZ O
 T k e D o ve ta il jo i nt
b ack sp ace d u t and m rk ed on t he end with
are now o a
i d f t h j in r b v el t h lin s b ing th n qu r d
’
th e a o e o e s e , e e e e s a e
d wn t o t h g ug lin by t h m th d h wn t Fig 2 78
o e a e e e e o s o a .

th t is by u ing t h t y qu ar and markin g awl

a s e r -
s e

—
, .

Sa wi ng Th draw r fr nt is n w p t int o t he
. e e o o u

b nch vic and t h p in a cut

e e, h wn t Fig 2 79 e s re as s o a . .

Th e dr w r b ck i tr e at d in a si m ilar m nn r but f
a e a s e a e , o
c ourse in thi c as it i n ot l p but thr ugh d v
s e s a o o e
t i ling n d t h s w k rf go es through t h e timb e r and
a , a e a e

down to the gauge lin e .

Fi g . 2 80 .
—A M th e o d of
of Sa w i ng Pi n s. R o u ghi n g in D v t ilo e a s.

We com t t h p oi nt wh r it is ne c ssary t o
now e o e e e e

r m v t h up rflu u m t ri l Fig 2 80 h w m th d
e o e e s e o s a e a . . s o s a e o

co mm nly d p t d n d kn own as wing t t h wast

o a o e a sa ou e e

th s w i h ld t n ngl
e a s nd p rtef t h in id p o rti n
a a a e a a o e s e o

o f t h d v e t il i cut w y as h wn
e o aThi i a g o d p l n
s a a s o . s s o a

for t h am t ur b c u
e it l ly h w hi m at t h
a e ,
e a se c e ar s o s e

c mm nc m nt f hi ch p p ing o t which will b t h p in

o e e e o s o u e e

and whi h t h tail c e .

Fig 2 81 hows an ther m th d that n w r w ll f

. s o e o a s e s e or

s ft w od su h s p i Am ri n whit w o d n d tin
o o s c a ne, e ca e o a sa

w lnut
a T h draw r fr nt i l id fl t n t h b nch ft r
. e e o s a a o e e a e

it h be n wn n d with m ll t n d h rp hi l t h
as e sa , a a a e a s a c se e

c rn r o f t h d v t il i kn k d ff hown Thi t ak
o e e o e a s oc e o as s . s es

t h bulke f t h m t ri l w y n d t h e dov e t ail is th en

o e a e a a a a

p ar e d o u t squ r i n t h e usu al way a e .

1 21
 jo ints in Woodwork
A third m th d i h wn t Fig 2 82 With h rd cu ly
e o s S o a . . a ,
r

timb r u h t b cc m h g ny d tinw d it is
e s, s c as o a o a o a an sa oo ,

a l b i p r s t ar fully ch p w y t h tim b r in
a or o u s o ce s o c e o a a e e

s m ll p i
a nd t v rc m t hi di ffi lty w c i ll y
e ce s , a o o e o e s cu e o c as on a

s ee t h w km n t k e twi t bit n d b r
or a s ri f a e a s -
a o e a e es o

h l h wn A gr t p orti n f t h tim b r m y th n
o es a s s o . ea o o e e a e

b ep lit w
s y by in rtingat h chi l n d w y int t h
a se e se e -
a o e
gr in ft r whi h it i p r d t fi i h
a , a e c s a e o a n s .

As d v t iling i chi fly u d f d w r m king it will

o e a s e se or ra e a ,

b of int r st t gi
e sev ral illustrations f variations of
e e o ve e o
t h j oint an d its us e s
e .

Fi g . 2 8I . —
R i
ou gh n g in L p a Fi g 82
. 2 .
—R o u gh n i g
D v t il Pi
o e a ns wi t h Ch i l se . o ut by B o ri n g .

A KING DRA WE R SI DE S M R .

Fig 2 83 indi t t h m th d f m rking t h p iti n

. ca e s e e o o a e os o

of th h l in t h d w r id Wh n t h p ring t f
e o es e ra e s e . e e a ou o

th d v t il i
e om p l t d t h dr w r f nt i turn d
e a s s co e e e a e ro s e

ov r n t t h id
e o h wn nd th
o p iti ne f th s e as s o , a e os o o e

rc whi h will ng g with t h p i n p rti n

e ess es c m k d e a e e o o s ar e ar e

with t h m king wl ill t t de ar a as u s ra e .

Th c m p l t d d r w r b k i m rk d n t h sid
e o e e in a e ac s a e o e es

an x ctly imil r m n r
e a s a an e .

An th r m t h d f m rking thr ugh d v t il i h wn

o e e o o a o o e a s s s o

at Fig 2 84 T h id i h ld in p iti
. . n th nd d
e s e s e os on o e e , an

th d v t il
e w i i
o t d n d dr wn t f t h w k rf
e a sa s n s er e a a ou o e sa e ,

thus l ving t h x ct m rk n t h dr w r back

ea e e a a o e a e .

1 22
 jo ints in Woodwork
conditi n will r ult in f ulty dov t iling and it wi ll
o es a e a ,

also p ov e t h n ecessity fo using a fin ly tooth d and

r e r e -
e

thin blad d d v tail saw

-
e owrit er has fo und an 8 in
e . Th e -
.

dov t il w t b t h m t conv ni nt fo d w r w rk
e a sa o e e os e e r ra e o .

We n ow c om t o t h p oint wh r it i n c r y t o cut
e e e e s e es s a

Fi g . 2 88. Fi g . 2 89.
C tti
u ng Ch a nn el . Sh owi n g F a u l y t R e m o va l
of Wa s te C o re .

away t he w t w d (o c r ) and t h u l p r c dur i

as e oo r o e , e su a o e e s

to saw w y th a h lf d v t il
a eFig 2 85 With c ar
a
-
o e a s a, . . e,

thi s n bca mp li h d with t h d v t il s w thu

e a cco s e e o e a a , s

av oidi ng unn ec s ry l b u n d t he us of t he paring

es a a o r a e

1 24
 Tke D o ve ta il jo int
chis l Fig 2 87 illu trat s t he m th d of h olding t he
e . . s e e o

dr w r id in t h b nch vic e whil t t h Op r tion i

a e s e e e s e e a s
c o mp l t d e e .

Aft r s wi ng t h dr w r id i p l c d fl t up n t h
e a , e a e s e s a e a o e

b n h n n d in
e c , t ct with t he b nch t o p r v nt t h
o e e con a e e e e
d w r id
ra fr m lip p ing w y ;
e s ehi l (p r efer bly
o s a a a c se a

b v ll d dg d ) f suit bl width is n w t k n n d m ll
e e e e e o a e o a e a a s a

chann l is cut as t Fig 2 88 Th m etho d of cutting

e a a, . . e

Fi g . 2 90 . —C tti u ng se ve ral F i g 2 91
. Fram e o i n.
— J t ,

D v t il
o e a s a t o nce . i
Sh o w ng p a r s se p a r a t e t d .

this ch nn el is h own in t h e s m illustratio n The

a s a e .

chi el cut i t rt d b ut g in fr m t h g uge lin e ; t he

s -
s s a e a o . o e a

cut i m d righ t p t t h g ug lin which (wh n g uging)

s a e u o e a e e, e a

w m
as d 1
3 2 in d a
p as t
e t t h cr fibr f t
. h ee so o cu e o ss es o e

timb r A small p i c o f wast e w o d will th r for om e

e . e e o , e e e, c

a wy s t
a a a a .

Th b j t o f cutting this s m all ch nn l is s o that wh n

e o ec a e ,
e

t h chi l is h ld v rtic lly n t h g ug lin

e se e nd t uck e a o e a e e a s r

with t h m l l t t h chi l will h v no t nd ncy t f rc

e a e , e se a e e e o o e

i t w y b kward n d v r h t t h g ug lin
s a ac Th a o e s oo e a e e . e

w st c r is n w r m ov d by h lding t h chisel p p o xi
a e or o e o e e o e a r

m t ly v rtic l n d p p lying uffici nt p w r t driv it

a e e a a a s e o e o e

h lfw y thr ugh t h tim b r Th dr w r sid i n w

a a o e e . e a e e s o

turn d ov er t h p eration p at e d n d t h c ore pus he d

e , e o re e , a e

1 25
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
ou t . C are mus t x r i d whil t cutting w y t h
be e e c se s a a e
c B Fi g 2 89 t n r t h hi l b i g h ld
or e ,
.
, o e ly su e e c se e n e n e ar

p p r
e ndi l
e r ; if t cu a m u h l d ( b v l ) b
oo giv n c ea or e e e e , a
f ulty n d und rcut d v t i l as h wn t Fig 2 89
a a e o e a , s o a a, .
,

will b t h r ult Und ut d v t il p v nt p p r

e e es . er c o e a s re e a ro e

grip f t h glu th y gi
o e w k j int
e nd ft n c u
e ve a ea o , a o e a se

th f c e f t h dr w r id t b
a e o e p lint r d whil t driving
a e s e o e s e e s

u p t h j int e If itob n c . y t as n o t w
e h ving
e es s ar o e e o e r o s a s

fr m ff t h dr w r id whil t fitting t h mp l t d dr w r
o o e a e S e s e co e e a e

in t h rc e ca t h j int will h w a gr t r g p
as e , e o ch S o ea e a as e a

s ucc ding h ving i r m v d In c m m n w rk p i

ee s a s e o e . o o o , es ec

a lly i n f t timb r m ny w rk r ll w t h p in f a
so e s, a o e s a o e s o
dr we r b ck t run thr ugh t h id b ut 116 in n d
a a o o e S es a o . a

h mm r down t h p in f t h d v t il Thi i ll d
a e e s o
”
e o e a . s s ca e

bi h p in g t h d v t i l
s o
'

nd i e unn c ssary if t h w rk
o e a s, a s e e e o

b p rop rly m d
e e n d fitt d a e a e .

An alt rn tiv m th d f d v t iling th t f cutting

e a e e o o o e a 15 a o

t h d v t ils fir t as h wn
e o e a t Fig 2 90s , F ur o i x s o a . . o r s

dr w r id s e p l c e d n t h vic n d t h d v t i l
a e s e ar a l e e a e o e a s a re

s wn t n Op r ti n A littl l d ( b v l ) fr m fr nt
a a o e e a o . e ea or e e o o

t back i giv n w hil t

o s wing n d if thi m th d b u d
e s sa , a s e o e se

c r e mu t b e t k n t
a s t h t t h p rt f t h draw
a e o s ee a e a s o e er

Sid which will b n t h i id f t h c mp l t d dr w r

es e o e ns e o e o e e a e

a re t w rds t h w k r
o a t h l ad wi ll b giv n t t h e
e or e ,
or e e e e o

d v t il in t h w ng dir cti n Aft r wing t h d v

o e a s e ro e o . e sa e o e

tail i n thi m n r t h id
s s a p l c d in th ir
ne p ctiv
e s e s ar e a e e r es e e

p ositi n t h
on s o d w fr nt b
e k n d ram k d wit h
er o s or ac s, a ar e

a p nc b
ou g by e u
-
ing t
a h w
or bl d m t h d Th s e sa -
a e e o . e

p in a s th n re t in t h u u e l wcu
y c b i g t k t h
e t s a a , ar e e n a en a

th w k f b
e sa n th er ut id f t h m k t h rwi t h
e o e o s e o e ar s, o e se e

p in will
s fin i sh t l ck t ng g w ith t
oo s a h t il o e a e e a s .

VA R IATION OF THE O V ETAI L J OINT D .

Fr m D t il
a Fig 2 92 i
e kth fove a n t s. . s a s e c o a co s ru c

ti l fr m
on a uch i u d f buildi g p
a e s ni as s se or n u a c or ce o r

p linth At t he j oint mark d hous d bar f c ed dovet il

. e a a e e a a

1 26
 joi nts in Woodwo rk
ty blind l p dov t iling Thi m k a g d ound
p e of a -
e a . s a es oo , s

j int but it h
o ,th di dv t g f h owi g m ll as e sa an a e o s n a s a

p rti n
o f t h ti m b r f t h f
o o t il n d w y f t h
e e o e ron ra e -
a o e
gr in A littl k tch f t h j int p t d h b n h wn
a . e s e o e o se ar a e as ee s o
a t b Fig 2 9 , J int f thi kind
. us d for cornices
1 . o s o s ar e e ,

b x s e t and ls fo p aint d furniture

o e , c , a o r e .

A Mitr d D t i l j int is illu tr t d t Fig 2 92 0 it o

°
e ov e a s a e a .
,

is us d in ll t h b tt r lass f c bin t n d box w rk

e a e e e c o a e a o .

Fig 2 94 h w n f t h p i c s s eparat ed ; n ot e t h
. s o s o e o e e e e
mitre at t he t op and b ott om e dge .

Fig . 2 95 . Fig 2 96 . .

H d d
o u se an M i ark n g o u t a
Mi t d D o vre e H d
o u se a nd
Mit d D v t il
re o e a .

