Project Report PDF
Project Report PDF
Project Report PDF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
ABSTRACT II
CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURES V
3.2 Concrete................................................................................................................................ 17
III
CHAPTER 4 ANALYTICAL STUDY ............................................................................................... 32
4.2 Non Linear Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS 14.5 Mechanical APDL...................... 33
REFERENCES
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
V
Figure 4.5 Reinforcement details Pt 0.43% ............................................................................. 36
Figure 4.6: Reinforcement details Pt 0.64% ............................................................................ 37
Figure 4.7: Reinforcement details Pt 0.86% ............................................................................ 37
Figure 4.8: Loading and Boundary conditions ........................................................................ 38
Figure 4.9: Crack pattern for Pt 0.43% .................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.10: Crack pattern for Pt 0.64% .................................................................................. 40
Figure 4.11: Crack pattern for Pt 0.86% .................................................................................. 40
Figure 4.12: Deformed shape of the beam ............................................................................... 40
Figure 5.1 Variation of shear strength ..................................................................................... 42
Figure 5.2 variation of moment capacity ................................................................................. 42
Figure 5.3 Load Vs Deflection for M25 .................................................................................. 43
Figure 5.4 Load Vs Deflection for M30 .................................................................................. 43
Figure 5.5 Moment Vs Curvature for M25 .............................................................................. 44
Figure 5.6 Moment Vs Curvature for M30 .............................................................................. 44
Figure 5.7 Load Vs Deflection for Pt 0.43% ........................................................................... 45
Figure 5.8 Load Vs Deflection for Pt 0.64% ........................................................................... 45
Figure 5.9 Load Vs Deflection for Pt 0.86% ........................................................................... 46
Figure 5.10 Moment Vs Curvature for Pt 0.43% ..................................................................... 46
Figure 5.11 Moment Vs Curvature for Pt 0.64% ..................................................................... 47
Figure 5.12 Moment Vs Curvature for Pt 0.86% ..................................................................... 47
VI
LIST OF TABLES
VII
Experimental study on behaviour of RC deep beams
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 NORMAL BEAM
A beam is a structural member used for bearing loads. It is typically used for resisting
vertical load shear forces and bending moments. A beam is a structural element that is capable
of withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending. The bending force induced into
the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending moment. These forces induce stresses on the beam.
Compressive and tensile forces develop in the direction of the beam axis under bending loads.
The maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the beam while the
maximum tensile stress is located at the lower edge of the beam.
The analysis of normal (shallow) beams is simple. Many theoretical approaches and
experimental results are available.
According to IS-456 (2000) Clause 29, simply supported beam it acts as deep beam when the
ratio of its effective span (L) to overall depth (D) is less than 2.0 and that for continuous beam
when the ratio is less than 2.5. The effective span is defined as the centre to centre distance
between the supports or 1.15 times the clear span whichever is less.
ACI code 318-95 classifies the beam as a deep beam for flexural if the clear span / Overall-
depth ratio is less than 1.25 for simply supported beams and 2.5 for continuous beams.The
Euro code defines a beam as a deep beam if the cross sectional depth to the effective span
length is greater than the following limits
Where:
In deep beams, the bending stress distribution across any transverse section deviates
appreciably from the straight line distribution assumed in elementary beam theory.
Consequently a transverse section which is plane before bending does not remain
approximately plane after bending. Neutral axis does not lie at the mid depth.
Types of deep beams may be classified as Simply Supported Deep Beams, Continuous
Deep Beam & Deep Beams with and without opening. Verity of application for Deep beam is
found that can be used in situations where other type of beams or structural components cannot
be used such as in bridges where long spans are required.
1 Plane section before bending does not Plane section before bending remains
remain plane after bending. plane after bending.
3 The stress block is non-linear even at The stress block can be considered linear
elastic stage. at elastic stage.
Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams are used for load distribution in a wide range of
structures; for example in tall buildings, offshore gravity structures, as transfer girders, pile
caps, folded plates, and foundation walls, also shear walls are considered as cantilever deep
beam. Deep beams are often located on the perimeter of framed structures where they provide
stiffness against horizontal loads.
