Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Experiment No. 5

Adder, Subtractor, Integrator & Differentiator using Op-Amp

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 1

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Expt. No. 5 Adder, Subtractor, Differentiator & Integrator using Op-Amp

Aim: To design and verify adder, subtractor , differentiator & integrator using operational
amplifier.

Components required:

SI. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1 Op-Amp IC - 741 1
2 Resistor 1k Ω 4
10k Ω 1
100k Ω 1
3 Capacitor 0.1µ F 1
0.01µ F 1
4 Regulated Power supply 0-12V, 3A 1
5 Function Generator 1– 3M Hz, 20 Vp-p 1
6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 0– 30M Hz 1
7 Voltmeter 0-10 V 1

Theory:

The Summing Amplifier is another type of operational amplifier circuit configuration that is
used to combine the voltages present on two or more inputs into a single output voltage.

Summing Amplifier Circuit

Fig. 1 Summing Amplifier Circuit

In this simple summing amplifier circuit, the output voltage, (Vout ) will be proportional to
the sum of the input voltages, V1, V2, V3, etc.

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 2

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

We now have an operational amplifier circuit that will amplify each individual input voltage
and produce an output voltage signal that is proportional to the algebraic “SUM” of the three
individual input voltages V1, V2 and V3. We can also add more inputs. A direct voltage
addition can also be obtained when all the resistances are of equal value and Rƒ is equal to
Rin. Note that when the summing point is connected to the inverting input of the op-amp the
circuit will produce the negative sum of any number of input voltages. Likewise, when the
summing point is connected to the non-inverting input of the op-amp, it will produce the
positive sum of the input voltages.

Subtractor

Fig. 2 Subtractor

Standard operational amplifier has two inputs, inverting and non-inverting, we can also
connect signals to both of these inputs at the same time producing another common type of
operational amplifier circuit called a differential Amplifier or subtractor. By connecting one
voltage signal onto one input terminal and another voltage signal onto the other input
terminal the resultant output voltage will be proportional to the “Difference” between the two
input voltage signals of V1 and V2.

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 3

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

If all the resistors are all of the same ohmic value, that is: R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 then the circuit
will become a Unity Gain Differential Amplifier and the voltage gain of the amplifier will
be exactly one or unity. Then the output expression would simply be Vout = V2 – V1. Also
note that if input V1 is higher than input V2 the output voltage sum will be negative, and if
V2 is higher than V1, the output voltage sum will be positive.

Integrator

Fig. 3 Integrator

As its name implies, the Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs
the mathematical operation of Integration, that is we can cause the output to respond to
changes in the input voltage over time as the op-amp integrator produces an output voltage

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 4

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

which is proportional to the integral of the input voltage .In other words the magnitude of the
output signal is determined by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as the current
through the feedback loop charges or discharges the capacitor as the required negative
feedback occurs through the capacitor.

If we apply a constantly changing input signal such as a square wave to the input of an
Integrator Amplifier then the capacitor will charge and discharge in response to changes in
the input signal. This results in the output signal being that of a sawtooth waveform whose
output is affected by the RC time constant of the resistor/capacitor combination because at
higher frequencies, the capacitor has less time to fully charge. This type of circuit is also
known as a Ramp Generator .

Op-amp Integrator Ramp Generator

Fig. 4 Ramp generator

Differentiator

Fig. 5 Differentiator

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 5

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

The input signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor blocks any DC
content so there is no current flow to the amplifier summing point, X resulting in zero output
voltage. The capacitor only allows AC type input voltage changes to pass through and whose
frequency is dependent on the rate of change of the input signal. At low frequencies the
reactance of the capacitor is “High” resulting in a low gain ( Rƒ/Xc ) and low output voltage
from the op-amp. At higher frequencies the reactance of the capacitor is much lower resulting
in a higher gain and higher output voltage from the differentiator amplifier.