Ho u s e d an d is n th r M i t re d D o ve t ai l -
Fig 2 95 a o e

o
—
f rm f d v t il m m nly c ll d h u d n d mitr d
o o e a co o a e a o se a e

or r b t d n d m itr d d t il In this in t nc w s e
e a e a e ov e a . s a e e e

th t t h j int i n t m itr d t t h t p nd b tt m dg
a e o s o e a e o a o o e e,

and wh n u d in p linth cor ice w rk

e se f m king or n o , or or a

tea c ddi
-
t
a th dg s
es , ( wh n m p l ting t h
e c .
, e e e ar e e co e e

w rk ) c ov r d ith r with t h m uldi ng whi h i p l nt d

o e e e e e o , c s a e

o n th c ni e p linth or with t h t p n d b tt m of
ce o r ,
or e o a o o

th b x
e t c ddy A c mp l t p l n n d k tch o f
o or ea -
a . o e e a a a s e

o n e
p i e c p r t d i h wn
e se a a e s s o .

Fig 2 96 h ws t h m t h d f m arking t a h u d
. s o e e o o ou o se

and m itr d d v t il Th nd t b j in d
e o pl n d
e a . e e s o e o e ar e a e

u p tru nd qu r n d t h n r b t d
e a h wn Th
s a e a e e a e as s o . e

dott e d lin s indic t e t h p rti n which h s b n w rke d

e a e o o a ee o

1 28
 T k e D ov e ta il jo int
away Th dov tails . n ow s wn and p ar e d o t in t he
e e are a u
u u l w y n d t h p rt d n t d by t h arr w is ft rw rd
s a a a e a e o e e o a e a s
cut aw y with a chis l n d fin lly fini h d t o s m ooth
a e a a s e a
su f c with a r eb t p lane ; t h m th d o f working is
r a e a e e e o

sh wn at Fig 2 97 wh r e t he dov t il p ins ar e s n with

o .
. e e a ee
t h wast p rti o n cut w y
e e o s a a .

Fig 2 97 als o hows t h m tho d f cutting away t he mitr e d

. s e e o

part A t mp rary pi c e of wood is p lane d t a tru

. e o e o e

F ig . 2 97. —W ki or ng a H ou se d F ig . 2 98 . —D o ve ta il
a nd Mit d D v re o e ta il. K yie ng .

mitre and p lace d unde rn ath t he dov et ai le d p ie ce t o form e

a t emp lat B oth p i c of t he timb e r ar n w s cur d

e . e es e o e e

t t h b nch with a h an d sc e w
o e e cr mp t h t mp l t e A r or a e e a

will form a guid f t h chis l n d r b t p l n e n d allow e or e e a e a e a a

a harp dg o rris t o b w rk d on t h mitr

s e e r a e o e e e .

D o e t a i l K yi n g Fig 2 98 is m etho d us d t p r v nt
v e . . a e o e e

wid b rd uch as ignb ards Wid n d h p d p di

e oa s s s o , e a s a e e

m nt et fr m casting w rping It is c ll d d v t il
e s, c .
, o or a . a e o e a

k ying n d t w m thod ar e sho wn B yond c lling

e , a o e s . e a

att ntion t t he f ct that t h ngl t t he e dg o f t he

e o a e a es a es

k ys wh e r th y
e , e b e v ll d sh uld b e t
e e b ut ar e e , o a or a o

75 d e gs n o thing furth e.r n, d b e said as t h dr w ing i ee , e a s

self xp l nat o ry Angle dov etail keying is shown at

-
e a .

F ig . 2 98A .

1 29
 jo ints in Woodwork
D o v e t a i l s f o r Sm a ll B o xe s —Fig 2 99 is a good wa y . .

t o p rep a s m l l b o x es s uch as n e g tiv

re a , b o xe an d c as es a e s
fo r sci e ntific in s tru m e nt c as es Fig 2 99 C s ho ws a sk tch
. .
, , e
o f t h e e nd s j oint e d ; A and B are t h e p i e c e s s e p arat e d ,

F ig . 2 98A . —v t
Do e a il Keyi ng o n th e A ngle .

and t he p lan E D illustr t es t h m th d of rounding a e e o

away t h c om rs Th r di us di es aw y at t he j oint
e e . e a a ,

practically hiding t h j int lin e e o .

Fi g . 2 99 .
3 0 1 .

D vt
o e a il s fo r D v t il d
o e a e
Smal l B xe s
o . C dW urve o rk .

A R IETIE S O F T HE J OINT
OTHE R V .

Fig 300 . sm ll f t t l with tretch r rail which

Is a a oo s o o s e ,

w uld be finish d by w bbing nd uph l t ing t h t p

o e e a o s er e o

this shows t he application of dovetailing wh en t h timber e

1 30
 jo ints in Woodwork
—
Fig 309 M e tho d
. . of d v t iling m ll b x
o e a The s a o es .

box i sd v t il d in n o e a e o e width d th t p d b tt m
an e o an o o

glu d on t h id n d
e e S es a e nd e th n o t al ng t h d tt d
s ar e u o e o e

Fig 3 0 3
. L ap .
— F i g 30 4
. .
—J w l e e Fi g 3 0 5 . .
—
Bv e e lle d
vt i
Do e a il ng . Dra we r Si de . D ov e a t il i ng .

lin thus fo rming t he lid It will b n tic d th t Sp ci lly

e, . e o e a a e a

wid dov t il p in mu t b l ft as t f rm p art o f the

e e a s e e so o o

li d and p rt f t h l we r p rti o n
a o e o o .

Fi g 3 0 7 . .
—B v ll d
e e e
D v t ili g w ith
—B v ll d D v t ili
o e a n
Fi g 3 0 6
. . e e e o e a ng. %Pi p ll
nsl t ar a e o
Pa ts r s e p ara e td . E dg e s.

S ETTI N G OUT AN D MA R K IN G THE D O V ETAI L

J OINT .

c onstructing a dov t i l j int t t he c rne r f

For e a o a o o a
frame as Fi g 3 1 0 it i n c
,
y t trim p t h nd of
.
,
s e e s s ar o u e e s

1 32
 Tke D ov eta il jo int
the timb e r qu ar and true as at Fig 3 1 1 This may b
s e , . . e
acc o mp li h d by n tly wing t o t h lin an d p ring
s e ea sa e e a

th een d f t h e w d wi th
o Sh rp chi l o by bringing
oo a a se , r

t h e woo d t o a fi nis h with a fi nely s t plan e such as an -

e ,

F ig 3 0 8
.
—Ob iq
. l ue Do ve ta il ing .

iron fac d smoothing p l ne Th e nds o f t h wood must

-
e a . e e

b e p rf ctly squ r wh n t e t d fro m ith r t he f c e side

e e a e e s e e e a

or from t h m rk d dg e a e e e .

T k e utting g ug and s et it t o e qu l t he thicknes s

a a c a e a

o f t h timb er and h olding it as sh wn at Fig 3 1 2 strik

e , , o .
, e

Fi g 3 0 9
. .
—
D v t ii o e a l ng f o r Sm a ll B o x .

t he g ug lin n t h w o d illu trat d t Fig 3 1 3 G

a e es o e o as s e a .
,
.

P r c d t m rk t t h d v t il p in as t Fig 3 1 4 in
o ee o a ou e o e a s, a .

th illu tr ti n G g in sh w t h g ug lin Th in lina

is s a o a a o s e a e e . e c
t n f t h lin a
io o th
e nd f t h w d sh uld n t b
es cr os s e e o e oo o o e
t oo gr t t h j int will b a w k n , n d t h
ea , or e dgo e ea o e a e e es
of th d v t ai l will b li bl t crumbl aw y wh n t h
e o e s e a e o e a e e
work is kn ocke d t g ther o e .

1 33
 joints in Wood wo rk

Fig 3 1 0
. .
—
C
or ne r Do v ta il
e . Fig 3 1 1
. .
—qiS uar ng.

F ig 3 1 2
. .
—
H w
o t o U s e th e C tti
u ng Ga u ge .

I 34
 in Woodwo rk

F ig 3 1 5
.
—D
. t i
o ve a il n
g Fi g 3 1 6
. .
—H ow t
to ob a in
T e mp la te . C o rre c tA ng le s D v
fo r o e
ta i l T em
p la te .

F ig 3 1 7 . .
—C tti u ng D vt
o e a il w thi Ch i s e l.

about in d p Th n h ld t h chi l
. ee . e o e se on t hebe v l g in e a a
and t wy m
cu a w t w d ; pr
a or e as e oo ocee d lt t ly a e rn a e ,

fir t fo mg t h h is l d wn v rtic lly
s rc e t e o e a , a nd th n
p ri ng
e a

1 36
 T h e D o ve ta il jo int

Fig 3 1 8
. .
—Tes ti ng . F ig 3 1 9
.
—Th
. e M arked

t hewoo d away wi th t h chise l held obliquely until you

e ,

h v cut h lfw y t hr ugh t h thickn

a e a a o f t h wo d e ess o e o .

Turn t h wo d v r and rep e t t he v i ou p r ti ons

e o o e a ar s o e a

until the co re or w s t p ie ce is r emov ed as Sh own at

, a e , ,

Fig 3 2 0
.
—M
. ar ki n g D v t il
o e a s wi ht M i
a rk ng Awl,
1
37
 jo ints in Woo dwo rk
H Fig
, P are away n y little irre gul ariti es which
.
317 . a

m y b l ft in t h
a e rn rs wit h an fi in hi l thu l e ving
e e co e -
. c se , s a

al l s m o th an d n a t
o L ay t h p i f w o d which i s t
e . e e ce o o o

h v t h d v et il m k d on it fl t up on t h b n h n d
a e e o a ar e a e e c , a

t ak e t h p i c with t h dov et il p ins cut up on it an d p lace

e e e e a

in t he p osition shown at Fig 3 1 8 . .

F ig 3 2 1
. .
—S w i a n
g t h e D v t il
o e a s.

Sa w Wo rk rking wl . Tk
knitting n eedl
a e a ma a , or a e

which h h d it nd
as h rp n d n d m a k t h lin f
a s e s a e e , a r e es o

t h d v t il i
e o imil r m nn r t th t h wn t Fig 3 2 0
e a n a s a a e o a s o a . .

R m v t h p i c A Fig 3 1 8
e o e nd th
e l w r p i c sh wn
e e , .
, a e o e e e o

a t Fi g 3 1 8 will
. l rly h w t h m k as th y p p
c ea s o e ar s aa e a e ar
in Fi g 3 9 P l t h p i ( Fi g 3 9) in t h vic an d
. 1 . a ce e e ce . 1 e e,

sa w t i d t h lin
ou s h wn in Fi g 3 2
e e e s a a , as s o . 1 .

Aft r s wing d wn t h lin

e a Fig 3 2 p l c t h w od
o e es aa , . 1 , a e e o

in t h vi e h wn t Fig 3 2 2
ce , nd gui ding t h w
as S o a .
,
a ,
e sa

bl d with t h ind x fi g r f t h l ft h nd t w y
a e e e n e o e e a , cu a a

th m ll pi
e s a t th id f t h w d R p t t h p r
e ce a e s e o e oo . e ea e o e a

ti on as m y b n c ary n d t h c omp l t e d j oint will be

a e e e ss , a e e

1
38
D re s s i n g T a b le Ches t of D raw e rs.

0
1
4
 jo int T ke D o ve ta il

Fig 3 2 5 Fir t t b d wn wit h t h v tical chis l which

. . s s a o e er e ,

must m k t h t b ut 31 i n in fr nt of t h g ug
a e e ou a o
2
. o e a e

Fig 3 2 3
. .
—L ap - d v ta iling D
o e r aw e r Fro n t t o Dra we r Si de .

Fi g 3 2 4
.
—
T h ro u gh F ig 3 2 5
. .
—C i
h p p i ng Wa s te
D t i
o v e a il ng . of L a p D vti
o e a l .

lin e (se illu tr ti n ) Thi c omm n ing f t he cut lightly

e s a o . s e c o s
In f t h g ug lin i a v e ry im p ort nt f tur e Th
fr o
nt ao e e e s a ea . e

chi sel may be li k en ed t o a wedg and if t he chisel dge

.

e, e

1 41
 jo ints in Woodwork
be p l c ed x ctly up n t h g ug lin e and f rc e b e ap p li e d
a e a o e a e o

to t h h n dl it will f rc t h timb w y qu lly n

e a e, o e e er a a e a o

each sid f t h g ug lin n d t h fini h d d p th f t h

e o e a e e, a e s e e o e

h l will th r f r b t d p f t h thi kn
o e e e o e f th e oo ee or e c ess o e

d w r id ; in th r w rd it will p r es it lf ov er t he
ra e s e o e o s, s se

g ug lin n b oth id
a e e o s es .