By increasing the depth of the beam while keeping the span length constant, the member
becomes so stiff that the applied load is effectively carried through tension and compression
zones, rather than by bending and shear.
Stresses in deep beams can be evaluated using the method of two dimensions analysis.
Plane section before bending remains plane after bending does not hold good for deep beams.
Significant warping of the cross-section occurs because of high shear stresses. Consequently
flexural stresses are not linearly distributed. Even in elastic range, and the usual method for
evaluating section properties and stresses cannot be applied. Shear strength of deep beams may
be as much as 2 to 3 times greater than that predicated using conventional equation developed
for members of normal proportions. For deep beams, however a significant part of the load is
transferred directly from the point of application to the supports by diagonal compression strut.
Shear force is present in beams at sections where there is a change in bending moment
along the span. It is equal to the rate of change of bending moment. An exact analysis of shear
strength in reinforced concrete beam is quite complex. Several experimental studies have been
conducted to understand the various modes of failure that could occur due to possible
combination of shear and bending moment acting at a given section despite the great research
efforts, however, there is still not a simple, albeit analytically derived formula to predict quickly
and accurately the shear strength of slender beams. In addition, many of the factors that
influence the determination of the required minimum amount of shear reinforcement are not
yet known. As a consequence, the current provisions for shear in standard codes such as ACI
code, BIS code, BS code are still based on empirical or semi empirical considerations.
place before any sign of tensile bar yielding. Despite Mode I which usually present a ductile
form of failure, this mode is classified as brittle failure which in many cases a sudden drop of
specimens load capacity will be observed in the vicinity of the ultimate capacity of the member.
Finally the third mode is shear failure mode. Shear failure mode can be sub divided into
following three categories.
Mode III-1: Diagonal tension failure, which in the line of thrust become so eccentric and give
rise to flexural failure in compressive zone. It is important however to mention that this kind
of failure is a result of tensile crack extension in compressive zone due to flexural load.
Mode III-2: Shear compression failure where RC beam fails due to the development of diagonal
crack into the compressive zone and reduces the area of resisting region excessively and beam
crushes once generated compressive stress exceeds compressive strength of concrete.
Mode III-3: Shear proper or compressive failure of struts, which is often observed in beams
with very small shear span to depth ratio (a/d < 1.5).In this case due to the small a/d ratio, the
line of thrust will be so steep and arch action not only reserve flexural capacity in most cases
but also efficiently sustains required shear force. Arch is clearly observed in those beams and
finally beams fail due to either sudden tensile crack formation parallel to the strut axes or
compressive crush in normal direction to the strut axes.
According to St. Venant’s principle the D-region is equal to one section depth on either side of
discontinuity. The Figure 4 shows B and D regions of deep beams.
The Figure 5 shows the shows the failure pattern of deep beams. As per St. Venant’s
principle, the whole beam is under D region. The D region experiences local failure at support
and load point areas. Flexural failure is observed in pure bending zone (1). At compression
strut trajectory the failure is pure shear by diagonal cracking (3). The area between compression
strut and mid-span contains combined flexural and shear failure (2). Failure due to compression
is observed at extreme compression fibre of mid-span. Local failure of supports and load points
occurs due to high compressive stress occurring in the area around load and support (5).
Figure 1.6: Typical crack pattern of deep beams with two point loading
1.3 Objectives
The behaviour of deep beams is significantly different from that of conventional beams,
therefore prediction of the behaviour of deep beams require special consideration in analysis,
design, and detailing of reinforcement.
1.4 Methodology
Experiment is conducted on deep beams to get the ultimate load capacity. Crack
patterns, crack propagation is also studied. Central deflection and strains at top, mid-
section and bottom of beam section are also measured.
Finite element analysis is carried out in ANSYS Mechanical APDL 14.5 software.
Similar model is created in software and analysis is conducted to get the results ultimate
load capacity, crack patterns and central deflection.
Experimental results are compared with the finite element analysis results.