Circuit diagrams:

a) Adder

Rf =1KΩ

R1 = 1KΩ +VCC = +12V

V1
_ 7
R2 = 1KΩ 2
V2 IC741 6

3 (0-10V)
4 V
+ VO

-VEE = -12V

Fig. 6 Experimental circuit for realizing adder

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 6

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

b) Subtractor
Rf = 1KΩ

+VCC

R1 = 1KΩ
V1 _ 7
2

IC741 6
Vo
R2 = 1KΩ 3
V2 4
+
v (0-10 V)
-VEE
R3 =1KΩ

Fig. 7 Experimental circuit for realizing subtractor

c) Differentiator

Rf = 10KΩ

+VCC =+12V

C = 0.1µF
R1 =1KΩ
2 7
-

IC741 6 Vo
3
Vin = 4V (P-P)
+
4 CRO

-VEE = -12V

Fig. 8 Experimental circuit for realizing differentiator

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 7

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Nature of graph for differentiator

Vi

Vo

Vi

Vo

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 8

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

d) Integrator
Rf = 100KΩ

C=0.1µF

+VCC = +12V

R1 = 10KΩ 2
7
-
6
IC 741 VO

Vin + 4
(10 V p-p) CRO
-VEE = -12V

Fig. 9 Experimental circuit for realizing Integrator

Nature of graph

Vi

ωt

Vo

ωt

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 9

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Procedure:

a) Adder:

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig 6.

2. Apply the biasing voltages of +12V to pin7 and pin4 of IC741 respectively.
3. Apply the inputs V1 and V2 as shown in Fig 6.
4. Note down the output obtained at pin 6 of the IC 741.
5. Notice that the output is equal to the sum of the two inputs.

b) Subtractor:

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig 7.

2. Apply the biasing voltages of +12V to pin7 and pin4 of IC741 respectively.
3. Apply the inputs V1 and V2 as shown in Fig 7.
4. Note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741.
5. Notice that the output is equal to the difference of the two inputs.

c) Differentiator

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig 8.

2. Apply a square /sine /triangular wave input of 4V (p-p) at 150 Hz.
3. Observe the output at pin 6.
4. Note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741.
5. Draw input and output waveforms as shown in nature of graph.

d) Integrator:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in Fig 9.
2. Apply a square /sine /triangular wave input of 10V (p-p) at 1.5 KHz.
3. Observe the output at pin 6.
4. Note down the corresponding output at pin 6 of the IC 741.
5. Draw input and output waveforms as shown in nature of graph.

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 10

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Specimen Calculations:
a) Adder
Vo = - (V1 + V2) [ As gain is unity]
If V1 = 2.5V and V2 = 2.5V, then
Vo = - (2.5+2.5) = -5V.

b) Subtractor
Vo = (V2 – V1) [As gain is unity]
If V1=2.5V and V2 = 3.3V, then
Vo = 3.3 – 2.5 = 0.8V

c)Integrator (Design)
For fa = 1.5 KHz
Assuming Cf= 0.01μf, R1 is given by R1=1/(2πfaCf)
R1 =10 KΩ
Rf = 10 R1
Rf= 100 KΩ

d)Differentiator (Design)
fa = 150 Hz
Assuming C1= 0.1μf, Rf is given by Rf=1/(2πfaC1)
Rf=10 KΩ
Rf = 10 R1
R1 =1 KΩ

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 11

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Observations:

a)Adder

SI. No. V1 (V) V2 (V) V0 (V) V0 (V)

Theoretical Practical
1 1 1
2 2 1
3 2 3
4 4 2

b)Subtractor

SI. No. V1 (V) V2 (V) V0 (V) V0 (V)

Theoretical Practical
1 4 1
2 3 1
3 2 3
4 4 2

c) Differentiator

SI. No. Input : sine wave Output : (– cosine)

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
1

SI. No. Input : Triangular wave Output : Square wave

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
1

SI. No. Input : Square wave Output : Spikes

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
1

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 12

 Analog Circuits LAB Manual

Integrator

SI. No. Input : Square wave Output : Triangular wave

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)

SI. No. Input : Sine wave Output : Cosine wave

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
1

SI. No. Input : Triangular wave Output : Parabola

Amplitude (VP-P) Time period Amplitude (VP-P) Time period

(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
1

Result:

The Op-Amp is designed and verified as Adder, Subtractor, Integrator & Differentiator.

Prof. Chaitanya K J, Dept. of ECE, JCER, Belagavi. Page 13