By taking t he fi rst v ertic l cut on t he wast e side of t he a

Fi g 3 2 6 —M
. a rk n gi D r aw e r D vt o e a ils ( S id es o r e n ds) wi th
Bl d e T fo e P ins
.

t h e Saw a ,
wh e n a ils are ou t be r .

gaug lin and th n r m ving

e m ll p i c with t h
e, e e o a s a e e e

c hi l h ld bliqu ly
se h wn t Fig 3 2 5 t h wo d is
e o e , as s o a .
, e o

r mov d n d l r i t nc i ff r d t t h chi l wh n
e e a ess es s a e s o e e o e se e

th n xt v rtic l cut i m d Thi v r h ting t h

e
'

e e a s a e . s o e s oo e

g ug lin i c mm n f ult with t h b ginn wh i

a e e s a o o a e e er , o s

p uzzl d t t h r
e ult b c u h
a i c rt i n h h d hi
e es e a se e s e a e a s

chi l x ctly n t h g ug lin wh n h c mm nc d hi

se e a o e a e e e e o e e s

v rtical cut It is sp ci lly n otic bl in s ft gr in d

e . e e a ea e o -
a e

w d oo s .

T cut way t h w t
o f l p d ov t il
a shown at e as e o a a -
e a , as

Fig 3 2 5 t h v ertical and bliqu cuts a e rep at e d until

.
, e o e r e

1 42
 joints in Woodwo rk
v t il s ws h v sp ci lly thi n bl d s an d v e ry little
Do e a a a e e a a e

s t up n t h
e o t e th s as t o limit s far as p ossible t h
e e , o a e

thickn ss of t he saw k rf
e e .

O cca sio nal Ta ble i

w th F o u r D ra w e rs .

Do v t il j ints a g n r lly glu d t g th r n d wh n

e a o re e e a e o e e , a e

t h glu i
e e t th y
s se l v ll d p with a finely set plan
e ar e e e e u -
e

and finish ed by gl s p ap ering a s

-
.

1 44
 D O V E T A I L G R OO V I N G

HE dov t il h us ing j oint sh ould fi r s t be c ar efully

e a o

m rk d o t with a m rking knife s o s t cut acr ss

a e u a , a o o

t h fibr s f t h wo o d
e e F obt ai ning t h e b e v e l
o e n . or o

t he dg of t h woo d j oin e r s b ev el may b ’

e e e a e

us e d and t h an gl should not be t oo acute ( S e

, e e . e

p r vi o us chap t e r ) Tak
e chis l and p are away . e a e

a sm ll chann e l as t A Fig 32 8 s o as t o form a small

a a , .
,

shoulde r t o guide t h saw e .

Fi g 3 2 8
.
—F ari ng a w a y Ch a n ne l for D o ve ta il Groov i ng .

With a fine t en on o r dovet ai l saw as shown at Fig , .

3 2 9,
ou t the k rf t D Fig 3 2 8
s aw e If any diffi c ulty is
as a , . .

e x p ri nc d in cutting t h
e e e s aw k rf tru an d squ ar e you e e e ,

may r rt t o t h m th d Sh wn t C Fig 3 2 8 a sm ll
es o e e o o a , . a
t mp orary p ie ce o f timb r has b e n scr w d on t h t op
e e e e e e

o f t h wo rk t o f o rm
e guid e f t h e aw a or s .

Fig 3 2 8 B shows t h sm ll chann l form d by t he

.
, , e a e e

chis l p ri or t o t h s wing op er tion Th sawing o f t he

e e a a . e

bev lle d side is work e d in simil m nn e r ; but cca

e a ar a o

s i n all y we find amat e urs wh o ad opt t h e m etho d sh own

o

1 45
 jo ints in Woo dwork
at Fi g 3 3 0 . . A bl ck f w d H i fi r t m d by bo ring
o o oo s s a e

a r i in
-
ho . l thr ugh i t nti l ngth n d ft rward
e o s e re e , a a e s

m king
a a s a w cut t t h d sire d b v l
a th bj ect of this
e e e e e o

F ig 3 2 9 . .
—
C tti u ng th e Saw K f er .

block which k p t p cially f t h p urp o e is t o fo rm

, 18 e s e or e s ,

a guid f th wh h v n t full c nt l o f t h d v t il
e or o se o a e o o ro e o e a

saw ; t he back of t h s aw cle ars t he hole and t he re quire d e ,

F ig 3 3 o . .
—G u id B l
e o ck fo r Be velling .

b v el is obt in d Wh n
e w cut h as b en mad e at
a e . e a sa e

h sid f t h g v t he u p lu ti mb r is p a d aw y
in t he f ll wing m nn r z—C ut w y p o rtion E Fig 33 1
e ac e o e ro o e, s r s e re a

o o a e a a ,
.

t h n cut w y p o rti o n F
e a n d la tly cut
a w y t h ap x , a s a a e e

p o rti o n m ark d G ; co ntinu by t heis m e th o d o f parin g e

1 46
 jo in ts in Woodwo rk
With re g ard t o cutting t he alt e rn at e p ie ce it is n e cessary ,

to fir t p l n t h n d f t h h lf tru n d qu r n d
s a e e e o e s e e a s a e, a
with cutting g ug trik t h lin K Fig 33 3 ; t h
a a e s e e e , . e
r quir d b v l n t h dg J i t t n d with t h chis l
e e e e o e e e s se ou , a e e

a sm ll ch nn l i g i n f rm d With t h t n n d v t i l
a a e s a a o e . e e o or o e a

s w cut d wn t h lin K t t h r qui

a o d d p th n d c r fully
e e o e e re e , a a e

p r w
a e a y t h w d with
a h rep c h i l
oot t h c rr ct h p a S a se o e o e s a e .

It i p r b bly n dl t r m rk th t t h xp eri n d
s o a ee e ss o e a a e e e ce

craft m n t t hi w k n d cuts t h timb r with ut

s a se s ou s or a e e o

h ving t r rt t uc h m ch nic l m n t h bl ck H
a o es o o s e a a ea s as e o ,

Fig 3 30 . th lip t C Fig 3 2 8 The id t o t h

,
or e s a , . . se a s e

a m t ura e f t d t m p r ily t o th ir p iti n by

ar e as e n e e o ar e os o s

o din
r y scr ews
ar b ett r still with a h n d c ew or
, or , e , a s r

cramp .

1 48
 J O I NT S F O R C U RV E D WO R K
IG sh ows a circular fram m ad p in t wo
.
3 34 e e u

thickn es s t h s gm nt b ing screw d t

se , e ch e e s e e o ea

o th r nd t h j oint cros e d in t wo l y ers This is

e a e s s a .

a v ery str ng m ethod nd it is us d fo makin g

o , a e r

circul r fram e s and curbs up t o 1 5 ft in di m t r

a . a e e .

Th s gm nts can b e e ith r l ong

e e e h ort t h e only e or s ,

imp ort nt c ondi tio n b eing that they must be m ark e d ou t

a

F ig 3 3 4 . .
—
Ci rcu la r F rame i n T w o Th ick ne s s e s .

and wn t t h c orr ct r diu Fig 335 h ws b o ard

sa o e e a s . . S o a

mark d t in gm nts f th i cl
e ou f w rk nd t h
se e or s ass o o , a e

long r t h b rd a t he b tt r th y wi ll t p s it
e e oa s re e e e cu u , a

giv s m
e pp rtuniti
ore of cutting n e p i c o t of t h
o es o o e e u e

o th r as at A A
e .

I 49
 jo in ts in Wood wo rk
Fig 33 6 shows how t o b gin t o p ut t he work t g th r
. e o e e .

To c ntinu o this fi t th r s gm nts in p o iti on nd

e , o e e e s a
scr w th m t D nd E r sp ectiv ly Th comp let ed w rk
e e o a e e . e o

is illu trated at Fig 334

s . .

F ig 3 35
.
—B
. oar d Marke d in Segme nts f or Ci rcu lar J i
o i nt ng .

Fig 337 shows a circul r rim or curb made of gm nts

. a , , se e

whi h r e halv d t g th r This method is suit bl f r

c a e o e e . a e o

h vy w rk wh r t he tim b r ar f c on id r ble size

ea o , e e e s e o s e a .

Th h alv in gs a
e cut on t h nds of t he se gments t o any
re e e

F i g 3 36
. .
—
P tt u i ng Ci
rcu l ar Wo rk t o ge th e r.

c nv ni nt h p
o e b v l ch n b eing m rk d s o a
e s a e or e e ,
ea o e a e s

t o fit i t f ll w s e o .

Wh n xtr trength is r quir d s emi ircular

e e a s rcul r e e ,
c or C i a

w rk i built p t f f ur fi thickn s f w d
o s u ou o o or ve e s es o oo ,

and th e m thod is c ll d l m in ting Th m th d f

e a e a a . e e o o

1 50
 jo ints in Wood wo rk
as sw p s b nds g
ee , e , o ee sh p es and gm nts of circl s
a , se e e
Th e timb r is mark d e e ou t in suitabl e l en gths r o ugh s wn ,
-
a ,

F ig . F ig 3 3 9 . .

B ld ui i ng u
p Se m i ci r cu lar H ea d of D
oor F r a m e .

a nd then p l n d tru n t h f c glu d t g th r and wh n

a e e o e a e, e o e e , e

se t t he sid es ar l an d up t o t h e r eq uir d shap It is

e C e e e e.

F i g 3 4o
. .
—
P t ar of L a m in a t e d
'

Fig 3 4 1
. .
—
H lf f Ca o or e B ox ,
Ta b l e F ra m e . L a m i n a t ed .

o ne o f tr g st meth ds f con tructi on and m c es

t he s on e o o s , e

sarily tly P ull y pull y rim nd hundr d and

c os . e s, e s, a a e

on th r j b
e o e built by this m thod
o s are e .

Fig 3 41 h w ne h lf o f c r b x built by this

m th d d r dy t b work d t t h r q
. s o s o a a o e o

e o , an ea u ir d h pe o e e o e e e s a ,

viz a half circle as mark d it nd

.
,
-
e on s e .

1 52
 M I S C E LL A N E O U S J O I N T S

O IN IN G We at he r —
B rds A t Fig
oa metho d . .
3 42 t he
of jo
inting and n ailing w athe r b oar ding on such e

temp or ry building as gard n sh d and t ool h ouse s

a s e e s -

is sh wn The we th r b o rding can be b ought

o . a e a

re dy p r p ar d at ny l oc al saw m ill The s ectio n A

a e e a .

ill ustr t es a suit bl p i c o f timb r with C hamf red

a a e e e e e

e dg es which is nai l e d on t h e en d o f t h e w e ath e r b o ardi n g

,

Fig .
342 . —J i i o n ng F ig 3 4 3
. . F ig 3 4 4
. .
—Fi i n al fo r
We a the r Bo a rd i ng . La dd er R u ngs . C
o r n cei P ole .

to p rot e ct it from t h r i n which wo uld b e li bl e t o c us

e a ,
a a e

r matur d cay if it acc e ss t o t h e e n d gr n

.

e e eh d a of t h ai e
p
ho r ding
a .

La d d r R n g
e s
— Fig u 3 43 illustrat
. e.s t h e m th o d o f e

f st ening t h rung ( o st v ) of a l dd r t o t h e side

a e r a e a e .

At A th o
e c mm on m e th o d i h wn t h e stav e b e
s si n g S
oi n i l
py ,

I S3
 jo ints in Woodwork
drive n int o t h h l n d w dg d At B a m uch e o e a e e .

but m r xp n iv m th d f n tructi n i giv n

o e e e s e e o o co s o s e
st v h r i ck t d n d t h p in tu n d t
a e e e s so m ll r e e a e r e o a s a e

di m t r In b th c
a e e . t h rung o st v is paint d
o as e s e , r a e, e
b f re b ing driv n int o t h id n d wedg d
e o e e e s e a e .

L d d r Si d s
a L dd r id
e m d in t wodistinct
e . a e s e s ar e a e

. e
”
ways On e m tho d is kn own as a p l ank side t he sid e
,

F ig 3 45. .
—J o i n ng i F ig 3 46 . N a ile o .
— d J i nt
R tius c Wood work . f or u s i c Wo rk R t .

b ing cut from p l nk as shown t t h s ction t h e other

e a a a e e

m t h d is c l l d
e o p l id a n d is
e n tru t d by
a o e s e, a co s c e

cutting a str i ght larch p ol in h l f n d u ing h lf of t he

a e a a s a

p lo ef h id f
or e a ct h l dd r s t cti n C
e o e a e , as a se o .

C o r ni ce o
—
P le En ds n d Fi n i ls Fig 3 44 h ws t h e
s a a . . s o

f t ning f c rni p ol n d t t h c rnic p l o a

as e o a o ce e e o e o e o e, r

tu ned rn m nt t o n v rm nt l h lf o t op sh p ing
r o a e a o e a e s e r a .

A d ubl p int d cr w i u d h lf f whi h i c w d

o e -
o e s e s se , a o c s s re e

int h p rt f t h rticl s t b j i d D ubl p int e d

o e ac a o e a e o e o ne . o e -
o

scr ws e kn wn in t h tr de as dow l cr ws
e ar o e a e s e .

o
—
J i ni n g R t i c W r k Fig 3 45 indi t t h j inting
us o . c a es e o

o f t h t p fr m i g o f
e o ru tic h lt r o summer hous
a n a s s e e r e,

th e i llustrati on b e ing s lf xp l n t ory e -

e a a .