Size of the beam considered for the study is 150mm wide, 350mm deep and 700mm
long. L/D ratio is 2.
Three different percentages of tension steel 0.43, 0.64 and 0.86 are provided to the
beams in this study.
Two characteristic strengths of concrete M25 and M30 are considered.
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The behaviour of deep beams is significantly different from that of beams of more
normal proportions, requiring special consideration in analysis, design and detailing of
reinforcement. Because of their proportions, they are likely to have strength controlled by
shear. On the other hand, their strength is likely to be significantly greater than predicated by
usual equations. Special design methods account for these differences. Stresses in deep beams
can be studied using the methods of two dimensional elasticity, such as finite element analysis
or finite strip method. There has been great deal of research on deep beam analysis and large
body of literature on behaviour of deep beam has been published. Studies of ultimate flexural
strength and shear strength of deep beams can be found in technical literature. The following
are the technical papers referred for this research work
Prodromos D. Zararis (2003), this paper describes a theory, according to which the
shear failure of reinforced concrete deep beams under two-point or a single-point loading, with
a shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d) between 1.0 and 2.5, is due to a crushing of concrete
in a compression zone with a restricted depth above the tip of the critical diagonal crack. Simple
expressions are derived for the restricted depth of the compression zone, as well as for the
ultimate shear force of deep beams with and without web reinforcement. The derived formulas
from this analysis are verified by comparisons to extensive sets of experimental data from
literature, which have been obtained on deep beams with various strengths of concrete, main
steel ratios, shear reinforcement ratios, and shear span to depth (a/d) ratios between 1.0 and
2.5.
Ning Zhang and Kang-Hai Tan, (2007), in this paper An experimental program
consisting of three groups of 11 specimens is carried out to investigate the possible causes of
size effect, typically represented by a reduction in shear strength with an increase in the height
of deep beams. It is well-known that deep beams behave very differently from shallow beams
as arch action rather than flexure dominates the behaviour, after diagonal cracking has
occurred. However, causes of size effect in deep beams remain unresolved. It is postulated that
the factors influencing the strength of a compression member, i.e. the strut geometry and
boundary conditions, govern the size effect. The experimental program provides experimental
evidence for the hypotheses from strut-and-tie models. By properly configuring the loading
Dept. of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru. Page 10
Experimental study on behaviour of RC deep beams
and support plate dimensions, size effect in ultimate shear strength is significantly mitigated,
even for beams with high h/b ratios and plain concrete web. Evenly-distributed web
reinforcement is found to mitigate the size effect to some extent. Effects of out-of-plane actions
on beam strength are also investigated and discussed. The modified STM incorporating the
causes of size effect outperforms several other methods in accurately and consistently
predicting the ultimate shear strengths.
Anand Parande, et al. , (2008) , in this research a three dimensional finite element
model is developed to examine the structural behaviour of corroded reinforced concrete beam
and non-corroded reinforced concrete beam. Non-linear finite element analysis is performed
using the ANSYS program. SOLID 65, LINK 8 element represent concrete and discrete
reinforcing steel bars, based on each component actual characteristics, non-linear material
properties are defined for both elements. The effect of corrosion in reinforced concrete is
studied by finite element analysis; an approach is developed to model the corrosion product
expansion causing concrete cover cracking for this, beam has been modelled using ANSYS
and using this data the beam has been casted with M20 concrete after 28 days the beam will be
tested for flexural strength. The comparison between ANSYS prediction and field data are
made in terms of deflection, stress, strain, bond strength and crack pattern of concrete beam.
S. Ahmad, et al. , (2011), in this research six deep beams with a shear span to depth
ratio (a/d) of 0.64, 0.76 and 0.96 have been designed against the external assumed loads. The
beams were tested under monotonic two point loads and the actual shear strength of the deep
beams was determined at the failure loads of the beams. The load carrying capacity of deep
beams was also calculated on the basis of the actual strengths of the compression struts and
nodes with the help of guidelines given by ACI-318-06, for the use of Strut and Tie Model
(STM). The observed failure loads were compared with load carrying capacity of beams
worked out from the strengths of the struts. The failure loads were also compared with the
provisions of EC-02. It has been observed that both STM based on ACI-318-06 and EC-02
have given a reasonable prediction of the shear strength of deep beams.
