Superposition Theorem

AIM: To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

Equipment

Name of equipment Characteristics Type Quantity

Ammeter (0 – 20) mA Digital/Analog 1
Regulated power supply (0 – 30) V --------------------- 2
Resistors 2.2 kΩ 1
1 kΩ 1
560 Ω 1
Breadboard 1
Connecting wires As required

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Superposition theorem states that in a lumped, linear, bilateral network consisting of more number of
sources each branch current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents (branch voltages), each of which
is determined by considering one source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing the
sources, voltage and current sources are replaced by internal resistances.

CIRCUITS

When 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 source acting to find 𝐼𝐿

Fig (1)

When 𝑉1 source acting to find 𝐼′𝐿

When 𝑉2 source acting to find 𝐼′′𝐿

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the Fig (1).

2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to appropriate values (Say 15V and 20V
respectively).
3. Note down the current (𝐼𝐿 ) through the 560 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.
4. Connect the circuit as per Fig (2) and set the source Y (20V) to 0V.
5. Note down the current (𝐼′𝐿 ) through 560ohm resistor by using ammeter.
6. Connect the circuit as per Fig (3) and set the source X (15V) to 0V and source Y to 20V.
7. Note down the current (𝐼′′𝐿 ) through the 560 Ω resistor branch by using ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources X and Y to 0 V and switch off the supply. Disconnect
the circuit.

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS

From Fig (2)

𝐼1 = 𝑉1 /(𝑅1 + (𝑅2 //𝑅3 ))

𝐼′𝐿 = 𝐼 ′1 𝑅2 /(𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
From Fig (3)

𝐼2 = 𝑉2 /(𝑅2 + (𝑅1 //𝑅3 ))

𝐼′′𝐿 = 𝐼 ′ 2 𝑅1 /(𝑅1 + 𝑅3 )
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼′𝐿 + 𝐼′′𝐿
OBSERVATION TABLES

From Fig (1)

Applied voltage 𝑉1 (𝑉) Applied voltage 𝑉2 (𝑉) Current 𝐼𝐿 (mA)

From Fig (2)

Applied voltage 𝑉1 (𝑉) Current 𝐼′𝐿 (mA)

From Fig (3)

Applied voltage 𝑉2 (𝑉) Current 𝐼′′𝐿 (mA)

 Load current Theoretical values Practical values
When both sources are acting 𝐼𝐿
When only X is acting 𝐼′𝐿
When only Y is acting 𝐼′′𝐿

PRECAUTIONS

1. Initially keep the regulated power supply output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULTS
 Thevenin’s Theorem

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit.

Equipment

Name of equipment Characteristics Type Quantity

Voltmeter (0 – 20) V Digital/Analog 1
Ammeter (0 – 200) mA Digital/Analog 1
Regulated power supply (0 – 30) V ---------------------------- 1
Resistors 10 kΩ Fixed 1
1kΩ
2.2 kΩ
330 Ω
Breadboard 1
Multimeter Digital 1
Connecting wires As required

THEOREM

In any lumped, linear network having more number of sources and elements, the equivalent circuit
across any branch can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of Theremin’s equivalent voltage
source Vth in series with Theremin’s equivalent resistance Rth. Where Vth is the open circuit voltage
across (branch) the two terminals and Rth is the resistance seen from the same two terminals by
replacing all other sources with internal resistances.

CIRCUITS

To find 𝐼𝐿

To find 𝑉′ 𝑇𝐻
To find 𝑅𝑇𝐻

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per Fig (1)

2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the Fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 20V.
7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the Fig (3).
10. Connect the digital multimeter (DMM) across AB terminals and it should be kept in resistance
mode to measure Thevenin’s resistance (RTh).

OBSERVATION TABLES

Theoretical values Practical values

VTh = VTh =
RTh = RTh =
IL = IL =

RESULTS
 Norton’s Theorem

AIM: To verify Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.

Equipment

Name of equipment Characteristics Type Quantity

Voltmeter (0 – 20) V Digital/Analog 1
Ammeter (0 – 200) mA Digital/Analog 1
Regulated power supply (0 – 30) V ---------------------------- 1
Resistors 10 kΩ Fixed 1
1kΩ
2.2 kΩ
330 Ω
Breadboard 1
Multimeter Digital 1
Connecting wires As required

THEOREM

In a lumped, linear network the equivalent circuit across any branch is replaced with a current source
in parallel a resistance. Where the current is the Norton’s current which is the short circuit current
though that branch and the resistance is the Norton’s resistance which is the equivalent resistance
across that branch by replacing all the sources with their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per Fig (1)

2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the Fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 20V.
7. Note down the response (current, IN) through the branch AB (ammeter reading).
8. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the Fig (3).
10. Connect the digital multimeter (DMM) across AB terminals and it should be kept in resistance
mode to measure Norton’s resistance (RN)

OBSERVATION TABLES

Theoretical values Practical values

VN = VN =
RN = RN =
IL = IL =

RESULTS