1 54
 jo ints in Wood work
Hi n g e d Jo i n t s f o r C o r n i c e P o le s .
—
Fig .
3 48 sh ws a
o

hing d j oint
e fo r cornic e p o e l s and sh ould be of gre t a

F ig 3 4 8 .
—H i n ge d J o i t for Cornice P
n o le s , e tc.

int erest t o thos e who are fr qu ntly r m ving fr om hou e e e e o s

t o h o use Th j oint will ad p t its elf t o fi t ny b y wind w
. e a a a o

Fig 3 49
. .
—V e nee r K y ing
e .

F ig 3 5 1
. ar —G
. d F am en r e F i g 35 2
. .
—Pi t c u re

o r Skyl gh i t Jo i t n .
F ram e J ow t .

( ev n e asquar bay ) and it is

e f rm d by turning n d cutting o e a

tw po i as
ece s A T fi x rni.
p lo t b y W nd w
a co ce o e o a a i o

o n e o f th j int i r
ese quir d
o f s c hs ngl ef t h e b y e or e a a e o a ,

l b ing cut int uit b l l ngths nd fi x d to th a e e

th pe o e e o s a e e

1 56
 M i s eella n eoa s jo ints

hing d j int by t h
e o f t h d w l cr w and
s little
e us e o e o e s e a

h t gl
o It i p rh p n dl s t o r m rk th t t h di m t r
ue . s e a s ee es e a a e a e e

of th j int h uld b f t h sam di m t r t h c rnic e

e o s o e o e e a e e as e o

p l
o e, t o n bl e teh e ring ta e asi ly lid o v e r t h e surf c e s o s e a .

Ve n e r K yi n g e
— Fig 3 49 illu tr t s t h m th d f
e . . s a e e e o o

str ngth ning t h c rn r of b x which

e e e m d of i in
o e s o es ar e a e -
.

or § i n~
ti m b .r by s curing t h c
e o rn rs
, with v n e r ke y e e e e e s .

Th b o x i mitr d n d glu d in t h e usu l m nn r and

e s e a e a a e ,

a ft r ll wing suffi i nt tim f t h glu t o t w cut

e a o
”
c e e or e e se , sa s

s w k rf e m d hown at A p i e c of
%
o r a e s ar a e as s a a . e

thin w cut v n r is ft rw rd glu d int o t he s w k rf

sa -
e ee a e a s e a e s,

and wh n dry t h f c is l v ll e d o ff flu h Thi m th o d

e e a e e e s . s e

is oft n u d p r vio u t v n ring t h face sid of t he

e se e s o e ee e e

b ox with rar e v n eers and it i l o us ful for rep air work

e , s a s e .

P e ll t i n g —Fig 3 50 indic t s t h e m e th o d o f p ll e ting

e . . a e e

and screwing t he c rn e r of p icture fr m e Th mitre o a a . e

j o int is fi rst scr w d and p ll t o f t h sam e timb r i e e a e e e e s

made to fill t h hole which h s b n b or d t o rec iv t h e a ee e e e e

scr w h e ad This m th od is similar t o Fig 347 with t h

e . e .
, e

e xc ep ti o n th t in t h latte r c s e t he p ellet P is glu d in

a e a e

p osition and lev ll d off e e .

Th l ow r illustrati n sh o ws t he fi nish e d dge

e e o e .

Skyli g h t n d G a r d n Fr m a Fig 351 Sh ows how e a e. .

t o fix t h inte ri r r b t d r il f kylight or gard n

e o e a e a o a s e

fr m t o t h fr nt r il Thi ft r p erusal of t he sk e tch

a e e o a . s, a e a ,

doe not call f xp l n ti n

s or e a a o .

Fr m J i n t
a
— Fig 3 52 h ws t h c rn r f p icture
e o . s o e o e o a

fram v en r k y d Fig 349 in p r f r n t o n iling

e ee -
e e as e e e ce a

—
. .

J i
o n t i n g Br k n T r n d W rk At Fig 3 53 i
o e h wn u e o . s s o

a turn d ch ir l g whi h h b n fr ctur d cr s t h

e a e , c as ee a e a o s e

turn d p rti n A On f t h n t t m thod of rep iring

e o o . e o e ea es e s a

a n d m king a n w j int is h wn a t C Th br ok n p art i

e o s o a . e e s

fi rst wn w y n d t h
sa a nds f t he l g r p l n d tru
a a e e o e a e a e e

a nd quar A n w p rti n C is turn d in t h l the and

s e . e o o e e a

th e i n d ow l pins ng g with suit bly b or e d h ol es

-
. e e a e a .

1 57
 jo ints in Woodwork
The j oint is warm e d an d glue d , an d a cr am p m ay b e app li de
to gv i e t he nc
e ess a ry p r ur e ess .

C a st o r ( Fig
Pi n s Br k
andg s C r u s h Fe e t .
-
ea a e
fr qu ntly cur t t h l w r p rt f di ing t bl
e e oc o e o e a o a n -
a e or
ch ir l g t t h p rti n m rk d S which fi t int t he
a e a e o o a e , s o
s ock t of t he ca t or Owing t o shrink ge o t o continual
e s .
a r

F ig .
3 53
—
.J i o n t i ng T u r ne d F ig 3 5 4
. .
—
C a stor Pins ,

Wo rk . e tc .

vib ti n of t h r w n d t h
ra o k t c t r t h w dw k
e sc e s a e soc e as o , e oo or

i
s ea e t n w y d th c t r b m l a a an Th im p l st e as o e co es o os e . e s e

a nd m t ff ctiv w y f m ki g t h p ir i t turn
,
os e e e a o a n e re a s o a

n w c
e t r p in A C ut w y t h ld p rti n b r t h
as o . a a e o o o , o e e

l g
e , d glu an n d in rt t h n w p i n A F ill t t
e a se e e . u s r a es a

cr h us dinn p l t f t
,
”
or u d n id b d er a e oo ,
”
as se o a s e o ar .

T h up righ t p t f t h
e id b rd i g n r lly m d t
os o e s e oa s e e a a e ou

o f ti m b b t % i q r t h f t i t n d d fitt d
er a ou 1 ns . S ua e e oo s ur e an e

i p iti
n by t h d w l p i n
os on h w Ex m p l f thi
e o e as S o n . a es o s

clas f j oint
s o fr qu nt in f rnitur of t h Qu n Ann
ar e e e u e e ee e

1 58
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
ow ing t o t h e f ct th t n cr s r ils ar r quir d und r
a a o os a e e e e
t h t bl
e a Th p rti ul r f rm f t h ins rt d t
e . e
p i a c a o o e e e ee -
e ce
m k a it imp ibl f t h lid t m und r Th
es os s e or e s es o co e as e . e
t bl lid
a e s fir t w rk d t t h d i d h p ( p ci l
e s are s o e o e es r e s a e s e a

pl na b ing u d t m k t h gr v ) n d t h t p i c
es e se o a e e oo es , a e ee -
e e
i mad
s p r t ely and glu d n d cr ew d int o t h l ft h nd
e se a a e a s e e e -
a
slid e.

P o c ke t Sc r e wi n g O t he in id rail of Fig 3 56 P .
-
u s e .
, ,

t he m e th od kn own as p ock t scr ewing is sh own Tabl e -

. e

Fig .
35 8 9 —N -
. t
o ch e d J o in t . F ig 3 6 0
.
—E
. nd N o t ch .

t ops t h t p s f dr ing t bl s and id b rd t c ar e

, e o o ess -
a e S e oa s, e

scr w d t t h c rc s p rtion by this m tho d A hol

e e o e a a e o e . e

o f t h r quir d di m t r t fit t h scr w i b r d obliqu ly

e e e a e e o e e s o e e

from t h t p dg f t h r il
e o g ug is t h n t k n and
e e o e a a o e e a e

t he w o d is h o ll w d w y t o r c i
o t h e scr w h ado e a a e e ve e e .

—
Bl ki n g Fig 3 57 illu tr t m thod of tr ngth ning
oc . . s a es a e s e e

an d sti ff ning c nic e p linth by glu ing sm ll bl cks

a or e or e a o

of w d ( g n r l ly y llow p in ) int t h ngl s f t h

oo e e a e e o e a e o e

fr m ing B B h w t h e bl k in p ition Th i m th d
a .
, S o oc s os . s e o

o f c o mbining tr ngth with li gh tn i gr atly u d on

s e es s s e se

int rio r fitting

e s

—
.

N t h d J int
o c Fig 3 58 9 is n otch d j oint wh ere
e o s. .
-
a e ,

t w j oi t
o sc ntling cro s ach th r t h b j ct f t he
s s , or a s, s e o e , e o e o

j oint b eing t o p r v nt t h e j ists m oving fr m their p ositi on

e e o o

1 60
 M i s eella neons jo ints
an d n ot t ri lly w k en th em Fig 360 sh ows
to m a e a ea . . a
n t h d j int
o c e nd f o j it
at the e o a o s

—
.

Co gg d J int Fig 3 6 1 i
e typ o f j int us d fo
o . s a e o e r

conn cting p urlin t o raft rs and j ists t o gird r t c

e s e o e s, e

—
, .

S d dl J
a i nt A t Fig 3 62 is h wn
e o c m p ro mi . s o a o se

b etw n t he n t h d n d t h c gge d j oint It is u d f r

ee o c e a e o . se o
conn cting up right p o ts t o h ds or sills of fr am ing
e s ea .

a n d und ubt d ly t k s i to n m fr m it simil rity t o

e a e s a e o s a
t he way in which t h e s addl e fi ts t h h o rs e It does not e .

F ig 3 6 1 . .
— C o gge d J o in t . Fig 3 6 2 .
— dd
. Sa le J oi nt .

w ak en t he framing s d oes a m ortise and t enon j oint

e a ,

an d shr i nk g h as littl ff ct up on t h e j oint

a e Fig 363e e e . .

is n otch d j oint n a reb t d j ist a e

—
a e o o .

Ro ll t p D e k Fa ll ( o r Ta m b u r Fr o n t )
- o s Fig 364 o . .

sh ows t h m th d f m king f ll fr nt for a r oll t op

e e o o a a a -
o -

desk o simil r rticl S cti n of t h e r bat d moul di ngs

r a a e. e o s e e

ar e sh wn Th v ari ous p i c ar fi xe d t ogeth r by

o . e e es e e

stringing the m on a wir c ble sh own It i u ual t o e a , as . s s

u s e n o t l ss th n thr ep i c s o f cabl
a e o n a d k o
ee f 3 ft e e es

o n ep i e c o f c bl n e r ch n d aand n
e e p i c e
ea t t h e ea e , o e a

ce ntre Thi m th d f j ining t h vari ous p ie c s by

. s e o o o e e

m n f fl xibl wire cabl has almo t up rsede d t he

ea s o e e e s s e

old f as hi n d m th o d of glu e ing t he m o uldings on st o ut

-
o e e

cloth o lin en tickin g r .

1 61
 jo in ts in Wood w ork .

Ra f t e r Jo i n t —
Fig 365 s hows an e veryday j oint as .
,

use d at t he j uncture o f t h e p rincip al ra ft e r an d t h e t ie b e am -

in ro of tru s work A k tch s . s e of p i e c A is sho wn s

e ep a a er td ,

C AS LE

F ig . 6
3 3 —N t h d.J i o c e o nt F ig 3 6 4 .
—R
. o ll - t op D es k
on Rb tdJ
e a e o is t . J i t
o n .

and it should be n ot d that t h d p th f t h cut p rti n B e e e o e o o

sh uld n t b e mo re than n f u th of t h to tal wi dth of

o o o e -
o r e

th ti be m
e e -
a .

Bi r d s m o u t h Jo i nt s —Fig 366 is a bi d mout h j oint . . r s ,

Fig 3 6 5. .
—R ft a e r a nd T ie B ea m J i t
o n .

as us d wh n p fits on t h w ll p l t a i mp l j oint
e e a s ar e a a e, S e

which c n b dily m d by t h hand w A n i l i

a e re a a e e sa . a s

shown cu ing it in p iti n

se r os o .

Fig 3 67 h w t h b i d m t h j int whe r t h sp ar

. s o s e r s ou o e e

run ov r t h ut id f t h w ll p l t t h u ll wing
s e e o s e o e a a e, s a o a

fi xing for an ornam ental fini h uch s barge b oar d et c s , s a a , ,

1 62
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
B ut t joi nt in g C o u n t e r To p wi th Dove tail Keys
- s .

Fig 3 70 indic t es m tho d ft n use d t se cu e t h e nds

. a a e o e o r e

o f c o unt e r t op s e tc whe n timb er cannot be s e cur e d of

, .
,

Fig . 0
37
— C
. t T p J inted
0 u n er o o F ig .
3 71
—M th d e o of B tto n
u
w th D v t il K y
i o e a e s. i ng w ith A n gle Iro n .

sufficient l ength f t h ntir p n of t h or e e e s a e co unt r Th

e . e

b oard fir t glu j int d n d t h nd

s ar e s e -
o e a e e s ar e s e cure d with
dov e tai l k ys (S e lso p g s 1 69 n d
e . e a a e a

—B tt
Fi g 3 7 2.