S.S.Patil and B.R.Niranjan. (2012) , this paper describes analysis and design of deep
beams subjected to two points loading with different L/D ratios using Programme in
FORTRAN 77 for analysis and codes I.S.456-2000, B.S.8112, ACI 318 and Appendix A of
ACI 318 for design purpose. The main objective of this investigation is to conduct an
experimental study on strength & behaviour of deep beams. The detailed analysis has been
carried out using the finite strip method. The study also aimed at testing validity & usefulness
of IS 456:2000, B.S.8112, ACI 318-2005 and ACI Appendix A (STM), Draft Euro code &
CEB- FIP code and Canadian code. It was observed that failure of deep beams was mainly due
to diagonal cracking and it was along the lines joining the loading points and supports. It was
found that the strength of deep beam is inversely proportional to the shear span for the constant
depth of the beam.
Sudarshan D. Kore and S.S.Patil, (2013), in this paper the main objective was to
conduct an experimental study on strength & behaviour of deep beams. To study the variations
in the deep beams designed by using codes of different countries such as IS 456:2000, (NDS-
3101-2006), CIRIA GUIDE-2, APPENDIX –A of ACI- 318-2005 (STRUT AND TIE
METHOD) and CSA-A23.3-2004. The experimental investigation was carried out to find out
the strength, cracking pattern and behaviour of the deep beam under the two point loads and
for various L/D ratios such as 1.71, 1.6 and 1.5. For each L/D ratios three specimen beams
were cast and tested. Cracking and failure modes of beams are observed. Flexural steel
requirement and deflections are compared as per different code provisions. It was found that
as L/D ratio decreases there is an increase in the strength of the deep beams, the L/D ratio is
inversely proportional to strength of the beam. From the study of the different codes it was
observed that as the L/D ratio increases the lever arm decreases. From the code provisions and
the study of the various codes, the Strut and Tie method given by the ACI-318 code is suitable
for the design of Reinforced Concrete Deep beam.
S.S.Patil , et al., (2013) studied on several reinforced concrete deep beams with
different L/D ratios (1.5, 1.6, 1.71) were cast and tested in order to investigate the strain
distribution pattern at mid-section of the beam. This paper describes analysis of deep beams
subjected to two point loading with three different L/D ratios (1.5, 1.6, 1.71) using Non-linear
Finite element method (ANSYS 9.0 software). In ANSYS 9.0 software, SOLID 65 and LINK
8 element represent concrete and reinforcing steel bars. Non-linear material properties were
defined for both elements. Using ANSYS software Flexural Strains and deflections were
determined at mid-section of the beam. The failure crack-patterns were obtained. Variations of
flexural strains were plotted at mid-section of the beam. The beams were designed by I.S.456-
2000 (Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete). Flexural strains
were measured experimentally at mid-section of the beam using Demountable mechanical
strain gauge. The failure crack-patterns of the beam for different L/D ratios were also observed.
The comparison between ANSYS results and experimental test results were made in terms of
strength, flexural strain and deflection of concrete beams. The analytical and experimental
flexural strains were compared at mid-section of the beam for different L/D ratios. It was found
that the smaller the span/depth ratio, the more pronounced was the deviation of strain pattern
at mid-section of the beam. As the depth of the beam increases the variation in strength, flexural
steel and deflection were found to be more experimentally than the non-linear finite element
analysis
Pandurang S. Patil and Girish V. Joshi, (2014), in this research the behaviour of deep
beam for shear and bending strength by theoretical and experimental study is conducted. And
also comparison of experimental result with the theoretical results, and to find the relation
between the experimental and theoretical results is been done. And also comparison of shear
strength of a concrete deep beam predicted using the models proposed by IS code, ACI code
with the corresponding experimental shear strength of the concrete deep beam. The parameters
considered are shear span to depth ratio, cube compressive strength of concrete beam. The
magnitude of shear span to depth ratio considered is 1.00 to 2.67. It was found that failure of
deep beams was mainly due to diagonal cracking & it was along the lines joining the loading
points and supports, with span to depth ratio increases, inclination of cracks decreases. It was
also observed that, in shear failure of deep beams the deflection are low are compared to
flexural failure of normal beams and the load taken at first crack in flexural is smaller than
shear failure
V. D. Sabale, et al . , (2014), in this paper the behaviour of deep beams of various span
to depth ratio is studied. The main objective of study is to analysis a deep beam of various
Length to span ratio by ANSYS 13.0 under two point loading. The detailed analysis has been
carried out by using non-linear finite element method and design of deep beam by using I.S
456-2000. The objectives of this study are to observe deflection, cracking of deep beams
subjected to two point loading of 50KN. To study non- linear finite element analysis of deep
beam by using ANSYS having different L/D ratio (1.5, 1.6, 1.71) and to study stress
distribution of deep beam.
Neha S. Badiger and Kiran M. Malipatil , (2014) , in this paper, four point bending
analysis is carried out using reinforced concrete beam. The results of the beam with respect to
mesh density, varying depths, use of steel cushions for support and loading points, effect of
shear reinforcement on flexure behaviour, impact of tension reinforcement on behaviour of the
beam are analysed and discussed. Finite element software ANSYS 13.0 is used for modelling
and analysis by conducting non-linear static analysis.
S.S.Patil et al., (2015) this paper presents construction and testing of several high
strength reinforced concrete deep beams which includes three beams, designed for three
different country codes, for each shear span to depth ratio as described and the test data is
presented. The beam consists of simple span subjected to two point loads, each span being 0.7
m in length. The shear span to depth ratios ranged from 0.62 to 0.77. Recently, reinforcing steel
(550 & 550D) with strength higher than conventional steel has become commercially available.
The introduction of high strength reinforcing steel can be useful to reduce the quantity of
reinforcement required, thereby lessening reinforcement congestion and improving
constructability. Measurements were made during each test inclusive of applied loads and mid
span deflections directly from programmed instrument (K.P.T.L.) through load cell and
L.V.D.T’s. Cracks were marked and photographed at each initial and final crack. The beams
generally failed in shear, exhibiting the behaviour of deep beam depending on shear span to
depth ratio.
Gerardo Aguilar, et al., (2015) , In this study, an evaluation was conducted of the
behaviour and strength of deep reinforced concrete beams based on results from the monotonic
test of four beam specimens. The test specimens were designed with two different approaches,
which consisted of: 1) the procedure described in Sections 10.7 and 11.8 of the ACI 318-99
Code (ACI Committee 318 1999); and 2) the Strut-and-Tie Method given in Appendix A of
the ACI 318-02 Building Code (Cagley 2001), which is intended to replace the procedure given
in Section 11.8 of the ACI 318-99 Code. The behaviour of the deep beams is described in terms
of cracking pattern, load-versus-deflection response, reinforcement and concrete strains, failure
load, and failure mode. The experimental failure load of each specimen is compared with the
load capacities calculated using the procedures given in the ACI 318-99 Code, and Appendix
A of the ACI 318-02 Building Code. Despite different failure modes, the failure loads and
corresponding ultimate deflections were similar in all four specimens. Yielding of both
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement occurred prior to failure. Based on the test results,
the shear design procedures contained in the ACI 318-99 Code and Appendix A of the ACI
318-02 Code were evaluated. Both design procedures yielded conservative predictions of the
shear strength of the single-span deep beams.
CHAPTER 3
3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
3.1 Materials
The materials used for the preparation of specimens and their properties are discussed
below.
3.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade is used. Specific gravity of cement used is 3.15.
3.1.4 Water
Potable water is used for the mixing of concrete.