T bl T p
.

a e
u

o
o n i ng a
. F i g 3 73
. .
—
B d J i
e o n t .

—
B u t t o n i n g A m e an s
cu i g wid u f
. of of se r n e s r a ces

w dw k t ngl i n by m
oo or f w d n b tt ns i
o a e ro e an s o oo e u o s

shown at Fig 371 B Th dv nt g f this m nn r f

.
, . e a a a e o a e o

1 64
 M i s cella n eons jo in ts

securing a wid b rd i that it all ow t h b ard t o c ontract

e oa s s e o

or xp nd cc rding t t h e lt r ti n in t m p tur
e a a o o a e a o s e er a e .

P rh p n f t h m t f am ili m th ds f butt ning

e a s o e o e os ar e o o o

is h own t Fig 372 Thi k t h p r nt n o rn r

s a . . s S e c re e se s o e c e

o f an inv rt e d t bl n d
e sh w t h t p s e cur d t t hae e a o s e o e o

rails by t he butt ns B t h r il f c o ur ar e gro ov d o e a s, o se , e

in this cas e t o r ceiv t he t ongu f t h butt n e e e o e o s.

F ig 3 74 . .
—
W ll Pl a u gs , F i g 3 75 . . Fi g 3 76 . .
-
Slo t
F ou r Var ie tie s . t
Slo Scre w ng i . Scre w ng a i B ra cke t .

D o ve t ai l Pla t e s f o r Be d Jo i n t s . Fig . illu tr t es

3 73 s a

t he fixing f w ode n b ed sid t t h b

o a o e o e e d f o t by m ns
o ea

o f cast ir n p l t e which a fitt e d

-
o a s, re as h own Th
s . e se

p l t
a esm y b e o bt in e d fr
a om any o f t h a e large f urnishing
ir onm ng rs o e .

W ll P l g s — A t Fig 3 74 f our typ es o f w al l p lugs ar e

—
a u . .

sh own a t he ordin ry r e ct ngul r t p er d wall p lug

, a a a a e

to driv b tw n t he j nt of t h brickwo k ; b t he
e e ee oi s e r ,

ci cul r t p d w l l p lug u e d t o p lug wall aft r

r a a e re a as s a e a

st r h p d brick d ill h b n u d d a twi t d w ll p lug

a -
s a e r as ee se , s e a

u ed f im il r p urp
s or s t t h w dg a but c n id r d os e s o e e e a, o s e e

t o b e up ri r in h ldi g p w r wi g t o its twist d f rm

s e o o n o e o n e o a

tion ; i n th r typ f w ll p lug n ider d t hav

0 s a o e e o a co s e o e

gr at t enacity by reas n f i t c rrugati ns Wall p lug

e o o s o o . s

1 65
 joints in Wood wo rk
are r qu r d in n rly all cas wh r it is n c ss ry t o
e i e ea es e e e e a

j int w dw k t b i kw rk
o oo f in t nc h vy f m d
or o r c o , as , or s a e, ea -
ra e

silv r d m ir r t o t h w ll f h p
e e ro s e a s o s o s .

Sl t S r wi n g
o r Ke yh l
c e S r wi n g is a m t , o o e c e , os

u ful w y f j ini g light w dw rk in u h a m nn r

se a o o n oo o s c a e

th t t h fi xing m th d i n t xp s d t t h e ye A t ut
a e e o s o e o e o e . s o

s cr w i in t d t within 3 in f t h h ad s at Fig 3 75
e s s er e o . o e e , a . .

In t he adj ining p ie ce hole is b ored with a centre bit

o a

Fig — H i o u s ng F i g 3 78 —
B oo k ca se F g 3 79i St u ds
J
37 . . -

i t f J oi t
.

o n .
Sh el n s.

and a lot is cut with an g in chi l Th t wo p i c s of

s
-
. se . e e e
timb r a p l d t og th r n d by liding t h up p r p i c
e re a ce e e , a s e e e e
f rw rd t h
o a w runs p int t h l t o k yh le n d
e s cre u o e s o r e o a
s cur s t h j int Fig 3 76 h w t he p p li ti n of t he
e e e o . . s o s a ca o
j int fixing
o h p d b ck t t t h h p d sh lf ; t he
a S a e ra e o e s a e e
br ke t and h lf
ac inv rt d in t h ill u tr ti n t o cl rly
s e ar e e e e s a o ea

Sh w t ho m th d f j i ti g F h vy work sp ci l
e e o o o n n . or ea e a
br p l ta ss bt in bl f t hi p u p
a e s ar e o on p l tai a e or s r os e e a e s
l t flu h int o t h upp r p i c
e s nd th th r p l t int th
e e e e a e o e a e o e

l w pi c
o er e e.

H i n g J i nt
ous
— Fig 377 h w a h u ing j oint which
o . s o s o s

i m ti m s
s so ll d
e t nch d nd h u d j int A t nch
e ca e a re e a o se o . re ,

gr o v o o h o using
e, is t r t o r c iv e t h p ti n t o ou s o as e e e or o

1 66
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
by b ring with br c nd c ntre bit thus f rming bo
o a a e a e , o
r ces s t n Op er ti n
e se a o e a o .

oo
—
B k s St d Fig 379 hows tw di tinct
ca e u s. . s o s

o f cast ir n b ookc -
studs ; t h i n p i
o as e e ro

in in di m t r and c rresp on di ng h l
. a e e , o o es

thirds through t h thickn e e ss

r e ceiv t he p ins Fig 378 C sh ws t he h l s t o

e . .
, , o o e

t he studs A p oint in f v ur f b kc s tuds is th t

. a o o oo a e s a

it is n t n e c s ary t lin p t h thi ckn s of t h e b ookcase

o e s o e u e es

e nds as wh en dj u tabl lips u d a s e s are se .

B t t e ni n g ( Fig
a —A go d m th d f j ining cr s . o e o o o
'

os

b tt s t o dr wing b rds nd th r wid surf c s i

a en a oa a o e e a e s

s hown h r Aft r b ing fo t h scr ws lot

e e . et or r e e , s s a re ou

so as t all w t h scr w t m ov l ng t h l t wh n
o o e e s o e a o e s o s e

shrinkage t k e s p l ce In Fig 3 8 1 simil r m th d is

a a . . a a e o

ap p li d t cur t h dr w r b ott m t t h dr w r b ck
e o se e e a e o o e a e a .

If hrink g t k es p l c in t h d w r b ott m n d it
s a e a a e e ra e o a

le v t h gr ov in t h dr w r fr o t t h cr w e
a es e o e e a e n , e s e s ar

sl ck n e d t h dr w r b ott om i kno ck d p int o t h e

a e , e a e s e u

groov and t h cr w
e, g i n scr w d F d awin g
e s e s a re a a e e . or r

bo ard t p ci ally m d llip ti l h p d l tte d br s s

s, e c .
, s e a e e ca -
s a e s o a

so ck t cup e m d t r c iv t h scr w h d
e s ar a e o e e e e e ea s .

Fig 3 82 sh ws j i t wh r t w cr s p i c s A and B
. o a o n e e o os -
e e

a reh l v d t g th r d fitt d t o a up p rting p st C D

a e o e e an e s o o ,

a u ful j int f cro fr am ing n d fitment work

se o or s s- a .

D t il K yi n g
ov e a
— A m th o d o f str n gth ning t he
e . e e e

m itr d c rn r
e f t hin b x
o i sho wn t Fig 3 8 3
e s o Th e o es s a . .

b x i fir t m itr d n d glu d
o s s D v t il d trench s e e a e . o e a e e ar

cut as h own n d sm ll l n gth f t h t p r d d v t i l d

S , a a e s o e a e e o e a e

k y pi c
e cut n d ins rt d in t h tr nch
e e are N t th t a e e e e es . o e a

t h e dov t i l k y p i c e t p e r fr m
e a to e Th s m ll l n gt h e a s o a c . e a e s

ar e glu d int t h tr nche f rm d in t h bo x n d

e o ll e e s o e e a a

l v ll d ff ft r u ffici nt tim h l p s d f o t h glu

e e e o a e s e e as e a e r e e

t o s t B ox
e . m d in thi m nn r es g n r ll y ft rward
a e s a e ar e e e a a e s

finish d by t h l ying on o f ri h n d ra v
e e s a c a re en e er .

Figs 384 385 nd 3 88 e j ints ldom used in

.
, , a ar o se

1 68
 M i s cella neoa s jo ints
p ractic l w rk but which we illustrat e f o t h b e n fi t of
a o , r e e
M nu l Tr ining t ch r
A B u t t Joi nt —
a a a ea e s .

To pull up an d fi x a butt j oint in a

.

Fi g 3 83
. .
—v t i
Do e a l K e yi ng.

co unte r or ny simil ar jb three p ie ces of d al nd t wo

a o , e a
f ldi ng w dg s
o r quired Th d l p ie
e e a re h uld be e . e ea ce s S o

ab out 1 8 ins long by 2 ins by 1 in t h w dge ( f h rd

. . .
, e e s o a

F ig 3 85
. .
-
U se f ul M a n u al Tr ining E x
a i J i
e rc s e o nt .

w od) ab ut 1 2 i n l ong both t f p i e c f 2 & ins by

o o s .
, ou o a e o .

§ i n cut s h o wn
a t Fig s3 8 6 A 2 i by g l nam o rti . .
-
h .
-
. se

i cut in t h e c ntr
s f h f th d l pi c
e e o The y are ac o e ea e es . e

then s cre w d t o unde r ide

e f c o unt r thro ugh c i rcl e d
s o e ,

1 69
 jo ints in Woodwork
h l s k p ing t h c ntr p i c back s h wn in diagr m
o e , ee e e e e e a s o a .

Th h rdw d w dg
e a th n in rt d n d t h j int
oo e es are e se e a e o

p ull d p Th o th r
e r w n th n b p t in giving
u . e e sc e s ca e e u ,

a v ry fi m j b (S ls p g
e r o ee a o a e
—
.

C p r d J i t
oo Th t m c o p in g j int i
e e o n s. e er o er o s
s ldom u d in t h c bin t m king tr d although we
e se e a e -
a a e,

S e c ti on o n CD

S u l t a n.
AB
—B t J i t f C
On

F ig 3 86. . ut o n or t
o u n e r s , e t c.

fin d it m nti n d in f w f t h t xt bo k nd ls in
e o e a e o e e -
o s, a a o

th City nd Guild p r gr m m f t h c bin t m k ing

e a s o a e o e a e -
a

e x m in ti n Th n m vid ntly h c m fr m t h
a a o . e a e e e as o e o e

c p ri g t d in whi h it i n f t h c mm n t f rms
oo e n ra e, c s o e o e o o es o

o f j i t u d in t h m king f
o n kse d b r l Th e a o ca s s an a re s . e

p tt
a rn m k r en d t h-
c bin t m k r h
a e d pt d this
a e a e -
a e av e a o e

m th d f j i ti g wh n m king n d b ilding p circul r

e o o o n n e a a u u a

a nd h p d w k uch
s a l b x
e w in l or yli d r , s a s co a -
o es , e coo e rs , c
-
n e

d k falls curv d n d rp ntine p n ls ogee an d kidn y

es , e a se e a e , e

1 70
 jo in ts in Woodwo rk
Fr a m e s f o r O i l P a i n t i n g s making .
—Th m th de e o of
j oint s fo r fr am es o n which t h ec nv s i tr tch d f il a a s s e e or o

p inting
a i sh o wn st Fi g 3
s 8 9 Th y g n ral l y m itr
a d . . e ar e e e e
a t t h c orn r e n d fitt d with l os
e s w dg a Th f o r e o e e es . e u

p arts o f t h fr m e can b h ld t m p o r rily by

e a
p i c e f e e e a a e o
thin b o rd whil t he c nv is b ing t ck d t t h dg
a e a as e a e o e e es
o f t he fr m In t h cc omp nying illu tr tion Fig 389A
a e . e a a s a s .

sh ws th action of t he wedg s wh en tight enin g up t h

o e e e

F ig 3 8 . F i g 3 8 913. .

J i t
o n a nd e hoMt d of We d ging th e Frame s o f O il Pa inti ngs .

fram t h result b ing t o p n t he mitr j int Fig 3 893

e, e e o e e o . .

sh w t h p siti n of t h w cut f r c iving t h h d

o s e o o e sa s or e e e ar

wood w dges N ote th t t h p r ll l gr ov is carri ed t h

e . a e a a e o e e

full l ngt h f t h mat rial f gr t r c onv enienc in cutting

e o e e or ea e e .