3.2 Concrete
Two different grades (M25 and M30) of concrete has been used for the casting of
beams. Normal concrete without any admixtures was used for casting. Indian Standard method
of mix design was adopted to arrive at the mix proportion for M25 and M30 grade of concrete.
Samples were tested for strength check. Iron cube moulds of size 150x150x150 mm
were used for casting test samples for both grades of concrete. The fresh mix was poured into
the mould and the top surface was smoothened with the trowel. The specimen was left in the
mould for 24 hours and then de-moulded. Identification marks were made on the exposed face
of specimen and was immersed in curing tank for 28 days. After 28days of curing cubes were
tested in compression testing machine. The results are shown the following table
percentages were cast. 12mm dia bars of Fe500 grade are used for top and bottom reinforcing.
8mm dia bars of Fe500 grade are used for shear reinforcement as vertical stirrups.
DB M30 Pt 0.64
DB M30 Pt 0.86
2 numbers of 12mm dia bars are provided at top as nominal reinforcement for all beams.
All the specimens were tested for finding out the Ultimate load carried by the
Deep beams under two point loading after the age of 28 days. The beams are tested under
gradually increasing load using 1000KN capacity Universal Testing Machine (UTM). All
beams are simply supported with an effective span of 540mm. Beams are centred on platform
and levelled horizontally and vertically by adjusting the bearing plates. Two point loads are
applied at distance 1/3rd of the effective span. Dial gauge having range of 10 mm with least
count of 0.01 mm is used to measure the central deflection at the bottom of the beam. 100mm
D-mac gauge is used to measure the strains. Strain measuring studs are mounted on the beam
at top, middle and bottom section of the beam. Readings were taken at proper load interval.
Crack propagations were traced by pencil and their tips were marked corresponding to the load
readings.
a) Pt 0.43%
Table 6: Experimental results of M25, Pt 0.43%
350
Load Vs Deflection
300
250
LOAD (KN)
200
y = 56.424x
150 R² = 0.9836
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DEFLECTION (MM)
b) Pt 0.64%
Load Vs Deflection
500
400
LOAD (KN)
300
y = 84.034x
200
R² = 0.9928
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DEFLECTION (MM)
c) Pt 0.86%
600
Load Vs Deflection
500
LOAD (KN)
400
300 y = 91.887x
R² = 0.9924
200
100
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
DEFLECTION (MM)
a) Pt 0.43%
Load Vs Deflection
350
300
LOAD (KN)
250
200
150 y = 62.047x
100 R² = 0.9735
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DEFLECTION (MM)
b) Pt 0.64%
Load Vs Deflection
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
LOAD (KN)
300.0
y = 94.588x
250.0
R² = 0.9898
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
DEFLECTION (MM)
Figure 3.19 Load Vs deflection curve M30 Pt 0.64%
c) Pt 0.86%
600
Load Vs Deflection
500
LOAD (KN)
400
300 y = 107.13x
200 R² = 0.9887
100
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
DEFLECTION (MM)
CHAPTER 4
4 ANALYTICAL STUDY
The behaviour of deep beams is significantly different from that of beams of more
normal proportions, requiring special consideration in analysis. In deep beams, the bending
stress distribution across any transverse section deviates appreciably from the straight line
distribution assumed in elementary beam theory. Stresses in deep beams can be evaluated using
the method of two dimensions analysis. Several analytical methods are available for the
analysis of deep beams, out of which Finite Element Analysis (FEA) offers a better option.
Finite element method is a numerical analysis method that divides the structural
element into smaller parts and then simulates static loading conditions to evaluate the response
of concrete. The use of this technique is increasing because of enormous advancement of
engineering and computer knowledge. This method respond well to non-linear analysis as each
component possesses different stress-strain behaviour. The response of each element is
expressed in terms of a finite number of degrees of freedom characterized as the value of an
unknown function at a set of nodal points.
1. The structure is divided into finite elements. Mesh generations programs called pre-
processor, help the user in doing this work.
2. The properties of each element are formulated. In stress analysis, this means
determining nodal loads associated with all elements deformation states are allowed.
3. Elements are assembled to obtain the finite element model of the structure.
4. The known loads applied; nodal forces, and/or moment in stress analysis.
5. In stress analysis, the structure supports are specified. This step involves setting several
nodal displacements into known values.
6. The simultaneous linear algebraic equations are solved to determine nodal dof.
7. In stress analysis, the element strains are calculated from the nodal dof. And the element
displacement field interpolation, and finally stress from strains.
In reality most of the problems are non-linear in nature. Hence non-linear analysis is an
effective tool to obtain exact solution. Non-linear analysis is a method that stimulates the
exact behaviour of the material to evaluate strength in inelastic range and to identify the
Dept. of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru. Page 32
Experimental study on behaviour of RC deep beams
potential of high load carrying capacity of the components through redistribution, tensile
and shear strength. Nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams is complex due to
various parameters. Non-linearity may be geometric or material non-linearity. A structure
can have either of the one or both of them. Material non-linearity contains non-linear stress
strain relationship of material and hence modulus of elasticity is not a unique value. The
geometry of the body is changed during loading in slender members such as columns and
also in deformable bodies. Such case, geometric nonlinearity is encountered.
In this study, nonlinear finite element analysis is carried out using ANSYS 14.5
Mechanical APDL which employs Newton-Raphson method to solve higher order
differential equations. Many attempts have been made by the past researchers to predict the
behaviour using ANSYS. The accuracy and convergence of the solution depends on factors
such as mesh density, constitutive properties of concrete, convergence criteria and tolerance
values etc. Thus in the present study an attempt is made to perform nonlinear finite element
analysis to analyse the reinforced concrete deep beam.
4.2 Non Linear Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS 14.5 Mechanical
APDL
To create the finite element model in ANSYS 14.5 there are multiple tasks that have to
be completed for the model to run properly. Models can be created using command prompt line
input or the Graphical User Interface. For this model, the graphical user interface was utilized
to create the model.
A Solid65 element was used to model the concrete. This element has eight nodes with
three degrees of freedom at each node translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The
element is capable of plastic deformation, cracking in three orthogonal directions, and crushing.
A schematic of the element is shown in Fig
A Link180 element was used to model steel reinforcement. This element is a 3D spar
element and it has two nodes with three degrees of freedom translations in the nodal x, y, and
z directions. This element is capable of plastic deformation and element was shown in the Fig
A Solid65 element was used to model the concrete. This element has eight nodes with
three degrees of freedom at each node translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The
element is capable of plastic deformation, cracking in three orthogonal directions, and crushing.
A schematic of the element is shown in Fig
4.2.2 Modelling
The model was 700 mm long with a cross section of 150 mm X 350 mm. The Finite
Element beam model was shown in Fig.3. The dimensions for the concrete volume were
shown in Table below
SL No ANSYS Co-ordinates in mm
1 X1,X2,X-coordinates 0,700
2 Y1,Y2,Y-coordinates 0,350
3 Z1,Z2,Z-coordinates 0,150
4.2.5 Results
Load at first crack and failure and their corresponding deflections are obtained. The
results obtained in ANSYS are as below
a) M25
% of tension reinforcement
b) M30
% of tension reinforcement
Crack patterns are also obtained in the ANSYS. The crack patterns for the different
percentage of tension reinforcement are shown below
The deformed shape of the beam after analysis will be as shown below:
CHAPTER 5
M25 M30
Pt % 0.43 0.64 0.86 0.43 0.64 0.86
L/D ratio 1.542 1.542
av /D ratio 0.514 0.514
Load at first crack 157.58 204.25 222.53 168.63 213.45 232.41
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Shear strength
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Moment capacity
2) Load versus deflection curve is plotted for each variation of parameters. The
variation is deflection with increase in tension reinforcement for respective loads is
shown in below graphs.