The othe r gr ov e is tak en from t h e o ut e r ngl of t he mitre

o a e

j oint inw rd Th cut fini h

a s with d r g rd t o t h
. e s es ue e a e

ne c ess ry t p r e t h d tt d lin s howing t p e r in

a a e s e e o e e s a

fi g 3 89A Th gr v
. .will b wid n ugh afte b ing
e oo es e e e o r e

cut with n ordin y h nd ip w but f l g work th y

a ar a r sa , or ar e e

ar e usu ll y gr o v d n t h ci cul r w b n h
a o e o e r a sa e c .

C O R RUGATE D STEE L FA STENE RS .

It i s now ma ny y r e a s a go s inc e the s ee t l s aw e -

dg fast n r e e e

firs t ap p e are d on the m kt ar e , an d at the p r s nt tim e

e e

1 72
 M i s cella neons jo ints
p r b bly 80 p c nt of m t ur w dwork rs h v e n v r
o a er e . a a e oo e a e e
s ee n h rd f i t m ny u
or ea o s a ses .

It is p robably wing t th f ct th t t he f st n r co uld

o o e a a a e e

Fig .
3 90 .
—
S w d g C rr
a -
e e o u ga ed t S teel Fa ste ne rs .

no t u ntil r c ntly b b ught in m ll qu ntities th t i t

e e e o s a a a

h as n t b on g n r lly n n d u d
ee e e a se e a se .

In app r nc it res mbl s a mini ture corrugat e d

ea a e e e a

F i g 3 91
.
—J i ti
. o n ng F i g 3 92
. o n i ng
.
—
J i t a
T wo B d o ar s . F ra me .

g lvan e d h t such as is us d f r fing p u p os s with

a is s ee e or oo r e ,

th xc p ti on how v r th t t h c orrug ti ns r div rg nt

e e e , e e , a e a o a e e e

inst ad of b ing p rall l n d th t on n d is ground down

e e a e a a e e

t a cutting e dg
o e .

At Fig 390 thr sizes of f st n s

. sh wn Thes
ee a e er ar e o . e

ar mad e in v
e i ous sizes from i in t o 1 in in l ngth an d
ar . . e ,

I 73
 in Woodwork

C tt
o age id b
S e oar d .

1 74
 jo i nts in Woodwo rk
cut and p l ne d d d qu r and t h fastene rs ins rt d as
a ea s a e e e e

shown Th . f c p i
e u se on t v n n c a y owing s o e e e e s s ar , as

to th b v l
e n th
e f t ne r t h h uld r i dr wn p
e o e as e e s o e s a u
clos e a n d firm .

Fi g 3 93 indic t e s t w p i c
. o f 1 i n timb r m itr d at
a o e es -
. e e

t h c rn r
e o T m itr
e . n d t en no mitre nd d w l a e a o or a o e

j oint uch as this r quir s gr t m unt f kill ; h r

s e e a ea a o o s e e

t h mitres are pl n e d tru an d t he fast n rs driv e n acr ss

e a e e e o
t h j oint
e .

Fig 394 is a c rnice o p linth fr m e for a war drob e r

. o r a o
simil r p i c f furnitur All t he timb er e sh t squ
a e e o e . s ar o ar e ,

or t o t h mitr e as m y b e re quire d and t h e wh le f t h

e, a , o o e
frame is f t n d t g the r s sh wn Th cornic or p linth
as e e o e a o . e e

m ouldi ng i th n fitt d ro und t he fram in t he u u al w y

s e e a e s a .

N ume r u x mp le o f t he s f thi f ste n e r will ugg t

o s e a s u e o s a s es
them lv s t o r ad rs n d f o gen ral rep i r work c bine t
se e e e , a r e a , a

and j in ry w rk th e y
o e e an e xc p ti n lly us ful fast n r
o ar e o a e e e .

Fast n rs f l i n with fi e c rrugations are p roba bly

e e o .
, v o ,

t he m ost us e ful for gen er al purp oses .

 T HE M IT R E D J O I NT
LTHO UG H m i t rei ng i sus d In ryd y wood e ev e a

w rk it c me s l st in r list f r gul r j ints imply

o , o a ou o e a o s

b c u it h s b e n partly d lt with in lm t v ry
e a se a e ea a os e e

pr vi u ch pt e r For xampl we have mitre

e o s a . e e,

h lving in Fig 35 a mitr bridl j int in Fig 74

a .
, e e o .
,

a t ongued and g oov d mitre in Fig 1 1 4 mitr d r e .

, e

mortise and t en n j oints in Figs 1 47 and 1 58 a dowell d

o .
,
e

mitr frame in Fig 2 04 a mitr d d v et il in Fig 2 95

e .
, e o a .
,

an d a mitr d j oi nt wi th st eel fast e n e r s in Fi g 393

e . .

Fig 3 95
. .
—Mi tre d Ski r ti ng .
3 96 .
—
Fi d i n ng a R igh t
A ngle for M i tr e i ng .

Mi t r e i ng —Th
t erm mi t eing is gen e rally us d t o
. e r e

den ot t h typ e of j oint us d at t h c rn r f pic t re

e e e e o e o a u

fram e r wh r t w pi c
o f w od a b e velle d a w y s as
e e o e es o o re a o

t o fit ach ther as t he skirting or plin th m ould t

e o , a

Fig 3 95 In th se cas s t h timb e r is out s o that t he j oint

. . e e e

i s at 4 5 d gre t o t h f c e n d t h t w pi c e s wh en plac d
e es e a , a e o e , e
t ogether f rm n ngl e f 90 degr s (a right ngl )
, o a a o ee a e .

The t e rm m i t ei ng h w e ve r is n t c onfin d t o t h fitting

r , o , o e e

o f timb e r ar o und a right ngle it may be j ustly ppli ed a a

I
I 77
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
t o t hefitting f m ulding r und n ngl irr pe ctiv o f
o a o a o a a e es e
t h nu m b r f i t d gr s
e e o s e ee .

O n e ft n h o uch t m
e h lf m it u dt
e a rs s er s as a a re , se o
de n ot t h fitting of a m ldi g
e e und n ct g nal ou n a ro a o a o

F i g 3 97
. .
—Fi d i g A
n n n gle s fo r S t ra i gh t Mit res .

column r p d st al and p b bly it w uld b m or c rr ct

o e e ,
ro a o e e o e

t d crib t h j i t
o es e a m itr cut at 2 3 d gr
e o n Mi t i ng
as e 2 e e es . re

c n i t f h lving t h ngl n d m king ach pi c t

o s s s o a e a e a a e e e o

fit t h lin f bi ti n Sh uld t h ngl b b und d by

e e o s ec o . o e a e e o e

str i ght lin

a t Fig 3 96
es , Fig 397 A th n t h
as a . or .
, e e

mi tred joint will be a str igh t lin e but should t he angl a , e

1 78
 jo ints in Woodwork
app roxim t e sh p h m e m d wi ng block is g n rally
a a e, a o - a e sa e e
u d as hown t Fig 398 Two pi eces of w d a glu d
se , s a . . oo re e

3 99 .
—M it re Sh oo ti g B
n oar d .

Fig 4 0 0
. .
-
Scre w Mit Tre rap .

on e on th r t he require d angl e is transferred

t h e t op o f t h e o e ,

th r t and
e e o, k rf m ade In t h k tch t h s w kerfs
t h e s aw e . e s e e a

h wn at 45 d g s right nd l ft nd f c urse
a re s o e re e , a e a , o o ,

oth r angl s and saw kerfs m y b e made where desire d

e e a .

1 80
 Tli e M i tr ed jo int
Plani n g —Aft e r
wing t he pi ece t o appr ximat ely t he
. sa o

c rr ct ngl it i n c sary on high cl w rk t pl n t h

o e a e, s e es -
as s o o a e e

cut n d so s t o giv a p rfect finish and nabl a glu d j oint

e a e e e e e

Fi g 4 0 1 . . D o nkey
’
s Ear Sh oo i ngt Board .

mad This may be accompli he d by using t he plan e

t o be e . s
o n t heh ting b ard as Shown at Fig 399 and if th
s oo o , .
, , e
work r is c onst antly using mitres of va i ous angles it is
e r ,

Fi g 4 0 2
. .
—G au g ng i for Mit re s.

asy matt er t mak t h angl e block swiv l t t he

e o e e e o

r quir d b v l by cutting a sl t indic t d n d th n

e e e e o , as a e , a e secu r

ing t h bl ck with b lt n d thumbscr w

e o with a couple
a o a e , or

of st ut g ug scr w
o Oth r w rk r pr f r t h cr w m itr
a e e s. e o e s e e e s e e

tr p shown at Fig 400 This pparatus takes wide plinth

a . . a

1 81
 jo ints in Woodwork
or cornic m uld and t h angl m y be l t ered by fitting
e o s, e e a a

t emp r ry p king pi c und r t h work

o a ac t tilt t h e e es e e so as o
m uldi g t t h d ir d ngl
o n Th m th d f using t he
o e es e a e . e e o o

pl n i indi c t d by t h rr ws
a e s a e e a o .

An t h r m th d in ev ryd y se by th w rk r
o e e o e a u o se o e s

wh o c n t ntly mi t i g wid pi c
a re o f
s a t ck t re n e e es o s o a

45 d e gr e s i t he donkey s a sh oting b ard illus

e s
’
e r o o

F i g 40 3 B e elle
. .
-
v d F i g 40 4 . .
—F ra m i n
g
Fra m n g w t h M rei i it d w th w i id Mit d e re
M ld i
ou ng . M ld i g
ou n .

t rat e d at Fig
plane is l id n its id on t h
.
40 1 . Th e a o S e e
surf c f t h b rd
a e o k d A n d us d in a similar
e oa m ar e , a e

m nn r t t h t h wn t Fig 399
a e o a s o a . .

A impl m th d d n th t h uld alway b r m m

s e e o an o e a S o s e e e
b r d b u it i h dy wh n w king with ut a h t ing
e e eca se s an e or o s oo

b rd i h wn t Fig 40 2 S t t h m rking cutti g

oa s s o a . . e e a or n
g ug t t h thickn
a e o f t h w o d t b e m itr d t 45
e ess o e o o e a
d gr e th g ug thi dist nc
e e s t he w
en d ahown e s a e on oo , as S

at B d w fr m t h lin t t h
ra dg oh wn n d w e e o e e e , as S o , a sa
and pl n t fi i h Th di g l f a squ r giv
a e o a n s . e a on a s o a e e

4 5 d gr en d t h i i t h
ees , a m th d u d t o mark t th s s e e o se ou e
w rk Th
o . d f t h w d m ust
. e en f c our b squ r
o e oo , o se , e a e

with i t dg b f m ki g
s e t i t hi m
es n e o re ar n ou n s an er .

Fig 40 3 h w a b ev ll d fr m i g int whi h ha b en

. s o s e e a n o c s e

1 82
 jo ints in Woodwork
is i mp s ibl if t h m uldings e o f t h sam s cti n
o s e e o ar e e e o ,

and i t i d ir d t m k ll t h m mb r rr ctly int r

s es e o a e a e e e s co e e
s ct If tr ight mitr
e . u d t h cti on f t h urv d
s a e s ar e se e se o e c e

m ulding will h v t b f a di ff r nt h p t t h s cti n

o a e o e o e e s a e o e e o

o f th tr ight m ouldi ng n d in th d y f m chi n

e s a , a ese a s o a e

m d m ulding thi m eth d i s ld m r

a e o rt d t It i s s o s e o e so e o . s

b tt r ch p r n d i r t m ke curv d m itr s wh n t h
e e , ea e , a e as e , o a e e e e

n c ssary m chin ry is at hand

e e a e .

40 6 .
—M th e o d of Se tti ng ou t fo -
r a C v d Mi t
ur e re.

m y r g t h writ r h d ighty p n ls imilar

So e ea s a o e e a e a e , s

t Fig 4 6 t fi x
o . u d l g r m n d with t h i d
0 , o a ro n a ar e oo , a , e a

o f h m m d
a of rm r w k d t h m ulding and th ir
e -
a e o e or e e o s e

r p ctiv curve d mitr s n d ubl pindl mouldin g

es e e e o a o e s e

m hin ac e .

The M t h d f Se tt in g d Mi t r e is indi
%

t a C ur
—
e o o -
ou ve

t d
ca e t Fig 40 6 a n d i s f ll ws Dr w .s ti n f a s a o o a a ec o o

t h m uldi ng full siz

e o h wn t t h l ft h nd f t h e, as s o a e e a o e
illu tr ti n n d pr j ct lin r und t h fr m in g
s a o , a h wn o e es o e a , as s o

1 2 3 nd 4
, ,
W h r t h li 1 2 3 n d 4 int r t t t h
a . e e e n es , , a e s ec a e
c r r D it Cl rly h w th t tr ight m it will n t cut
o ne , ea s o s a a s a re o

all t he p int of int rs ecti n A curv d lin will cut ll t he

o s e o . e e a

1 84
 Tk e M i t r e d jo int
int r cti n n d t mp l t m d f c rdb rd sh t
e se o s, a a e a e a e o a oa , ee

zinc v n r h uld b m d t thi h p At t h l ft

, or e ee , s o e a e o s s a e . e e
h nd id t h g m t rical s tti g t i h wn f bt ining
a s e e eo e e n ou s s o or o a

th urv
e c with ut h aving t res rt t o dr wing it b f r
e o o o a e o e

h nd
a .

T k h lf t h width of t h m oulding a h wn by dott ed

a e a e e , s s o

lin e A and wh er e it cuts t he ppr ximati on f t he curv e d

, a o o

F ig 4 0 7 .
—T mp
. e la te for M i tre ing .

mitre plac e t h p oint of t he compas es nd strik e ut a

e s a o

circl h wn with t h m r diu pl c t h c mp

e as s o e sa e a s a e e o a ss

p int n B—th t i t h in id p int f t h mitr n d cut t h

o o a s e s e o o e e, a e

circl n t h right n d l ft with t h sm ll rc h wn t

e o e a e e a a s s o a ou .

With t h sa m e r diu put t h c mp s p int t t h j un ti n

e a s e o as o a e c o

of t h circl and mitre li n C 1 and cut t h cir le at right

e e e , e c

and l ft viz
e , , ee .

N w rul
o lin thr ugh and n th r lin thr ugh c
e a e o aa, a o e e o c ,

and wh r th lin o t ach th r it will giv t h c rr ct

e e es e es u e o e e e o e

r diu f t h curv d m it Th dv nt g f kn wing t h

a s o e e re . e a a a e o o e

c rr ct r diu f curv d mitr i f g t b n fit t t h

o e a s o a e e s o r ea e e o e

skill d m chini t
e it n bl s him t t up hi m chin e
a s , as e a e o se s a

so as t giv d finit r ult M ny th r in t n

o e a e f e es . a o e s a ce s o

curv d mitr s c ould b giv n but t h g r l principl

e e e e , e en e a es

g ve rning t hi cl s of work will be r dily n from t he

o s a s ea s ee

ab ov examp les
e .

1 85
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
M it r e i n g a illu tr t s
M o u lde d D o o r Fr a m e .
—
Fig .
40 7 s a e

t h m t h d f mi t i n g t h m
e e o o ld d p rti n
re d r fr e ou e o o of a oo ame

wh r t h j int i t n n d n d m rti d A s ll w d n
e e e o s e o e a o se . ma oo e

t mpl t T i m d ut f b ch o th r h rdw od
e a e s a e o o ee r o e a o ,

having i t end cut at 45 d gr

s s This t mpl t i pl c d e e es . e a e s a e

on t h rail as sh wn an d h ld in p
e ,
o iti n by pl ing b th
, e os o ac o

t h r il n d t h t mpl t in t h vic
e a a e e Th f c e f t he t m
a e e e . e a o e

plat f rm a guid f a wide chi l and en bles t he w rk r

e o s e or se , a o e

t o gr du lly p r away t h e m ulding t t h c rr ct

a a a e gl o o e o e an e .

Th chis el is us e d in t he dir ecti on indic t e d by t h

e ow a e arr

mark .

1 86
 jo ints in Woodwo rk
comp l t rti l
Th e h own in Fig 408 m y b call d
e e a c e as s . a e e ,

in f rm i p int ed p yr m id It i m d p f tw nty n
o , aS x -
o a . s a e u o e -
o e
diff r nt p i c
e e h cut fr m w d Qin wid n d j in
e es , e a c o oo . e a .

thi k ; in w d m y b u e d if p r f r d F t h
c . oo a e s e er e . or e

p urp s e ith r
o eyc m r o whit ma p l
e i t h m ost
s u ful a o e r e e s e se .

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

09 1 o 41 2
4 . .

Three C Pi Pi
.

Th e ro s s e ce s . K ey e ce .

THE TW ENTY ONE P A RTS -

.

The p i e c s r q ir e d f llows
e e u ar e a s o

Fig 40 9 —Six p i c 3} in l g wi th a h l f slo t cut

. . e es , s . on , a

i n t h c ntr s sh wn
e Thi l t m u t be x tly t h e
e e a o . s s o s e ac

width o f t he w d s thi kn x ctly h l f ’

nd ut oo c e ss , a o e a a

way through s th t if t w p i c r p l c d c s by , o a , o e es a e a e a ros

m e ans f t h h lv d j int th ir su f c s will b e flush

o e a e o , e r a e .

Th s l t mu t ls b e x ctly in t h c e ntr
e o s a o e a e e.

Fig 41 0 —Si p i c
. iz 2 } ins l ng with a h al f cut
. x e es , s e 4
. o ,
-

c ntr sl t sim il r t o th t of Fig 40 9

e e o a a
—
. .

Fig 4 1 Si x r quir d t h b ing 1 5 in in l ength

. 1. e e , es e e .
,

and with Sl ts i t he middl s b f re o n e a e o

—
.

K y P i e F
( gi O f
e ceth l t i x r qui s . ne o ese as s e re

S p ci l t
e tm t s it f ms t h k y bl k f t h p uzzl
a re a en , a or e e oc o e e .

Aft r i t sl t h b
e cut n h lf f t h n rr w p rt
s o as e en , o e a o e a o a

mu t b s wn w y as h wn in Fig 4 2 Th inn r dg
e sa a a ,
s o . 1 . e e e e

must l o b g ntly r und d Th special s of this vit l

a s e e o e . e u e a

1 88
 P nz e le jo i nts

p i c whi h w will c ll t h k y will b fully xp l ai n d

e e, c e a e e , e e e

p r s ntly
e e
—
.

Fig 4 3 Th in di ti n t th
1 . th. th en , a o o es e , ere a re r ee
c ntr l b rs t o m k Lik t h th r p rt th y
e a a 5 in a e . e e o e a s e a re .

by ki n but ch 4; in l g n d
.
, cut h wn ar e e a s on , a ar e as s o
in F g 41 3 Th
i n d p r j cti
. s a 5 in l ng n d . e e o e on a re . o , a
t h cut w y p art is x ctly h lf t h d p t h o f t h wo d
e -
a a e a a e e e o .

Tw of t h thr e p i c s ( % an d Y in Fig 4 1 3) ar simil r

o e e e e . e a ,

I% .
Fi g 4 1 3 . .
—Th C e e n ral t B a re.

but t he Slo t b o f t he third n e Z is only 1 in wide inste d o . a

of i in As wi l l b e n
. o tic d this i i n sl o t is n ot in t h e ,
-
. e

c ntr but c rr p onds with t h e right hand h l f f t he

e e, o es
-
a o

l rg r l t f % n d Y
a e S o s o a .

In m king th e tw nty n p i e ces wh t sh uld b

a es e -
o e , a o e

b rn in m ind i th t t h di ff r nt p rts fit cl s ly int o

o e s a e e e a o e

each th r C n qu ntly t h l ts in width m ust b e

o e . o se e e s o , ,

ou t s t gri p t h e thickn s o f t h e w o d ; in d p th th y
o as o es o e e

must b xactly h lf thi thickn ss

e e a s e .

FITTING THE P UZZL E .

In fi tting up t h p uzzle t he thr c ntr l bars must e ,

ee e a

fir t b j in d
s th f rm t h k ele t on fr m w rk f
e o e , as os e o e s a e o o

th rticle Fig 41 4 shows th em in p ositi on but as it is

e a . . ,

1 89
 jo ints in Woodwork
a p uzzl in its lf as t o how the y c n b g t thus som e
e e a e o
e xp l tion s n c s ry
an a i e es a
—
.

Fi r t St g s Fi t tak e t h b r % nd Y ( Fig 41 3)
a e. rs e a s a s ee .

and rr n g th m
a a hown n Fig 41 5 It m t mp r
e e as s i . . is os i o
t nt t h t t h p r j ti n
a a f % f c up w d
e n d th t
o ec o s a o a e ar s, a a
t h p r j cti n
e o eo f Y fac t w rd t h c ntr Th n t k
o s a e o a s e e e . e a e
t h bar Z and bring it fl at int o t h e slo t o f %
e Th e little .

1
4 4 .
—Th
Th e Ce t ale re n r 1
4 5
—H ow A dj t
to us th e
B s in Positio
ar n. B a rs .
( No t p i ti
e os on of
j ti g d ) p r o e c n en s, a .

slo t o f Z h owev r mus t rema in bove t h s lo t o f % Th en

, e ,
a e .

s lid e t h b ar Y e l g t t h nt s o th at t h e p rt l tt r e d c
a on o e ce re , a e e

s li p s int t h e littl s l t f b a r Z
o e o o .

This m y s em co nfu ing t o re ad but it i s e as y t o follo w

a e s ,

when t h e p ces in on h and Th ie are ult o f thi r th r

e S
’
. e res s a e

clev er ar angem nt i t h t t h e si x a rm s o f Fi g 4 1 4 a e all

r e s a . r

e x a ctly t h e s m e l e ngth width an d thi kn s The y

a , , c es .

a re a ls o a rrang d s o th t in e a ch a rm m y b e cl as pe d o n e
e a a

p i e c e e a ch o f Fig s 4 9 4
0 1 0 n d 4 1 1. Th thr ee c,ntr l , a . e e a

a r m s m ay o f c o ur s ,
b e s e t p in a di ff nt o d n d h
e, u ere r e r, a ere

w h av m e re ly C h s n t h w y th a t is t h e m ost simp l e t o
e e o e e a

des crib and illust ate

e r .

1 90
 joi nts in Wooa wo r k
cen tra l ( Fig Thi
bar i ily
se ef und t w h n . s s e as o ou e

at w rk n t h p uzzl
o In t h co f th e th r th r m e . e as e o e o e ee ar s

th r is f u
e e
g p c, u d oby t hco l ng l ts
rs e , f t h a a a se e o s o o e

c ntr l b
e Adj u t t h p rt n t h fi t n m d th
a a rs . s e a s o e rs -
a e r ee

arm d th n d l with t h f urth

s , an m p utting in ll
e ea e o ar ,
a

thr ”cr s p arts For t h li ttle o ne h re us t he

Cl
ee os . e e , e

ke y ,

In s e r t i n g t h e Ke y —B y p lacing t h e k ey s o that it .

overla s the en d ro ecti on o f t h e a rm (s e e Fig 4 1 ) a s p ac e

p p j 7 .

is l e ft at t he centre an d m e ans is thus afforded for getting ,

in t h thr cross p arts on t h r m ining t wo arms

e ee e e a .

Tu r n i n g t h e K y Thi p r ctic l ly nd t h p uzzl e . s a a e s e e .

Whil t h k y is in its ov rl pp ing p iti n t h p rt

e e e e a os o e a s

m y ba p r t e d but
e se if it is t a an d n d on i t n
, rr ow ur e rou s a
n k sec th t it is in x ctly t h am p siti n as t h oth r
, o a e a e s e o o e e
fi e sm l l cr s p ts it l k t h wh l thing s tightly
v a os ar , oo s e o e o

th t n thing but h r f rc c oul d loos n t h tw nty on e

a o s ee o e e e e -

p c s
ie e .

S f o s th o rd r
ar f p utting t oge th r is c nc rn e d
a e e o e o e ,

th re ar m ny qu lly ti f ct ry w y th se b ing
e e a e a sa s a o a s, e e

d t rmin d by t h
e e e difficulty th t on e xp rienc
e e as e or a e e es

in h olding t h h l f fi ni h d p uzzl It ll c m s t t h
e a
-
s e e . a o e o e

sa m in t h n d nd t h k y m u t b p l c d on n
e e e , a e e s e a e o e

b b f or t h l t thr arm n b c mp l t d Th
ar e
”
e e as ee s ca e o e e . e

k y e m r v r m u t b n n f t h b r wh re
, o eo e , s e o o e o e a s e a

g ap i l ft at
s t h ntr
e n d n o t o n wh r
e ce Fi g 4 90 e, a one e e .

li fl ush g i nst t h c ntr l m s in Fig 41 6

es a a e e a ar a . .

UN DOING T HE P U Z ZL E .

To t k
uzzl t p i c s ll th t is r quir d i t o
a e t he p e o e e a a e e s

turn t h k y h lf r und n d p u h t h t h t w cr
e e a o a s e o er o o ss

b r n th t a m t w rd t h ut r p int Th c
a s o a rb r o a s e o e o . e ro ss a s

b l w m y th n b re m ov d and t h whol tructure f alls

e o a e e e , e e s

t p iec s
o e .

1 92
 P nz z le jo ints
A CU RIOU S DO V ETAI L J OINT .

Fig 41 8 r p res nts t wo bl cks o f wo d 2 5 ins squ ar e

. e e o o , .
,

dov etailed t ogethe r All four sides a e t he s ame and at

. r ,

I 93
 jo ints in Woodwork

Ske th
c of D v t il Pi
o e a ece .

Fro n t Ele tion

va . Back Ele ti o n va .

Pla n , loo king u p wa r ds

.

Th e Fi nish e d P zzle J o int

—
u .

Fi g
.
4 2 0. D o v ta il P
eu zz le J o i nt .

1 94
 jo i n ts in Woodwo rk

EA STE R N J OI N T P UZZLE .