M25
600
500
400
Load KN
300
200 Pt 0.43%
Pt 0.64%
100
Pt 0.86%
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection mm
M30
600
500
400
Load KN
300
Pt 0.43%
200
Pt 0.64%
100 Pt 0.86%
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection mm
3) The strains at top, middle section and at bottom are measured to know the variation
along the depth of section. Using the strain values the angle of curvature is
calculated and graphs are plotted against variation of bending moment. The graphs
are shown below
M25
50
45
40
Moment KN-m
35
30
25
Pt 0.43%
20
Pt 0.64%
15
Pt 0.86%
10
5
0
0 0.0000001 0.0000002 0.0000003 0.0000004 0.0000005
Curvature ( Rad/mm )
M30
60
50
Moment KN-m
40
30
Pt 0.43%
20
Pt 0.64%
10 Pt 0.86%
0
0 5E-08 0.0000001 1.5E-07 0.0000002 2.5E-07 0.0000003 3.5E-07 0.0000004 4.5E-07
Curvature ( Rad/mm)
1) Load versus deflection curve is plotted for each variation of parameters. The variation
is deflection with variation of characteristic strength of concrete for respective loads is
shown in below graphs.
Pt 0.43%
350
300
250
Load (KN)
200
M25
150
M30
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Delfection (mm)
Figure 5.7 Load Vs Deflection for Pt 0.43%
Pt 0.64%
500
450
400
350
Load (KN)
300
M25
250
200 M30
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection (mm)
Figure 5.8 Load Vs Deflection for Pt 0.64%
Pt 0.86%
600
500
400
Load (KN)
300
M25
200 M30
100
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Deflection (mm)
2) The strains at top, middle section and at bottom are measured to know the variation
along the depth of section. Using the strain values the angle of curvature is calculated
and graphs are plotted against variation of bending moment. The graphs are shown
below
Pt 0.43%
35
30
25
Moment KN-m
20
15 M25
M30
10
0
0 5E-08 0.0000001 1.5E-07 0.0000002 2.5E-07 0.0000003 3.5E-07 0.0000004
Curvature (rad/mm)
Pt 0.64%
45
40
Moment KN-mm 35
30
25
20 M25
15 M30
10
5
0
0 5E-08 0.0000001 1.5E-07 0.0000002 2.5E-07 0.0000003 3.5E-07 0.0000004
Curvature (rad/mm)
Pt 0.86%
60
50
Moment KN-m
40
30
M25
20 M30
10
0
0 5E-08 0.0000001 1.5E-07 0.0000002 2.5E-07 0.0000003 3.5E-07 0.0000004 4.5E-07
Curvature (rad/mm)
a) M25
% of tension reinforcement
b) M30
% of tension reinforcement
The comparison of deflections of experimental results with analytical results at first crack and
failure load is shown in below graph.
Pt 0.43%
5.26
6
3.821
5
3.143
4
1.967
3
2
1
0
First crack Failure load
ANSYS EXPT
Pt 0.64%
5.26
6
5 3.886
4
2.303
3 1.641
2
1
0
First crack Failure load
ANSYS EXPT
Pt 0.86%
5.023
6
5 3.632
4 2.57
1.932
3
0
First crack Failure load
ANSYS EXPT
The crack patterns obtained in ANSYS are similar to cracks generated during experiment.
Z= 0.2(540+2*350)
= 248mm
CHAPTER 6
6 CONCLUSION
From the experimental study and from non-linear Finite Element Analysis (FEA), the
following conclusions can be drawn
1) In all the beams, flexural cracks were appeared first at the central portion of the beam.
Flexural cracks propagation was vertical from bottom to the 1/3rd depth of the beam.
2) Shear diagonal cracks started to appear around 42% of failure load.
3) Failure of deep beams was mainly due to diagonal cracking and it was along the lines
joining the loading points and supports.
4) The shear strength and moment carrying capacity of deep beams increased significantly
with increasing the percentage of tension reinforcement.
5) With increasing the characteristic strength on concrete there is slightly increase in shear
strength and moment carrying capacity of deep beams.
6) The FEA results holds good with the experimental results.
7) The crack patterns obtained in FEA are similar to the cracks generated during
experiment.
8) The moment capacity calculated by different design codes are in good agreement with
the experimental and FEA results.
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