B low are illustr t e d t wo m eth d f making a Si mp l e

e a o s o

littl p uzzl which w intr duc d into th s c ountry ome

e e as o e i s

y e rs a
ago T k e a p ie ce o f str i ght gr in e d timb r ab out
. a a -
a e ,

2 8 ins l ong ( birch

. nswers sp lendidly) and p l ne it up t o a a
e x ctly l i n squ r e
a Now cut and m ak it int six blocks
. a . e o ,

as shown at Fig 42 2 The sizes of the vari ous slots in . .

2
4 .1 -
E as te r n P zzle u .

t he blocks are resp ctiv ely 1 in g in i i n and } in e .

,
.
, .
, .

Arr ng t h p ie c s s as t f rm t he c mp let d p uzzle as

a e e e o o o o e ,

s h wn t Fig 4 2 1
o a . .

Fig 42 3 sh w n other me th d f l tting t he blocks

. o s a o o s o

which will giv t h am r sult N t h w v r th t e e s e e . o e, o e e , a

p i e c e 6 n b th Fig i 4 2 2 n doFig 4 2 3 i l ft qu r e
. n o sl ts a . s e s a , o

being re quir d wing t o t h f ct that this is t h key p i ce

e , o e a e -
e

and is fitt d int o position l st of all

e a .

This is n int r sting p uzzle and sy t o m ke at t h

a e e ea a e

fi st tt m p t it t k t h writ r xactly sixty fiv e minut s

r a e oo e e e -
e

t o place t h e p i e c es in th eir c o rre ct p ositi on .

I 96
 P n sa le jo ints

F ig 4 2 2
. . F ig 4 2 3
. .

Al t er na tiv M th d e e o s of M
a k in g t he P z u z le .

A MORTISING P UZZLE .

Th o rdin ar y m ortisi ng x rcis is

e ft e r t he fi rst two e e e , a

or thr tt mp t g n rall y vot d as unint r ti ng but

ee a e s, e e e e es , ,

altho ugh t h simp l p uzzl sh wn in Figs 4 24 42 5 and 42 6

e e e o .
, ,

is p ractic al ly an xe rcis in mo rti ing ye t fo rming as it

e e s , ,

do s a puzzle i t b ecomes a fascin atin g pi ece of work

e ,
'

I 97
 jo ints in Woodwork
Th e puzzle is comp osed o f thre p i ce s o f wo d ch e e o , ea
l ng I i in wid n d i in thi k In h p i ce
4 in s o .
, s . e, a . c . e ac e
a mortis 1 § ins by l in sh uld b e t s shown t 1
e . . o cu a a ,

Fig 42 4 . .
—
T he Th ree Pa ts r .

Fi g 42 4
. In one p i c marke d 2 a groove is cut on one
. e e ,

sid 3 in wid and n n th e r p i c 3 a similar slo t

e, .
. e, I a o e e ,

b ut i in wide is cut and this is c ontinu e d on the othe r

.
, ,

Fig 4 2 5. .
-
How to C ut th e Pa rts .

side of the groov t o a dep th of g in The three p ie ces

e .

sho uld b e s t t on a I 3 in by I Qin by g in l ngth of

e ou -
.
-
.
-
. e

wo d as sh wn at Fig 42 5 and wh n r ady s wn p art

o , o .
, e e a a .

Th p uzzle i p t t o ge th e r as sho wn at F i g 42 6
e s u In . .

t h first p l c
e h ld No 1 p i ce up right as hown at A
a e, o . e s ,

th n t ke No 2 p ie ce with sl t upp rmost and p ush it

e a . o e

t hr o ugh th e O p eni ng in No 1 pie ce until t he n e ar est side .

1 98
 join ts in Woodwork
at t he s am e time note th t t h sm ll x marks e op posit e
a e a ar

ea ch other T k p i c E n d h lding it s sh wn slid

a e e e a , o a o , e

it up the pi c B ( e arrow) until E eng g s wi th D and

e e se a e

4 7
2 .
-
Six p
- i e ce J i t P zzl
o n u e.

m rks O i t ach o th r P i c e C is e
the 0 a e pp o
ar e e s e .

now fitted b hi nd
e D a n d th ,
n p i c F wi l
e l slid e in p iti
e e on os

and p ush d w n
o w rds aT h k yp
. i c e eA i s n owe p u
-
t m
e

p osi tion and th e p uzzl e is completed

,
.

2 00
 I N DE%
A IR TI G T H ji t o n s, 1 16 Bit twi t 8 s 1
Ai t b i g i g 94 Bli d l p d v t ili g 7
, ,

l gn m e n in n e n n a - o e a n 12
Am i w h it w d Bl k f twi t bit 8 5
, ,

e r ca n e oo 12 1 oc or s
A gl b idl j i t t 3 8 Bl k g id f b v lli g i
. ,

n e. r e o n a oc u e, or e e n n
A gl b tt j i t 5 d v t il g vi g 4 6
, ,

n e u o n o e a r oo n 1
A gl d v t il k yi g 9 Bl k wi g f mi t i g 79
, ,

n e o e a e n 12 1 30 oc sa n or re n 1
A g l d v t i li g 3 3 Bl k i g gl
. , , , ,

n e o e a n 1 1, 1 2 oc n 59 6 ue, 1 1 0
A gl h lv d j i t 5 B di g m t h 3 9
, , ,

n e a e o n 2 oa r n a c
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7 1 2
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t il d d t g d 4
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j i t
,

M T RE J O NT T H 7 7—86
re r e d t
o n t 2 or se an e no n o n s, se
ti g t d m k i g 6 8
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I I E, 1 1 n Ou an a n
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(t d) 6
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s e re o e
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Mit d f m d w lli g 84
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a, or s n s es , 2
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,

u s, f c ro n , or s a r o n s, 2 ns , s a 43 n o e a 1
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ns, s e e re ,
,

Piv t h i g 98 99 00
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O AK . 39 o n e, 1
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, ,

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,

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, ,

Op en s o 65 or se , o n s, 2
Op en l t m ti s o d t or se an e no n Pl f h tt i g j i t 6
a n es or s u n o n s, 1 I
j i t 8 9 38
o n 2 2 Pl t
a nes , g i g 5 5 on ue n 0, 1
O t id b i g i g Pl i g dl f 4
, , , ,

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, ,

or ra e a e o n s , 20 , an n or ue o n n
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,

21 an n or re or 1 1
Pl i g g v 49
,

an n roo es ,
PA N ji t g
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d Pl k id f l dd 54
an s e o a er, 1
Pl t d w l t l 78
,

5 7 a e, o e s ee
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. , ,

ar n 2 2 a es, o e a or e o n s,
P i g f hi g
ar n
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or
,

n es , 90, 97
,

P titi j i t
ar on o n s , ce ll a re tt e , 1 9, 2 0 P l i th
n i ord wi th co r n ce s e cu re
Pat v f
e ra cow fixt e rs or s cre u re s , t lf t
s ee 75 a s e n e rs , 1

SS I Pl gh p l t h 4 7 4 8 4 9
ou an e , e, 112
P tt m ki g j i t 7 Pl gh l ip gl i g t d w
, , ,

a e rn - a n o n s, I ou s ue n o ra er,
P di m t w h t d d w lli
e en as s an , o e ng
7 8
,

Pl gh i g 4 7
, .

a, 88 ou n
Pe gs ( see D o we ls ) Pl g w ll 6 5
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,

1
P ll t i g 56
.

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,

n 1 0
P il t h Pl i m th d f d w l
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e nc e, 2 1 o e , co r n ce , e o o o e
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o o
,

ra c l ghi t tigh t -
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j oints P l fi i lf .

,
1 I5 o e, i 53 5 4
n a or corn ce , 1 , I

2 10
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or se o n
f t (O p ) m t i d t
,

Sec re ta Ire al ls , cla mp n g, 6 6

t i vd
Slo
j i t 8 9 38
en n or se an eno
Se g me n s , ci rcul a r r i m i n h al e , o n 2 2
Sl t wi g 65
, , ,

1 50 151 o s cr e 66 n 1 1
t i i d l j i ti g h p d 7 8
,

Se gm e n s , m a r k n g f o r c r cu l ar Sp an re o n n a s a e
i ti d l t g d j i t f
, , ,

j o n ng . 1 4 9. 1 50 Sp an re on u e o n or
q h p d 43
,

Se t s u a re , t h e , 4 s a e
f td i k t w h l 57
,

Sh a p e ro n e wo rk bi nge ng , . Sp ro c e ee ,

94 Sp ru ce . 77
d i d i
Sh a p e ra l , o wel l ng a , 8 5 Sq u a re ,th t 4 e se
d t i i t Sq
,

Sh e , o s a n d ra l j o n f o r , 6 1 th t y 8 8 8
p u a re , 3 3 e r 2 1, 0,
Oi t b Sq i g th
, ,

Sh e lf j n s o o k ca se 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 u a re , u s n 3 e, 2 2 , 2
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-
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3. 6 m ti or d t s e anj i t 5 en on o n s, 2
b d d St l y p l
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Sh o t i ng oa r o n k e y s ear , 6 a ne ,
g
an e 11
St l d w l p l t
,

1 1 ee o 7 8 e a e,
Sh oo ti g b d m it 8
n o ar re , 1 0 St l f t
ee g t d
a s e n e rs , corru 72 a e 1
ld O bliq h l vi g j i t St l wi pi
, ,

Sh ou er , ue a n o n ee 86re ns ,
with ti k tw i t f gl j i ti g 4
c s, s or ue - o n n
Sh l d f t tti g h Stil il f m d 5 6
, , ,

ou er o e no n , c u n c an d
e an cro ss ra ra e
Stil m ti g
, ,

ne l t 7 a 7 1, 2 e, ee n 1 12
ld g d vd Sti l l mm i g
, ,

Sh ou t e r, d g
on ue an ro o e e, s a n 111
t With 6 4 Stil il tti g t 6 8
, ,

e no n d
es a n ra s , se n ou
ld dt j i t 58 Stil m ti i g 7
, ,

Sh ou ere e no n o n s, es , or s n 2
ld h lvi g j i t St p b dd
,

Sh ou ers , cr o ss a n o n o -
o un 93 94 oo r
w ith h d thd St pp d b idl j t 8 9
,

o u se o r no c e o e r e oi n 2 2
Sh l d tti g b idl j i t St p p d d v t i l h l vi g
, , ,

ou er s , cu n r e o n o e o 4 5e a a n 1 1
St p p d h i g d j i t 97
, , ,

35 o e n e o n s,
Sh ld
ou d v t il d h lv d
e rs , o e a e a e St p p d h
o e i g 66 6 7 o us n 1 1
j i t with St i gh t d g gl d
, ,

o n ra i g f
-
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jit 6 j i t 3
,

Sh w
o cas e
SH U TT NG J O NT
I —6
o n s, 1 1
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o n s,
t i gh t m it
ra 79 r es , 1
Sh t t i g
u ni t pl f
O n s, 6 a n es or, 11 St p h i g
ra 98 99 n e,
J tt g 74 St t h i l d v t il d 7
,

Si d b e o ar co a e, 1 re c er ra o e a e 12
Si d b d IpDil l j i ti g 59
, . ,

e o ar ars , o n n 1 1 3 0
Sid b d t p p t f w ith bliq b idl j i t f
,

e o ar o ar o St t
ri o ue r e o n or.
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, , ,

ton ue
g d j 43 in 2
Sk i t i g b d b d 63 St t ( f) j i t 6 3 6 4
,

r n oar s cri e 1 ru roo o n

Sk i t i g mit d t b t
, , ,

r n 77 re 1 u 5 3 54 5 5
e no n .
Ski ti g m l d d bl b ild St d b k
, , . .

r n ou ou e, u u s, 66
oo 68 ca s e , 1 1
St m p t St b T
, ,

in g u p , 46 u ( e n o n, ) s ee u e no n .

Skyh gh t j oi n t , Syca mo re , 2
i tt
Sky l gh d) j i t
e no n ( h a u n ch e o n
i i ti
,

58 T A B L E a nd C ha r l e gs , j o n ng
i ti
Sla mm n g s le , 1 1 1 b r o k en , 1 5 8

Sla pe d jo mt , 1 Tb d i
a l e ( ca r ) h n ge , 99, 1 00
id j i t di i t b 59
Sl e o n , n ng a l e , -
1 T b di i
a le ( id j i t
n n g) s l e o n 1 59
id i b i dv
,

l e , t e e , 1 59 (d res s ng) earer ra l, o e

i dj i t
Sl p pe o n , 1 t d
a il e , 1 3 1
 In d ex

T bl (d i g) h t O f d w
a e r ess n c es ra T e no n j i t mit d f 6 3
o n re a ce ,
T j i t m ld d
,

e rs , 1 4 0 enon o n h b r ou e s as a
T bl (d i g) p t
, ,

a e r ess n f ar car cas e o 63 64

T j i t twi 6 6 4
, , .

44 enon o n n, 0
T bl (d p ) k it h T j i t wh l w i gh t lf
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